La Industria Musical Surcoreana, Recepción Y Apropiación De Sus Contenidos En Venezuela: Un Estudio Cultural Desde La Teoría De Las Escenas Musicales

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La Industria Musical Surcoreana, Recepción Y Apropiación De Sus Contenidos En Venezuela: Un Estudio Cultural Desde La Teoría De Las Escenas Musicales Universidad Central de Venezuela Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales Escuela de Sociología La industria musical surcoreana, recepción y apropiación de sus contenidos en Venezuela: un estudio cultural desde la teoría de las escenas musicales. Trabajo Final de Grado presentado como requisito para optar al título de Socióloga Tutor: Autora: Juan Francisco Sans Joselin Marly Utrera Ávila C.I: 5.541.483 C.I: 22.611.049 Caracas, Julio 2018 II III Agradecimientos Gracias a mi mamá, quien siempre ha estado allí para mí y para mis hermanos. No puedo imaginar ni la mitad de lo duro que ha sido ser mamá, pero espero sientas que ha valido la pena. Trabajaré duro para que te sientas orgullosa. Gracias a mi hermano mayor, por empujarme a seguir adelante cuando siento miedo, a quién puedo llamar cuando las cosas se ponen difíciles y quién sabe siempre que decir. A mi segundo hermano, quién me enseñó a ser más curiosa, más ambiciosa con mis sueños y lecciones de cómo ser mejor persona. Ambos tienen toda mi admiración, mi respeto y mi cariño. Gracias a los jóvenes que inspiraron y quienes mostraron mucho agrado al momento de trabajar conmigo para hacer esto posible: Jóse, Navy, Addie, Andrés y Mariem. No tengo con que pagarles de vuelta el favor que me han hecho. Me queda desearles que puedan cumplir sus sueños. A la primera persona que me hizo creer que era posible convertir esto en un tema de tesis y me alentó a continuar pese a todas las negativas: el profesor Jeudiel Martínez. Siempre estaré agradecida con usted. A Vanessa, Verónica, Karla y Elena, por ser amigas incondicionales en la distancia. A Carolina por prestarme su apoyo y regañarme cuando perdía la esperanza. Por último, pero no menos importante, a mi tutor Juan Francisco Sans. Por recibirme alegremente como su tesista y enseñarme la importancia de mi trabajo. Gracias por ayudarme a cerrar el ciclo de mi vida universitaria de una manera tan extraordinaria. IV Dedicatoria A los estudiantes de Sociología. No tengan miedo de emprender la investigación en temas arriesgados o poco conocidos. Sean pacientes y perseverantes. V Contenido 1. Introducción ...................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Objetivo General: ......................................................................................... 14 1.2. Objetivos Específicos: ................................................................................. 14 1.3. Justificación ................................................................................................. 15 1.4. Abordaje metodológico: ............................................................................... 17 2. El Estado de la Cuestión: ................................................................................ 19 3. Las escenas musicales. .................................................................................. 27 3.1. Tres tipos de escenas musicales. ................................................................ 31 3.2. Tipo de escena musical a utilizar como categoría de análisis. .................... 34 3.3. Escenas musicales vs Industria cultural ...................................................... 37 3.4. El fandom participante de la creación de contenidos. ................................. 40 4. Contexto en el que se desarrolla el fenómeno: ............................................... 46 4.1. ¿Qué es el Hallyu? ...................................................................................... 46 4.2. Nueva ola coreana ...................................................................................... 56 4.3. Definiendo el Kpop ...................................................................................... 66 4.4. El rol de YouTube en la globalización del Kpop .......................................... 70 VI 5. Hallyu en Latinoamérica ................................................................................. 75 5.1. Perú ............................................................................................................. 77 5.2. Chile ............................................................................................................ 79 5.3. México ......................................................................................................... 83 5.4. Brasil ........................................................................................................... 87 5.5. Argentina ..................................................................................................... 89 6. Hallyu en Venezuela ....................................................................................... 95 7. ¿Qué es un cover? ....................................................................................... 107 7.1. Las versiones de Kpop en español. ........................................................... 112 8. Análisis de los Resultados a partir de las entrevistas a jóvenes venezolanos al respecto de la apropiación de los contenidos de la industria cultural surcoreana……. .................................................................................................. 117 8.1. Definición de cover por los coveristas. ...................................................... 117 8.2. Motivación ................................................................................................. 119 8.3. Descripción del proceso creativo ............................................................... 121 8.3.1. Elección de la canción ............................................................................ 122 8.3.2. Duración del proceso de elaboración ..................................................... 124 8.3.3. Ayuda en la elaboración ......................................................................... 126 8.3.4. Limitaciones técnicas ............................................................................. 128 8.4. Adaptaciones al español. .......................................................................... 130 VII 8.4.1. Diferencias entre utilizar coreano o adaptar al español.......................... 132 8.5. Participación en concursos ........................................................................ 133 8.6. Hallazgos en la encuesta: ......................................................................... 135 9. Conclusiones: ............................................................................................... 145 10. Fuentes Consultadas: ................................................................................ 147 10.1. Documentales ........................................................................................ 147 10.2. Referencias Web .................................................................................... 149 10.3. Videos: ................................................................................................... 155 11. Anexos: ..................................................................................................... 156 11.1. Entrevista: José Lima [2016] ................................................................. 156 11.2. Entrevista a Nay Flores [2016] ............................................................... 170 11.3. Entrevista a Andrés Manuel Patteti [2017] ............................................. 188 11.4. Entrevista a Addie Montiel [2017] .......................................................... 201 11.5. Entrevista a Mariem Hernandez. [2017] ................................................. 219 VIII 1. Introducción A finales de los años noventa una nueva tendencia cultural acaparó la atención de la audiencia del Sudeste Asiático. Las producciones audiovisuales surcoreanas comenzaron a transmitirse en China con mucho éxito, y en corto tiempo lograron posicionarse como las favoritas de la audiencia en Japón, Taiwán, Hong Kong y Tailandia. El público chino comenzó a referirse al fenómeno como “Hallyu”, cuya traducción (al español) significa “Ola coreana”. Aunque al principio sólo se trató de producciones dramáticas, más adelante el fenómeno amplió su espectro hacia la música, dejando como resultado un género musical llamado ‘Kpop’, donde la K denota Korea (en inglés), y en su acepción más simple se refiere al pop hecho en Corea. Los surcoreanos se apropiaron de elementos de la música pop occidental e incorporaron las características que consideraron se ajustaban a su contexto cultural, dejando como resultado una música agradable y familiar a cualquier persona que haya tenido contacto con contenidos de la industria musical angloparlante. Durante la última década Latinoamérica también ha sido escenario para la expansión del Hallyu. La ola poco a poco ha ido tomando fuerza en México, Perú, Brasil, y Chile, países que albergan gran parte de los seguidores en la región. Este fenómeno no es nuevo, pues durante la década de los noventa, USA e Inglaterra presentaban al mundo boybands (Backstreet Boys, N’sync) y girlbands (Spice Girls, Destiny’s Child) que marcaron la juventud de toda una generación a nivel 4 mundial. Los productos de la industria musical angloparlante son consumidos y reconocidos a nivel mundial. Sobre este aspecto Adorno y Horkheimer (1994) explican que la industria cultural pretende estandarizar los gustos a través del consumo de productos de entretenimiento creando lo que ellos llaman una cultura de masas. Según estos autores, la cultura de masas aliena a las personas, homegeneizando sus gustos e intereses, orientándolos hacia el consumo y el mercado. No obstante, en tiempos relativamente
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