Importance of Concurrent Geomagnetic Activity

Home , Ingo Swann, Remote viewing

Changing Configurations of Quantitative Electroencephalographic and s LORETA Profiles during Remote Viewing over Time: Importance of Concurrent Geomagnetic Activity

Mandy A. Scott

Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Experimental Psychology

School of Graduate Studies Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario

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ABSTRACT

The acquisition of information at a distance through non-conventional means or

"remote viewing" was investigated. Over three weeks, once per week, individuals were asked to imagine ("remote view") the picture hidden within an envelope that was placed about 50 m away. During the 42 separate remote viewing episodes quantitative electroencephalographic measures from 19 cerebral sites were recorded within traditional frequency bands, spectral analyzed for power, and transformed for source localization.

The comments and drawings for each picture were assessed for congruency with the actual picture by five judges. There was a marginally significant improvement of congruency scores over time. By the third week significantly more brain measures from the right hemisphere and temporal lobes predicted the congruency scores. sLORETA

(Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography) indicated greater involvement of the anterior cingulate, temporal lobes, and parahippocampal regions, involving theta and beta activity, during the most accurate congruence scores. A strong relationship was observed between the quietest global geomagnetic activity at the time of the experiences and the greatest congruence between imaginations and the details and themes of the actual pictures during the second and third weeks. These results are consistent with other research and show that predictable changes within specific regions of the cerebrum are associated with accurate imaginings of information at a distance through nontraditional stimuli.

iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To everyone and everything, from the past to the present to the futures unknown, from Planck's constant to the upper limits of our carefully calculated and measured boundaries of space and time, and through all dimensions whose mechanisms of interaction patiently wait to be realized, I transmit my infinite love and gratitude. Through this work I am transformed.

To my supervisor and mentor, Dr. Michael A. Persinger, whose knowledge and wisdom enriches the hearts and minds of all who are fortunate enough to work with him, I am humbled and honoured to be a part of your academic and lifelong journey to illuminate the unknown. Thank you for recognizing me especially in the critical moments when I could barely recognize my self.

To my committee member, Dr. Cynthia Whissell, I am immensely grateful for the opportunity to have witnessed and experienced the ease and grace with which you joyfully transmit the breadth of your knowledge and wisdom. By example alone you have inspired many, including myself, to live and work with integrity, care and compassion.

Thank you.

To my committee member, Dr. David Humbert, your noble desire to expand young minds beyond the invisible boundaries of formal education is evidenced by your willingness to openly explore consciousness and parapsychological research. Thank you for your insight throughout this incredible process.

iv To my external reviewer, Dr. David P. Smith, thank you for taking the time to support me in my graduate work. Your comments and questions were insightful and challenged me to synthesize the information I have investigated throughout my years of study; a challenge I very much appreciate. Thank you for being a part of my process.

To my research participants, not only those included in this thesis but also all those who participated in my first and second pilot studies, your keen interest and dedication is what made this research possible. Thank you.

Finally, with great love and appreciation, to the Neuroscience Research Group

(NRG) past and present, I will always cherish the moments we have spent together,

moments spent both in work and in play that have served to entangle us together forever.

Thank you for your unending support, and may you all find fulfillment and joy in your

life works as we move forward into the future, not only as colleagues, but as family.

Last but not least, I send all my love, appreciation and gratitude to all my family

and friends, near and far. It doesn't matter how much time we spend together, or how

often we get to talk, the quality of our interactions has enriched my life in ways you'll

never know. Thank you for believing in me. Thank you for being you.

v Table of Contents

ABSTRACT Ill

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV

LIST OF FIGURES VIII

LIST OF TABLES X

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

EXPERIMENTAL HISTORY OF TELEPATHY-CLAIRVOYANCE 3 THE CARD GUESSING YEARS 5 NON-STRUCTURED TRADITIONS 6 THE INGO SWANN EFFECT 9 THE CURRENT STUDY: DESIGN AND HYPOTHESES 10 REFERENCES 13

CHAPTER 2: A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT POPULATIONS FOR ACCURACY OF REMOTE VIEWING 19

ABSTRACT 19 INTRODUCTION 20 METHOD 21 Subjects 21 Training Procedures 21 Remote Viewing 22 Procedure: Scoring 23 RESULTS 24 Examples of "hits" and "misses" 24 Statistical analyses 27 DISCUSSION 31 REFERENCES 33

CHAPTER 3: QUANTITATIVE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC POWER AND CORRELATIONS WITH REMOTE VIEWING ACCURACY 35

ABSTRACT 35 INTRODUCTION 36 METHOD 38 Subjects 38 Procedure: Remote Viewing 38 Quantitative EEG Data 39 Narrative-Drawing-Picture Scoring 39 Examples of Hits and Misses 40

vi Statistical Analyses: First Order 45 Statistical Analyses: Second Order 45 RESULTS 46 DISCUSSION 50 REFERENCES 54

CHAPTER 4: DIFFERENCES IN S LORETA LOCALIZATIONS FOR ACCURATE AND NON- ACCURATE EXPERIENCES ABOUT THE DETAILS OF HIDDEN PICTURES AT A DISTANCE 57

ABSTRACT 57 INTRODUCTION 58 METHOD 59 Subjects 59 Procedure: Remote Viewing 60 Procedure: Scoring 61 S LORETA Data 61 Statistical Analyses: Hits Versus Misses 62 Statistical Analysis: Hits Over Time 62 RESULTS 63 Examples of Remote Viewing Data ; 63 Statistical Analyses: Hits Versus Misses 66 Statistical Analysis: Hits Over Time 68 DISCUSSION 72 REFERENCES 74

CHAPTER 5: DIMINISHED GLOBAL GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH MORE ACCURATE REMOTE VIEWING 76

ABSTRACT 76 INTRODUCTION 77 METHOD 80 Subjects 80 Training Procedures 80 Remote Viewing 81 Procedure: Scoring 82 Geomagnetic Data 83 RESULTS 83 DISCUSSION 87 REFERENCES 89

CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS 92

REFERENCES 95

REFERENCES 97

vii List of Figures

Figure 2-1. Example of Hit: ID+Session is ID12rvl with Accuracy =1. This subject's

remote viewing data was judged by 5 independent judges as being most congruent with

the randomly selected picture hidden at approximately 50m away 25

Figure 2-2. Example of a Miss: ID+Session is ID07rvl with Accuracy=3.4. This subject's

remote viewing data was rated as having low congruence with the randomly selected picture hidden at a distance 26

Figure 2-3. Scattergram between predicted and actual remote viewing accuracy scores for the third week from the equation composed of variability in vigilance and tension 29

Figure 2-4. Standard deviation of the scores for vigilance over 7 weeks for all subjects and their remote viewing accuracy for the third (and final) week of the experiment 30

Figure 3-1. Example of Hit: ID+Session is ID09rv3 with Accuracy =1 41

Figure 3-2. Example of Hit: ID+Session is ID09rvl with Accuracy =1 42

Figure 3-3. Example of a Miss: ID+Session is ID14rvl with Accuracy=4 43

Figure 3-4. Example of a Miss: ID+Session is ID08rv2 with Accuracy=3.8 44

Figure 4-1. Example of a Hit: ID+Session is ID13rv2 with Accuracy=l 64

Figure 4-2. Example of a Miss: ID+Session is ID14rv2 with Accuracy=3.4 65

Figure 4-3. Delta activation: gradient of blue indicates decreased delta activity in the left medial frontal lobe (BA10) in RV3 compared to RV1 70

Figure 4-4. Delta activation: gradient of blue indicates decreased delta activity in the anterior cingulate (BA32) for RV1 compared to RV3 70 Figure 4-5. Theta activation. Yellow-Red gradient indicates increased theta activity in left fusiform gyrus (BA20) for RV3 compared to RV1 71

Figure 4-6. Beta3 activation: Yellow-red gradient indicates increased beta3 activity in the

left parahippocampal gyrus for RV3 compared to RV1 71

Figure 5-1. Accuracy score (lower score indicates greater congruency between target picture and experiences as ranked by independent judges and the geomagnetic activity (k) during the time of the RV 84

Figure 5-2. Accuracy score (lower score indicates greater congruency between target picture and experiences as ranked by independent judges and the geomagnetic activity (k) during the time of the RV 86

ix List of Tables

Table 3-1. Numbers of EEG variables entering multiple regression equations (max=3) during eyes closed (RV-C) or open (RV-O) samples for the remote viewing concentration or during baselines samples for each session and the congruency scores for that session

(*)and for congruency scores of the other two sessions 47

Table 3-2. Numbers of EEG variables from different lobes entering (max=3) for eyes closed (RV-C) or open (RV-O) during the remote viewing concentration or during baselines for each session and the congruency scores for that session (*) and for congruency scores o f the other two sessions 48

Table 3-3. Numbers of EEG variables from the two hemispheres entering multiple regression equations (max=3) during eyes closed (RV-C) or open (RV-O) samples for the remote viewing concentration or during baselines samples for each session and the congruency score for that session (*) and for congruency scores of the other two sessions.

Table 3-4. Numbers of EEG variables from the different frequency bands entering multiple regression equations (max=3) during eyes closed (RV-C) or open (RV-O) samples for the remote viewing concentration or during baselines samples for each session and the congruency scores for that session (*) and for congruency scores of the other two sessions 49

Table 4-1. Activation scores (no change=0, increase=l, decreased), with accuracy

(miss=0, hit=l) within any of the six frequency bands during any time during the three

x trials (weeks) for the left and right hemisphere for Frontal (F), Temporal (T), Parietal (P),

Occipital (O), Anterior Cingulate (AC), Posterior Cingulate (PC), Central (C), Insular

(IN) and Parahippocampal (PH) regions 67

Table 4-2. T-scores for regions of activation within different traditional band widths when the s LORETAs for the subjects with the most congruence were compared in the third week to the first week 69

Table 5-1. Parametric (r) and nonparametric (rho) correlation coefficients between accuracy scores for remote viewing and various global geomagnetic measures during the day and proximal hours of the experiences 84

xi xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Human perception is the combined experience of sensation and memory.

Sensation is the response to stimuli which are defined as environmental events that elicit

more or less consistent changes in those responses. Memory is the representation of experiences. Perception is assumed to be associated with the same locus as the person experiencing and reporting the qualities or quantities of the events. For most phenomena and for most explanations there is the assumption of locality. Locality indicates that any

relationship between a stimulus and response occurs because there is some mediating process in the proximity that allows the stimulus to elicit the response.

The mediating process functionally connects the stimulus with a response. The

removal of the hand from a hot stove, for example, is presumed to be mediated by the transformation of thermal energy on the skin into action potentials that generate specific

patterns to the brain which then generates congruent patterns resulting in action potentials to nerves and muscles. The response is the removal of the hand. For more distal phenomena, the response to a beacon across the bay is attributed to light propagating in space-time from the source and stimulating the retina. Retinal activation produces action potentials that are processed, contrasted with memories, and produces the perception of the stimulus.

There has been a subset of phenomena attributed to conditions of non-locality

(Tart, 1989; 2009). In this setting a stimulus occurs in one setting and a response occurs elsewhere without the apparent direct causal connection from a mediating source. The occurrence of the stimulus and the response are still strongly correlated even though the mechanisms of connections are not apparent, rational, or possible within the explanations

1 available to the experimenters. This does not mean that the mechanisms may not ultimately be understandable. For example in the 19th century the avoidance (response) of objects (stimuli) in the dark by bats was attributed to "psychic detection", the contemporary descriptions of non-locality (Raghuram & Marimuthu, 2005). Ultimately the discovery and quantification of ultrasound supplied the missing mediating process.

In this thesis the concept of non-locality will be explored employing the model of remote viewing (RV). This is a variant concept of what has been called "sixth sense", telepathy, clairvoyance, "mental radio", and psychic experiences. Remote viewing is the contemporary term, developed by Puthoff and Targ (1976) who applied methods and concepts of telecommunication engineering to this problem. .The term was employed to remove the negative connotations of previous explanations. This was not a new strategy.

Braid (1844) demonstrated the same phenomena he had seen the previous night at a demonstration of "Mesmerism" and called it hypnotism and attributed it to the contemporary material mechanisms of the time. The "new" phenomenon was accepted by the contemporary scientific community as so important and robust that it was employed preferentially over the emergent field of chemical anesthetics for surgery.

These fundamental problems of "action at distance" have been explored with each generation of scientists who employ developed tools and alternative methods (Radin,

2006). For example the concept of a discrete unit of matter, the atom, was conceived by

Democritus more than two thousand years ago and reiterated by Dalton two hundred years ago (Viana & Porto, 2009). As metrics became more precise the utility of this assumption and its ability to predict with great precision the behaviour of matter within

2 the world became apparent. Within the last decades the atom has been represented and verified from direct measurements.

The methodological approach of the present study is to employ the most recent quantitative methods available to psychology to study the problem of non-locality in general and remote viewing specifically. The locus of all experience for the individual is assumed to be the brain, particularly the cerebrum. To measure the activity within this locus, quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) was selected. By sampling 250 times per second over 19 regions of the scalp the microvolt fluctuations can be analyzed according to their proportional strengths over these regions within different frequency bands.

Variable power within different frequencies (variations of amplitudes in microvolts over unit times) effectively defines information which can be described as bits whose configurations change over time and space. The assumption for this research was that remote viewing, which can be considered a subtle and transient process more similar to a field or matrix than a single "dedicated" line of communication like the input of sensory information to the brain, would exhibit greater probability to be discerned. From the perspective of behavioural analysis, remote viewing is another example of the operation of stimulus-response (Persinger, 1974). QEEG is predicted to help describe how this stimulus-response relationship occurs.

Experimental History of Telepathy-Clairvoyance

As defined by Persinger (1974) telepathy-clairvoyance (T-C) is the access of information (that appears to violate space-time) through mechanisms not known to date.

3 The primary difference between telepathy and clairvoyance is that the former involves - acquisition of the "cognitions" or thoughts of another person usually at significant distances. The latter involves information concerning the location of an object with which direct human cognition is not apparent or involved at the time of the experience.

Spontaneous cases involving T-C primarily are disproportionately dominated by death and crisis to significant individuals for the experient (Persinger, 1974; 1987). In several studies more than three-quarters of the cases involved death or crisis to loved ones. The experiences usually occurred during nocturnal hours. The first major documentation of these experiences in the late 19th century (Gurney, Podmore and Myer,

1886) described the remarkable similarities of the conditions and details of the experiences.

A potential physical correlate within the environment that could allow commonality between the presumed stimulus (the agent) and the experiencer (the recipient) of these phenomena was not isolated until the 1980s. In a series of correlation studies Persinger (1987; 1988) found that the events were more likely to occur when the geomagnetic activity was quieter than the days before or after. Analyses of experimental dream telepathy studies by Krippner, Ullman and Honorton (1968), verified the presence of this V-shaped effect (Persinger, 1989). Later Persinger (1993) suggested that the persistent correlation of lower geomagnetic activity at the time of these experiences might reflect the common medium within which human beings were mutually exposed and through which information might be communicated.

4 The Card Guessing Years

During the late 19th century, with the increasing influence of the scientific method, discrete and fixed methods for discerning the presence of T-C were pursued

(Tart, 2009). The introduction of probability and random assumptions into the pursuit allowed more objective means of discerning deviation from chance and that they are something other than misperceptions (Tart, 1975). Playing cards with fixed numbers of colors, shapes, or identities were employed with some success (Rao, 1966; Tart, 1966).

Attempts to draw or describe what others were thinking or what object was hidden were qualitatively more appealing but more difficult to analyze (Tart, 2009). There were also the confounding effects from previous personal associations with the cards or objects that were focused (Pratt, 1968, 1968).

To accommodate this problem J. B. Rhine asked Zener to configure 5 basic shapes that were perceptually most distinct (Rhine, 1934). The Zener cards, the circle, square, triangle, wavy lines, and plus, 5 symbols for which there were 5 of each, became the fundamental method of testing for T-C. In a pack of 25 cards, the numbers of guesses that would be accurate due to chance alone was 5. The development of statistical theory and methods was sufficient to allow precise assessment of scores with respect to chance probability (Utts, 1995a,b).

The two procedures employed by the Rhine tradition were classic telepathy and clairvoyance (Tart, 1977; 2009). Telepathy involves one person at a distance looking at each card in a deck after three dove-tailed shuffles while a second person guessed (from the five possibilities) the card (Tart, 2009). Rhine and his colleagues found that the size of the card or the distance between the stimulus and response person were not "intensity-

5 dependent" variables (Rhine, 1954). In the latter case the accuracy or probability estimates beyond chance did not vary over distance. Although this was considered an intrinsic implication of artifact in the procedure for those who assumed linear-dependence for a locality-based model, it was an expected feature for non-locality (Radin, 2006; Tart,

1977).

The second procedure for clairvoyance was the down-through (DT) method (Tart,

1977; Rao, 1966). For this procedure the subject guessed the order within the deck of the cards, after the same shuffling procedure. Except for the shuffling, there was no contact between the cards and another person and clearly no cognition from another person at the time of the guesses (Tart, 2009). During the Rhine years hundreds of experiments were completed and a journal, The Journal of Parapsychology, was created as an official organ for the results (Horn, 2010). Guess proportions with probabilities approaching one in billions or more were routine (Honorton & Ferrari, 1989). Rhine labeled these phenomena as extrasensory perception or ESP which implied they were "outside" of detection by typical transduction of energies from the sensors (Rhine, 1934). Despite the success of the method the phenomena remained external to the majority of the scientific community

(Rhine, Pratt, Smith, Stuart & Greenwood, 1940; Tart, 2009).

Non-Structured Traditions

The ease of measurement of accuracy for the card guessing procedures was compromised by their contrivance and limited scope. In the history of science the experimental test of phenomena usually involves a replication of the conditions and the characteristics of the natural phenomena in the laboratory. Spontaneous cases of telepathy and clairvoyance usually involve real objects or persons and not card symbols (Rhine, L.,

6 1967). The theme of the spontaneous experiences emphasize affect and emotion

(Persinger, 1974), now considered to be more related to right hemispheric processes

(Roll, Persinger, Webster, Tiller, & Cook, 2002), than perceptions or categories. The

latter are more related to left hemispheric processes.

During the 1950s and 1960s Montague Ullman, a practicing psychiatrist, had

noted, as had Freud (1914) and Jung (1969) and their colleagues, that the psychoanalytic

phenomenon of "transference" was a symmetrical process. Ullman (1989) noted that the

dreams of his patients often involved experiences of emotions that he had felt personally

and without verbal communication. During the 1960s, together with Stanley Krippner and

Charles Honorton, he designed a series of studies to study these phenomena during

dreams. The essential design of the experiment was to have a stimulus person view a

photograph during the brief periods during the night and think about "sending" this

information to a recipient sleeping in another room when he or she was displaying in

rapid eye movement (REM) or dreaming as measured by electroencephalography

(Krippner et al, 1968).

At the end of each dream session the person would be gently awoken and ask to

report the contents of the dream into a microphone of a tape recorder. The dream

narrative would be transcribed. Measurement of congruence between the dream contents

and the target picture were completed by several methods. The first was to ask judges to

read the narrative and then to select which art piece of 5 to 7 art pieces was most like the

narrative. The second method was to ask the percipient the following morning to choose

which art piece of 5 to 7 pieces (one of which the sender had focused when the subject

was dreaming the previous night) was the one most like his or her dreams.

7 The Maimonides Dream Laboratory experiments were pursued over about a five year period (Ullman, Krippner & Vaughn, 1973). During that time there were some nights in which the congruence between the target picture and the dream content, as judged by external evaluators, were maximum. There were other nights when there was no apparent similarity. Later Persinger (1989; 1991) found that the nights in which the congruence was greatest was when the geomagnetic activity was minimum. Despite the presence of this potential moderating or perhaps mediating variable, the dream studies did not capture the attention of the scientific community (Puthoff & Targ, 1979).

During the late 1970s and the emergence of Silicon Valley technology the problems of distant telecommunication became a focus. Puthoff and Targ (1976) at

Stanford Research Institute, in attempt to discover alternative methods of communications that would not attenuate with distance, tested Ingo Swann. He was an artist who had developed an ability to draw images of what other individuals were seeing at significant distances. In addition Swann could draw, with remarkable detail, patterns and details of pictures that were hidden in fixed localities.

Puthoff and Targ (1976) developed a standardized protocol for studying these phenomena. They obtained a pool of several hundreds of photographs (hidden in envelopes) or locations. On the day of the experiment while the subject sit within a quiet context, one of the photographs was randomly selected and placed in a target area. For the location experiments, a location value was randomly obtained and the outgoing experimenters had 15 min to-reach the target area (Puthoff, Targ, & May, 1981). The subject then drew his or her impressions about the picture for those experiments or the location. Their results were sufficiently accurate that the U.S. government closed the

8 procedures and the results of the research to public dissemination for several years during

the cold war (Puthoff, 1996).

The Ingo Swann Effect

Ingo Swann, along with Hal Puthoff and Russell Targ (1976), have been credited

with developing the remote viewing protocol. Swann visited the Consciousness Research

Laboratory at Laurentian University in order to be tested (Persinger, Roll, Tiller, Koren &

Cook, 2002). While sitting in a quiet chamber, he drew images of what he experienced as

the contents of pictures that were enclosed in envelopes that were placed on a table in

another room. His only contact with the other room occurred before each experiment

when he walked near the empty table (where the picture sealed in an opaque envelope

would be placed) before being escorted back to the chamber and prepared for EEG

measurements.

Swann's basic procedure was to draw or state what he was experiencing about the

content of the hidden figure. He emphasized the importance of controlling for "analytical

overlay", that is the distortion of fundamental information and experiences by the effects of the verbal labels and images of the experient. At the end of session during which he drew or discussed the details of three or four target pictures, he would be escorted to the

target room. The pictures would be removed and compared to his narratives and drawings as a type of near immediate feedback.

The results (Persinger et al, 2002) clearly showed the marked congruence between

Swann's drawings and narratives and the content of the pictures. These were very

apparent even by gross observation. However what was more important was that the

9 scores from blind judging for approximately 20 targets was strongly correlated with the occurrence of discrete theta activity over his right occipital region (Persinger et al, 2002).

The greater the total duration of the theta pattern the greater the accuracy or congruency between his narratives and the pictures. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) profiles latter showed anomalies within the white matter connecting the occipitotemporal regions of his right hemisphere (Persinger et al, 2002).

The Current Study: Design and Hypotheses

In the current study the remote viewing protocol was employed. The subject was escorted to the locus where the hidden picture would be placed and then returned, about

50 m away, to a second place where QEEG activity was sampled several times while the person attempted to receive images of what the pictures contained. This procedure was completed once per week for three weeks for 14 subjects. Because the Swann studies

(Puthoff & Targ, 1976; Persinger et al, 2002) as well as the Krippner, Ullman and

Honorton studies (1968) had shown that stimuli with emotive and affective content were most discernible, pictures were obtained with this emphasis.

The most variable component of the study involved the judging for congruence.

The methods employed by the Maimonides group were applied (Ullman et al, 1989). The narratives and drawings for each subject for a particularly picture were presented to each of 5 judges (tested singly) who were asked to rank 4 pictures (one of which had been the target picture) from most (1) to least (4) like the narratives. The average ranking of the 5 judges was employed as the congruence score for that session for that subject. Because there were 14 test subjects each tested 3 times (3 weeks), there were 42 narratives. We surmised that if the phenomena were robust, even with variable judges and

10 electroencephalographic values, the averaged scores should reflect intrinsic reliable processes.

In order to discern if the capacity could be experimentally manipulated, the subjects either participated in a brief program known to enhance remote viewing or served as controls. A third group was identified as self-described "psychics". Even though there were 4 to 5 subjects per condition, we reasoned that if the effect was as robust as predicted differences should be apparent. Alternatively if group differences were not discernible, the expected alterations in QEEG in a sample of more than a dozen subjects tested 3 times over 3 weeks (once per week) should be sufficient to quantify the relationship between narrative congruency and brain activity.

Consciousness has been considered a field and cerebral activity can be described as a matrix (Persinger, 2008). It was considered unlikely that a specific region or frequency would be involved in a fixed model. To accommodate this condition, the basic approach, in addition to classic within and between subject analyses of variance for accuracy scores, was to employ multiple regression to discern the amount of any brain activity that would contribute to congruency between the hidden stimuli and the narratives.

Localizations of "creative" processes are not exact (Bekhtereva, Starchenko,

Klyucharev, Vorob'ev, Pakhomov, Medvedev, 2000). For example the areas of the cerebrum most active during musical compositions by experts display marked individual differences. Although localization within the brain would not be expected for such complex processes, the possibility was examined by evaluating s LORETA (low

11 resolution electromagnetic tomography). This procedure extracts the areas of the cerebrum, using Brodmann area references, that were most activated or deactivated within each of the 1 Hz increment frequency bands between 1 Hz and 40 Hz.

There were four major hypotheses for this study. The first hypothesis was Remote

Viewing training will enhance the accuracy of the congruency between the details of the narratives and the target pictures. The second hypothesis was that the brain activity at the time of the remote viewing would be most associated with the congruency between pictures and narratives compared to the brain activity from other sessions. This technique was considered a means of "controlling" for random variables considering the number of brain activity measures. The third hypothesis was that activity within the right hemisphere, particularly the temporal lobe, would be most frequently implicated in the accuracy of scores for remote viewing. The fourth prediction was the times in which greater congruency scores occurred between the subjects' imaginings and the actual stimulus should occur when the global geomagnetic activity is least.

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Persinger, M.A. (1987). Spontaneous telepathic experiences from Phantasms of the

Living and low global geomagnetic activity. Journal of the American Society for

Psychical Research, 81, 23-36.

Persinger, M.A., & Schaut, G.B. (1988). Geomagnetic factors in subjective telepathic,

precognitive and postmortem experiences. Journal of the American Society for

Psychical Research, 82, 217-235.

Persinger, M.A., & Krippner, S. (1989). Dream ESP experiments and geomagnetic

activity. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 83, 101-116.

Persinger, M.A. (1993). Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXI. Differential

contribution of geomagnetic activity to paranormal experiences concerning death

and crisis: An alternative to the ESP hypothesis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76,

555-562.

Persinger, M.A., Roll, W.G., Tiller, S.G., Koren, S.A., & Cook, C. M. (2002). Remote

viewing with the artist Ingo Swann: Neuropsychological profile,

electroencephalographic correlates, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and

possible mechanisms. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 927-949.

Persinger, M.A. (2008). On the possible representation of the electromagnetic equivalents

of all human memory within the earth's magnetic field: Implications for theoretical

biology. Theor Biol Insights, 1,3-11.

15 Pratt, J. (1967). Further significant ESP results from Pavel Stepanek and findings bearing

upon the focusing effect. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research,

61,95-119.

Pratt, J.; Roll, W. (1968). Confirmation of the focusing effect in further ESP research

with Pavel Stepanek in Charlottesville. Journal of the American Society for

Psychical Research, 62, 226-245.

Puthoff, H.E. (1996). CIA-Initiated Remote Viewing Program at Stanford Research

Institute, Journal of Scientific Exploration, 10 (1), 63-76.

Puthoff, H.; Targ, R. (1976). A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer

distances: Historical perspective and recent research. Proceedings of the IEEE, 64

(3), 329-354.

Puthoff, H.; Targ, R. (1979). Introduction to Chapter 2. In Tart, C.; Puthoff, H.; Targ, R.

(Eds.). Mind At Large: IEEE symposia on the nature of extrasensory perception.

Charlottesville, VA, Hampton Roads Publishing Company, Inc.

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physics. In The Role of Consciousness in the Physical World, R.G. Jahn, 37-86.

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New York, NY: Paraview Pocket Books.

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echolocation, Resonance - Journal of Science Education, 10 (2), 20-32.

16 Rao, K.R. (1966). Experimental Parapsychology. Springfield, 111.: Charles C. Thomas.

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Perception After Sixty Years. New York, NY: Holt.

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Journal of Parapsychology, 18, 165—77.

Rhine, L. E. (1967). ESP in Life and Lab. New York: Macmillan.

Roll, W.G., Persinger, M.A., Webster, D.L., Tiller, S.G., & Cook, C.M. (2002).

Neurobehavioral and neurometabolic (SPECT) correlates of paranormal

information: Involvement of the right hemisphere and its sensitivity to weak

complex magnetic fields. International Journal ofNeuroscience, 112, 197-224.

Tart, C.T. (1966). Card Guessing Tests: Learning Paradigm or Extinction Paradigm?

Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 60, 46-55.

Tart, C.T. (1975). Learning to Use Extrasensory Perception. Chicago, IL: University of

Chicago Press.

Tart, C.T. (1977). Psi: Scientific Studies of the Psychic Realm. Boston, MA: E.P. Dutton,

Inc.

Tart, C. T.; Puthoff, H. E.; Targ, R. (Eds.). (1979). Mind At Large: IEEE symposia on the

nature of extrasensory perception. Charlottesville, VA, Hampton Roads Publishing

Company, Inc.

17 Tart, C.T. (1989). Open Mind, Discriminating Mind: Reflections on Human Possibilities.

San Francisco: Harper & Row.

Tart, C. T. (2009). The End of Materialism: How evidence of the paranormal is bringing

science and spirit together. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.

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nocturnal ESP (2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

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4, 2010 from hup: www.ics.uci.edu --jutts air.pdl'.

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Case Study in the History of Science: Reflections for Educators in Chemistry.

Science & Education, 19, 75-90.

18 CHAPTER 2: A COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT POPULATIONS FOR ACCURACY

OF REMOTE VIEWING

Abstract

To test the efficacy of method for training people to extract information from a distance, groups of subjects were exposed to "remote viewing" procedures, served as controls, or volunteered because they were self-professed psychics. Once a week for three weeks each subject described and drew their imaginations of a hidden picture in a separate building. The 42 transcripts and pictures were ranked by 10 independent judges.

The psychic group's congruence scores were significantly less accurate than the control group with the remote viewing group occupying an intermediate position. There was a strong multiple regressive correlation between accuracy scores and the stability of vigilance and attention from the Profile of Mood States. The occurrences of conspicuous accuracies over week and across groups indicate that information was accessed but that the process was not contained within the experimental protocol.

Keywords: Remote Viewing; POMS; Information from a distance

19 Introduction

The essential operation for behavioural phenomena is that the occurrence of an event is systematically associated with the occurrence of a response (Skinner, 1974). The event or stimulus is assumed to be represented in some form as a component of the response. For example the impact of a light pattern on the retina from the reflection from an object is represented within the response or perception of that pattern. The requirement of an intervening variable is not essential although often helpful for explanation and understanding.

Remote viewing (RV) is the contemporary term for a type of non-locality whereby

information, such as that contained within a picture or object, separated from the traditional senses and mechanisms involved with perception are represented within the

person's experience. The standard procedure was developed by Puthoff and Targ (1976) and elaborated by Swann (Roll, Persinger, Webster, Tiller & Cook, 2002). Although markedly similar to the concepts of telepathy-clairvoyance or Extrasensory Perception

(ESP), RV emphasizes information content and the use of complex stimuli such as

locations, hidden pictures, or objects (Tart, 2009).

The perceived disadvantage to this procedure is that the interpretation of

congruence between the experiences and the characteristics of the target or stimulus are dependent upon third party judgments (Tart, 1977, 2009; Tart, Puthoff & Targ Eds.

1979). Although consensus interpretation forms the bases for most clinical professions the

limits of human judgment are still a factor. Averaging judgments of several individuals has been employed to minimize this effect.

20 The present study was designed to discern if a procedure to enhance remote

viewing when compared to control conditions or to a population of people who believe they are already prone to the capacity could increase the congruence scores between

hidden pictures and judges' rankings. Because emotions are considered a primary correlate for accuracy for these phenomena (Persinger, Roll, Tiller, Koren, & Cook,

2002) a psychometric inference of emotions, the Profile of Mood States (POMS), was also given.

Method

Subjects

A total of 14 subjects volunteered in response to a newspaper advertisement looking for participants interested in being involved with research regarding psychic phenomena.

They remained throughout the study. The numbers per group were controls (n=5), RV

(n=5), self-selected "psychics" (n=4). There were no significant differences between their ages (M=47, SD=15 years). Appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests indicated no significant group differences with respect to gender, self-rated health, medications,

smoking, ethanol consumption, or psi experiences.

Training Procedures

All subjects visited the laboratory for about an hour per week for three weeks.

During this episodes each subject completed the POMS (short form) before baseline

QEEG data were collected. Before the fourth week 10 of the volunteers were then

randomly assigned to either the RV group (n=5) or the control group (n=5). The other 4

subjects were self-described psychics.

21 The RV training involved attending a four hour workshop designed by the experimenter. During the workshop the participants viewed a one hour documentary detailing the history and science of classic remote viewing from Stanford Research

Institute (SRI). They were guided through visualization and meditation exercises. During the last hour the subjects and experimenter practiced "remote viewing" using double blind target photos (hidden in envelopes) in the same room. Feedback was provided within a minute after remote viewing. This was repeated six times (six different pictures) in an hour. The participants had an opportunity to discuss their experiences. They were told that in subsequent weeks during the remote viewing baselines the same procedures would be employed but that the hidden picture would be placed at some distance. The control group at the same time attended a sham workshop on EEG research for three hours.

Afterwards the subject left the area. They were given no information. The psychic group did not attend workshop.

Remote Viewing

Each subject engaged in three separate remote viewing episodes (once per week for three weeks). On each day of the experiment the subject was first escorted to the area where a picture was to be located and then escorted back to a room (about 50 m away) where the QEEG was measured. For each day of the experiment the subject wore a 19 channel sensor cap (Mitsar EEG-201). Three samples were collected during the 3 min baseline followed by a single sample during visualization while the subjects imagined walking from the test room to the room where the picture was sequestered. During the subsequent 10 min the subject engaged in attempts to remote view the picture that had been placed in the room a few minutes previously. There were three samples of QEEG

22 measurements when the eyes were closed and three samples when the eyes were opened.

During this period each subject focused upon receiving sensory information the picture.

At the end of this period a post session QEEG sample (eyes closed) was completed.

Consequently there were a total of 11, 30 s EEG samples per week. The results of these data are presented in the next chapter. During the remote viewing of the hidden pictures the subject recorded and wrote down all of his or her images or impressions that occurred

when focusing on the place where the picture was located.

There were a total of 3 hidden pictures (1 per week) for each subject (total n=42)

that had been obtained from a collection of photographs provided by Professor Don Hill.

The 8x11 pictures printed in color on typing paper had been selected for their emotive,

colorful, and striking characteristics. Each picture had been placed in an 8 x 11 sealed

manila envelope with the face up by another person. These envelopes were then given to the experimenter. The experimenter did not see the photographs until after the sessions

were completed.

Procedure: Scoring

A total of 10 individuals not involved with the experiment volunteered as judges.

table in front of the judge. The judge read the narrative and then ranked the pictures

according to which one was most (rank=l) to least (rank=4) like the descriptions. Then

the four pictures were removed and another 4 pictures (1 being the original picture) was assessed according to the narrative that was recorded for the subject during remote viewing for that picture. All judges were told that both perceptual and emotive themes should be emphasized.

Consequently for each narrative for each subject a rank of 1 to 4 was obtained for each of the three weeks for each judge. The mean of the five rankings for each narrative for congruence with the "target" picture was calculated for each subject for each of the three weeks. As a result there were a total of 42 scores with ranks between 1 and 4.

Results

Examples of "hits " and "misses "

The following are examples of a remote viewing experience rated by 5 independent judges as a maximally congruent with the details of the hidden picture (Figure 2-1) and for a remote viewing experience as minimally congruent with the details of the hidden picture (Figure 2-2). The words written at the time of the experiences as well as the actual drawings are shown. For clarity the words are typed under the "transcript" section.

24 [Transcript]

Colours: white, gold, yellow, red on &IA- /L—* , .lighthouse, blue, black stripe on boat? T ^ Outside Happy/nervous - water little choppy Couple of people in sailboat- (/i" w'- ^ V,., ' »*• ' retired/vacation Maybe mountain in background but i) \7-ih- '•• '*' J ;i / there is land ^ rfj1 /J tr 'A- --•/-. i-K - -V- 'i Clouds Lighthouse in background \..J. Maybe regatta? < ^t-y -' \r 'l l .• M r°] Anchored i 4:7 _ l~S Dark structure in background, perhaps animal on board Fish swimming

Figure 2-1 - Example of Hit: ID+Session is ID12rvl with Accuracy =1. This subject's remote viewing data were judged by 5 independent judges as being most congruent with the randomly selected picture hidden at approximately 50m away.

25 Pa \(J ('J [Transcript] Pyramid Brightness Navy blue Calm Peaceful Cd^ylM- Complete Flowing $1^ "I Rotating axis Floating ^ ()liCf'iuj '( I / *) ^ /•/* Turquoise Triangles changed to cube lu 'fj J ,' ^V/'/ Bright spots (yellow) Taste metallic ^rtc^/fs ' J Feeling of wellbeing 4o Ctv^*- Happy V3 r i^l/ (yif/j«1 energized

Figure 2-2 - Example of a Miss: ID+Session is ID07rvl with Accuracy=3.4. This subject's remote viewing data were rated as having low congruence with the randomly selected picture hidden at a distance.

26 Statistical analyses

The results of the two way analysis of variance with one between (treatment) and one within (time) subject measure demonstrated a statistically significant [F(2,l 1)=4.13, p

<.05; eta2=0.43] treatment difference. Post hoc analyses indicated that the group who professed to be psychics were given significantly less accurate congruency scores

(M=2.45, SEM=18) by judges than the control group (M=1.75, SEM=.20) while the group who were trained with the formal remote viewing technique occupied an intermediate position (M=1.96, SEM=.12). There was no statistically significant difference [F(2,22)=2.76, p >.05] between the three weeks (trials) and no significant interaction between treatment and trial [F(4,22)=0.78, p >.05].

Because of the dependence upon the judges for their perceived accuracy of the details of the narratives from the subjects and the target pictures, a second measure was employed that was the standard deviation of the scores for the five judges for each picture. During the second week only there was significantly greater variability in the judges' scores for the RV group compared to the other two groups [F(2,l 1)=6.83, p <.01].

The means and SEMS for the control, RV, and psychic groups were: .48 (.14), 1.21 (.12) and .92 (.17), respectively.

Three way analysis of variance for treatment differences in each of the six moods over the seven weeks of testing for these constructs revealed no difference between the treatments [F(2,ll)=.04, p >.05]. There were no significant interactions between the treatments and either time or mood. However there was a general difference over time for all moods [F(6,66)=9.85, p<.001; partial eta2=.47], a difference between moods

[F(5,55)=28.36, p <.001; partial eta2=72] and an interaction between time and mood [F(30,330)=2.43, p <.001; partial eta2=.18]. Post hoc analyses indicated that the source of the change over weeks was due primarily to the generally elevated scores (ts between

3.49 and 5.04 p <.001) for all moods during the second week (M=4.6, .51) compared to all other weeks (Ms=1.89 to 2.4, SEMs .35 to .54). This was before the RV training or experiences.

In order to discern if there was any relationship between accuracy and inferences of mood, regardless of condition, multiple regression analyses were completed for the accuracies between all subjects' narratives for the specific targets for each of the three

weeks as well as the mean of the three weeks with the mean values for each of the six

mood scales. No variables entered any of the equations at the p <.05 level.

The possibility that variability in mood, considering the importance of

perturbations and transience of the phenomena, might be predictor was assessed by

employing the standard deviations over the 7 weeks for each of the 6 moods as the

independent variables for the accuracy scores for the three separate weeks and the mean

accuracy score. For the third week only the positive combination of diminished attention

and vigilance was associated with more accurate scores. The multiple r was 0.87

[F(2,l 1)=17.72, p <.001]. The equation was .36 multiplied by the standard deviation

score for vigilance (t=5.36, p <.001) plus .36 multiplied by the standard deviation score of

attention (t=3.33, p <.01); the constant was .412. Analysis of variance and covariance for

the accuracy during the third week with the shared variance of these variables removed

did not change the level of the significant differences between the three groups noted in

the original analyses.

28 *- 2.00

0.50000 1.00000 1.50000 2.00000 Unstandardizftd Predicted Value

Figure 2-3 - Scattergram between predicted and actual remote viewing accuracy scores for the third week (vertical axis) from the equation composed of variability in vigilance and tension.

For comparison the actual score for accuracy for the third week and the raw score for the variability in vigilance scores (r=0.72) over the 7 weeks of the experiment are shown in

Figure 2-4.

29 3 00-

2.50-

1.50-

1.00'

sdallvig

Figure 2-4 - Standard deviation of the scores for vigilance over 7 weeks for all subjects and their remote viewing accuracy for the third (and final) week of the experiment.

30 Discussion

The hypothesized enhancement of accuracy of rated congruence scores between the subjects' drawings and descriptions for the hidden pictures as assessed by independent judges for the group that received the training was not supported. The group accuracy did

not differ significantly from the control or reference group. The self-professed psychic

group was actually less accurate with respect to their impressions about the hidden

pictures. There was no statistically significant improvement over the three weeks for the accuracy according to conventional criteria. However, there was a statistically significant

improvement in accuracy scores between the first and third week of testing.

Despite the absence of strong group differences there were still participants who

displayed clear congruence between their experiences and the hidden picture. As shown

in example figures the perceptual and categorical similarities were conspicuous. This

occurrence which was more or less distributed over the weeks of testing suggesting that

when congruence occurs it is conspicuous and that no single person or group of persons appear to have captured the manifestation.

Weekly mood ratings were stable over the seven weeks of sampling. The major

source of the anomaly was during the second week, which was similar for all groups.

Because different people began at different times the probability is small that this single

exception was a cohort effect. The reason for this effect remains unclear.

Considering the frequent association of emotional states with the occurrence of

accessing information from a distance (Krippner, Ullman & Honorton, 1968; Persinger et

al, 2002), some association with accuracy scores was expected. This was not correct for

mean scores but was evident for the variability over time for the attention and vigilance

31 subtests for the POMS. The combination of diminished week to week variability in attention scores and vigilance scores was strongly associated with more accurate congruencies between the drawings and descriptions and the actual details of the pictures.

One explanation for these two moods rather than for example irritability or fatigue is that both attention and vigilance are associated with right hemispheric activity (Pardo,

Fox, & Raichle, 1991). Sustained or stable right hemispheric activation might be considered a facilitative condition to discern subtle stimuli, not subject to left hemispheric awareness, from the sources of the environment that mediate the information contained within the pictures.

The present results do not reveal what the mediation mechanism might be. The procedure of walking the subject to and from the actual space where the picture will be located and then, before "remote viewing" asking the subject to imagine walking down to the same locus and viewing that space before imagining walking back was purposely inserted into the procedure to allow the reference locus to be represented within the person's experience (and cerebral space). Although these processes were not tested in the present experiment, the operations allow for the establishment of both entanglement with that space as well as the condition of extracerebral cognitive detection (Persinger &

Lavallee, 2010).

32 References

Krippner, S., Ullman, M., & Honorton, C. (1968). Experimentally-induced telepathic

dreams with EEG-REM monitoring. In H. Bender (Ed.), Papers Presented for

thel 1th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association (pp. 415-430).

Freiburg, West Germany: Institut fur Grenzgebiete der Psychologie

Pardo, J.V.; Fox, P.T.; Raichle, M.E. (1991). Localization of a human system for

sustained attention by positron emission tomography. Nature, 349, 61-64.

Persinger, M.A., Roll, W.G., Tiller, S.G., Koren, S.A., & Cook, C. M. (2002). Remote

viewing with the artist Ingo Swann: Neuropsychological profile,

electroencephalographic correlates, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and

possible mechanisms. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 927-949.

Persinger, M.A.; Lavallee, C.F. (2010). Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of

Macroscopic Entanglement Between Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions:

Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications. Journal of

Consciousness Exploration & Research, Vol 1(7), 785-807.

Puthoff, H.; Targ, R. (1976). A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer

distances: Historical perspective and recent research. Proceedings of the IEEE, 64

(3), 329-354.

Skinner, B.F. (1974). About Behaviourism. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knoff, inc.

Roll, W.G., Persinger, M.A., Webster, D.L., Tiller, S.G., & Cook, C.M. (2002).

Neurobehavioral and neurometabolic (SPECT) correlates of paranormal

33 information: Involvement of the right hemisphere and its sensitivity to weak

complex magnetic fields. International Journal ofNeuroscience, 112, 197-224.

Tart, C.T. (1977). Psi: Scientific Studies of the Psychic Realm. Boston, MA: E.P. Dutton,

Inc.

Tart, C. T.; Puthoff, H. E.; Targ, R. (Eds.). (1979). Mind At Large: IEEE symposia on the

nature of extrasensory perception. Charlottesville, VA, Hampton Roads Publishing

Company, Inc.

Tart, C. T. (2009). The End of Materialism: How evidence of the paranormal is bringing

science and spirit together. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.

34 CHAPTER 3: QUANTITATIVE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC POWER AND

CORRELATIONS WITH REMOTE VIEWING ACCURACY

Abstract

The independently rated congruence of subjects' drawings and descriptions with the content of affective pictures hidden 50 m away were referenced to cerebral quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) over three weekly trials. Compared to the first week, significantly more brain variables entered the equations that predicted accuracy at the time of the experiences for both the second and third week. There were more EEG variables from the right hemisphere and frontotemporal region than other areas. The results are consistent with the concept that the accurate description of hidden pictures (information) by imagination-like processes involves a field-like characteristic of cerebral activity and that greater accuracy between the characteristics of the picture and the descriptions or drawings is associated with significant correlations from more cerebral areas.

Keywords: Quantitative Electroencephalography; remote viewing; right temporal lobe; multiple regression

35 Introduction

The concept of non-locality is one of the most challenging operations that have been inferred by human cognition. The essence of this idea is that information in location

A can affect location B through mechanisms that are not involved with traditional mechanisms of propagation or connection between the two loci (Radin, 2006). From a behavioural perspective, where mechanisms are not required to be known first before the study of a phenomenon, the critical criterion is the systematic occurrence of two events where one (the stimulus) precedes (by some increment of time that is appropriate for the level of discourse) the other (response) (Persinger, 1974a). Phenomena attributed or labeled as telepathy, clairvoyance or remote viewing can be considered examples of these operations (Persinger, 1974b).

Within the model that the brain is the locus of all experiences of which we are aware the optimal relationship between information at a distance and a response to this information as defined by subjective experiences and its expression by verbal behaviour would be a systematic change in some discrete parameters of brain activity or localization

(Persinger, Roll, Tiller, Koren, & Cook, 2002). There have been many experiments for both normal and exceptional individuals that suggested correlations between the proportion or rate of change of alpha rhythms as measured by electroencephalographic activity and some measure of information accuracy (Persinger, 2008; Persinger & Saroka,

2012). Most of these studies involved qualitative examinations of the relationships.

The development of quantitative EEG (QEEG) technology where discrete values

in microvolt values several hundreds of times per second over dozens of loci over the

surface of the skull allowed applications of algorithms which delivered precision of

36 patterns of changes in intensities of inferred cerebral activity. In the present study this technology was applied to the non-locality problem in the form of remote viewing (RV).

This procedure involves the discernment by verbal behaviour or drawing the information, both perceptual and affective, within a hidden target picture unknown to the participants that is located at a significant distance (Puthoff & Targ, 1976; Persinger et al, 2002).

The advantage of this approach is that real objects or pictures contain potentially kilobits of information whose mass or patterns of organization might be a sufficient conditions for non-locality (Persinger, 2008). The disadvantage of this approach is that discrete probabilities, such as those employed for card guessing, are not available as criteria for accuracy (Tart, 2009). Instead the congruence between participants' experiences and the characteristics of the hidden pictures are dependent upon third person judging. We reasoned that if the averages of rankings of accuracy from several judges were used as scores, participants were tested weekly over three weeks, and comprehensive QEEG activity was measured before, during, and after the cognition associated with remote viewing, a greater understanding of the cerebral patterns associated with accuracy might be revealed.

Previous researchers have examined a single area of the brain such as the temporal or parietal lobe or a particular frequency such as theta activity or alpha rhythms

(Persinger, 1989; Persinger et al, 2002; Roll, Persinger, Webster, Tiller & Cook, 2002;

Tart, 1968). Although such relationships are both intellectually attractive and parsimonious they implicitly assume a location interpretation of brain function rather than a network or field approach. To examine the latter we employed multiple regression with a fixed criteria for entry of variables of cerebral power from anywhere over the scalp and any of the six classical frequency bands to predict accuracy. The assumption was that with sufficient testing and number of subjects an averaged pattern would emerge that

would reveal the general nature of cerebral activity associated with the accuracy of descriptions for the non-local stimuli. Sometimes the average from many individuals for

weak or probabilistic phenomena reflects what the individual units of the set display for briefer periods over its much longer lifetime.

Method

Subjects

A total of 14 male (n=2) and female (n=12) subjects volunteered for the experiment in response to advertisements in a local newspaper for people interested in psychic research. Their ages ranged between 26 and 78 years.

Procedure: Remote Viewing

Each subject engaged in three separate remote viewing episodes, once per week, for three consecutive weeks in November and December 2011. On each day of the experiment the subject was first escorted to the area where a picture was to be located and then escorted back to a room (about 50 m away) where the QEEG was measured. For each day of the experiment the subject wore a 19 channel sensor cap (Mitsar EEG-201).

Three samples were collected during the 3 min baseline followed by a single sample during visualization while the subjects imagined walking from the test room to the room

where the picture was sequestered. During the subsequent 10 min the subject engaged in attempts to remote view the picture that had been placed in the room a few minutes previously. There were three samples of QEEG measurements when the eyes were closed

38 and three samples when the eyes were opened. During this period each subject focused upon receiving sensory information the picture. At the end of this period a post session

QEEG sample (eyes closed) was completed. Consequently there was a total of 11, 30 s

EEG samples per week. During the remote viewing of the hidden pictures the subject recorded and wrote down all of his or her images or impressions that occurred when focusing on the place where the picture was located.

There were a total of 3 hidden pictures (1 per week) for each subject (n=42) that had been obtained from a collection of photographs provided by Professor Don Hill, an artist and journalist from the University of Edmonton. The 8x11 pictures printed in color on typing paper had been selected for their emotive, colorful, and striking characteristics.

Each picture had been placed in an 8 x 11 sealed manila envelope with the face up by another person. These envelopes were then given to the experimenter. The experimenter did not see the photographs until after the sessions were completed.

Quantitative EEG Data

The data from each of the 19 channels were analyzed by WINEEG software to obtain the uV2/Hz values for six classic EEG intervals: delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-7 Hz) alpha (8-13 Hz) low beta (13-20 Hz), high beta (20-30 Hz) and gamma (30-40 Hz for each of the 11 samples of EEG measurements for each of the three weeks. The power for each frequency band was extracted and exported into SPSS Windows PC.

Narrative-Drawing-Picture Scoring

A total of 10 individuals not involved with the experiment volunteered as judges.

One group of 5 judges assessed the narratives for each of 21 pictures while another 5

39 judges assessed the narratives for the other 21 pictures. The judges were all graduate students who were familiar with the concepts of consciousness and remote viewing but who did not know the subjects. For judging of accuracy each judge was tested singly.

Each original picture was presented with 3 other pictures on a table in front of the judge.

The judge read the narrative and then ranked the pictures according to which one was most (rank=l) to least (rank=4) like the descriptions or drawings. Then the four pictures were removed and another 4 pictures (1 being the original picture) was assessed according to the narrative that was recorded for the subject during remote viewing for that picture. All judges were told that both perceptual and emotive themes should be emphasized.

Consequently for each narrative for each subject a rank of 1 to 4 was obtained for each of the three weeks. The mean of the five rankings for each narrative for congruence with the "target" picture was calculated for each subject for each of the three weeks. As a result there were a total of 42 scores with ranks between 1 and 4.

Examples of Hits and Misses

The following are two examples of pictures and descriptions that were judged to be hits and two that were judged to be misses.

40 - j j&o [Transcript]

Mountain landscape Dartboard Yellow-green 0 pfiArtoA* Water-pool y6AU*J -^/UtfJ Baby wKrUl-hct- Diving &M*j OfUVC. Viewer Comments: "I got the sense of round, /L and somebody diving. There was also some movement, it felt like."

Figure 3-1. Example of Hit: ID+Session is !D09rv3 with Accuracy =1.

41 [Transcript]

Building Flowers Cloudy

Viewer Comments: "I also got an impression of a car in the foreground, was going to put it in but I didn't."

Figure 3-2. Example of Hit: ID+Session is ID09rvl with Accuracy =1.

42 [Transcript] 3x-chr% Summer j.(r >. ^ viojj-*— Picnic Jmjjl*. ' iw^VJ t^ocuvjt. tx£*«- fc A«X Blanket on grass A-c _2*P £*£* A"J-* 1) Teddy bear-brown Hot air balloon bright colours blue and red Funny/comical Air A white horse Kids A toy train yellow/red/blue/large Bright colours lo_ itrs*~^ Kx

Figure 3-3. Example of a Miss: ID+Session is ID14rvl with Accuracy=4.

43 CB3\ [Transcript] lie V Cool air Grey il*" v-^ / Clouds - misty w ^ •* Water U>-1>" Sparkle •'"k . \ • • • Wood • s (fu\\ U Grass Glisten musty

Figure 3-4. Example of a Miss: ID+Session is ID08rv2 with Accuracy=3.8.

44 Statistical Analyses: First Order

The most appropriate method to assess the potential field or matrix nature of the

relationship between congruence between narratives and picture information and EEG activity was multiple regression. These analyses were completed for the average accuracy

scores for each of the three weeks. This means that there were a total of 11 multiple

regressions for each EEG sample for a given week. All measures from the 19 channels

and 6 frequency bands were allowed potentially to enter. Because there were only 14

subjects, the criteria set for maximum numbers of variables to enter the equation was 3.

One method to control for such large numbers of variables is to discern temporal

congruency. To assess this feature the EEG data for a given week was analyzed not only

for the accuracy scores for the same week but also in independent analyses the accuracy scores for the other two weeks. We assumed that random or spurious relationships associated with employing such large numbers of independent variables could be differentiated. One would predict that the greatest numbers of significant variables to enter an equation for predicting the congruency scores between narratives and pictures according to judges' ratings should occur for the same week.

Statistical Analyses: Second Order

The outputs for the 11 (6 direct remove viewing, 5 baselines or visualizations) multiple regressions of EEG data for each week for accuracy for each week (33 x 3=99) employing the above criterion were obtained. The numbers of EEG variables that entered

(of the possible 0 to 3) were extracted. To discern if there were differences in the entry of

EEG variables from different lobes, hemispheres, or frequency bands, this information

45 was extracted as well. These data were then analyzed by SPSS PC software. Chi-squared analyses, where appropriate, was calculated manually.

Results

The results of the secondary analyses for the numbers of brain activity variables

(maximum=3) from each of the 11 EEG samples that entered the multiple regression equations for accuracy of remote viewing for the same day (indicated by *) and the other two days (separated by a week or two weeks) are shown in Table 3-1. What is qualitatively clear is that the numbers of brain activity variables that entered equations to predict accuracy was greater than other weeks for the second and third weeks of the remote viewing trials.

46 Table 3-1. Numbers of EEG variables entering multiple regression equations

(max=3) during eyes closed (RV-C) or open (RV-O) samples for the remote viewing concentration or during baselines samples for each session and the congruency scores for that session (*)and for congruency scores of the other two sessions.

Sample First Session Second Session Third Session Al* A2 A3 Al A2* A3 Al A2 A3* RV CI 0 2 0 0 3 3 0 3 3 RV C2 3 1 0 1 2 3 1 3 3 RV C3 1 3 0 1 1 3 3 0 2 RVOl 0 0 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 RV 02 0 0 1 2 3 1 3 0 2 RV 03 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 3 Basel 2 1 3 3 3 1 0 2 3 Base2 2 1 3 1 3 0 0 1 3 Base3 2 0 1 3 2 2 0 3 3 Visual 0 3 1 3 3 1 0 3 3 PBase 1 0 3 0 3 0 3 1 3 Total 13 12 14 18 29 18 10 19 30

Chi-squared analysis for the total numbers of brain activity for the different trials

(weeks) that entered the equations for accuracy scores for the different weeks indicated a significant discordance between the second and first week (chi-squared=27.06, p <. 01) and third and first week (chi-squared=22.97, p <.01) as well as between the third week and second week (chi-squared=20.01 > P < .01). In other words, as the RV trials progressed, the numbers of variables from contemporary brain activity increased after the first week.

47 The origins of the EEG activity over the different lobes that entered the equations that predicted accuracy are shown in Table 3-2. For this analysis central leads were included under the parietal lobes. The most conspicuous observation is more frontal origins during the second week and more temporal origins during the third week.

Table 3-2. Numbers of EEG variables from different lobes entering (max=3) for eyes closed

(RV-C) or open (RV-O) during the remote viewing concentration or during baselines for each session and the congruency scores for that session (*) and for congruency scores o f the other two sessions.

First Session Second Session Third Session Al* A2 A3 Al A2* A3 Al A2 A3* Frontal 4 1 2 8 13 7 5 8 8 Temporal 9 8 6 7 6 3 4 9 12 Parietal 0 3 5 2 8 8 2 1 5 Occipital 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 2 5

With respect to hemisphere, the change over time was also apparent. The major origin of variables contributing to equations that predicted accuracy originated more from the left hemisphere during the second session and from the right hemisphere during the final session. Small discrepancies in the totals shown in Table 3-3 are due to the entrance of the occasional z (midline) position that was not allocated to either hemisphere.

48 Table 3-3. Numbers of EEG variables from the two hemispheres entering multiple regression equations (max=3) during eyes closed (RV-C) or open (RV-O) samples for the remote viewing concentration or during baselines samples for each session and the congruency score for that session (*) and for congruency scores of the other two sessions.

First Session Second Session Third Session Al* A2 A3 Al A2* A3 Al A2 A3* 9 9 6 10 15 8 5 12 7 3 3 6 8 8 9 5 8 20

Finally the origins of the frequency bands that contributed to the equations that predicted accuracy are shown in Table 3-4. The major disconcordance occurred during the third week with disproportionally more predictor variables originating from the delta band. This was not apparent during the second week and first week, when gamma activity was weakly prominent.

First Session Second Session Third Session Al* A2 A3 Al A2* A3 Al A2 A3*" Delta 3 4 3 4 9 2 2 8 11 Theta 0 0 0 1 2 7 2 2 5 Alpha 1 6 5 4 6 3 2 4 2 Betal 2 0 4 4 5 4 3 3 6 Beta2 0 1 2 5 4 0 1 1 3 Gamma 6 1 0 3 3 2 0 1 3

49 Discussion

The concept of non-locality whereby information from A affects B includes the approach that information from A can be discerned by B. The non-locality component is the mediation of the connection, that is the causality, does not appear to involve the usual physical process of electromagnetic or mechanical waves (Radin, 2006; Persinger &

Lavallee, 2010; Persinger & Saroka, 2012). This dilemma may be less intellectually restrictive when there is a quantitative demonstration that the accuracy of the information about a hidden, distance object is related to increased numbers of cerebral regions of the subject experiencing this information (Persinger et al, 2002). This temporal congruency would suggest that greater accuracy requires the acquisition of sufficient bits by the experiencer about this distant object such that the resulting drawing or descriptions about the stimulus are recognizable to independent observers (judges).

If there is stimulus (information within the picture) and response (activity within the brain) coupling one would expect that the greater the involvement of different cerebral areas the greater the accuracy of the congruence. This contention was supported by the results of the present experiment. After the first week, accuracy of congruence for a week involved more brain activity variables for that week than for the other weeks. The

fact that the more brain variables from the same week as the experiment were correlated

with the accuracy for that week indicates that the effect was not likely to be spurious. If it

were the probability would have been more or less equal that numbers of EEG variables

from the other weeks would have been comparable.

This method of analysis had been selected because the working model is that consciousness and the process associated with access of distant information involves a

50 field-like or matrix-like process (Persinger, 2008; Persinger & Lavallee, 2010).

Consequently individual cerebral locations or EEG frequencies are less important and substitutions are expected to occur routinely. As a comparison in matrix that is 6 x 6 there are inordinate numbers of combinations that can yield the same sum even though the

individual values within each of the cells of the matrix could vary markedly.

However there was a dynamic shift in this "cerebral matrix", over the weeks of

experience and feedback for the hidden drawings, noted in this population. During the

second week more variables associated with frontal and left hemispheric activity

predicted accuracy of the experiences compared to the pictures. During the third week

more variables associated with the temporal lobe and right hemisphere predicted

accuracy.

This pattern supports other studies (Persinger et al, 2002; Persinger & Saroka,

2012) that suggest the right temporal lobe is associated with remote viewing and access of

distant information through mechanism not known to date. Right temporal functions and

activity have been associated with mystical states in several studies (Persinger, 1989; Roll

et al, 2002). Activity in this region recently has been coupled to accuracy of experiencing

distant information. Both Persinger and Saroka (2012) and Venkatasubramanian and

colleagues (2008) showed that subjects who routinely accurately discern information

from a distance displayed marked increased activity within the right parahippocampal

gyrus, the ventral region of the temporal lobe, when they were engaging in the accurate

experiences.

51 As noted in a subsequent chapter the accuracy during the third week in the present study was also strongly correlated with global geomagnetic activity. Several studies

(Makarec & Persinger, 1987; Persinger & Krippner, 1989; Spottiswoode, 1990) have shown the enhanced global geomagnetic activity is associated with less accuracy or the less likelihood that distal information will be acquired. The results of this study affirmed this association during the third week during the same period that accuracy was most associated with the increased proportion of contributions of QEEG activity from the right hemisphere and temporal lobes. It may be relevant that the right temporal lobe has been shown to be particularly sensitive to changes in geomagnetic activity (Persinger &

Lavallee, 2012).

The second implication is that, like other neurocognitive processes, the configuration of brain function contributing to overt behavior changes over time. There are multiple studies that during the subsequent days to weeks following the acquisition of new experiences, the regions of the brain that become active or are involved with the representation and reconstruction (memory) of these experiences changes (Squire, 1987).

If the results of the present experiment can be generalized than either 3 trials or 3 weeks

(because there was only 1 trial per week) are required before the cerebral configuration approaches the pattern most frequently associated with accuracy of remote viewing.

When compared to the objective measure of accuracy, as discerned by independent judges, congruence scores for all subjects on average were lower on the third week. In fact compared to the first week, the scores were significantly more accurate with an effect size of 30%. If we assume that the average configurations associated with the entire group reflect the micro-configurations of the individual for briefer periods of time, then this suggests that even minor alterations of increased accuracy of distal information are associated with quite prominent increases in involvement of right hemispheric and temporal function.

53 References

Makarec, K., & Persinger, M.A. (1987). Geophysical variables and behavior: XLIII.

Negative correlation between accuracy of card-guessing and geomagnetic activity:

A case study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65, 105-106.

Persinger, M.A. (Ed.). (1974a). The Paranormal Part I: Patterns. New York: M.S.S.

Information.

Persinger, M.A. (Ed.). (1974b). The Paranormal. Part II: Mechanisms and Models. New

York: M.S.S. Information.

Persinger, M.A., & Schaut, G.B. (1988). Geomagnetic factors in subjective telepathic,

precognitive and postmortem experiences. Journal of the American Society for

Psychical Research, 82, 217-235.

Persinger, M.A. (1989). Psi phenomena and temporal lobe activity: the geomagnetic

factor. In L.A. Henkel & R.E. Berger (Eds.), Research in parapsychology 1988.

Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. Pp. 121-156.

Persinger, M.A., & Krippner, S. (1989). Dream ESP experiments and geomagnetic

activity. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 83, 101-116.

Persinger, M.A., Roll, W.G., Tiller, S.G., Koren, S.A., & Cook, C. M. (2002). Remote

viewing with the artist Ingo Swann: Neuropsychological profile,

electroencephalographic correlates, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and

possible mechanisms. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 927-949.

54 Persinger, M.A. (2008). On the possible representation of the electromagnetic equivalents

of all human memory within the earth's magnetic field: Implications for theoretical

biology. Theor Biol Insights, 1,3-11.

Persinger, M. A.; Saroka, K. (2012). Protracted parahippocampal activity associated with

Sean Heribance. International Journal of Yoga, 5, 140-145.

Puthoff, H.; Targ, R. (1976). A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer

distances: Historical perspective and recent research. Proceedings of the IEEE, 64

(3), 329-354.

Radin, D. (2006). Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality.

New York, NY: Paraview Pocket Books.

Roll, W.G., Persinger, M.A., Webster, D.L., Tiller, S.G., & Cook, C.M. (2002).

Neurobehavioral and neurometabolic (SPECT) correlates of paranormal

information: Involvement of the right hemisphere and its sensitivity to weak

complex magnetic fields. International Journal ofNeuroscience, 112, 197-224.

Spottiswoode, S.J.P. (1990). Geomagnetic activity and anomalous cognition: a

preliminary report of new evidence. Subtle Energies, 1, 91-102.

Squire, L.R. (1987). Memory and Brain. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Tart, C. T. (2009). The End of Materialism: How evidence of the paranormal is bringing

science and spirit together. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.

55 Venkatasubramanian, G.; Jayakumar, P.N.; Nagendra, H.R.; Nagaraja, D.; Deeptha, R.;

Gangadhar, N. (2008). Investigating paranormal phenomena: Functional brain

imaging of telepathy. International Journal of Yoga, Vol.1 (2), 66-71.

56 CHAPTER 4: DIFFERENCES IN SLORETA LOCALIZATIONS FOR ACCURATE

AND NON-ACCURATE EXPERIENCES ABOUT THE DETAILS OF HIDDEN

PICTURES AT A DISTANCE

Abstract

In order to discern which regions of the cerebrum were most activated within specific frequency bands of electroencephalographic activity sLORETA profiles were obtained for subjects who displayed the greatest and least congruences between their imaginings and the actual stimuli according to independent judges. Enhanced congruent scores between the third week and first week involved beta activity within the 25 to 30 Hz range within the parahippocampal gyrus. Increased theta activity occurred within the left fuisform gyrus, insula, and middle temporal gyrus and within both the left and right parahippocampal gyrus. Higher (alpha) frequencies were evident within anterior cingulate gyrus and the superior and middle temporal lobes for both hemispheres for those subjects whose scores for congruency between drawings and descriptions and the hidden pictures were most accurate. These data suggest that accuracy of experiences about a distant stimulus are related to brain regions whose functions involve spatial localization, emotional attachment and bonding, and visuolinguistic memory and processing.

Key words: sLORETA; remote viewing; accuracy

57 Introduction

The capacity to discern "hidden" information at a distance through non-traditional process involved without obvious electromagnetic or mechanical wave propagation has the potential to alter our understanding of the nature of causality. Although there are multiple models that range from quantum entanglement (Persinger & Lavallee, 2010;

Radin, 2006) to cosmological explanations of non-locality (Hu and Wu, 2006), the critical

component for this pursuit is the empirical observation of systematic changes in the locus of experience: the brain. Stimulus-response models, such as assessment of verbal

behavior about these hidden stimuli, are helpful (Puthoff & Targ, 1976). However, direct

measurements of where in the cerebral volume the brain activity is occurring should be

more revealing. Alterations in these functions do not always require awareness (Berns et

al, 1997).

In the present study we applied the s LORETA (Low Resolution Electromagnetic

Tomography) technology to the quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) data

obtained during trials when subjects were engaged in "remote viewing" of pictures hidden

about 50 meters in distance.

Finally, while isolating the source of the difference between successful and non-

successful remote viewing sessions is important and may prove to be very revealing about

the nature of the brain's involvement in successful or accurate psi experiences where it

can be assumed that the signal-to-noise ratio is greater, as assessed by the ratings by the

independent judges, we also applied the s LORETA method to discern changes over time. QEEG data from week 1 to week 3 in only those remote viewing subjects and trials

58 that were rated by independent judges to be most congruent with the stimuli were

compared through s LORETA.

The rationale for applying a randomized-control method, where half of a group of

novice subjects receive special training designed to enhance remote viewing performance

while the other half is given a sham workshop for the same duration, is the afforded

potential to better understand the capacity of normal individuals to learn or develop psi-

abilities where before they had none. However given the often spontaneous nature of psi

(Persinger, 1974a; 1987; Tart, 1977) there is the possibility that anyone given the

opportunity to practice the technique, not once but over a series of trials, whether or not

the training is received they too. may eventually demonstrate significantly successful

"hits" (Tart, 1966). The longitudinal design of the present study allows us to indirectly

investigate the potential for learning to occur as a result of practice alone, in particular due to the procedure itself where participants receive near-immediate feedback upon

completing the remote viewing task. The second s LORETA analysis detailed above provides a necessary foundation from which we can begin to appreciate the neural

correlates of successful remote viewing.

Method

Subjects

59 Procedure: Remote Viewing

For each day of the experiment the subject wore a 19 channel sensor cap (Mitsar

EEG-201). Three samples were collected during the 3 min baseline followed by a single sample during visualization while the subjects imagined walking from the test room to the room where the picture was sequestered. During the subsequent 10 min the subject engaged in attempts to remote view the picture that had been.placed in the room a few minutes previously. There were three samples of QEEG measurements when the eyes were closed and three samples when the eyes were opened. During this period each subject focused upon receiving sensory information the picture. At the end of this period a post session QEEG sample (eyes closed) was completed. During the remote viewing of the hidden pictures the subject recorded and wrote down all of his or her images or impressions that occurred when focusing on the place where the picture was located.

A total of 10 individuals not involved with the experiment volunteered as judges.

One group of 5 judges assessed the narratives for each of 21 pictures while another 5 judges assessed the narratives for the other 21 pictures. Forjudging of accuracy each judge was tested singly. Each original picture was presented with 3 other pictures on a table in front of the judge. The judge read the narrative and then ranked the pictures according to which one was most (rank=l) to least (rank=4) like the descriptions. Then the four pictures were removed and another 4 pictures (1 being the original picture) was assessed according to the narrative that was recorded for the subject during remote viewing for that picture. All judges were told that both perceptual and emotive themes should be emphasized. Consequently for each narrative for each subject a rank of 1 to 4 was obtained for each of the three weeks for each judge. The mean of the five rankings for each narrative for congruence with the "target" picture was calculated for each subject

for each of the three weeks. As a result there were a total of 42 scores with ranks between

1 and 4.

S LORETA Data

The data from each of the 19 channels were exported from WINEEG software to s LORETA in 5 s segments sampled once every 10 s during baseline (with eyes closed)

and during remote viewing with eyes closed. For each remote viewing session (N=42) a total of 18 segments from each condition (baseline, remote viewing) were exported into

s LORETA where raw data was first transformed to obtain the uV2/Hz values for eight classic EEG intervals: delta (1.5-4 Hz), theta (4.5-7 Hz), alphal (7.5-10 Hz), alpha2

(10.5-13 Hz), betal (13.5-20 Hz) beta2 (20.5-25 Hz), beta3 (25.5-30 Hz), and gamma

61 (30.5-35 Hz). These cross spectral data files were then transformed into .slor files and analyzed within the s LORETA software.

Statistical Analyses: Hits versus Misses

To examine differences in brain activity when remote viewing was rated as highly accurate (n=14; mean accuracy range = 1 to 1.5) as opposed to when remote viewing was rated as highly inaccurate (n=12; mean accuracy range = 2.6 to 4), sLORETA t-test pairs were used to localize the source of the changes observed in QEEG activity between baseline and the remote viewing interval. For each of the 26 comparisons the sources displaying the greatest change (areas with the largest t-score) were scored as either 0=no change, 1 "increase from baseline, or 2=decrease from baseline, regardless of frequency

band (delta to gamma). These scores (0 to 2) were entered into a database and analyzed in

SPSS Windows PC along with variables for group, time (weeks 1 to 3), and accuracy

(ratings l=hit to 4=miss).

Statistical Analysis: Maximum Congruence over Time

High rankings of accuracy were achieved throughout all three testing weeks by

subjects in each of the three groups. To discover the source of the changes in brain activation over time during highly accurate remote viewing experiences at the beginning and end of the treatment period, 8 of the most accurate RV sessions were entered into

s LORETA where independent t-test pairs were used to compare the QEEG data obtained during high accuracy in week 1 (RV1, n=4) to week 3 (RV3, n=4). Mean accuracy for

both groups was equal (1.25).

62 Results

Examples of Remote Viewing Data

The following are examples of remote viewing experiences. The first has been

rated by 5 independent judges as a "hit" while the second has been rated by 5 independent judges as "miss".

63 be«jr\,\- t(\t

\qvj£C ^»r4iVA ( lu>4ts fttu-Lr* Bright colour - yellow, UnHv A(>A flirtfle s-W^e orange Lower portion, upper was darker

1 With dark circle shape "" ~ V"ah\ -^wy^ pV\L. Initial thought - uUrt>

Figure 4-1. Example of a Hit: ID+Session is ID13rv2 with Accuracy=l.

64 [Transcript] -ft"-«oA_«o rUrffLU^.O fy^ ^ oZa^a/' fY^jJXs^ Flashes of light - colourful Reminds me of stars / meteor V V shower Odd lines / animal print jjU /W~* (reminds me of) ^l ty^o- P Zebra pattern? (reminds me ol zebra lines) Reflective Contrast/pattern

- (_ r-tJtK.'-*^/

Figure 4-2. Example of a Miss: ID+Session is ID14rv2 with Accuracy=3.4

65 Statistical Analyses: Hits versus Misses

Comparisons by chi-squared analyses of the" high hit" and "low hit" groups revealed

no statistically significant (p <.05) disconcordances. Aggregate scores for the nominal

data to discern lobular or hemispheric differences were not significant. The data employed in the analysis are shown in Table 5-1.

66 Table 4-1. Activation scores (no change=0, increase=l, decrease=2), with accuracy (miss=0, hit=l) within any of the six frequency bands during any time during the three trials (weeks) for the left and right hemisphere for Frontal (F), Temporal (T), Parie tal (P), Occipital (O), Anterior Cingulate (AC), Posterior Cingulate (PC), Central (C), Insular (IN) and Parahippocampal (PH) regions.

Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Cas I Gr W Hi Ac A p 1 p A p 1 p e D P k t c F T P o c c c N H F T p o c c c N H ] 9 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 9 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 13 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

4 12 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5 8 0 1 1 1.2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 2 3 1 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 9 0 2 i 1.4 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

8 6 0 2 1 1.4 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9 6 0 3 1 1.4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 5 0 2 1 1.4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 4 1 3 1 1.4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0

12 10 1 3 1 14 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 12 1 3 1 1.4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 14 2 3 1 1.4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 14 2 1 0 4 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 16 8 0 2 0 3.8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 17 14 2 2 0 3.4 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 7 2 1 0 34 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 3 2 1 0 3,2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

20 11 2 3 0 2.8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

21 4 1 1 0 2.8 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 22 6 0 1 0 2.6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 23 5 0 1 0 2.6 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

24 10 1 1 0 2.6 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

25 2 1 2 0 2.6 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

26 4 ! 2 0 2.6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

67 Statistical Analysis: Hits over Time

The results of the analysis demonstrated significant differences between the first week (RVI) and third week (RV3) within all frequency band ranges (delta to gamma)

with all t-scores significant at the p=.01 level except for four areas indicated by asterisk *

(p=.05). The table below (Table 4-2) shows the statistically significant regions of activation within each of the 8 frequency band ranges. The left hand column contains areas where activation at RV3 is significantly greater than RVI, whereas the right hand

column contains areas where activation at RV3 is significantly less than RVI. The extreme threshold p-values for these comparisons are indicated at the top, below

comparison labels. The most significant difference between high hits in RV3 and high

hits in RVI is within the parahippocampal gyrus, with high hits in RV3 demonstrating

significantly greater beta3 power (25.5-30Hz) in this area compared to high hits in RVI.

The only band demonstrating regions with greater activation during RVI is delta (1.5-

4Hz), in the left frontal and in both the left and right anterior cingulate. This is congruent

with the results of the multiple regression performed using the six classic frequency bands

(delta to gamma) in Chapter 3. Figures 4-3 to 4-6 show the sJLORETA brain maps for activity with significant t-scores within the delta, theta and beta3 frequency bands.

68 Table 4-2. T-scores for regions of activation within different traditional band widths when the s_LORETAs for the subjects with the most congruence were compared in the third week to the first week.

S LORETA RV3 > RV1 RVI > RV3 Thresholds 3.89(p=.01); 3.31(p=.05) Hem t -3.88(p=.01); -3.32(p=.05) Hem delta -5.14 BA10. medial frontal gyrus (F) left -4.9 BA32, anterior cingulate (L) left -4.64 BA32, anterior cingulate (L) right theta 5.17 BA20, fusiform gyrus (T) left 5.10 BA27, parahippocampal gyrus (L) left *3.76 BA27, parahippocampal gyrus (L) right 4.58 BA13, insula (sub-lobular) left 4.42 BA39, middle temporal gyrus (T) left alphal *3.54 BA9, middle frontal gyrus (F) left alpha2 3.91 BA38, superior temporal gyrus (T) left *3.72 BA13, insula (sub-lobular) left betal 7.14 BA25. anterior cingulate (L) right 7 BA25, anterior cingulate (L) left 6.15 BA21, middle temporal gyrus (T) right 5.67 BA21, middle temporal gyrus (T) left 6.35 BA22, superior temporal gyrus (T) right 5.34 BA22, superior temporal gyrus (T) left beta2 6.7 BA25, anterior cingulate (L) bilat beta3 8.19 BA30, parahippocampal gyrus (L) left 7.04 BA30, parahippocampal gyrus (L) right gamma *3.73 BA21, middle temporal gyrus (T) right

69 R~|(Y) (X.Y .ZH-10.60.5J[mml ; (-5.14E+0) RV3h*s to RV1h*s; Delta (1.5-AHz)

Figure 4-3. Blue indicates decreased power within the delta (1-4 Hz band) in the left medial frontal lobe (BA10) in RVI compared to RV3.

R~|(Y) (X ,Y ,Z H-10., 10 ||mm] ; (-5 03E+0) RV3h*s to RV1h*$; Delta (1.5-4HZ) sLORETA

Figure 4-4. Gradient of blue indicates decreased power within the delta range in the anterior cingulate (BA32) for RVI compared to RV3.

70 r1[Y) [X,Y .ZH -35. -35.-251(mm) . (517E*0) RV3hts toRVIhits. Theta (4.5-7HZ)

Figure 4-5. Yellow-Red gradient indicates increased power within the theta band in left fusiform gyrus (BA20) for RV3 compared to RVI.

(X.Y.ZH-15.-35,-10)[mm| . (819E-0) RV3h*s toRVIhfc; Beta3(25.5-30Hi> sLORETA

12) (Z)

+5 •5

•5 0 +5 cm (Y) *5 0 -5 -10cm -5 0 +5 cm (X)

Figure 4-6. Yellow-red gradient indicates increased power within the beta3 (25.5 to

30 Hz) band in the left parahippocampal gyrus for RV3 compared to RVI.

71 Discussion

Traditional QEEG research is able to demonstrate changes in electrical activity on the surface of the cerebral cortex within the traditional frequency bands ranging from slow wave delta to high frequency gamma. S LORETA has enabled us to isolate the source of these changes and thus the results of the present study are the first to demonstrate the deep cortical structures associated with successful remote viewing. The most conspicuous feature was that comparing the upper 1/3 of the brain patterns associated with pictures that were most congruent with the actual stimuli and the lower

1/3 of the brain patterns associated with least congruence drawings and descriptions did not reveal any conspicuous localization or frequency bands.

Although the absolute scores for the first (M=2.3, SEM=0.3) and third (M=1.7,

SEM=0.1) weeks were marginally different from a statistical perspective, there was

improvement. When the results of the third weeks and first weeks of the experiment were compared for the extreme high scorers, more significant differences were noted. There was less general power within the delta range within the cingulate and medial frontal gyrus by the third week of experience compared to the first week. This was matched during the third week by increased power within the theta and alpha ranges within the fusiform gyrus, insula, middle frontal gyrus, and superior temporal gyrus. The marked power increase within the beta range was noted within the cingulate region and the superior and middle temporal gyri of both hemispheres.

The involvement of the parahippocampal gyrus during the process of "remote viewing" or "telepathy-clairvoyance" in world class psychics such as Harribance and

Senehi has been reported previously (Persinger and Saroka, 2012). The activation of the

72 superior temporal lobes would suggest that "hearing knowing", a type of introspective experience often reported during spontaneous telepathic and clairvoyant experiences

(Persinger, 1974) may have been experienced by the more accurate subjects. However, its occurrence was not queried in this study. The visceral component of such experiences would be consistent with activation within the insula.

The repeated involvement of the anterior cingulate was one of the most compelling observations that suggest these phenomena are similar to the "spontaneous" cases which involve death or crisis to significant people related to the experient. The anterior cingulate is associated with emotional bonding as well as attributing affect to somesthetic experiences. From some perspectives phenomena described as "telepathic", remote viewing, or clairvoyant are evolutionary ancient processes coupled to locating emotionally bonded individuals. The s LORETA results would be consistent with that interpretation.

73 References

Berns, G. S., Cohen, J. D., Mintum, M. A. (1997). Brain regions response to novelty in

absence of awareness. Science, 276, 1272-1275.

Hu, H., Wu, M. (2006). The essence and implications of quantum entanglement and the

story of spin-mediated consciousness theory. NeuroQuantology, 1,5-16.

Persinger, M.A. (Ed.). (1974a). The Paranormal. Part I: Patterns. New York: M.S.S.

Information.

Persinger, M.A. (1987). Spontaneous telepathic experiences from Phantasms of the

Living and low global geomagnetic activity. Journal of the American Society for

Psychical Research, 81, 23-36.

Persinger, M.A.; Lavallee, C.F. (2010). Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of

Macroscopic Entanglement Between Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions:

Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications. Journal of

Consciousness Exploration & Research, Vol 1(7), 785-807.

Persinger, M. A.; Saroka, K. (2012). Protracted parahippocampal activity associated with

Sean Heribance. International Journal of Yoga, 5, 140-145.

Puthoff, H.; Targ, R. (1976). A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer

distances: Historical perspective and recent research. Proceedings of the IEEE, 64

(3), 329-354.

Radin, D. (2006). Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality.

New York, NY: Paraview Pocket Books.

74 Tart, C.T. (1966). Card Guessing Tests: Learning Paradigm or Extinction Paradigm?

Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 60, 46-55.

Tart, C.T. (1977). Psi: Scientific Studies of the Psychic Realm. Boston, MA: E.P. Dutton,

Inc.

75 CHAPTER 5: DIMINISHED GLOBAL GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY IS

ASSOCIATED WITH MORE ACCURATE REMOTE VIEWING

Abstract

Over 3 weeks, once per week over a 1.5 month period 14 volunteers described and drew the details of a total of 42 hidden pictures placed at a distance of about 50 m. Five

independent judges were given series of 4 pictures, one of which had been the actual

hidden picture, and asked to rank them from most (1) to least (4) congruent with the descriptions for a total of 42 scores. Minimal geomagnetic activity during the 3-hr

intervals when the details of the pictures were imagined was significantly correlated

(rho~0.60) with the ranked accuracy of the descriptions for the second and third weeks.

The effects were very similar to the temporal congruity reported between low

geomagnetic activity and the reports of experiences concerning critical events at a distance, accuracy of dreams for target stimuli within the laboratory, and classic remote

viewing experiments. Like other signal/noise ratio phenomena these results suggest that

the geomagnetic field within which human beings are immersed may facilitate extraction of distant information when global geomagnetic perturbations are minimal.

Key words: geomagnetic activity; remote viewing; signal/noise ratios

76 Introduction

The effect of A upon B, or stimulus and response, is the basis of behavioral approaches to living systems (Skinner, 1974). In general instances the causal connection between A and B is assumed to be mediated by a factor they both share. The vocal response of one person to the question of another is assumed to be mediated by the sound pressure waves emitted from the larynx of one person and the neural representations evoked by the impact upon the tympanic membrane of the other person.

Systematic temporal relationships between A and B when separated by significant distances that don't appear to involve known methods of propagation are still stimulus- response operations (Persinger, 1974a,b; Tart, 1977). They have been called psi, psychic, or parapsychological phenomena because of the apparent absence of a physical-mediating process (Rhine, 1934; Persinger, Roll, Tiller, Koren, & Cook, 2002; Rhine, 1934; Tart,

2009). From a behavioral perspective knowing the mechanism of connection or the

"black box" between a stimulus and response pattern is not a requirement to study the pattern or the phenomena. Consequently paranormal phenomena, except for the absence of apparent mediating mechanisms, are another example of stimulus-response (Persinger,

1974a,b; Persinger, 1987).

The detection (response) of a stimulus is affected by the thresholds of the energy required to promote the appropriate transduction at the sensor and the background

variations. In communication models the signal-to-noise ratio determines the probability that a stimulus will be detected specifically and the likelihood information will be discerned generally (Tart, 1966). For a very subtle stimulus at the threshold of detection, the "noise" background determines the probability that the same-strength signal will be

77 detected (Puthoff & Targ, 1976). In fact lowering normal or typical "noise" levels within systems can allow detection of events that were always present but were not sufficient to be stimuli (Persinger et al, 2002; Persinger & Lavallee, 2010).

The detection of death or crisis to significant others is a central theme of a class of information at distance that has been reported historically and cross-culturally (Persinger

& Schaut, 1988; Persinger, 1987, 1993). Assuming that billions of human brains are immersed in the static geomagnetic field and would theoretically be interconnected,

Persinger (1989) tested the hypothesis that quieter periods of geomagnetic activity would reflect more frequent episodes of this connectivity. Data of verified accounts of individuals reporting (usually as recordings in diaries) death and crisis to affectively associated others at specific times without foreknowledge occurring for the years between

1868 and 1960 were found to occur on days when geomagnetic activity was quietest compared to the days before or afterwards (Persinger 1987; Persinger et al, 1988). The effect size was equivalent to a correlation coefficient of about 0.4 to 0.5. Because continuous daily global geomagnetic measures were not developed until 1868, older cases could not be examined.

One of the most well known examples of information at a distance was the

Maimonides Dream Telepathy studies (Ullman, Krippner & Vaughn, 1973) conducted during the 1960s. Dozens of subjects over a four year period were awoken at the end of their REM (dream) periods and asked to relate their dreams for later transcription (Tart,

2009). During these REM periods a stimulus person in another room would focus upon an art piece and attempt to "send" the information to dreaming person who was tens of meters away and often had not been socially proximal before the experiment began (Krippner, Ullman, & Honorton, 1968). When independent judges were asked to rank the relationship between the details of the narratives and a collection of pictures, one of which was the picture upon which the stimulus person concentrated, there were some nights when the details of the dreams and the picture were so apparent that they were visually obvious to any judge (Persinger & Krippner, 1989).

The inconsistency of the effect was later found (Persinger, 1993) to be associated with global geomagnetic activity during the night of the experience. Nights in which the dreams were markedly congruent with the pictures upon which the stimulus person was concentrating occurred during very little geomagnetic activity compared to the nights before or afterwards. This V-shape effect was replicated with other data sets (Persinger et al, 2002). The results of the remote viewing experiments from Stanford Research Institute also demonstrated this effect despite the presence of higher than normal power frequency magnetic fields from nearby transit systems (Spottiswoode, 1990).

To test the generalizability of this effect the following experiment was completed.

The Swann-version (Persinger et al, 2002) of the Remote Viewing paradigm was employed. Subjects focused upon the details of what they thought hidden pictures contained. The drawings and descriptions of these experiences were later ranked by judges for congruency. After all data were collected the 3-hr planetary k values, a quasi- log scale of global geomagnetic activity for the 3-hr periods before, during, and after the experiments were obtained. We report here confirmatory evidence that periods of low geomagnetic activity were associated with greater congruency between the stimuli and the responses.

79 Method

Subjects

A total of 14 subjects volunteered in response to a newspaper advertisement looking for

participants interested in being involved with research regarding psychic phenomena.

They remained throughout the study. The numbers per group were controls (n=5), RV

(n=5), self-selected "psychics" (n=4). There was no significant differences between their

ages (M=47, SD=15 years. Appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests indicated no

significant group differences with respect to gender, self-rated health, medications,

smoking, ethanol consumption, or psi experiences.

Training Procedures

All subjects visited the laboratory for about an hour per week for three weeks.

During this episodes each subject completed the POMs (short form) before baseline

QEEG data were collected. Before the fourth week 10 of the volunteers were then

randomly assigned to either the RV group (n=5) or the control group (n=5). The other 4

subjects were self-described psychics.

The RV training involved attending a four hour workshop designed by the experimenter. During workshop the participants viewed a one hour documentary detailing

the history and science of classic remote viewing from Stanford Research Institute (SRI).

They were guided through visualization and meditation exercises. During the last hour the

subjects and experimenter practice remote viewing using double blind target photos

(hidden in envelopes) in the same room. Feedback was provided within a minute after

remote viewing. This was repeated six times in an hour. The participants had an

80 opportunity to discuss their experiences. They were told that in subsequent weeks during the remote viewing baselines the same procedures would be employed but that the hidden picture would be placed at some distance. The control group at the same time attended a sham workshop on EEG research for three hours. Afterwards the subject left the area.

They were given no information. The psychic group did not attend workshop.

Remote Viewing

Each subject engaged in three separate remote viewing episodes, once per week, for three weeks. On each day of the experiment the subject was first escorted to the area where a picture was to be located and then escorted back to a room (about 50 m away) where the QEEG was measured. The time of testing ranged from 10 hr to 19 hr over a 1.5 month period (November, December, 2011). Subjects were tested in five different rooms on the second floor of a classroom building. The targets were also placed in the same small room in another building, in the basement, approximately 50 to 60 m from the location of the subjects.

For each day of the experiment the subject wore a 19 channel sensor cap (Mitsar

EEG-201). Three samples were collected during the 3 min baseline followed by a single sample during visualization while the subjects imagined walking from the test room to the room where the picture was sequestered. During the subsequent 10 min the subject engaged in attempts to remote view the picture that had been placed in the room a few minutes previously. There were three samples of QEEG measurements when the eyes were closed and three samples when the eyes were opened. During this period each subject focused upon receiving sensory information the picture. At the end of this period a post session QEEG sample (eyes closed) was completed. Consequently there were a total of 11, 30 s EEG samples per week. During the remote viewing of the hidden pictures the subject recorded and wrote down all of his or her images or impressions that occurred

when focusing on the place where the picture was located.

There were a total of 3 hidden pictures (1 per week) for each subject (n=42) that had been obtained from a collection of photographs provided by Professor Don Hill. The

8x11 pictures printed in color on typing paper had been selected for their emotive,

colorful, and striking characteristics. Each picture had been placed in an 8 x 11 sealed manila envelope with the face up by another person. These envelopes were then given to the experimenter. The experimenter did not see the photographs until after the sessions

were completed.

Procedure: Scoring

A total of 10 individuals not involved with the experiment volunteered as judges.

viewing for that picture. All judges were told that both perceptual and emotive themes

should be emphasized.

82 Consequently for each narrative for each subject a rank of 1 to 4 was obtained for

each of the three weeks for each judge. The mean of the five rankings for each narrative

for congruence with the "target" picture was calculated for each subject for each of the

three weeks. As a result there were a total of 42 scores with ranks between 1 and 4. The

mean of the 5 judges was employed as the measure of accuracy for each picture (n=42).

Although there were marginally significant differences between groups for accuracy the

focus of the present study was the accuracy scores.

Geomagnetic Data

The 3-hr k values for global (planetary) geomagnetic activity were collected from

Solar and geomagnetic data (http:///www.solen.info/solar/indices) for the 3 hr periods

below, during, and after the weekly trials. The global A value, another geomagnetic

measure was also obtained. The mean and standard deviation for the 3, 3-hr k values were

calculated. All analyses involved SPSS PC software.

Results

The results of the analyses indicated statistically significant correlations between

the global geomagnetic activity during the hours involved with the remote viewing and

the accuracy of the details of the viewing as ranked by five independent judges for the

second and third weeks of the experiment. The positive correlation indicates that the

greater the rank (the less accurate the congruence between experience and target picture)

the greater the geomagnetic activity. The Pearson r and Spearman rho correlation coefficients are shown in Table 5-1. For comparison the means and standard errors of the

83 Table 5-1. Parametric (r) and nonparametric (rho) correlation coefficients between accuracy scores for remote viewing and various global geomagnetic measures during the day and proximal hours of the experiences.

Weekl Week2 Week3 Total r rho r rho r rho r Rho 3-hours before 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.26 0.28 0.23 0.18 0.28 3-hours during 0.25 0.26 .54* 0.36 .64* .58* 0.22 0.22 3-hours after 0.25 0.25 0.21 0.31 0.1 0.27 -0.09 0.01 Mean K values 0.35 0.38 .59* 0.5 0.52 .55* 0.12 0.19 * * O SD of K values 00 79** 0.22 0.37 0.34 0.38 0.14 0.3 Daily A value 0.49 .62* 0.36 0.36 0.2 0.18 0.02 0.15

3 0C-

2 5C-

fl» O l/>l) U2.0C- uIV uS 2

1.5C-

1.0C"

kef

Figure 5-1. Accuracy score (lower score indicates greater congruency between target picture and experiences as ranked by independent judges) and the geomagnetic activity (k) during the time of the RV in the third week.

84 mean for the three weeks were 2.3 (0..3), 2.2 (0.1) and 1.7 (0.1), respectively. Figure 5-1 shows the scattergram of the correlation between accuracy and the k-value during the time of remote viewing during the third week.

Multiple regression analysis with the accuracy score as the dependent variable and the 3-hr k values for the interval before, during, and after the RV experiences, the standard deviation of these values, the mean values, the daily global index of geomagnetic activity and the value for the week (1, 2, or 3) resulted in a statistically significant equation [F(3,38)=7.00 p <.001]. The multiple r (0.60) explained 31% of the variability. The variables that entered the equation were the experimental week, the geomagnetic activity during the hour of the experience, and the standard deviation over the 9 hour interval included and surrounded the time of the experience. The equation was:

2.60 (the constant) -0.63 * (multiplied by) the week of the session + 0.36 * the k value during the experience + 0..46 * the standard deviation measure. In other words the combination of more experience with RV, less geomagnetic intensity at the time of the experience and less variability in geomagnetic activity around the time of the experience resulted in greater congruence between the drawings and reported details of the subjects.

85 3.50000-

o 300000* o • 3 n > o o o o "2 2 50000- o o o

0 o o o o o o xf o o w W Q. -e 2 00000- O O 0 o o o « N CD o o o o o

*6 oo 0 o c 1.50000-

ID c D

1 ooooo- o

050000" I 1 1 1 1 1 1~" 1 00 1.50 ' 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 Accuracy Score

Figure 5-2. The scattergram between actual accuracy scores and the predicted accuracy scores based upon geomagnetic variables and time for all sessions of the remote viewing study.

86 Discussion

The results of the present study support the patterns reported for both spontaneous cases and experimental demonstrations of information at a distance. Persinger (1987,

1988) noted that hundreds of spontaneous reports of experiences about the death or crisis to significant members of the family at significant distances without the experients'

foreknowledge or anticipation occurred on days when the geomagnetic activity was quieter than the days before or the days after the experience. These key days were also significantly lower than the averages for the month in which the experiences occurred.

This V-shape effect for geomagnetic activity was noted for the powerful and

reliable dream studies data from Krippner, et al (1968) completed during the 1960s.

Similar effects were observed for the accuracy of remote viewing from which the present

study was approximately modeled. In the present study lower geomagnetic activity at the time of the experiences or "remote viewing" was associated with greater congruency

between the details of the descriptions and drawing of the "thoughts" of the subjects and the actual pictures that were hidden in envelopes 50 m in distance according to the average score from five different judges not involved with the subjects.

From the perspective of the signal/noise ratio concept for detection of information

the composition of the multiple regression equation that predicted accuracy would be expected. The greater the temporal variability in geomagnetic activity around the interval of the "detection" and the greater the specific increased in "noise" or geomagnetic

activity at the time of the detection, the less accurate (or the more distorted) the

information became (Persinger et al, 2002; Tart, 1966; Puthoff & Targ, 1976). From

Swann's approach the diminishment of signal would increase the likelihood of analytical

87 overlay (Persinger et al, 2002), that is, "filling in the details" of the fragmented information with the experient's beliefs, images associated with verbal labels, and "best guess" interpretations. This "default" process would potentially increase rates or error and decrease the congruency scores.

It is revealing that the accuracy during the first week of trials was not related to the actual value of the geomagnetic activity at the time of the experiences. Instead there was a remarkably robust association (rho=0.79) between the variability in global geomagnetic activity during the 9 hours around the experience and the diminished congruence of the experiences with the associated pictures. By the second and third weeks the inhibiting effects were specifically with the geomagnetic variability during the interval of the experiences. We might interpret this effect as indicative that with practice the subjects acquired the essential cognitive conditions that promoted acquiring information at a distance. It is this process and the brain regions or frequencies of activation that was affected by geomagnetic activity. That geomagnetic activity was correlated at all with the accuracy scores suggests that the experiences involved processes similar to those operating in spontaneous cases as well as those during the Maimonides dream experiments (Krippner et al, 1968) and the SRI remote viewing studies (Puthoff &

Targ, 1976).

88 References

Krippner, S., Ullman, M., & Honorton, C. (1968). Experimentally-induced telepathic

dreams with EEG-REMmonitoring. In H. Bender (Ed.), Papers Presented for

thel 1th Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association (pp. 415-430).

Freiburg, West Germany: Institut fur Grenzgebiete der Psychologie

Persinger, M.A. (Ed.). (1974a). The Paranormal. Part I: Patterns. New York: M.S.S.

Information.

Persinger, M.A. (Ed.). (1974b). The Paranormal. Part II: Mechanisms and Models. New

York: M.S.S. Information.

Persinger, M.A. (1987). Spontaneous telepathic experiences from Phantasms of the

Living and low global geomagnetic activity. Journal of the American Society for

Psychical Research, 81, 23-36.

Persinger, M.A., & Schaut, G.B. (1988). Geomagnetic factors in subjective telepathic,

precognitive and postmortem experiences. Journal of the American Society for

Psychical Research, 82, 217-235.

Persinger, M.A. (1989). Psi phenomena and temporal lobe activity: the geomagnetic

factor. In L.A. Henkel & R.E. Berger (Eds.), Research in parapsychology.

Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. Pp. 121-156.

Persinger, M.A., & Krippner, S. (1989). Dream ESP experiments and geomagnetic

activity. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 83, 101-116.

89 Persinger, M.A. (1993). Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXI. Differential

contribution of geomagnetic activity to paranormal experiences concerning death

and crisis: An alternative to the ESP hypothesis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76,

555-562.

Persinger, M.A., Roll, W.G., Tiller, S.G., Koren, S.A., & Cook, C. M. (2002). Remote

viewing with the artist Ingo Swann: Neuropsychological profile,

electroencephalographic correlates, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and

possible mechanisms. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 927-949.

Persinger, M.A.; Lavallee, C.F. (2010). Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of

Macroscopic Entanglement Between Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions:

Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications. Journal of

Consciousness Exploration & Research, Vol 1(7), 785-807.

Puthoff, H.; Targ, R. (1976). A perceptual channel for information transfer over kilometer

distances: Historical perspective and recent research. Proceedings of the IEEE, 64

(3), 329-354.

Rhine, J.B. (1934). Extra-Sensory Perception. Boston, MA, US: Bruce Humphries.

Skinner, B.F. (1974). About Behaviourism. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knoff, inc.

Spottiswoode, S.J.P. (1990). Geomagnetic activity and anomalous cognition: a

preliminary report of new evidence. Subtle Energies, 1, 91-102.

Tart, C.T. (1966). Card Guessing Tests: Learning Paradigm or Extinction Paradigm?

Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 60, 46-55.

90 Tart, C.T. (1968). A psychophysiological study of out-of-the-body experiences in a

selected subject. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 62, 3-27.

Tart, C.T. (1977). Psi: Scientific Studies of the Psychic Realm. Boston, MA: E.P. Dutton,

Inc.

Tart, C. T. (2009). The End of Materialism: How evidence of the paranormal is bringing

science and spirit together. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.

Ullman, M., Krippner, S., & Vaughan, A. (1989). Dream telepathy: Experiments in

nocturnal ESP (2nd ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland.

91 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS

The perspective that a stimulus evokes a response and that what defines a stimulus-response association is the strength of the correlation of the two in time represents the contemporary subject matter of Psychology. The requirement for a mechanism that involves locality, that is some processes that mediates the effect of the

stimulus upon the response, is not essential to study the phenomenon (Persinger, Roll,

Tiller, Koren, & Cook, 2002). This approach was employed by behaviorism with considerable success during the 1960s and 1970s (Tart, 2009).

The employment of the stimulus-response approach without requirement for understanding or knowing the mediating mechanisms of causality allows investigation of phenomena that have been ignored in classical psychology (Persinger & Lavallee, 2010).

These phenomena have been labeled, has had hypnotism before Braid, as psychic experiences, psi phenomena, ESP (Rhine, 1934), and even witchcraft, shamanism or sorcery, depending upon the culture and century. These stimulus-response phenomena differ from mundane stimulus-response phenomena by the displacement of time or space that appears to be beyond electromagnetic or mechanical propagation (Persinger, 1989;

Radin, 2006; Tart, 2009).

In the present thesis the stimulus was the complex picture hidden in an envelope in a room and the response was the person's drawings and descriptions of what he or she thought was contained within this picture. The approximate separation in space was about

50- m such that classical electromagnetic or mechanical phenomena could not have been directly involved with the experience or the perception.

92 The "correlation" between the content of the stimulus pictures and the content of the responses was assessed by independent judges. As seen by the sample pictures and responses in previous chapters trials where congruence was rated maximum (1) were very evident if not conspicuous. This "excess" correlation from two events, the picture and the person's cognitions, would be considered an example of the conditions for entanglement

(Radin, 2006). For traditional entanglement to occur the two events or objects must have shared the same space-time (Persinger et al, 2010). In the present study the subjects had physically walked to the place where the hidden picture would be placed and before the

"remote viewing" began the person visualized walking to this place.

The experimental procedures to enhance the accuracy were not as successful as • anticipated. The formal remote viewing training did not increase the proportion or intensity of congruency between the stimulus and the experiences. However over the three weeks of the experiments the congruency between the pictures and the descriptions and drawing increased. There was a significant improvement between the 1st and 3rd weeks and between the 2nd and 3rd weeks; the latter, when considered singly was statistically significant (t(13)=2.17, p <.05).

During this time the numbers of variables from electroencephalographic activity that predicted accuracy increased. After the first week the numbers of variables from

QEEG measures within all of the six classical frequency bands that predicted accuracy were related to the brain activity at the time of the drawings and descriptions.

Independent validity for this shift was noted in the ambient geomagnetic activity that was interpreted to interfere with the accuracy. During the third week the geomagnetic activity precisely during the interval when the experiences occurred was negatively associated

93 with accuracy. The effect size was similar to many other experiments that have included this variable (Persinger & Schaut, 1988; Persinger & Krippner, 1989; Persinger, 1989;

Spottiswoode, 1990).

There was also a shift in which regions of the brain and which frequencies were most significantly associated with predicting accuracy. During the second week more

QEEG variables from the left hemisphere and the frontal lobe were involved with accuracy. During the third week, the one associated with the most accurate descriptions of the distant stimuli and with interference from increased geomagnetic activity, the brain regions most dominant were the right hemisphere and the temporal lobes.

The shift to the right hemisphere and temporal lobes over time are consistent with the sensitivity of this area to geomagnetic fluctuations (Persinger et al, 2002). From a simplistic communications model the diminished accuracy of the information during increased geomagnetic activity would suggest there is some feature of the stable geomagnetic field that allows extraction of information or viewing of information from a time past or time future if the space-time continuum is assumed (Persinger, 2008).

From a more practical perspective the shift over time for accuracy and cerebral areas indicates that these interesting stimulus-response phenomena are similar to other types of cognitive processes, particularly memory (Persinger, 2008). As tasks are acquired different regions of the brain become primary places for representation (Squire,

1987). This shift reiterates the natural and brain-based nature of these phenomena and suggests they might be trained like any other skill (Tart, 1975, 1977).

94 References

Persinger, M.A., & Schaut, G.B. (1988). Geomagnetic factors in subjective telepathic,

precognitive and postmortem experiences. Journal of the American Society for

Psychical Research, 82, 217-235.

Persinger, M.A., & Krippner, S. (1989). Dream ESP experiments and geomagnetic

activity. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 83, 101-116.

Persinger, M.A. (1989). Psi phenomena and temporal lobe activity: the geomagnetic

factor. In L.A. Henkel & R.E. Berger (Eds.), Research in Parapsychology.

Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press. Pp. 121-156.

Persinger, M.A., Roll, W.G., Tiller, S.G., Koren, S.A., & Cook, C. M. (2002). Remote

viewing with the artist Ingo Swann: Neuropsychological profile,

electroencephalographic correlates, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and

possible mechanisms. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 927-949.

Persinger, M.A. (2008). On the possible representation of the electromagnetic equivalents

of all human memory within the earth's magnetic field: Implications for theoretical

biology. The or Biol Insights, 1,3-11.

Persinger, M.A.; Lavallee, C.F. (2010). Theoretical and Experimental Evidence of

Macroscopic Entanglement Between Human Brain Activity and Photon Emissions:

Implications for Quantum Consciousness and Future Applications. Journal of

Consciousness Exploration & Research, Vol 1(7), 785-807.

95 Radin, D. (2006). Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality.

New York, NY: Paraview Pocket Books.

Rhine, J.B. (1934). Extra-Sensory Perception. Boston, MA, US: Bruce Humphries.

Rhine, J.B.; Pratt, J.G.; Smith, B.M; Stuart, C.E; Greenwood, J.A. (1940). Extra-Sensory

Perception After Sixty Years. New York, NY: Holt.

Spottiswoode, S.J.P. (1990). Geomagnetic activity and anomalous cognition: a

preliminary report of new evidence. Subtle Energies, 1, 91-102.

Squire, L.R. (1987). Memory and Brain. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Tart, C.T. (1975). Learning to Use Extrasensory Perception. Chicago, IL: University of

Chicago Press.

Tart, C.T. (1977). Psi: Scientific Studies of the Psychic Realm. Boston, MA: E.P. Dutton,

Inc.

Tart, C. T. (2009). The End of Materialism: How evidence of the paranormal is bringing

science and spirit together. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc.

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