Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-1977 An Examination and Explanation of Paranormal Phenomena as a Legitimate and Significant Area of Communication Studies Leonard O. Sowers Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Communication Technology and New Media Commons, and the Mass Communication Commons Recommended Citation Sowers, Leonard O., "An Examination and Explanation of Paranormal Phenomena as a Legitimate and Significant Area of Communication Studies" (1977). Master's Theses. 2293. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/2293 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN EXAMINATION AND EXPLANATION OF PARANOHMAL PHENOMENA AS A LEGITIMATE AND SIGNIFICANT AREA OF COMMUNICATION STUDIES by Leonard O. Sowers, Jr. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Arts Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 1977 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this thesis, I have benefited from the encouragement, advice, and constructive criticism of Professors Loren Crane, William Buys, George Robeck, and Michael Geis. My thanks go to them, as to the many others at Western Michigan University, who have given much needed help. The financial benefits of an Assistantship in the Depart­ ment of Humanities have made my pursuit and desire to obtain the Master of Arts degree a reality. Finally, and most importantly, my deepest gratitude goes out to my wife, Leslie, for her unselfish understanding throughout the duration of this project's undertaking. Leonard 0. Sowers, Jr. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. 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Western Michigan University, M.A., 1977 Mass Communications Xerox University Microfilms,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM.................... 1 Statement of the P r o b l e m ...................... 1 Need for the S t u d y ............................ 2 Definition of Terms ............................ 3 II REVIEW OF THE L I T E RATURE...................... 6 Legitimacy and Validity ........................ 6 I m p o r t a n c e ...................................... 18 Nature of Paranormal P h e n o m e n a .................. 23 III REINTERPRETATION OF THE D A T A .....................33 Statement of the Conclusions.................... 33 Conclusion One . , .............................. 34 Conclusion T w o .................................. 39 Conclusion Three .............................. 40 Recommendations.................................. 43 REFERENCES...................................... 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................... 47 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM This study was intended to determine whether extrasensory per­ ception and projection (ESP) or paranormal phenomena are important means of communication, and whether such phenomena are legitimate areas of academic study. The study was undertaken from a bibliographical or historical approach. The survey approach was immediately ruled inapplicable by the investigator as not truly addressing the nature of the problem. Initially, much consideration was given to the experimental approach. However, while reviewing the literature in an attempt to lay a foundation for subsequent experimental consideration of the problem area, the investigator determined such a foundation to be lacking. This failure to find a proper and suitable foundation prompted the investigator to utilize the historical or bibliographical approach. It was the purpose of the study to lay such a foundation. As will be seen, the study focused essentially on three criteria: legitimacy, importance and the nature of paranormal phenomena. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study (culminating in this report) sought to resolve three questions. 1. Is extrasensory perception a valid phenomenon and/or a legitimate area of academic and scientific study? 2. Is extrasensory perception an important means of communica­ tion? 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 3. What is the nature of extrasensory perception? NEED FOR THE STUDY The investigator initially observed that a number of people would probably question the need for any such examination of paranormal phe­ nomena in the first place. There are those who "intuitively know" that paranormal phenomena are real occurrences. Alternatively, there are those who have no doubt that such phenomena are, of course, impossible. Both groups, in the investigator's opinion, best illustrated the im­ portance and need for the study. Attitudes (especially in the United States) towards paranormal phenomena consisted of reactive emotional impressions with little if any regard given to a determination of the facts. In the investigator's opinion such attitudes (whether suppor­ tive or critical of the validity of paranormal phenomena) were both unscientific and damaging to the serious consideration of these phe­ nomena. Indeed, Leathers (1976) identified the "true believer" in ESP as a major obstacle to acceptance of serious research in this area: "... the true believer also presents a problem for the dedi­ cated parapsychologist. Ironically, the disbelievers in psychic phe­ nomena often disbelieve because they find the true believers so un­ believable." (p. 170). Leathers went on to say "The field of extra­ sensory perception and extrasensory communication has often been attacked because of the gullibility of the true believer ..." (p. 190). The need for the study was further underscored by the lack of a comprehensive method for consistently describing the significant var­ iables in the examination of paranormal phenomena. In the review of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. the literature it will he seen that there were practically as many theories attempting to explain paranormal phenomena as there were authors on the subject. Generally, these theories were marked by in­ ternal inconsistencies, a lack of credibility, and a failure to ex­ trapolate explanations of the authors' selected phenomena to other phenomena worthy of serious consideration. The investigator observed a final but equally important need for undertaking the study. Overall, the history of psychic research to date in the United States (as well as elsewhere in the world) had been limited to those in the discipline of psychology (parapsychology being an offshoot of psychology). The investigator observed the importance of (l) examining