Ploidy Breeding and Interspecific Hybridization in Spathiphyllum and Woody Ornamentals

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Ploidy Breeding and Interspecific Hybridization in Spathiphyllum and Woody Ornamentals Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen __________ ____________________________________________________ __________ Academiejaar 2002-2003 PLOIDY BREEDING AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION IN SPATHIPHYLLUM AND WOODY ORNAMENTALS PLOÏDIEVEREDELING EN INTERSPECIFIEKE HYBRIDISATIE BIJ SPATHIPHYLLUM EN HOUTACHTIGE SIERGEWASSEN door ir. Tom EECKHAUT Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (Ph.D.) in Applied Biological Sciences Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het bekomen van de graad van Doctor in de Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen op gezag van Rector: Prof. Dr. A. DE LEENHEER Decaan: Promotoren: Prof. Dr. ir. H. VAN LANGENHOVE Prof. Dr. ir. E. VAN BOCKSTAELE Prof. Dr. ir. P. DEBERGH The author and the promotor give the authorization to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Any other use is limited by the Laws of Copyright. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author. Auteur en promotoren geven de toelating dit doctoraatswerk voor consultatie beschikbaar te stellen, en delen ervan te kopiëren voor persoonlijk gebruik. Elk ander gebruik valt onder de beperkingen van het auteursrecht, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot de verplichting uitdrukkelijk de bron te vermelden bij het aanhalen van de resultaten uit dit werk. De promotoren: De auteur Prof. Dr. ir. E. Van Bockstaele ir. Tom Eeckhaut Prof. Dr. ir. P. Debergh “Plant breeders are applied evolutionists, even if they have hardly noticed the fact” N.W. Simmonds Woord vooraf De voorbije maanden heeft het ineenflansen van dit boekje mij in niet geheel onaanzienlijke mate geconfronteerd met ervaringen die mij al jarenlang in hoge mate boeien: dokkeren over kasseien, beklimmen van slopende hellingen, racen tegen de klok en afronden met een nijdig sprintje. Dat ik uiteindelijk de streep haal is in de eerste plaats te danken aan de rugwind die mij steeds royaal werd verstrekt door een hele groep mensen. Allereerst wens ik een dankwoord te richten tot mijn beide promotoren. Prof. Pierre Debergh liet mij als student kennismaken met weefselteelt en toont zich nu reeds 7 jaar lang een gedroomd wetenschappelijk leermeester. Na mijn studies bood hij mij de kans 2 jaar verder in het Laboratorium voor Tuinbouwplantenteelt te blijven werken. Ook hierna bleef zijn interesse in mijn doen en laten constant en kon ik steeds op zijn feedback rekenen, die altijd van grote waarde bleek. Voor dit alles ben ik hem veel dank verschuldigd. Mijn tweede ‘ploegleider’, Prof. Erik Van Bockstaele, ben ik eveneens heel dankbaar voor zijn aanmoedigingen om voort te werken aan dit werkstuk, de kansen die hij mij bood om mijn vorig werk af te ronden en zijn managementscapaciteiten, die mij toelieten om ondanks het doorlopen van meerdere projecten een hoge graad van continuïteit in mijn werk te integreren, die uiteindelijk het schrijven van dit doctoraat hebben mogelijk gemaakt. Tevens ben ik hem dankbaar voor de interesse die hij steeds voor mijn vorderingen aan de dag legde, ondanks de voor velen onoverzichtelijke mozaïek aan projecten en werkzaamheden waarover hij de dagelijkse hoede heeft. Een speciaal woord van dank behoud ik ook voor aan mijn oudere en wijzere (?:-) collega’s, die mij van den beginne lieten meegenieten van een schat aan ervaring en know-how. Stefaan Werbrouck, die mij als student reeds begeleidde en wiens deur tot op de dag van vandaag wijd openstaat; Johan Van Huylenbroeck, die zovele van mijn teksten grondig doornam en bij wie ik steeds terechtkan voor de soms broodnodige goede raad; Jan De Riek, voor de hulp bij de verwerking van de moleculaire analyses en veelvuldige hard- en softwareproblemen; Gilbert Samyn en Sandra De Schepper, bij wie ik steeds mocht aankloppen voor discussie of advies; en verder ook aan Els Coart, Hilde Muylle en Veerle Lamote, wiens praktische tips tijdens deze doctoratitis-periode van goudwaarde waren. Een grote “dank u” aan Paul Bruynseels die honderden liters medium voor mij heeft gemaakt en een hele hoop vaak minder aangename klussen steeds met de glimlach heeft geklaard, en aan Romain Uytterhaegen, die als geen ander een schat aan praktische kennis over azaleaveredeling bezit en mij voorzag van hopen praktische tips. Ook Jochen Dendauw, Ronald Van Den Oord, Kristien Janssens, Veerle Cools, Hilde Carlier en Laurence Desmet wens ik te bedanken voor de veelvuldige technische bijstand. Verder ben ik ook een woord van dank verschuldigd aan Patrick Vandenhoeck, Nele Van Moer, Wouter Tailleux en Stijn Op De Beeck, mijn stagiairs en thesisstudenten. Mijn bureaugenotes Leen Leus, Katrien Maes, Myriam Van Quickenborne, Katrijn Van Laere, Hilde Dhuyvetter en Claire Piette, die een exponent vormden van de relatieve absentie van het Y-chromosoom in mijn dagelijkse omgeving, bedank ik bij deze voor de babbels van zowel wetenschappelijke als ontspannen aard die bijdroegen tot de goede sfeer. Tevens bedankt Leen, voor alle wetenschappelijke en technische ondersteuning bij de ploïdiemetingen. Uiteraard mag ik ook diegenen niet vergeten die door gezamenlijke quiz-, squash- en loopactiviteiten tussen en na de uren bijdroegen aan een aangename werkomgeving; ik kan niet iedereen bij naam vermelden maar ik maak toch een uitzondering voor Thea Versluys en Pol Vanneste, de harde kern van de universitaire kaartclub:-). Verder gaat mijn dank ook uit naar de leden van de lees-en examencommissie voor het doornemen van dit manuscript, hun kritische opmerkingen en hun aanwezigheid op de openbare verdediging. Dankjewel ook aan alle familieleden, vrienden, kennissen, studiegenoten en de talloze (ex-) collega’s die ik hier niet bij naam vermeld heb maar waarbij ik de voorbije jaren terecht kon. Last but certainly not least is ook een dankwoord aan mijn ouders en broer onontbeerlijk. Zij zijn degenen geweest die mij steeds gestimuleerd hebben het beste uit mijzelf te halen en degenen die mij in de moeilijke periodes opnieuw wisten te relanceren. Klaar voor een volgende etappe, want de beste garantie voor de dag van morgen is die van vandaag. Content Samenvatting Summary List of abbreviations Introduction 1 1. Literature review 3 1.1. Haploid induction 3 1.2. Polyploid induction 5 1.3. Interspecific hybridization 10 1.3.1. Prezygotic incongruity 11 1.3.2. Postzygotic incongruity 13 1.4. Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel 15 1.4.1. Taxonomy 15 1.4.2. Plant description 16 1.4.3. Ploidy breeding 16 1.5. Buddleja davidii Franch 18 1.5.1. Taxonomy 18 1.5.2. Plant description 18 1.5.3. Polyploidy induction and interspecific hybridization 18 1.6. Rhododendron sp. 19 1.6.1. Taxonomy 19 1.6.2. Plant description 19 1.6.3. The genus Rhododendron 20 1.6.4. Breeding history 22 1.6.5. Pigmentation 23 1.6.6. Interspecific hybridization 26 1.6.7. Breeding of tetraploid Rhododendron simsii hybrids 27 1.7. Hibiscus sp. 28 1.7.1. Taxonomy 28 1.7.2. Plant description 28 1.7.3. Interspecific hybridization 29 2. General materials and methods 31 2.1. Plant material 31 2.1.1. General environmental conditions 31 2.1.2. In vitro initiation 31 2.2. In vitro media compositions 31 2.3. Application of mitosis inhibitors 33 2.4. Characterization of prefertilization barriers 34 2.5. Irradiation 34 2.6. Determination of leaf morphological indices 34 2.7. Flow cytometrical ploidy analysis 35 2.8. DNA-isolation 36 2.9. AFLP molecular analysis 36 2.10. SSR molecular analysis 38 2.11. Statistical analysis 38 3. Creation of homozygous Spathiphyllum wallisii through gynogenesis 39 3.1. Introduction 39 3.2. Specific materials and methods 39 3.2.1. Ovary/ovule culture and embryo conversion 39 3.2.2. AFLP-analysis 40 3.3. Results 40 3.3.1. Genotype influence 40 3.3.2. Development of a suitable ovary and ovule media sequence 42 3.4. Discussion 45 4. Development of tetraploid Spathiphyllum wallisii 49 4.1. Introduction 49 4.2. Specific materials and methods 49 4.2.1. Overall practices 49 4.2.2. Adventitious shoot formation 50 4.2.3. Optimization of somatic embryogenesis 50 4.2.4. Induction of primary somatic embryos 50 4.2.5. Induction of secondary somatic embryos 51 4.3. Results 51 4.3.1. Adventitious shoot formation 51 4.3.2. Optimization of somatic embryogenesis 51 4.3.3. Tetraploidy induction during primary embryogenesis 53 4.3.4. Tetraploidy induction during secondary embryogenesis 53 4.4. Discussion 55 5. Creation of octoploid Buddleja davidii and interspecific Buddleja hybrids 57 5.1. Introduction 57 5.2. Specific materials and methods 57 5.2.1. Plant material 57 5.2.2. Polyploidy induction 58 5.2.3. Interspecific hybridization 58 5.3. Results 58 5.3.1. Polyploidy induction 58 5.3.2. Interspecific hybridization 59 5.4. Discussion 63 6. Interspecific crosses in the genus Rhododendron 67 6.1. Introduction 67 6.2. Specific materials and methods 67 6.2.1. Plant material 67 6.2.2. Ploidy screening 68 6.2.3. Pollinations 68 6.2.4. Pollen tube staining 72 6.2.5. In vitro experiments 73 6.2.6. In vivo sowing 73 6.2.7. Determination of parenthood 74 6.3. Results 74 6.3.1. Ploidy screening 74 6.3.2. Pollen tube staining 77 6.3.3. Development of a suitable germination medium for immature seeds 79 6.3.4. Ovule culture 79 6.3.5. In vivo sowing 86 6.3.6. Determination of parenthood 86 6.3.7. General overview 93 6.4. Discussion 95 6.4.1. Ploidy screening of the mother plants 95 6.4.2. Characterization of intersubgeneric crossing barriers 96 6.4.3. Screening of putative hybrids 98 6.4.4. General conclusions 100 7. Development of tetraploid Rhododendron simsii hybrids 103 7.1. Introduction 103 7.2. Specific materials and methods 103 7.2.1.
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