Tesi Finale Con Margini

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Tesi Finale Con Margini Ringraziamenti Questa ricerca è stata sostenuta da una borsa di studio presso la scuola di dottorato del Dipartimento di Scienze Umane per la Formazione "Riccardo Massa", dell'Università Bicocca di Milano, e condotta in collaborazione con il gruppo SWAB (Shadows of Slavery in West Africa and Beyond), diretto dalla Prof.ssa Alice Bellagamba, a cui per prima voglio esprimere la mia gratitudine per il sostegno intellettuale, la disponibilità e i preziosi consigli che mi ha dato in questi anni. La mia riconoscenza va anche a tutto il gruppo di lavoro di SWAB, ai docenti del dipartimento di scienze umane “Riccardo Massa”, la cui guida intellettuale è stata preziosa, e ai compagni di dottorato, con cui ho potuto scambiare opinioni e confrontarmi proficuamente. Vorrei rivolgere un ringraziamento anche ad Ann McDougall e a Paul Lovejoy per gli spunti di riflessione che mi hanno offerto e al Prof. Francesco Remotti, che mi ha trasmesso l’amore per l’antropologia fin dai primi anni dell’università. A Mauritius vorrei ringraziare il personale dell’Università di Mauritius, il Mahatma Gandhi Institute e il Tagore Institute per il loro supporto logistico e intellettuale. In particolare la mia riconoscenza va alla Prof.ssa Vijaya Teelock per il suo incoraggiamento e gli spunti di riflessione che mi ha offerto nei mesi in cui ero sul campo. E poi Shivani, Micheal, Manuella, Mélanie, Pavi, Angeline, Jane, Reeaz, Feyzal, Atma, Rosalba e i lavoratori che, pur tra mille paure, hanno accettato di raccontarmi le loro storie e di condividere con me le loro esperienze. Desidero ringraziare tutte le persone grazie alle quali ho potuto portare a termine questa ricerca e che hanno contribuito alla stesura di questa tesi, a cominciare dagli amici, il cui incoraggiamento è stato essenziale. Vorrei esprimere la mia gratitudine anche a mia sorella e a tutta la mia famiglia, senza il cui sostegno non sarei riuscita a portare a termine questa ricerca. Un pensiero speciale va a mio marito, la cui presenza sul campo è stata fondamentale, e ai miei figli che pazientemente hanno aspettato il mio ritorno. !1 !2 SOMMARIO Introduzione……………………………………………………………………..………..7 CAPITOLO 1 Una prospettiva storica ……………………………………………………………….. 25 1.1 Introduzione ……………………………………………………………………….. 25 1.1.1 Gli Olandesi (1638-1710)…………………………………………………………. 26 1.1.2 I Francesi (1710-1810)………………………………………………………….….29 1.1.3 Gli Inglesi (1810-1967)…………………………………………………………….32 1.2 Il lavoro Mauritius: tra schiavitù e capitalismo “puro” …………………………….. 35 1.3 La strategia dell’immigrazione in una prospettiva storica ………………..…………45 1.4 Il mercato del lavoro dopo l’indipendenza e la divisione globale del lavoro ………..50 CAPITOLO 2 La contemporaneità politica ……………………………………………..…………….57 2.1 L’indipendenza……………………………………………………………………….59 2.2 Il Best Loser System ……………………………………………………………….. 67 2.3 Il communalismo e l’etnicizzazione della politica …………………………………..74 2.4 Purezza e potere: il malaise creole………………………………………….…………….. 80 CAPITOLO 3 L’economia …………………………………………………………………………….. 87 3.1 Il miracolo economico mauriziano………………………………………………….. 92 3.2 Il rapporto tra pubblico e privato……………………………………………………. 94 3.2.1 Il contributo dell’élite economiche alla nascita della zona franca mauriziana……103 3.3 Lo stato: il grande regista………………………………………………………..… 108 3.4 Le leggi sul lavoro ………………………………………………………………… 113 CAPITOLO 4 La nuova Mauritius e i costi della rinascita………………………………………….121 4.1 La nuova forza lavoro mauriziana…………………………………………………..122 4.1.1 Tra sfruttamento ed emancipazione……………………………………………….129 4.2 Le ragioni dell’abbandono: la dinamica della sostituzione…………………………133 4.3 La nuova società mauriziana……………………………………………………..…141 4.4 Inclusi, esclusi e drop out del mercato del lavoro…………………………………..148 4.4.1 Li kass travay, li!………………………………………………………………….153 4.5 I Mauriziani, vittime della storia……………………………………………………162 !3 4.5.1 …o del proprio successo?………………………………………………………168 CAPITOLO 5 I lavoratori migranti a contratto. Dall’indenture system alla divisione globale del lavoro……………………………………………………………………………….…..175 5.1 I nuovi lavoratori migranti a contratto nel settore privato mauriziano ……………..176 5.1.1 I lavoratori bengalesi ……………………………………………………………..180 5.1.2 I lavoratori malgasci …………………………………………………………….. 184 5.2. Il processo di reclutamento: ritorno al passato? ………………………………….. 186 5.3. “Importare quote di schiavi”……………………………………………………….201 5.4. Paradiso perduto: la vita dei migranti a contratto…………………………………. 203 5.4.1 Le condizioni di lavoro dei migranti ……………………………………………..208 5.4.2 “Il sogno che mi è stato venduto si è rivelato un incubo!”………………………..216 CAPITOLO 6 I Sindacati nella società mauriziana………………………………………………….231 6.1 Breve storia dei sindacati mauriziani……………………………………………….234 6.2 I sindacati e il lavoro nel settore privato……………………………………………243 6.3 Feyzal Aly Beegun, il sindacalista dei migranti…………………………………….252 6.3.1 Gli altri sindacati per i migranti e il ruolo della chiesa …………………………..260 6.4 La Migrant Unit……………………………………………………………………..268 Conclusioni ……………………………………………………………………………279 Appendice fotografica…………………………………………………………………299 Sigle e abbreviazioni………………………………………………………………….. 317 Lista degli informatori …………………………..……………………………………319 Bibliografia ……………………………………………………………………………325 !4 Mauritius nel planisfero (http://www.geografiaonline.it/Images/Planisfero/ planisfero_mauritius.gif) ! Mauritius ! !5 !6 Introduzione Mauritius è una piccola isola nell’Oceano Indiano sud-occidentale, nel tropico del Capricorno, a circa 500 km ad est del Madagascar e a circa 100 km ad est di Réunion, con una superficie di circa 2.040 km² e una popolazione di circa 1.3 milioni di abitanti. L’isola, di origine vulcanica e quasi interamente circondata dalla barriera corallina, fa parte dell’arcipelago delle Mascarene (dal nome del portoghese Pedro Mascarenhas, tra i primi navigatori europei a segnalarne l’esistenza già nel XVI secolo). Geograficamente fa parte del continente africano, sebbene la composizione demografica e culturale della sua popolazione sia prevalentemente asiatica. Morfologicamente è costituita da un plateau centrale che raggiunge la sua massima altezza sul mare intorno agli 800 metri e che progressivamente degrada verso le zone pianeggianti della costa. Il clima è essenzialmente sub-tropicale con due stagioni principali: l’estate, calda e umida, da novembre ad aprile, e l’inverno, fresco e asciutto, da maggio a ottobre. Da gennaio a marzo, inoltre, è la stagione dei cicloni. L’escursione termica tra il centro e la zona costiera è generalmente di circa 5 gradi Celsius, mentre l’area intorno alla città di Curepipe, nel plateau centrale, rimane fresca e piovosa durante tutto l’anno. I principali centri urbani (Moka, Quarte-Bornes, Vacoas-Phoenix, Curepipe, Rose Hill) si trovano nell’altopiano centrale dell’isola, dove si sviluppano anche i più importanti distretti industriali. La capitale Port Louis, invece, si trova sul mare, lungo la costa nord occidentale, e rappresenta il principale scalo portuale dell’isola. Il sud dell’isola è meno sviluppato sia dal punto di vista turistico che industriale, ma ospita l’aeroporto che è stato recentemente ammodernato e ingrandito. La città principale di questa regione è Mahéburg, nella parte sud-orientale. La moneta corrente è la rupia mauriziana e la lingua ufficiale è l’inglese, il francese è ampiamente diffuso (soprattutto come lingua dei media e come segno distintivo dell’élite) e il creolo mauriziano è considerato la lingua franca. Sono relativamente diffusi anche l’hindi e il bhodjpuri. Nelle scuole dell’obbligo inoltre si studiano le cosiddette lingue ancestrali, cioè il cinese mandarino, l’urdu, l’hindi. Mauritius è suddivisa in nove distretti amministrativi (Pamplemousses, Rivière du Rémpart, Flacq, Grand Port, Savanne, Rivière Noire, Moka, Plaines Wilhelm, Port Louis). Inoltre, dipendono da Mauritius: l’isola di Rodrigues, con una superficie di 119 km² e situata a 600 km in direzione est, raggiungibile per mare e in aereo; abitata da una popolazione di circa 38.167 prevalentemente di origine afro mauriziana e di religione !7 cristiano-cattolica. I principali settori economici sono la pesca e il turismo (sebbene quest’ultimo sia ancora in fase di sviluppo). Fanno parte del territorio mauriziano anche le isole Agalega, due piccole isole coralline separate da un canale largo un chilometro e mezzo, attraversabile in barca o a piedi durante la bassa marea, situate a 1.100 km a nord di Mauritius con una superficie complessiva di 70 km² ed una popolazione di circa 300 persone. Sull’Isola Nord si trovano una pista di atterraggio, un piccolo molo e due insediamenti urbani, tra cui la capitale Vingt Cinq (il cui nome deriva dal numero delle frustate che venivano inflitte agli schiavi ribelli). L’isola è amministrata dalla Outer Islands Development Corporation (OIDC), società statale incaricata dello sviluppo economico delle isole lontane. Un magistrato proveniente da Mauritius visita le isole una volta l’anno per risolvere eventuali controversie. Alcune associazioni religiose promuovono i diritti e la tutela della popolazione locale, esposta al degrado sociale e talora lesa in alcuni diritti. È questo il caso delle le donne di Agalega che, costrette a partorire a Mauritius per mancanza di ospedali su entrambe le isole dell’arcipelago, non possono però dichiarare l’origine agalegana dei propri figli1. Le Agalega sono attualmente al centro di una trattativa tra il governo mauriziano e quello indiano in vista di una loro possibile cessione per lo sfruttamento
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