 niu rrsiftJ ([;nllrnr, �nrklnnb.

SPECIAL ELEMENTARY COURSE

OF

LECTURES

ON MINING GEOLOGY.

A Special Elementary Course of Ten Lectures, on the applications of Geology to l\Iining, will be given by the Professor of Geology. in the Geological Lecture- Room, in Parliament Street,_ on Thursdays, at 8 p.m , commencing Thursday, June 10, 1897.

The Lectures are designed for those who are preparing to enter the mining profession, or otherwise require Geological knowledge for the purposes of Mining.

The Lectures will be Illustrated, and will include the following Subjects:

Rocks and lVIinerals- f-I O\V lVIinerals are recognised­

Classification of rocks accordino·b to oriainb and composition-Rock structures :-Stratification,] oints, Dip and strike,· Faults, etc.--Ore Deposits, their characters and origin-! nfluence of Country-Rock Recovery of Lost Lodes-Gold and Silver.

The Fee for the Course will be Five Shillings. Tickets may be obtained from the Registrar, or from the University booksellers, Messrs Upton & Co. and Messrs Champta.loup and Cooper. Contents

Page

INTRODUCTION by R. N. Brothers...... 2

THE FOUNDING FATHER:

PROFESSOR A. P. W. THOMAS by A. E. Wright...... 4

PROFESSOR A. P. W. THOMAS: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE GEOLOGY OF THE TAUPO VOLCANIC ZONE

by R. F. Keam ...... ?

MIDNIGHT BY TARAWERA LAKE by A. P. W. Thomas ..... 1 0

IMPRESSIONS OF J. A. BARTRUM AS A UNIVERSITY

TEACHER by F. J. Turner ...... 12

THE THIRTIES AND FORTIES by E. J. Searle ...... 15

THE PERIOD 1951-74 by A. R. Lillie ...... 21

THE DECADE 1974-1983 by R. N. Brothers ...... 3 0

SNIPPETS FROM THE PAST by A. P. Mason...... 33

LISTS OF STAFF ...... 36

GEOLOGY DEPARTMENT THESES, 1919-1983 ...... 37

1 Introduction R.N. Brothers Professor of Geology University of Auckland

For the compilation of this record of the years until given temporary and and honours in addition in electricity and Geology Department we have put part-time help by E. J. Searle and C. R. magnetism. These arduous courses together a collection of essays wh ich Laws in the early 1930s. were completed in four years, for the last deal with successive periods of Professor Bartrum was the father of of which Bartrum held a semor departmental growth and development . the modern department which still University scholarship in physics. Two articles describing the activities and carries the imprint of his scientific During this time he fo und time to play influence of A. P. W. Thomas (by personality - geology on a broad front much Rugby football and was a member Anthony Wright and Ron Keam) were, of investigation, with fieldwork as a basic of the most famous combination of of necessity, dependent upon historical ingredient for both teaching and players Otago University ever put in the research. For a man of his time, and documents, but other contributions have field, a team which visited Australia, and bearing in mind that he had no overseas been based upon the personal whose visit to Sydney University is still experience, Bartrum was outstanding as experiences of Frank Turner, Ernie remembered. To his football associates a research worker. As pointed out by K. Searle and Arnold Lillie, covering almost and very numerous college friends Sinclair (A History of the University of sixty years. Bartrum was always "Jimmie", a Auckland 1883-1983), by 1929 the nickname attached to him from his first A. P. W. Thomas chemists had published thirty-four appearance at Timaru High School, The Department of Geology had its papers in scientific journals and Bartrum where the youngster, just arrived from origins as a subject taught within a had published thirty-six. A very clear the farm, had sturdily refused, under "outside" assessment of Bartrum and Department of Natural Science which considerable pressure , to disclose his his achievements was given by a had, as foundation professor, A. P. W. real name. His interest in Rugby football colleague, Professor C. A. Cotton of Thomas who tookup his appointment on never waned. Throughout his later life Victoria University College (Proceedings 1 May 1883. The first classes were he att ended many University matches Volume, Geological Society of America structured as part of a BA degree and and, indeed, gave up much time to the were given in the Old District Annual Report for 1949). more practical business of coaching the Courthouse in Eden Street, roughly "John Arthur Bartrum was born May forwards. about the site of the present entrance to 24, 1885, at Geraldine, New Zealand Graduating from the University of the Station Hotel. The title of the and died June 7, 1949, at Rotorua. Son department was changed to Biology and of a South Canterbury farmer, he was Otago, Bartrum joined the New Zealand Geological Survey, then newly Geology in 1886; in 1887 the one of a family of seven children. Taught organised under the directorship of classrooms were transferred to the at home by his mother in his early years, James Mackintosh Bell, with whom he Museum Annex on the corner of Princes he later attended Raincliff School from had already been associated in vacation Street and Eden Crescent, and at the which he won a scholarship which took field work. For a short period he taught same time a BSc degree was him at the age of 11 to Timaru High at Canterbury Ag ricultural College, introduced. School, where the headmaster was the Lincoln, but returned to the Survey as a Following a disagreement over progressive but unconventional George field geologist after Percy Gates Morgan funding of a superannuation scheme, Hogben, afterwards Director of became director and remained with it Thomas resigned his Chair in 1913and Education for New Zealand and a until his appointment to Auckland retired at the end of that year. He seismologist of note. After some years at University College early in 1914. In the continued to live in Mt Eden and became Timaru, Bartrum moved on, with the help field he was associated with both a prominent citizen in Auckland as of a senior Education Board scholarship, Morgan and John Henderson, since also Chairman of the Grammar School Board to the Christchurch Boys' High School, director of the Survey, assisting the (1916-1937), member of the University which had on its staff at that time Robert former in the survey of the West Coast Council (1919-1925), cultivator of Speight, late Fellow of the Geolog ical of the South Island and the latter in the exquisite daffodils, and a familiar fiQure Society of America, the botanist R. M. in the city being driven by his chauffeur Laing, and Oscar T. J. Alpers, then a gold-mining districts of the North Island. In those days of geological exploration in in a Packard limousine (he had made a brilliant exponent of English Literature mountainous parts of the South Island fortune from timber shares). and afterwards a judge of the Supreme all journeys were made laboriously on Court and author of the New Zealand foot, and the geologists had to carry all d. A. Bartrum classic Cheerful Yesterdays. stores and camping equipment on their Perhaps as a result of Thomas' He passed on in 1904 to Otago own backs, living most of the time in retirement, and certainly with notable University and School of Mines, where flying camps in the wet bush. Field notes perspicacity, the University College took James Park was professor of Mining and were written up in the tent by the opportunity in 1914 to establish a Patrick Marshall lecturer in geology. candlelight. Morgan was a dogged separate Department of Geology; it was Bartrum entered on a combined co urse plotter who spared neither himself nor not until 1933 that Botany and Zoology of professional training in mining, his assistants; and the field seasons achieved departmental status. J. A. metallurgy, and geology, for the spent with him on the West Coast left Bartrum was appointed in 1914 as associateship of the School of Mines Bartrum with a permanently lame foot, lecturer-in-charge of the new and undertook, at the same time, the rheumatism, and seriously impaired department, and he was promoted to a University course leading to degrees of general health. Chair in 1927, but he remained the sole BSc and MSc, graduatin£ at the master teacher of the subject for almost twenty stage with first class honours in geology Appointed at first lecturer in charge of

2 the geology courses at Auckland Professor Bartrum enjoyed Victoria University College as Senior University College, Bartrum was conversation with all sorts and Lecturer in Geology in 1947. The promoted a few years later to the rank of conditions of men. He loved to talk and periods of service by Bartrum full professor, retaining that position to relate reminiscences to student (191 4-1 949) and Lillie (1951 -1974) the end of his life, and becoming a audiences, especially round the meant that the Geology Department well-known figure not only in the camp-fire. This trait, together with the enjoyed continuity in successive University but in the life of the Auckland pains he took in arranging and leading occupancy of the establishment post by community. In 1912 he had married camping excursions as field courses, two very able and congenial geologists Constance Lorie, and when the pair endeared him to many. for about sixty years. To those of us who moved to Auckland two years later they He took both his religious and his worked with both of them, these two made their home at Takapuna, where patriotic duties very seriously, the latter men obviously showed some important their family had their schooling . to the extent of serving, in spite of characteristics -anatu ral self-effacing In 1928 Professor Bartrum was physical disabilities, as a corporal in the modesty and a lack of selfishness ­ elected a Fellow of the Geological Home Guard , a service which led him to which account in large part for the spirit Society of London, and in 1929 of The undergo what stronger men of his age of cohesiveness that has always Geological Society of America. In 1929 would consider unnecessary hardships prevailed within the Department. he was elected to the (restricted) during the period when a Japanese Fellowship of the New Zealand Institute invasion was almost hourly expected." (afterwards Royal Society of New Acknowledgements Zealand), and he has been the recipient Some of the photographs of the early of both the research medals, Hector and A. R. Lillie Biology buildings were generously Hutton, awarded by this Society. His During Bartrum's period as Head of provided by Brian Foster, Department of bibliography of 80 titles, including works Department (1914-1949) new Zoology, and the appropriate lengthy on paleontology, petrography, accommodation was provided (in 1919) captions were taken from "A History of stratigraphy, and geomorphology, for Geology in the Choral Hall, a Biology at Auckland University testifies to his devotion to research in daunting Victorian building in which A. 1883-1 983" written by Foster, Jack nearly every branch of geology. Min ute R. Lillie took up residence as the next Rattenbury and John Marbrook. From details fascinated him, and he made and Professor of Geology in 1951. Lillie had his diligent researches into New Zealand illustrated with his own photographs taken his first degree at Cambridge and literature, Kendrick Smithyman numerous studies of such things as then a doctorate at Geneva before (Department of English) kindly supplied honeycomb weathering, grooved lava , coming to New Zealand in 1939 to join the poem "Midnight by Tarawera Lake", lava stalactites, lava moulds of tree the Geological Survey. After working in written by A. P. W. Thomas. The trunks, and the rate of rounding of beach Hawkes Bay, Ohai and Kaitangata, Lillie production of this booklet was greatly boulders. He made a classic contribution joned the staff of the Auckland Institute helped by advice on style and layout to the study of shore platforms. and Museum in 1946 and then moved to from Maxwell Printing Co (NZ) Ltd .

The Hector and Hutton Medals, awarded to Professor Bartrum. The medals were stolen during a burglary, located in a pawnshop and bought back by Margaret Bartrum, and now are lodged in the archives of the Geology Department.

3 The Founding Father: Professor A. P. W. Thomas

A. E. Wright Curator of Botany Auckland Institute and Museum

. Editor's Note: Anthony Wright majored degree courses, public lectures and that a Mrs Professor is a very great in Geology and Botany through the MSc frequent field trips. addition to the colony ..." which he completed at Auckland in Algernon Phillips Withiel Thomas was Despite this, Thomas left England on 1982. He was appointed Curator of born at Birkenhead, Cheshire, on 3 June 11 March 1883 a single man. He Botany at the Auckland Institute and 1857. Although the fifth of eight children, travelled on the Rotomahana, and his Museum in 1980, with additional his parents were wealthy enough to diary records that he reached Auckland responsibility for supervision of the afford him a sound education, and he "about 11 a.m. on Tuesday May 1st. Geology section. During his university was top in Science at Manchester The first words we heard from the years , Wright was active in student Grammar School in 1872. The next year people were "Are you aware that Prof. affairs as a representative on Council, he won an open scholarship in Natural Tucker (Chair of Classics and English) is as secretary of Field Club of which he is Science to Balliol College, Oxford, and ill in bed, (and) that Prof. Walker (Chair now a Life Member, and as editor of commenced studies in October 187 4. of Mathematics) is drowned?". Walker Tan e. Three years later he graduated B.A. with and Tucker had gone out in a small a double First in Physics and Chemistry sailing boat an hour or two before, the A. P. W. Thomas was one of the four and Second Class Honours in boat had capsized and Walker had been young foundation Professors imported Mathematics. drowned." from Oxford and Cambridge to staff the Although intending to continue his The next entry in the diary is "May new Auckland University College in studies in Medicine, Thomas became 21st. Opening of the University College 1883. He held the Chair of Natural interested in Geology and Biology and in Choral Hall". Then "May 29th. First Science which involved the teaching of was awarded the coveted Burdett-Coutts lecture (on Trigonometry). Over 40 the whole of the subjects Geology, University Scholarship in Geology and present including a reporter. They must Botany and Biology (now called Natural Sciences in 1879. He spent a have been greatly edified by hearing of Zoology). Although primarily a biologist, period travelling on the continent, then trigonometrical ratios of two angles". his influence as a teacher of geology returned to a Demonstratorship in the Walker's demise had temporarily added was much wider than his published work Anatomical Department of the University Mathematics to the wide range of would indicate. He was also widely Museum of Oxford. He was ambitious, subjects Thomas was required to teach . consulted on many aspects of practical and applied for a Chair in Geology and geology. He firmly established the Mineralogy at the Mason Science Teaching and Fieldwork discipline in the University th rough his College at the age of 23. Although he was not appointed, he received his M.A. In these early years, teaching Prof. A. P. W. Thomas, conditions were poor. There were only Head of. Department 1883- 1913 from Oxford in 1881 . In his time as Demonstrator, he had nine students on the roll for Geology begun an investigation for the Royal lectures in the First Term of 1883. Agricultural Society into the life history of Science was not then taught in the liver fluke, which pest had caused secondary schools and was almost new the loss of 2-3 million sheep in England to the country. This , together with the in 1879. He made discoveries largely dingy accommodation, "discouraged any responsible for the successful control of but the adventurous from its study". the fluke, and received much Once he had established his congratulation for his work. Depart ment, Thomas began the In October 1882 he applied for the exploration of his new country. In the Chair of Natural History at the new following paper, Professor Kearn University College to be established at describes his first major field trip in Auckland. On the recommendation of 1884, and the subsequent work on the several of the top natural scientists of Taupo Volcanic Zone begun very shortly the day he was appointed on 30 after the Tarawera eruption in 1886. His November 1882, making him at age of reports on investigations of the eruption 25 the youngest Professor in the world. are the most significant of his geological His original agreement with the New publications. Zealand Government allowed for a Thomas's diaries record frequent field five-year appointment carrying a salary tnps for the purposes of collecting, of £700 per annum, together with all fees exploration and research . Mr Harry from his students and an outfit and Lundius, one of the Government passage grant of £1 50. On 5 December surveyors 1n Auckland who 1882 he went up to London to see Sir F. accompanied him on some of his D. Bell, the New Zealand Govern ment's journeys, is reported as saying Agent-General. Thomas wrote in his "Professor Thomas was one of the diary "The Government seem to think gamest little men I have ever met, a real

4 plucky sort, and as dogged as they make them. He was ready in those days to tackle any difficu lt journey". Thomas also believed in students doing as much field work as possible, and arranged regular excursions to which all students were formally invited. The notice of an 1896 trip, written in Thomas's hand, ran as follows: "Botanical and Geological Excursion The steam-launch Beatrice will leave . . . for Motu Tapu at 9 a.m. and wiiJ proceed to Drunken Bay. The party will land there, probably cross over to Rangitoto, examine the fossiliferous beds on Motu Tapu, and then walk round the coast to see the junction of the Waitemata beds and the old land surface of slate ... The steamer will be back at the Queen Street wharf not later than 8 p.m. (full moon). "Refreshments- only sandwiches and tea will be provided and students are requested to bring cups with them. "Geological students should bring hammer, notebook and pencil. Also satchel/ to contain specimens and old newspaper to wrap them in. "You are requested to kindly reply as early as possible." Formal acceptances were received from 12 female and 11 male students ! By the end of the 1880s, Thomas was becoming somewhat of a figure in the City. He was much in demand for public 1 ne ouuamg runnest aown Parliament Street was the Old District Courthouse, occupied by lectures (particularly on Tarawera) and the University Science Departments, including Natural Science, 1883-7. The buildings in the was entertaining freely. In 1887 he foreground, the Old Parliament Buildings, were occupied by the College 189o-1919. The married Miss Emily Russell at a large Natural Science lecture room was bottom floor on right. "The Auckland University College is and fashionable wedding at St Andrews located in a remote corner of the city, out of the beaten track of the citizens; ...it is a plain, in Epsom. The "Mrs Professor" had low wooden building ...that might easily be mistaken for a barracks or a boot factory"(H. J. D. Mahon, NZ Illustrated Magazine 5, 1901). ''The truth is that the University of Auckland is been found and she took a keen interest weak - almost pitiablyweak from an architectural point of view ... a struggling line of in her husband's work, even providing barn-like wooden buildings that command one of the most beautiful seascape views in the the students' meals on excursions. world" (A Sometime Student, The NZ Graphic, 16 October 1894). On 31 January 1889, Thomas received notice from the Geological Society that he had been elected a mining". The fee for the course was five C. T. Major and E. K. Mulgan, were to Fellow. About this time he received his shillings. become Headmaster of King's College first professional commission from His lecture and laboratory notes, and Senior Inspector of Schools in industry: the Bay of Islands Coal Mining some of which are preserved in the Auckland repectively. The first of his Company at Kawakawa consulted him Geology Department archives, are geology students to receive high on a number of points concern ing their detailed and exhaustive. Complete academic honours was the Reverend coalfields. Fees from these consultations courses on "Systematic Palaeontology", Henry D. A. Major who gained a Senior Scholarship in Geology in 1894, provided a considerable boost to his "Petrology", "Rock Descriptions", graduating M.A. with First Class income. "Thinsection Descriptions" and "The Honours in Geology in 1896. Thomas was a highly successful Geological History of New Zealand" are Three of Thomas's students achieved teacher as attested by his students' written out in long-hand. Long before the eminence as geologists abroad. J. praises and their success in availability of secretarial assistance or Malcolm Maclaren (BSc with First Class examinations. Although degree lecture copying machines he wrote out a Honours 1899) was Director of the and laboratory classes remained small complete list (with descriptions) of the School of Mines at Coromandel for a (sometimes fewer than five) prior to Recent and Tertiary Mollusca of New short period before winning the 1851 1900, Thomas taught significant Zealand. numbers of people through special Exhibition Science Scholarship in 1901. courses - such as the "Special He was awarded his DSc in 1907 and Elementary Course of Lectures on Prominent Students became a world-famous economic Mining Geology" offered in 1897. The Many of his early students later geologist, publishing a monumental work ten lectures were "designed for those became prominent in Auckland's affairs. on Gold. E. deC. Clarke (B.A. 1901 , who are preparing to enter the mining Two geology students of the early 1890s M.A. with First Class Honours 1902) was profession , or otherwise require who accompanied him on three weeks for many years Professor of Geology at Geological knowledge for the purpose of of exploration of the Waitakere Ranges, the University of Western Australia, and 5 an important leader of science in early in 1913 was, no doubt, influenced a large natural rock removed from his Western Australia. Colin Fraser (later Sir by the change. Thus Thomas retired at garden and still covered in lichen and Colin) took his BSc in 1904 and MSc the end of 1913 after 31 years as moss. with First Class Honours in 1906. After a Professor of Natural Science. Although period with the New Zealand Geological still a young man at 56, the heavy and Bibliography Survey, he- became a consultant to a increasing duties of his last years on the London firm of economic geologists University staff had taken a great toll of Lillie, A. R. 1959: A century of geological which led to work in Britain, Canada and his health. research in the Auckland Province. New Australia. He stayed in Australia to take Thomas was by this time a relatively Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 2: 920-943. the position of Joint Managing Director wealthy man, having shrewdly invested O'Sullivan, M. J. 1968?: Algernon Phillips of Broken Hill Pty., and eventually held in shares over the years. In 1916 he was Withiel Thomas 1856- 1937: Educationalist - 40 Directorships, many in major elected Chairman of the Grammar Scientist- Horticulturalist. Privatelyprin ted, companies. Schools Board (of which he had been a Auckland. 59p. In 1907, while Fraser was with the member since 1899) - a position he Poulton, E. 1938: The late Sir Algernon New Zealand Geological Survey, he and held until his death. Retirement saw his Thomas and the dis covery of the life-history P. G. Morgan persuaded their Director, continued involvement in University of the liver fluke, a deadly parasite of the Dr J. Mackintosh Bell, to consult government, with a greatly increased sheep. Balliol College Record 1938: Thomas on local geological matters. In a input into educational, horticultural, 32-34. Reinhard, E. G. 1957: Landmarks of letter to Thomas , Fraser described Bell business and civic affairs. Parasitology I. The discovery of the life as "a hustling American who is entirely He was made a K.C.M.G. in the cycle of the liver fluke. Experimental an economic geologist and knows no Coronation Honours of May 1937, a Parasitology 6: 208-232. palaeontology", also suggesting that tribute which was warmly approved by Segar, H. W. 1938: Professor Sir Algernon Thomas should nominate a fee public opinion , and died later that year Phillips Withiel Thomas 1856- 1937. "commensurate with the tedious and on 28 December. In accordance with his Transactions and Proceedings of the valuable professional work undertaken". wishes, his family made a gift to the Royal Society of New Zealand 68: 26-27. citizens of Auckland of Lion Rock at Thomas, A. P. W. (Ed.) 1882: Testimonials in Piha, together with an adjoining 1 00 favour of A. P. Th omas, M.A. (Oxon), Early Retirement FLS, Baxter, Oxford. 26p. acres. This land became part of the Thomas, A. P. W.: Diaries, letters, notebooks In 1913, university teachers were Centennial Memorial Park in the and other manuscript material in the Library brought into the Teacher's Waitakere Ranges, a reserve concept of the Auckland Institute and Museum, The Superannuation Scheme. As their he had strongly advocated as early as University of Auckland Library and the contribution, the University of New 1894. Geology Department archives. Zealand took over students' fees from The Professor had made his home on the Professors. Thomas and others the lava-strewn slopes of Mount Eden (including Professor Brown, who held and gained much pleasure from working the Foundation Chair in Chemistry and with the rock in his leisure hours, Experimental Physics) regarded th1s as building paths and walls. His a breach of their agreements , and their grave-stone in Purewa Cemetery decision to resign their Chairs made reflects his lifelong love of geology: it is

The Biology and Geology lecture room, Old Parliament Buildings.

6 Professor A. P. W. Thomas: Contributions to the Geology of the Taupo Volcanic Zone

R. F. Keam Associate-Professor, Department of Physics University of Auckland

Editor's Note: Ron Kearn enrolled at The lake was perfectly calm and beyond The 1886 Eruption Auckland University in 1950 and took an in the blue distance were Tongariro* and MSc in Physics and Mathematics, Ruapehu-To ngariro with its long base The stupendous outbreak at Tarawera joining the staff of the Physics and a fine cone rising from the sort of and Rotomahana on June 1Oth 1886 Department in 1958. In 1969 he was table land -snow lying in the furrows was heard plainly in Auckland and awarded a DPhil from Oxford and in and a long trail of steam from the indeed at places beyond Whangarei to 1971 , whilst Associate-Professor of summit of the cone. Ruapehu behind the north, and as far as Christchurch to Physics, he enrolled in first-year and to the left with its upper part the south. The Government at once Geology and by 1973 he had taken a completely covered in pure white snow. arranged for the Assistant full range of undergraduate courses up, Other mountains on each side of lesser Surveyor-General, S. P. Smith, and the to, and including , Stage Ill. He has height with a blue haze covering them . Director of the Geological Survey, Dr carried out extensive research into the In the afternoon the wind dropped and James Hector and their respective Waimangu geothermal system . the water became so calm that we could assistants to inspect the affected see Tongariro Ruapehu and the other districts and report thereon. Samples of At the earl iest convenient opportunity, mountain all distinctly reflected. The dust collected at Tauranga were which was the summer break after his shores of the lake formed by pumice received in Auckland by Thomas and his arrival in New Zealand, Thomas set off sand and gravel - a series of lagoons colleague Prof. F. D. Brown within days to acquaint himself with the country of formed by a bank of gravel thrown up by and their description of its composition his adoption. Leaving Auckland on the water." and nature was published on June 16th. January 24th 1884, on a two-month In each of the two succeeding Public attention had been completely journey, he travelled by boat to summers Thomas went as far as transfixed by the unexpected and violent Tauranga, thence overland via Tauranga, in order to obtain tuatara eruption. With excitement at such a pitch Ohinemutu and Taupo to Napier and on specimens from Karewa Island, but he it is hardly surprising that Thomas was to the South Island. There he contacted did not proceed further south. called on at short notice to present a public lecture on "Volcanoes". This he Prof. F. W. Hutton, and G. M. Thomson * In the 1880s the term "Tongariro" did to a large audience in tempo rary and his colleague Prof. Parker of Otago applied to the whole rooms of the YMCA, Wellesley Street, University College. Tongariro-Ngauruhoe complex. on the evening of June 18th . Proceeds, This was to be the first of several trips Thomas made to the central 7 he Biology and Geology library, Old Parliament Buildings. volcanic region, and his detailed diary records his observations, his appreciation of the country, the samples he collected, and often shrewd comments on those he met. The visit to Rotomahana on January 30th was to be his only acquaintance with Te Tarata and Otukapuarangi (respectively the White and Pink Terraces) and their attendant thermal features which were all so soon to be obliterated by a volcanic eruption. About a fortnight was spent based at Taupo exploring and making geological excursions. These ranged as far afield as Orakei Korako where he was perforce to spend a second unintended night in a rat-infested whare after his guide became hopelessly lost attempting to find a short-cut back to Taupo. The tantalising magnetic attraction of the volcanoes south of th e lake is apparent in his description: "Along the shores of Taupo on horse-back. A beautiful clear day with a fresh cool breeze from the south-west.

7 amounting to about f20 , were donated Lundius more than fifty years later when his investigations of this event he had for the relief of sufferers by eruption . he was interviewed shortly after found that Mt Edgecumbe was not In spite of Hector's contention that Thomas's death. rhyolitic, and Cussen's samples there was no hurry and that detailed Thomas revisited the indicated a similar composition for the scientific studies could be made with eruption-devastated area three more central volcanoes. So Thomas acquired more comfort and less danger the times during the following summer and added incentive to conduct field following summer, the Government soon autumn, painstakingly collecting investigations of his own. requested that Hutton from Christchurch information for his report. His meticulous and Thomas and Brown from Auckland care has left what is undoubtedly the Volcano Fieldwork visit the affected area and report. This, most detailed and extensive geological as it turned out, was a fortunate move, document yet publ ished on the eruption By this time climbing the central not only because of the valuable and its effects. It also includes the first volcanoes was catching on, and interest documents that were subsequently published details of th e Rotorua ash in the warm lake on Ruapehu had been published by Hutton and Thomas, but shower and its distribution. Thomas and awakened. James Park and Henry Hill also it tended at the time to allay Hutton each briefly described the Taupo as well as Cussen had commenced considerable public criticism and and Rotongaio showers (not at that time investigations in the area, and at least expression of disbelief that followed the named). two regular guides, Robert Maunsell and publication of Hector's own views on the Both Dieffenbach and Hochstetter, Roderick Gray, were being employed by occurence. some decades earlier, had wished to climbing parties. explore the volcanoes south of Ta upo Thomas headed south at the end of January 1888, stopping briefly at Taupo Tarawera Inspection for geological purpose s, but had been forbidden to approach them by the Maori and then spending a day looking around Hutton arrived in Rotorua on June chiefs. They had therefore to be content the vicinity of To kaanu and Waihi before 26th , a week earlier than his Auckland with distant views, improved (at least in following the road round Pihanga to colleagues. He visited the south-western Hochstetter's case) by possession of a camp at Papakai near Rota-a-Ira. As craters formed by the eruption, and telescope. Hector was the first scientist was to be expected he systematically yiewed others from afar, but his activities to climb Tongariro, but the record of his recorded his trav els, the samples taken , were severely handicapped by adverse observations is surprisingly limited. So it and observations made. On Friday, weather and difficulties of travel over the was that when Thomas, in 1884, had February 3rd , he spent th e day exploring loose and , in places, soft deposit. Brown first viewed the mountains they had the lowest slopes on the north-western and Thomas pursued their own field barely echoed with the ring of a side of Tongariro and recording investigations for four days and then geologist's hammer. geological sections as exposed in joined forces with Hutton for a week. Laurence Cussen, a surveyor whose watercourses. The next day he and his Part of this time they spent interviewing official duties took him on to the guide rode their horses to the vicinity of and recording eye-witness details of the mountains, was an enthusiastic amateur Ketetahi and thence climbed to the event, and part was spent making an geologist and he had collected samples summit of North Crater. Thomas himself extended field-excursion to Mokoia of the volcanic rock. These he passed seems to have been responsible for this Island, Rotoiti, Rotoehu and Taheke. on to Thomas for detailed description and other names of features on Brown and Hutton departed for Auckland and both men presented papers at the Tongariro, since they first appear in his on July 15 leaving Thomas to continue meeting of the Auckland Institute on subsequent paper (1 888a), but at this his investigations for a further eight days November 14th , 1887. In these papers, stage he gave them informal names . in the area. among many other things, the source of North Crater he noted as "Double The Press had sedulously followed the great superficial pumice deposits in Crater", clearly so designated because the movements of all three professors, the Ta upo region was discussed. of the explosion pit excavated within the attempting, where possible, to elicit Popular opinion at the time usually otherwise flat surface of the frozen lava opinions on the nature of the outbreak, attributed this to the mou nt ains, although lake filling to the brim the remainder of the likelihood of a recurrence etc. And quite a few amateurs and notably the outer crater. Sketching and sampling with necessary reserve they just as Cussen suspected some vent in the lake he proceeded to the summit trig station, consistently refused to be drawn on itself. Cussen's observations clearly and thence down into South Crater such questions which they could not indicated a symmetrical spread about ("Trig Crater" in his field notes). There have answered with any confidence at the lake , and that the covering he contented himself so far as that stage. Local interest, however, was decreased in thickness towards the Ngauruhoe is concerned with sampling so high that Thomas assented to giving mountains. Thomas agreed with this material from the toe of the supposedly a public lecture in Rotorua, and he did from the simple fact that the country most recent flow from that mountain. It is so in spite also of suffering at the time round their base was suitable fo r grazing clear that his various informants were in from a severe cold. - something the pumice plains at that some disagreement as to which was the Guided by H. Lundius, a surveyor's time certainly were not, as the pioneers latest flow, and even indeed as to the assistant who had distinguished himself of north and east Taupo from 1868 had date of its emplacement. Climbing to the at Te Wairoa during and after the ascertained to their cost. edge of Red Crater (nam ed as such in eruption, Thomas made a final major Thomas was also interested by the his notes) he then followed the western foray on July 21st from an encampment nature of the volcanic rock submitted to rim of Central Crater ("the dry crater") at Pakaraka on the edge of the deposit. him by Cussen. Until the Tarawera back to North Crater and thence down From here they walked an epic 20 miles eruption it had been considered that the the mountain. He saw no steam from or so across mud and ash-covered volcanic material in the central North Red Crater, but perhaps was country beside (and even inside some Island was all rhyolitic. The recent disadvantageously placed to have of ) the craters, partially climbed outburst so carefully studied by Thomas �bserved any coming from the usual Tarawera, crossed the line of fracture, had at once revealed that much more ot!cewhi ch is on the breach towards and returned to camp all in the one day. basic lava had been erupted by Central Crater and really only partly This expedition was fondly recalled by Tarawera. Early in 1887 in the course of within 13ed Crater itself. The only

8 surprising thing is that Thomas seems to have mistaken the flow from Red Crater into Central Crater as water-borne scoria. But he only saw it from afar. A few days later he climbed Tauhara near Taupo. The results of his trip were published (1888a). Now he had the confirmation he sought: Tongariro and Ngauruhoe (and Edgecumbe) were indeed of andesitic or near-andesitic composition; Pumice was sparse on Tongariro , and its source clearly lay close to or within the basin of Lake Taupo . He did notice bed-like pumice at one or two places on top of Tongariro - the ignimbritic flow which we now recognise so astonishingly to have climbed to such a height - but of course it was to take nearly a century before this would be established. Thomas attributes the artistic sketches accompanying his paper to Mrs Kate McCosh Clark. These were almost entirely based on sketches which Thomas himself had made and Mrs Clark's role was mainly that of givi ng The Assaying Room, Old Parliament Buildings. them fuller pictorial form. Mrs Clark and Mrs Thomas apparently achieved the first ascents of Tongariro by European women. The date of these Acknowledgement Bibliography events is uncertain but there is I am much indebted to Dr A. G. Bagnall THOMAS, A. P. W. 1886a "On Vo lcanic significant circumstantial evidence that for constructive criticism of this Dust", Trans NZ lnst. 19, 202. (Title only) . the ladies (or at least Emily Thomas) (Summary in New Zealand Herald Tu es. biographical sketch especially in relation June 29th 1886, p 6, col 5. Also summary accompanied Thomas himself to the to human activities around the central mountain on the climb described above. of preliminary report by A. P. W. T, and volcanoes and discussion and F. D. Brown in NZH Wed. June 16th 1886, After this period, Thomas's interests in suggestions concerning the Tongariro the central volcanic region seem to have p 6, col5). ascents by Mrs Thomas and Mrs 1886b "Journey to Rotomahana and declined and he published no further McCosh Clark. Dr Bagnall suggests also Tarawera" Ibid, 202. (Title only). (Summary major paper on the subject. However, that the now accepted names of in NZH Tues. July 27th 1886, p 3, col 5. ) one final comment on what Thomas Tongariro craters were given by L. 1887 "Notes on the Volcanic Rocks of the himself would, no doubt, have Cussen together perhaps with some Taupo District and King Country", Trans considered a minor expedition is in input from S. P. Smith. NZ lnst. 20, 306-3 11. order: 1888a "Notes on the Geology of Tongariro Early in 1896 he was apparently and the Taupo District", Trans NZ lnst. 21, commissioned to visit Rotorua and 338-353. investigate the occurrence of 1888b "Report on the Eruption of Tarawera hydrocarbons at Waiotapu. Several and Rotomahana, NZ" Government Printer, Wellington, 74 pp. private enterprises were considering the In compiling these notes, reference has also possibility of attempting to recover these been made to commercially. Wh ile camped near O'SULLIVAN, M. J. "Algernon Phillips Withiel Waiotapu, he was too close to the Thomas 1956- 1937"' (?1968) 59 pp. Waimangu end of the 1886 eruption rift (Privately printed) and to manuscript to avoid the temptation of revisiting it. material held in the Auckland Institute and His field-notes and photographs taken Museum Ubrary, and in the Department of on that excursion have proved Geology, University of Auckland. invaluable in deciphering developments in the establishment of surface thermal activity at Waimangu , and events precursory to the outbreak of Waimangu Geyser.

9 MIDNIGHT BY TARAvVERA LAKE ,,

}VRITTEN WHILST IN \=A�1P I�Y j...iU"E J.\HAWEH/\1 1\ fEW

jvlONTHS j\FTEH THE Or' pu:>:E 101 , _}::1\UPTION 1-.::80.

As I lay at midnight by the waters And southwards at the foot of Tarawera,

Of Tarawera ·s Lake, such tLoughts �,; th�se lkside the gloomy waters oi the sedgy lake, Thronged through my mind, and thin];:in� of the wish Stands Te T:irata, faml'd through all the world­ You lately spoke, I here have writ the1n du\\"11. An opal stairway worth y of Ulympus-

""ith sculpt ured step� of glistening white, and pools

The night is bright and clear, the moon :-,hincf; dllwn And fretted cups of water dazzling blue

On the glancin;; rippling water; alon� the si1urc Deyond comparison with precious ston�.

The wavelets break with tranquil mtmnurin� sound, In the settlements beside the lake Earth and sky seem full of peace and happiness . All now is hushed in peaceful slumber, the sleepers

The heart rej oices in the beauty of ti1e ni_:jht Dreaming perhaps of happy morrow, and of life

And overflows with gratitude and love; For many a year to come.

'Vith love towards nun and beast, and sky ami land

And every work of.:\"ature. .\nd the soul In the chilly regions of upper air

Is rapt in humble, silent �duration 'Vah:inga shivers, she calls to Rtbw:ihia Of 1\ ature and of �ature's God supreme. To summon f1re to warm the wintry air. Then from the grateful heart, thus musing o'er Ruaw:ihia nods and sends the mandate down e The scene of boundless beauty, there bursts the cry: To deepe�t r gions of perpetual fire.

"Surely Nature is always kind and bountiful,

Giving life and joy to her children on earth ? " The earth begins to quake, shock follows shock, 'Vith ever greater violence, till the mountain nut why is the rippling water so turbid and white, Rocks on its foundations, and all the country round

And what is this soft gray mantle that wraps Quivers with tumultuous he;lVing motion. e The hills, and what means that skeleton furest The air is filled with shiv rint!', jarring, booming e a Of dead and withered trees, that stand <•n yonder Roar, until at length with thund ring cr sh Cliffs, their gaunt and mutilated oranches The imprisoned forces from below asunder

Upraised to heaven as th�Jugh for life they prayed ? Rend the solid cr ust of earth, and at

"rhere are the humble wharcs of the l\Iaories, 'Vahanga's foot a f1ssure opens wide ; e e e e 'Vhich stood on y onder point hard by the Ariki, And from th de p st depths of th yawning chas1:1 e e e And at the ::\Ioura village. further across the water? Surges upwards th ob dient str am of lire, -Their lights are out, the settlements are silent, In Hoods of molten lava glowing white heat. e And their place is hid beneath the s:une pale shroud From fierceness of ib ..:\nd from the se thing tid,

Of gr ay, that is spread o'er e\-cry v11ley and hill. Fountains of liquid dazzling tire shoot upwards, Exploding as they rise with dcaf'ning roar. Listen ! 'Twas on a ni�ht as caiin as this, And now the fissure stretches through the mountain's the No breath of air did stir, and broad moonbeam Heart for many a mile, and clown its side k Lying on the placid !Josom of the la e To Te T:irata, where now the po\\"ers of hell hold sw.ty \\'as scarcely broken by the gentle ripple. And towards Okaro's lake Ln to the south.

lligh o'er the lake the nwuntain \\"ith its triple The air is thick with darti:1g lire, and clouds Crown doth rise, the threefold throne of ancient Of steaming, sulphurous vap()ur rise and spread

Spirits three, whose 1nmcs arc T:uawcra, Jn threatening pall al)()\·e the fated land.

Rtbw:ihia, and \\"ah:inga. There, too, And round the c)(Jl!ds the l i�htning plays in forh·d

Upon the mount:1in's },road and rock-girt top, ]·'lame that cbrts, ;uHI sheds ui' ldinding fliT.

The sacred resting-place of gcncratio11 s And to the volcano's :l\rlul ruar are added

Of 1\Iaori warriors old. The crack and peal of thunder rending the skies.

10 -The natives at the Ariki, roused from tranquil And every bird and beast is slain, and every man Slumbers, gather to seek courage and comfort Is dead-all, all are dead and buried deep From one another, but this is not th e hour when 111an Beneath the thick gray ash that spreads Can comfort to his fellow give. To heaven I .ike funeral sh roud over a ruined land. They tend their prayers in piteous appeal : Can th is be th e self-same lancl where Nature wrought "0 J\Iary, mother, help us ! 0 J esu, aid us Such hanJc onlr a few short months ago, In this our hour of need ! " Where now the midnight moon shines down with flood Of silvery light on a scene of infinite peace ? In vain the cry-the mountain thunders on Yes, 'tis the :;ame ; there stands the mountain with fires And from tl�e heaven descends-not mercy, not help­ But rain of red-hot stones and ashes thick. Still steaming, and near yon point at the Ariki, Five and seventy souls lie buried, and above me The mercy they receive is death, and scon Stancls the ghostl ike forest in death that seems The cry of anguish ceases. To live, the gaunt white arms uplifted still

Ere long the pall of lurid clouds descends Imploring mercy as on the night they sought And wraps the earth in darkness, whilst the rain But found it not. Of stone and ash continues till the morning. Various are the modes of Nature, now calm The hour of sunrise comes and still the land And peaceful, giving joy and plenty to the world, Is dark, and when at length the clouds of death Now terrible in her ra:.;e, heeding no man's Rise slowly up, ah ! what a sight to see. Prayer, yet working for the general good ; No frond of fe rn, no leaf of tree doth show, Though some may die, 'tis that the world may live. Though here the fo rest grew so fresh and green. Low the hills are laid, the valleys �re exalted, A. P. W. T.

The Tara wera rift, photographed in 1983. 11 Impressions of d. A. Bartrum as a University Teacher f. J. Turner Professor Emeritus of Geology University of California, Berkeley

Editor's Note: Frank Turner "Old Bart"*) resided in a combination of During office hours his door was always commenced his geological training personal characteristics shortly to be open to students - almost exclusively under Professor Bartrum in 1921 and developed individually in what follows. enrolled in Geology I in those days - in following completion of an MSc he was But these in turn were deeply rooted as need of guidance; so his personal briefly employed by the New Zealand with most of us in family upbringing and contact with every student was very Geological Survey before joining the education. Bartrum, as a boy, was close. Geology 1 (the only formal lecture staff of the Geology Department at brought up on a South Canterbury farm, course then offered) was considered by Otago University in 1926. In 1946 he where he absorbed much of the practical Bartrum to cover too wide a scope to be was appointed to a Chair at the quality of a simple rural life and treated adequately in one year. Most of University of California at Berkeley. developed a lasting devotion to animals, us took two years - each year's course especially horses. His subsequent consisting of two lectures and two The following notes embodying a university training was at Otago School 3-hour laboratory periods (with Bartrum single individual's recollections, dulled to of Mines with its rigorous insistence of always in attendance) per week. some degree. and perhaps distorted, by 365 days ce rtified work in various Perhaps 30 undergraduates passed the passage of time (a span of 50 or 60 aspects of mining as a complement to through his hands per year at that time. years). and not precisely verified in all academic education. A life-long football Very few of us (not more than one or respects as to either facts or dates, are enthusiast he played as a front-row two per year) went on to Geology 2 and in no way to be regarded as the forward for the Otago rugby team and 3; and of these only an occasional substance of history. They are meant also toured Australia with a New student took the course leading to the simply to recall the influence of a man Zealand University team. Master's degree (among my remembered as one of th e three great As a full-fledged A.O.S.M. he joined contemporaries I recall especially C. R. teachers I was fortunate enough to Macintosh Bell's Geological Survey and Laws and C. W. Firth). Advanced work encounter in my student days in served in the field under rugged and consisted of a series of extensive Auckland (all three of them at that time exacting conditions on the West Coast. laboratory sub-courses each organised ranked in the university hierachy of So when Bartrum re-entered the with the aid of a set of typed instructions those days as "lectu rers"), the others academic world in Auckland University and explanatory notes. Our contact with being W. F. Short (Organic Chemistry) College he came as a man who cou ld Bartrum at these later stages consisted and S. E. Lamb (Engineering). mix as well with miners, bushmen , of almost daily office interviews dealing The quality of John Arthur Bartrum rough-necks , and farmers as with those mainly with the student's reviews of (known to his students as "Jimmy" or more gently trained in the academic life. carefully selected literature (mostly He was very much a man's man, his authors reprints**) -still with time, view of life permanently coloured with, however, for introduction to the niceties and to some degree restricted by. a of the front-row rugby forward's art as practised in Otago at the time of the All Prof. J. A. Bartrum pervasive "machismo". Students and Blacks' first overseas tour (the technique Head of Department 1914-1949. colleagues alike respected him; but as a man standing somewhat apart, his feet for nose-breaking in the serum is one firmly planted on a background of rough point that still comes to mind). But experience. Such a man cou ld not fail to football aside. Bartrum's office influence students and colleagues with interviews, always fraught with the whom he now came into daily contact ­ excitement that a student first feels and for me at any rate that influence was when he begins to share and appreciate all to the good . It was based on a his mentor's ideas, gave us a gradual peculiar combination of personal traits , introduction to , and appreciation of, the on some of which I shall now expatiate.

.. He was somewhat less than 40 years Teaching old when I first knew him - a vast age to a youngster of seventeen. First and foremost in the academic Bartrum was his dedication to teaching. .... Appropriately enough the first such On the first three days of each week he assigned to me was Andrew would arrive in his office punctually at Lawson's "Epigene Profiles of the 8.30 a.m. and leave again in time to Desert"; it would be a quarter of a catch the 9 p.m. ferry to Bayswater. He century before I came to know left his department for home at 5.30 p.m. Lawson well as a neighbour and on Thursdays and Fridays, and closed much senior colleague in Berkeley his office around 1 p.m. on Saturdays in (and, never a modest man, he time to indulge his ancient passion by thoroughly approved Bartrum 's refereeing 5th grade football matches. choice!)

12 impartially critical approach to scientific training. For lack of opportunity in a Personality and hypothesis and cautious evaluation of podzol-encrusted terrain, we never Philosophy currently orthodox concepts (continental learned to walk out and map with drift among them). This was a benefit of precision in the field any single contact Bartrum was not without his own inestimable va lue such as I personally or formational boundary. The one man peculiar quirks in his general - and in experienced in no other university who came nearest to appreciating the some ways narrow - perspective of the course. Bartrum was critical - perhaps essential value of such exercises was philosophy of life. He valued and exalted ultracritical - of his own opinions. Each C. W. Firth. physical courage almost to the point of was advanced as a convincing By the time I was out of Bartrum's mania - and on many occasions I saw proposition tempered by an almost hands I was already aware of the him deliberately expose himself to masochistic pervasive self-doubt. transient nature of scientific physical danger in the field and against "knowledge". On so many of the topics my better judgement felt compelled to of then current interest to New Zealand follow his lead. One of the Field Research geologists we found ourselves made accompanying photographs, taken in It became apparent that Bartrum laid cognisant of several alternative views, 1930 during an expedition to the Red special emphasis on two aspects of each supported or even advocated Hills of South Westland, is highly typical. geology which only later we came to tenaciously by its own author, but all Bartrum had decided (and I was think of as closely intertwined and of open to criticism and to the test of reluctantly forced to agree) that we fundamental significance (as I still prediction and future observation. should attempt a crossing of the upper believe them to be). These were field Bartrum would never take it upon Haast River (a mile or so above the observation, and original research (both himself to advocate unequivocal present suspension bridge) at that time covering a wide range of topics limited acceptance of any single model - much receding from a flood of exceptional only by the scope of local geology). At to the bewilderment of that severity. I was in charge of the first we looked on Bartrum's penchant all-too-common type of student who expedition - but the reader will notice for research as an indulgence of one of seeks in the professor's works a that it was Bartrum who was in the lead his many personal eccentricities and statement of absolute truth. It was not as we entered the torrent and who thus hobbies, in the same class as refereeing until many years later when I came to also broke some of the force of the football and teaching Sunday School (fo1 know Karl Popper (during his exile at current as I encountered it, close but research was at that time largely Canterbury College) that I realised the definitely in the rear - the Duke of neglected in many university priceless value of this particular element Plaza Toro doubtless would have departments). Field observation had a in Bartrum's teaching. approved my tactics. (More than once much more obvious role as part of our regular curriculum. It was introduced via Turner and Bartrum (leading) crossing the upper Haast River, 1930. many half-day and a few full-day excursions (which all students became interested in) and a week-long semi-camping trip to Port Waikato where we, for the first time, came to know something of the late Jurassic flora and fauna through personal collecting in a richly fossiliferous terrain. A few of us at the more advanced stages were privileged to accompany Bartrum to areas at that time more remote and difficult of access, but always with the purpose of collecting data for ultimate publication in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute (as the journal was then named). Among the more memorable were trips to the Kaawa Creek Tertiary fossil beds (south of Waikato Heads), the environs of Hokianga, and (shortly after I had left Auckland for Otago) a month's reconnaissance of the northernmost coastal sections from North Cape to Cape Maria Van Diemen. On the latter expedition Bartrum tightened the discipline of geologic instruction by making me the sole recorder of field data for the whole period -though he, himself, drafted my observations into some sort of coherence when he wrote the paper of which we were joint authors. It was an illuminating and, in some respects , humbling (though not humiliating ) experience , invaluable to me in later years. But unavoidably there was one severe lack in Bartrum's field 13 Waiatoto Hut, January 1930. Left to right: Prof. Bartrum, Jack Th omson, Roy the ferryman, Frank Turner.

on such an occasion Bartrum's camp-fire anecdotes ("Really, Turner, scientific inquiry. Whatever the ultimate companion had been drowned, and I that's a bit hot, gentlemen, and I must field of individual specialisation might be was aware of this !) There was an earlier protest." Dead silence. And then from it must be chosen later according to occasion - one of many such - when Bartrum, "But I can't help recollecting chance or individual preference ; but the Bartrum, having deliberately let th e tide an incident on the West Coast, when my requisite foundation would already be

cut us off, forced me to scale with him landlady ...") . there, firmly implanted by the devoted the BOO-foot crumbling serpentinite All in all I remember Bartrum with teaching, breadth of interest, and sea-cliff at Kerr Point, just west of the affection, gratitude and admiration: a scientific philosophy of John Arthur North Cape. Typically, when we reached superb teacher (largely by example), a Bart rum. the top and Bartrum drew me after him sound and broadly based geologist, a into safety over the uppermost ledge, he true scientist in the sense that Karl was full of gentlemanly apology - he Popper later used the term , scrupulously had not anticipated that it would be quite honest, perhaps unduly modest, kindly, so difficult! courageous, unselfish, critical, We learned much from Bartrum's talk compassionate. His immense fortitude around the campfire or in the shelter of was never demonstrated more clearly some storm-battered mountain hut or than when he uncomplainingly covered 1921: the first lady students of gumdigger's cabin. Of his wisdom thus on foot - in spite of severe physical Professor Bartrum, (?) Miss Fitzgerald absorbed much was invaluable - tricks disability arising from chronic arthritis - and Miss Walker. of rough camping; techniques of river the harsh journey, on difficult trails, crossing and the general lore of the crossing many a torrential stream, from bush; how to take one's share (in Lake Wan aka, over the Haast, and down Bartrum's case always more) of the into the Red Hills country of South chores of camp life; how to treat the Westland - between 110 and 120 miles passing stranger (Maori , Pakeha or each way - in 1930. Travellers along West Coaster) with hospitality that many the smooth auto road that follows much a time left us all too leanly supplied. of the same route, remember Bartrum! Some of his philosophy we learned to The two illustrations in this note are treat more critically or with amusement; momentoes of that strenuous journey. his undue (but genuine) humility and Bartrum left his stamp on every one of tendency to self-abasement (to agree us, his students. We emerged from his with Bartrum at times was to invite teaching and guidance, not as criticism in reverse!); his consistent paleontologists, geomorphologists, or tendency to under-rate and petrologists - just as geologists, misunderstand the opposite sex (toward fortunate enough to have been whom individually his manners were introduced to many lines of possible impeccable, courteous almost to excess, specialisation within what we saw as a always kindly); and, sometimes most single unified field. We called it embarrassing, an unpredictable "geology"; and we gratefully remember tendency for him to lapse momentarily Bartrum as the man who channelled our into prudery in the course of ribald interests into that broad stream of

14 The Thirties and Forties

E. J. Searle Professor Emeritus of Geology Univ ersity of Auckland

Editor's note: Ernie Searle enrolled in Bartrum was indeed a remarkable for any slightly coarse remark or Geology in 1929 and completed his MSc man and if it seems that I write more expression. Any faintly blue story round under Professor Bartrum in 1933. He about him than I do about geology in the the camp fires would be halted while he subsequently joined the staff of thirties it's simply because, in Au ckland, did not hesitate to tell risque (for those Auckland Grammar School and also Bartrum was geology. He was the only days) personal anecdotes as precepts acted as a part-time teacher in the member of staff unti l I joined as a for their moral benefit. Geology Department until 1959 when he part-time demonstrator in 1934 and it was appointed to a Senior Lectureship, was his personality that completely and later (1970) was awarded a dominated the department, gave it the Teacher and rather unique character that it Personal Chair prior to retirement in Administrator 1972. During his full-time tenure, Searle developed, and established it as a acted as Sub-Dean and Dean of the remarkably fertile breeding ground for He appeared to be a very humble man Science Faculty over a period of eight field and academic geologists. - when he was awarded the Hector years. Bart was a strange man, a peculiar Medal in 1939 he got little pleasure in it mixture of opposites that made him very When in 1929 I enrolled as a science because he thought that Henderson likeable yet somewhat remote, very easy (then Director NZGS) should have had it student at Auckland University College, to get along with but very difficult to first and had then been passed over Geology had been established for fifteen know. In many ways he was an "odd" "because he was a Survey man". But years as an independent department. It had always been loosely affiliated with man, as were indeed all the professional self-deprecation was accompanied by a and academic leading geologists in New Botany and Zoology which was then a measure of self-assurance that Zealand at the time. Although almost all single department headed by Professor sometimes came close to arrogance. that came in contact with him regarded For a man in most ways so positive he Sperrin-Johnson , a rather effeminate him as a friend, he was an essentially also felt strongly that he should have dilettante with a grand piano in his study lonely man. He had few, if any, intimate ('I like female manicurists - their hands been appointed to the Chai r without friends or "buddies" except, perhaps, advertisement; in depression days he are so gentle'). J. A. Bartrum, formerly Charles (later Sir Charles) Cotton of Lecturer in Geology, had latterly been had a constant fear that the department Wellington. I remember him once saying would be closed and his job would appointed inaugural professor. I took that those that thought they knew him disappear; he worked on the toughest of Geology because as a part-time student called him Jimmy Bartrum and those budgets and made the smallest the hours were convenient, and because that did called him "Arthur". I cannot demands that he could on administration a teacher at Auckland Grammar School recall anyone speaking of him as Arthur for departmental funds. The result of the (Jack Learning, a former student of Bartrum - I certainly was never asked Bartrum, and for whom I had last was that the department was never to do so; nor for that matter did I ever adeq uately equipped for even the simple considerable respect) stopped me in the refer to him as Jimmy. And, although we corridor with "So, Searle you're taking a requirements of the unsophisticated were very closely associated for many science at 'varsity next year. Do courses of those days. years both in the department and in the Geology - Bartrum is a wonderful That he was a successful teacher more relaxed atmosphere of field camp teacher". His word had always been law cannot be doubted - at one time three our relationship, though always cordial, so I enrolled in the new department. of the four geology chairs in New remained strictly formal. In his Zealand universities were held by his Prof. E. J. Searle relationships with students and past former students (Clark in Wellington, Head of Department 1971. students he was always relaxed, rather Gage in Canterbury and Brothers in free and easy but never familiar and any Auckland) and others were in the United approach to familiarity on the student's States and in Australia . Where did his part would be immediately and firmly success lie? Not in his teaching rebuffed. It was this easy cordiality and methods; he lectured in a monotonous his ever availability to students that was peculiarly-pitched voice at dictation his most endearing characteristic and speed - but interspersed with personal which gave the department a sort of anecdotes pertinent to the discussion, club-like atmosphere. I fancy that he illustrated freely with specimens and regarded his students as an extended with black-board diagrams that were a family with himself as a rather Victorian delight to see and with slides which he puritanical parent responsible for their had taken and processed himself (and at moral welfare as well as their academic least half of which - many hundreds - tuition. His paternal dedication to his were made at his own expense). His students was absolute and unfailing and success lay not in what he taught but in for them he sacrificed his time, much of the contagious enthusiasm which he his home life and his personal life. He was able to engender. Few students would correct their grammar or failed to become infected. Even dull and pronunciation, on occasion their dress or uninteresting subject matter and dull personal appearance , coldly snub them vocal presentation could not dampen the 15 two to fit their individual course timetables. As at this time the majority of students at AUC were part-timers, most departments fixed class sessions after 4 p.m. In geology, lectures were from 5 p.m. to 6 p.m. on week days except Wednesday and labs 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. Tuesday and Thursday, Wednesday afternoon and Saturday morning 9-12. This meant that many, if not most, students had a continuous fo ur-hou r stint without a meal break twice each week - and so did the staff. A good digestion and a resistance to sleep was an essential requirement for geology students of those days. How full-time students filled their days I do not know, but part-timers, even those taking the minimum course of two subjects to count towards a degree, had little time for study. In the Stage I course two lectures per week were devoted to Physical Geology (processes and geomorphology) and two to Paleontology and Stratigraphy. A Students at Ardmore Creek, Hunua, 1927. couple of sessions on geological maps were squashed in at the end of the year, personal enthusiasm he was able to advanced classes and a Master's usually as extra lectures as time ran out. convey. student perhaps one year in two. The One of the laboratory sessions was for His work-load was daunting, as I will physical accommodation was one mineralogy and petrography, the ot her show shortly. In spite of this he found largish room doubling as lecture room for paleontology - but students time to coach a University rugby team - and laboratory for Stage I, and a smaller proceeded at their own pace so students his enthusiasm for rugby almost room that served as library, study room would be working at both topics at every equalled that for geology and he loved to for advanced students and as an lab. session. This permitted limited study recall incidents from his own playing anteroom before lectu res for all and materials to be more readily available to days - conduct a bible class at sundry. There was also a professor's students ; it also meant that Takapuna and play tennis at his local study (tele phone in the corridor outside) demonstrators were kept very busy. In club. He arrived at the university, six and a preparation room cum dark room. mineralogy, work followed the Dana days a week, at about nine o'clock in the The library housed a very small pattern with exposition of the crystal morning and left on week days to catch collection of textbooks and there were systems followed by a more detailed the nine o'clock ferry at night. Many partial runs of half a dozen journals, study of each system and the minerals Saturday afternoons were given up to several of which were maintained by that crystallised therein. Then followed field excursions and a part of every Bartrum's personal subscription. Even hand-specimen study of rocks and finally vacation was devoted to field trips with the Transactions of the NZ Institute (now a study of common rock-forming advanced students or to his own field Royal Society of New Zealand) and the minerals and igneous rocks in work. He had no secretarial assistance NZGS Bulletins were Bartrum's private thin-section under the polarising at first and very little later on. He property and were kept in his room. He microscope (half a dozen instruments of certainly gave to the department vastly had also built up an extensive collection Victorian vintage). Gradually I was able more time than could be expected of any of authors' reprints obtained by to relieve Bartrum of most of the lab university teacher. It was because of his exchange. Senior students therefore had supervision, but slave to a sense of duty heavy commitment and the high regard I access to very little reference material as he was, it made little difference to the had for the man that I offered my and scarcely had any opportunity to amount of time he put in; it merely freed services to assist him (unpaid at fi rst) in become familiar with source material or him to do the countless other things he first-year laboratories and so became his recent advances in topics they were felt the job demanded of him. junior side-kick on a part-time basis for a stuczying. Nor did they have the Short one-hour tests were held at the great many years. He was in all a great opportunity to become acquainted with end of each term and a full scale professor, a person to be admired, and the geology of New Zealand in any detail "Terms" examination a fortnight before he established a vital department of or to develop skills in interpreting the Finals at the end of the year had to be young enthusiasts devoted to him. It was maps of the local scene. But even in this set and marked. At this stage Finals for Bartrum as well as geology that inspired basic facility the most useful sections Masters were set and marked by them. Geology was indeed Bartrum. In were supplied by Bartrum himself. external examiners in United Kingdom or later years one might see the limitations, Australia; advanced papers were but in these early times there could be The Geol ogy Courses concocted by the professors of the four nothing but admiration. Colleges in conference. A we ek-long The Department of Geology has The Stage I course required four excursion was made to Waikato Heads always been a relatively small one. In one-hour lectures and two three-hour or, in later years, to Whangarei Heads. the late twenties and early thirties there laboratory sessions a week - actually Local trips -on four or five Saturdays were usually only about 30 students four three-hour lab. sessions were - were made by bus. And for advanced mostly in Stage I, four or five in provided so that students could select students there were field trips to

16 Muriwai, Kawhia and Pahi (on the Kaipara Harbour). It was in the field that Bartrum was at his be st, a good organiser, an excellent leader on the camp, an experienced campaigner such as few of us had ever known. In spite of injured ankles that made tramping a painful business he was always in the van with the heavi est pack. For the Stage I camp he hired a cottage as he did also for the advanced students when classes got larger. But in the early thirties whefl there were only three or four of us we camped out in Bartrum's own hiking tent - the department had no equipment at all; apart from personal gear everything was provided by Bartrum himself. Whether in a cottage or in camp after a heavy day in the field to which none of us were accustomed , the session in front of the fire at night was perhaps the real highlight. Bartrum would reminisce, tell anecdotes entertaining , instructing and moralising, and become almost "one of the boys" but never quite crossing the brid ge. He Field trip to Mangere Crater, 6 October 1928. Middle row, third from left' student is was so unlike the normal run of M. J. O'Sullivan. professors, with whom first-year students had little and only distant second and third year students formed clothes or boots and few had sleeping contact, that it is not surprising that his one class of four or five, working bags, so camping was spartan but a students held Bartrum both in admiration individually at ti mes suitable to great adventure and Bartrum's mastery approaching affection and in awe. themselves. There were no lectures and of fieldcraft, his stamina, informality and enthusiasm inspired us all even under It is no wonder that the department students seldom met as a group. In the developed a strong social entity. Each petrology option a few demonstrations the most adverse conditions. I year, by formal invitation, he entertained were given in wet and dry methods of remember, in particular, one three-day all his students in his own home to an identifying minerals, using until the expedition in almost continuous rain evening of euchre or parlour games and middle of the decade, Bartrum's own walking the section from Port Waikato to a lavish supper. And if you could not, or obsolete Swift microscope - the only Kaawa Creek and back and enjoying did not want to, attend you were invited microscope in the department capable of every moment of it - Bart was such an to a formal (and somewhat intimidating) producing optic figures. Apart from these example to us all. He must have been afternoon tea with the fa mily on a very short sessions students were very uncomfortable with his painful subsequent Sunday -a royal command virtually on their own - the professor ankles almost continuously on these you could not decline. Yes, the Stage I popping in on them as he moved about trips, but good humour and cheerfulness course was an enjoyable and exciting the department. They worked at a table never deserted him. one in spite of the many hours playing in the library or in the small preparation Graduate Students with drab specimens begrimed with room. There was no direction as to much handling, and with empty bellies reading from the very inadequate library Until the late thirties there was seldom and minds tired after a long day's work. facilities. Instead Bartrum distributed more than one student at a time at But the subject was new to most of us, manuscript (or later some typescript) Master's level and it was here that his and the strange, friendly man who reviews that he had prepared on a over-commitment to teaching presided over us and lectured to us at restricted range of topics, as for responsiblities had its most effect. dictation speed in a queerly-pitched example: Graptolites, Ammonites, NZ Students were ill-prepared for voice had a fund of interesting stories, Stratigraphy, coral atolls, the alkaline independent work and it was very much excellent illustrations and an infectious rocks, etc. These were often well a matter of their being thrown in at the enthusiasm for his subject and illustrated with photographs of tables deep end to sink or swim. Most swam. It dedication to us, his students. Student and diagrams from the literature . This was supposed to be a one-year course response was similarly enthusiastic was pretty arid stuff, seldom discussed, with a thesis to be completed, typed, creating a teacher-disciple relationship. I and it always amazed me that students bound and handed in by 1 November, suppose few teachers even achieve as never seemed to lose their enthusiasm about three weeks before the student much, and in this respect he was a great on such a diet. The field trips with long sat papers. In later years the norm teacher. hikes, camping out, abundant and became two years and students were exciting specimens and good fellowship permitted to sit papers before presenting made all the work with dull manuscripts their theses. The department lacked The Senior Students worthwhile . Geology was indeed both equipment and staff expertise for Formal teaching ended with Stage I. Bartrum; we used his tent (it slept four specialist studies, so all thesis studies Advanced classes in the thirties and if there were five he slept outside), were of an areal survey nature and consisted of General Geology with his cane knife, his billies, his hammers, these were undertaken by students who �istorical Geology and Petrology taken his compass. We, in those days, had no had never studied geological maps, not 1n alternate years. This meant that adequate camping gear or even suitable even one of a small section. In fact most 17 Brown who came a little later went to England to continue his studies in paleontology, and was , I think, the first of our students to gain a PhD degree abroad; he later became Professor of Geology at the Australian National University at Canberra. Charles Fleming completed Geology Ill in the mid-thirties; he was probably the ablest, and certainly the most versatile student to pass through the Department in the ..,. thirties. Larry Harrington was one of the outstanding students at the end of the decade and later became a professor at Armidale. As the thirties came to an end, Bartrum was increasingly feeling the strain of the work load and took leave to visit United States - the first and only leave he was to have abroad - and I was left in charge of the department. It .. · - was a very busy time for a part-time locum tenens but a very rewarding one. Bartrum had the great pleasure of visiting his most distinguished student, The Old Choral Hall, on the corner of Alfred and Symonds Streets, where the Geology Department occupied the top floor, right-hand side, from 1919 to 1959. Frank Turner, and bathing in the acceptance he found as Turner's had never used a prismatic compass, was the rule of life and even the sludge teacher. fixed a position, measured a dip, or for from the lapidiary wheel had to be The forties started with Geology that matter knew what to observe and re-used over and over again; the student inheriting accommodation vacated by record in the field. The professor who made inroads on the carborundum Botany and Zoology when they moved accompanied the student into the field powder supply got a very pointed from the Old Choral Hall to their new for the first day or two and after that he rebuke. Bartrum did not fight for even a building. This change came at a time was on his own - although often it had fair share in the lolly scramble and when we were particularly crowded by not been made clear to him that this was sacrificed finance to more rapidly large classes at all stages. Stage I so. Bartrum would visit the field area expanding departments while he, classes could no longer be crowded into again towards the middle of the year to himself, used an old half-plate camera the old laboratory and lectures for Stage inspect sections which were giving the for microphotography and built an I were moved to the Chemistry Lecture student trouble. His field gear - even to enlarger out of tin cans. These Room, and out of the shift we gained the his camera - were at the student's economies were not out of meanness, old Zoology museum, the Botany disposal. The first couple of valuable but rather from basic insecurity based on laboratory and a lecture room, a study trips were often wasted and early work fear of redundancy in those depression and a dark room; in all, more than often had to be redone as the student days. He should , of course, have had far trebling the space formerly available. A developed the basic techniques he so better equipment and better qualified small geological museum was set up in lacked at the beginning. Bartrum was assistance than I could supply, but the old zoological one. More formal meticulous in handling thesis texts . The under the circumstances we battled on, tutorials were organised for advanced student submitted sections in draft as he and on the whole fairly successfully students and it was becoming obvious completed them. They came back so within our limited scope. that Bartrum was really needing more covered with red ink corrections, senior assistance of a specialised kind, interpolation and expansions as to be someone to relieve him of an entire The Later Years almost unrecognisable. A fair copy was section of the curriculum, either in prepared and typed in haste, the map In 1932 during the depression the petrology in which Bartrum had only an completed, the typescript bound in haste Auckland Teachers Training College obsolete expertise, or in paleontology in to meet the deadline and the student closed and Charles Laws was seconded which he had no detailed depth of could settle down to read for his Finals to the university. A course in Geography knowledge. Above all, he wanted in the remaining few weeks. It is a great I was established in the Geology someone that would fit in personally and credit to all concerned that so many of Department with Bartrum lecturing in maintain the happy family tradition. the early theses were able to be physical geography and Laws covering Expert petrologists were turned aside condensed for publication later. The the rest. It ran for three years and because Bartrum felt they would be Bartrum method was drastic but attracted large classes, but was unable "to work under one with inferior effective and the st�dent soon became discontinued when the Training College ability". Finally, he settled on Charles an author with a publication to his credit. re-opened and Laws returned to his Laws as an old student with very high But the strain was great; the need for the position there. standing as a paleontologist, and Laws student to have to make perhaps a Masters students of the thirties was appointed on the very unfair hundred or more thin sections with the included Ivan Pohlen who joined the NZ condition that he would undertake not to aid of a lap and plate glass slabs only, Soil Survey and Jim Healy who joined be an applicant for the chair when it fell and always from chips since no the Geolog ical Survey and became vacant. rock-saw was available, occupied far too Government Volcanologist. They were Laws set up a laboratory in a much unproductive time. But economy my contemporaries as students. Dave temporary room vacated by the

18 Engineering Department when it moved to Ardmore, and instituted formal classes and lab sessions, thus relieving the Department both with respect to space and lecturing loads. The innovation was a great success from the students' point of view but relationships with Bartrum were never wholly smooth - Laws resented Bartrum as a rather "fussy old woman" who could not forget Laws had outgrown his discipleship. Laws was always loyal , but little things rattled him and their personalities clashed. The early mid-forties were on the whole some of the most pleasant I had experienced, although some of the busiest. Classes were larger and there were often up to 20 advanced students at a time. One particular group became very friendly and admitted me to their circle: Hugh Battey was for a time geologist at the Auckland Museum and took mineralogy and petrology classes during Bartrum's illness and in the Students on top of Manaia, Wh angarei Heads, 1929. interregnum period after his death (later he went to England for a PhD and became Reader at Newcastle head. Charles Laws took over as Acting Age of Bartrum was a great one while it Unversity); Peter Wong took a First Head of department, I covered General could last - in the end it had outgrown Class MSc and then abandoned geology Geology Lectures for Stage I and him. for surgery as a career; Nick Brothers laboratories, and Hugh Battey filled in as won a PhD at London and later returned part-time lecturer in petrology. It was to Auckland; Alan Mason went into his decided to advertise the chair for a geologist with petrological leanings. family business but became an amateur Dr C. R. Laws, Several applicants were called for specialist in ammonites; Jim Day (later Acting Head of Department 1949-1951. an administrator at the University of interviews and one Australian was so Waikato); Bob Clark took his PhD at sure that he had won selection that, Edinburgh and later followed C. A. seated behind the professorial desk, he Cotton as professor at Wellington; and interviewed both Laws and myself Len Castle became a renowned potter. separately, giving soothing assurances This group made Sperrin-Johnsons's old but quizzing us each about the other. study and the adjacent darkroom their This was too much, and approaches to headquarters and they worked together administration were made and he was largely as a team. Most evenings the not appointed. It was decided that darkroom was converted into a kitchen Arnold Lillie, who I had known on an and a wide variety of vegetables were inter-university excursion to Nelson, cooked up with the aid of an immersion would be offered the chair and a heater - a delicious concoction which I lectureship in petrology be advertised - shared from time to time. Bartrum was Nick Brothers was appointed. asked to join in sometimes, but declined These two - the one with his great as he saw it was slightly infra dig and humanity and wide geological interests, put up with a few sandwiches in his and the other with his great capacity for office or a hurried snack in the College organisation and his deep interest in cafe. The amount of work covered by research - built, on the foundations these students in their Honours years Bartrum had laid, a Department of was prodigious and the theses they Geology of which the University may produced were of a scope well beyond indeed be proud. I owe much to them the Masters level, as indeed was the both for friendship, understanding and general standard of theses poduced in encouragement but mostly for the way the department; the Bartrum tradition of they brought vitality, breadth and depth field study and reporting was always to the department Bartrum had created very high. and I helped to nourish. I end , as I started: with Bartrum. A great teacher? In many ways, yes. As an End of an Era inaugural professor, a most fortunate Bartrum's last illness in 1949 and his choice, but he lacked depth in specialist death only a couple of years before he fields and the willingness to delegate was due to retire brought the problem of where necessary in order to build a replacement and reorganisation to a modern department. Nevertheless, the 19 Above: Shoal Bay 1931, a field trip marked by sartorial elegance.

Above: Annette Plateau 1961, left to right John Chappell, Philippa Black, Peter Le Couteur, Arnold Lillie, Ed Hillary, Evan Leitch, Dave Skinner.

20 The Period 1951-1974

A. R. Lillie Professor Emeritus of Geology University of Auckland

Editor's Note: Arnold Lillie trained at be remedied as soon as possible (it was and four in MSc years. Similar figures Cambridge and Geneva before joining only in 1959 that he could be offered a continued for so me time, but numbers the New Zealand Geological Survey in Senior Lectureship within our rose in the late 50s so that when we 1939. He then held posts in the Department and induced to leave the moved to the new building in 1959 we Auckland Institute and Museum, and in Training College). had 73 in Stage I, nine in Stage II, six in the Geology Department at Victoria Hugh Battey, geologist at the Stage Ill, five in MSc, and two in PhD University College, before being Auckland Museum, continued to give (Searle and Grant-Mackie) with 33 appointed Professor of Geology at part-time lectures on mineralogy and Engineering Geology students (see Auckland in 1951 ; he retired in 197 4. petrology to a Stage Ill class until the graph). arrival of Dr Brothers from London late in The numbers in advanced years had In describing the history of the the year. Nick Brothers had just remained low because most of our Geology Department between 1951 and completed his PhD with a petrological students continued to enroll in Geology 1974 I try to give, besides an account of thesis at Imperial College and Hugh as an "odd unit" with no intention of events and developments, some idea of Battey then left to study for a doctorate going beyond Stage I. Indeed a feature the policies and plans which we at Cambridge also on a petrological of geology enrolments, then common followed. thesis. They had both, as had several throughout New Zealand, was that very My time as Professor of Geology at other students of Bartru m, developed a few of those students who eventually did Auckland can be conveniently seen as special interest in petrology and indeed adopt geology as a career had arrived at two distinct periods, the first when we the department was to become the university with that intention. The few remained in the Old Choral Hall and especially strong in petrology, openings available to geologists within later our occupation, after 1959, of the mineralogy and geochemistry with much New Zealand were confined to the temporary or "interim" building adjacent modern equipment for research. universities, the Geological Survey or to Old Government House where we still Apart from this teaching staff, who did Soil Survey. Most MSc students doing remain. In fact , the change of quarters most of their own technical work , the Geology had to consider going abroad coincided with a remarkable only technical assistance available up for geological work, so quite a number of improvement in all our material until 1957 was that of students paid for a the MSc class took up school teaching conditions and in all aspects of our work few hours as part-time assistants. One where their geological training was only within the department. It also marked the secretary worked half the day in the indirectly applicable. But in the middle beginning of a period of very rapid Geology Department and half the time in fifties a few of our MSc graduates were growth which accompanied great the Botany Department, largely to the recruited by British oil companies and financial improvements in the New advantage of the latter department since the growth of mineral exploration in Zealand university system, more or less her equipment and supplies were there. Australia began to influence a few simultaneously with the granting of Some of thedefi ciencies were soon independent status to the fo rmer met by appointing part-time student constituent colleges in 1961 . assistants to demonstrate and to do Prof. A. R. Ullie, technical work. As classes were small Head of Department 1951-1970. and staff few, relations between staff Early Period in the and students were very good, especially Old Choral Hall in the early years. The atmosphere was The staff when I arrived in Auckland in very cheerful and informal but orderly, 1951 was very small, but experienced , and the obvious lack of equipment and and each member had his own special our meagre resources meant that research interest and competence. Dr students were willing to help on odd jobs Charles Laws, who was Acting-Head (often without pay) and to accept after the death of Professor Bartrum, makeshift arrangements. Lacking the and author of many specialist papers on more elaborate diagnostic methods Tertiary mollusca, lectured on provided by modern apparatus they palaeontology and New Zealand persisted more deeply than the modern stratigraphy. Ernest Searle, at that time student to make basic descriptions using employed as a temporary demonstrator the simple methods described in the but holding a senior position in the older books. Teachers Training College, worked at In my first year at Auckland (1951 ) we least eight hours a week on Stage I had 43 enrolled for Stage I of whom 34 laboratories and many other tasks. His sat the degree examinations and eight special interests were in volcanic failed; there were 17 Engineering geology, the petrology of volcanic rocks, Geology students. With the later and geomorphology. In fact, his introduction of Geography as a "unit" in knowledge and his enthusiasm made the Science Faculty our Stage I numbers him a key person in the department and then dropped to some 30 students and one could only regard his status and remained so for some years. In 1951 we remuneration as an absurd anomaly to had only eight in Stage II, six in Stage Ill 21 210 210

200 20C

190 190 Stage ! -I ­ 180 II ·· II 180 III -- III--- Graduate stu dents G - 170 170 Engmeer1ng stude ts - E ---

160 160

150 150

11.0 11.0

130 30

120 120

110 110

100 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I f I I 100 �

50 50

1.0 1.0 ·"'1\ .

30 I I 30 � :_ i . . /

20 . I 20 ,'\ / \ / ,, 10 'II·· v' 10 II •

Graph of enrolmepts In Geologycourses at University of Auckland Note: Peak in Stage I enrolments for 1946 marks post-war enrolments; drop after 1951 -introduction of Geography as a unit for BSc degree; peak in 1970 - news of mineral boom in Australia. Numbers of graduates may exceed those of Stage Ill in graph because most MSc students took two years to complete and PhD students are included "as graduates".

students. Nevertheless, it was not until scheme compelled the student to do at students. Geology in New Zealand the 60s that many freshmen began to least three sciences, but he could do universities has now become a enter the university with the intention of more and he could not over-specialise . "vocational subject." graduating with geology as the major Specialisation was left to the MSc In all departments of the Science subject. degree. Faculty some of the staff, from 1954 In those early days, Stage I consisted onwards, imagined how to arrange that The Undergraduate mostly of students interested in Geology students "majoring" in their favourite Courses, 195 1 Onwards only in a very general "cultural" way, subject could choose to do halves only and geomorphology seemed to be the or even quarter etc. of other subjects. The pattern of undergraduate courses most favoured topic. Stage II contained After years of debate this has slowly for the BSc degree in the 1950s a few who intended to advance to Stage become about and the present "point" or consisted of eight units, each a year's Ill but most students took Geology as "credit" system allows one to pass bits course of study of certain science background to a biological or of the old "units". Furthermore, even subjects. Of these units one subject physico-chemical course, and Stage Ill within a subject one can now specialise had to be passed for three years, might still include a majority who did not at the undergraduate level and not take another for two years, and the remaining intend to go further with geology. Since some of the available courses; also one three units were taken from any other those days things have changed much. can take much more of one subject, say science subjects. (At Auckland one had Stage I are mostly of the same Geology, and less of others. The to pass at least one unit of either inclination as before, but most Stage Ill flexibility of these arrangements leads to Chemistry or Physics). This good hope to proceed as MSc or PhD curious anomalies; a student in his third 22 year may find that he knows too little of long time these classes did not increase and hospitality of farmers in the some aspect of geology that used to be in size proportionately with the increase Hakuranaki district of Hawkes Bay, we included in a Stage II course; in Stage I classes, but the failure rate were able to initiate a Stage Ill presumably with time these difficulties decreased and the standard rose. field-mapping camp by using shearers' will be overcome. But specialised Professor Bartrum had always led quarters for accommodation; in teaching can only be achieved at the many field excursions for his students, subsequent years our Stage Ill field expense of wider learning. I cannot often at great personal inconvenience to classes have become familiar with many imagine, however, how the Science himself, and we continued but modified aspects of Hawkes Bay geology. Both of Faculty time-table now "works", even this policy. After conducting field classes these areas remain the favourites for with the aid of computers! (Editor: it to different places, some of them being stratigraphic and structu ral instruction, doesn't.) of the "guided tour" variety, we decided but petrological classes are better that the best course of instruction at served by visits to Coromandel and to Undergraduate Mapping Stage II was to concentrate on a small Whangarei Heads or similar areas north and Field Work area where the student, besides doing of Auckland. his own mapping, could appreciate the As the Port Waikato and Hawkes Bay The main deficiency which I met when I geology of the whole region at close field camps became firmly established in commenced teaching in New Zealand quarters and with an understanding of our curriculum, so others have been was quite unconnected with any the many details that are pieced d ropped. S tratig raph y I paleontology shortage of buildings, apparatus or together in building stratigraphic and classes, for instance , for many years funds but probably the result of shortage structural syntheses. In all these during Charles Laws era, spent a week of teachers. There was a lack of arrangements Nick Brothers and I around the Kawhia Harbour based on emphasis on the interpretation of worked together, doing many jobs that Mrs Oldbury's boarding house at geological maps, a curious shortcoming would today be assigned to technical Kawhia, travelling daily on Tom Rewi's in a new country containing geologically assistants or demonstrators. In 1952, as M. V. Olivene, now wrecked, to Te unmapped territory. Certainly the a result of Bruce Purser's fieldwork for Maika, Kowhai Pt. etc., floundering graduates at the BSc stage seemed to MSc, we settled on Port Waikato as the through the mud to a void lengthy have little or no experience of working best of training grounds within easy detours along estuary coastlines and methodically and steadily on map reach of Auckland and our Stage II being led, followed, rebuked and urged excercises, in strong contrast to the first classes have gone there ever since by Laws into seeing the marvels of the and second-year students in the British during the short vacations. At first when Captain Kings Shellbed or considering and, especially, in the Swiss and French classes were small we rented a small the correlation of the Puti Pt. ammonite classes that I knew. Many New Zealand County Council house (for ten shillings beds. Such regular camps as this, on students, although they had been on per year) which we fitted with bunks but Castlecliff etc., and less frequent trips to field excursions, learnt to interpret maps later we were to use the local surf club, Nelson-Takaka or even Oamaru , are closely only in the course of working for shearers' quarters in the Huriwai Valley now either too costly or too their MSc theses and some would then and, lately, a former children's health time-consuming to include in our Stage draw maps with very inconsistent camp belonging to the Education II and Ill menu as other shorter and formation boundaries. Perhaps this Department. Over the years we have more specialised trips have been defect came from over-emphasis on final built up friendly relations with the local introduced. The variety and coverage, written examinations marked by external farmers and shopkeepers. In similar however, remain high and constitute an examiners, at one time in England (an fashion, in 1968, through the generosity indispensible means of cementing the absurd arrangement), who could not theory by means of practical experience ! scrutinise the students' practical work. Ted Milligan, one of the Department's great Almost immediately I tried to change this trenchermen. situation by handing out a graded series The Old Choral Hall and of maps in Stage II, and I explained its Atmosphere briefly each map before marking the exercise books rigorously. Likewise When I arrived at the Old Choral Hall I Stage Ill had advanced maps to read. found an at mosphere of physical Furthermore I continued to mark some dilapidation and extreme shortage of of these exercises until my retirement at funds. But the mental climate was good which time we had evolved laboratory and sound because all the people were work on complex mapping and structural keen on their work , and Professor problems for advanced students. We Bartrum, who seemed to have prided also introduced in the fifties simple himself on his department's austerity, by programmes of individual field mapping his own continuous personal efforts had for Stage II and Stage Ill students who created an efficient small department. were also carefully examined on their For example, despite strong opposition, field reports. At the same time we the professor had insisted on required the students to pass tests in concentrating nearly all the university's practical work in the laboratory , and the geology books and journals inside the student who failed in laboratory and field departmental library and to these he tests was debarred from sitting final added his own journals. Furthermore, examinations. In addition, practical subscriptions to journals being very marks were included in the results of limited, he had built up a large collection finals. These measures very quickly of reprints, carefully if simply catalogued . produced the desired effects: our Stage Such pamphlets, now numbering many II and Ill classes worked harder and with thousands, and mostly including papers more enthusiasm than before, and for a not printed in any of our journals, were

23 at that time repairs needed the approval of the Education Department in Wellington. Our store-room below the Chemistry department was very often flooded by overflow from the laboratories. Every repair and alteration took so much discussion, correspondence and delay that eventually we tried to do as much for ourselves as possible, often taking on jobs of heavy manual work. Soon after Nick Brothers' arrival we were both sawing wood and hammering to build cubicles for our research students in the old museum of the Choral Hall. And the unpacking of Bartrum's field specimens, with most of their labels undecipherable, also took much of Nick Brothers' time. Perhaps we became too preoccupied with this sort of task, but money for technical assistance was very scarce Stage II field camp at the Port Wa ikato house, 1958. Left to right: June Verner, Barry Curham, and geology is concerned with materials; David Smale, obscured, Dave Skinner, Graham Mansergh, Katie Donald, Brian Gilberd, Brian even the field work required the Anderson, Gary Colebrook, George Morgan, Arnold Lillie, Jack Grant-Mackie. organisation of camping equipment, of food and of transport. In those early for a long while one of our most laps . The professor had made all his days, scholarship, of which some important reference sources for research own slides and the advanced students academic colleagues could talk at work. Jack Grant-Mackie in his student used the same slow methods on their length, had often to suffer in order to days initiated and undertook the research material. improve our classes for the students. cataloguing of these reprints , and we This sort of painstaking work and But soon we had a rock-saw and have all tenaciously and personally extreme economy was typical of grinding laps installed in the former supervised parts of this library as a Bartrum's attention to his duties which departmental responsibility , in spite of basement store-room; and we appointed seemed to exceed greatly that of his a most efficient lapidarist, one of our occasional protests by the University colleagues in other departments. I MSc graduates, Miss Hope Macdonald, Librarians, until the retention of the cannot recall any other equipment. who soon emigrated to London and collection within our own walls came to Dr Laws taught all his paleontology be accepted as university policy. immediate promotion in the Geological and stratigraphy classes in a large hut Institute at South Kensington. We even beside what had been the old Mining (Editor's Note: I must confess that this bought a refractometer and some new School . This dilapidated green microscopes! With such improvement was a deliberately contrived result. We corrugated iron shed was an oven in consistently refused to transfer our our students could work more efficiently summer, an ice-box in winter and and more time became available to holdings of books and journals to the lectures were often drowned out by the Main Library, arguing that these improve our teaching and to do our own drumming of the rain. In such research than in the past. comprised mainly Bartrum's co!lection circumstances Charles Laws held his which was a bequest to the Geology small Stage II or Ill classes in his office The New ''Interim' ' Department. The University Librarian at the back of this shed, a couple of became so frustrated that he demanded electric heaters making the room more Building we should remove all geology habitable and his foul old pipe making it At different times the Vice-Chancellor publications from his library which we more uninhabitable. There he went in asked me to present our detailed did gladly and forthwith, using a rental detail through the full range of New requirements for a new building to be truck and a team of students .) Zealand's stratal sequence and the situated either at Tamaki or Hobson Bay Hundreds of large and very ancient fossils it contained, or dictated notes on or Bastion Point, according to the lantern slides had been amassed by fossil group after fossil group, an fluctuating views of governments, Professor Bartrum and those were approach that produced few dedicated university councils and many others, projected dimly through an extraordinary paleontologists but a good knowledge of inside and outside the university. Victorian lantern (now in a museum) our geologic history and an awareness However, it was eventually decided by until I was able to build up a fresh set of of fossils and their uses. the government of the day that the 35 mm slides and buy a new projector. The rest of the teaching took place in university should stay on the Symonds The one good research microscope was one wing, upstairs, of the Old Choral Street site and we planned to share a a Dick with fixed-stage and three Hall which at that time was intended for temporary building with the Geography polarising nicols, but a few other demolition; a crack in Professor Department. Nick Brothers was the chief petrographic microscopes (Swifts) were Bartrum's room bore reference marks planner in the early stages, the decision quite adequate for small Stage Ill which recorded slow subsidences of part having been made when I was abroad classes; and so we managed. The of the building. These quarters were on leave, but he kept in close touch by preparation of the rock slides had been quite pleasant and quiet, but very cold, a letter concerning the plans being drawn done by breaking off chips ot rock and little melancholic, and the roof in Stage I up by Mr Beatson, the architect, of then grinding them on an old mill-wheel, laboratory leaked during heavy rains (in Messrs Massey, Beatson, Rix-Trott and finishing the job on a sheet of glass, six different places); during a few years Carter. When I arrived back, we without any rock-saw or other grinding no money was available to repair it, for continued to plan many details of 24 laboratories, of library and of rock-storage cupboards; of the latter several dozen were required. Nick Brothers had decided to simplify these greatly by having one standard size of drawer throughout the whole department, and the result is a very efficient type of cabinet and of drawer, both of which can be cheaply constructed with little skill. In all our plans we aimed at maximum economy and Simplicity with the intention of being able to interchange fitments easily and rapidly. Eventually the building was to be so large that it would require a stonger frame than that of a "temporary" building so it became classified as an "interim" building from wh ich we were supposed to be moved in the near future. The new bu ilding loomed large in our thoughts , especially mine, because during some twenty years in New Zealand I had never worked in anything Members of the 1967 graduate school. Leftto right: Huko Kobe, Philippa Black, John Elliott, but very dilapidated or makeshift Barbara Horne (technical staff), Bob Cooper, Brian Jones, Chris Gulliver, Dave Skinner, Peter accommodation. At last the time came Le Couteur. when we could move, early in the first term of 1959. It was all done within a enlarged during two months of and Grafton Road, which formed the week with only six hours of assistance concentrated collecting in 1960-61 by subject of elaborate arguments with from removal men, everything else being Peter Ballance, Nick Clark, Jack officers of the Maintenance Department carried with rejoicing by our (unpaid) Grant-Mackie and Ted Milligan. who were loathe to put good money into students - fossils, rocks , books and University architects are always improving a building scheduled for some equipment into new bright criticised severely and the new building demolition, whereas we argued for a quarters, smelling of varnish and polish ! had its deficiencies; the upper floor will certain minimum of amenities, lighting, We left behind all the old furniture with not support a great weight of rocks plugs for microscope lights, shelves, etc, the exception of Bartrum's desk and despite our requests during the planning plus supplies of flea powder. In these chair, the latter originally one of Sir stage and it has been strengthened to dingy quarters (at one time said to be George Grey's. We had our own half of hold the library. The cantilevered stairs haunted* ), I think we crammed some 18 a building both upstairs and downstairs. were also a great nuisance. But Mr to 20 students. But that was not enough And we shared amicably a common Beatson succeeded in making a really space and we also used (1968) part of a room with our neighbours in the pleasant sunny working environment wooden annexe of the Town Planning Geography Department. Furthermore, it with a tranquil view over the grounds of building called the Gables and was a university tradition that a removal Government House, the quietest and the connected by a ricketty balcony. On the to new quarters needed new equipment, best site on the whole university ground nearby we used an even more so we were heaped suddenly with campus. I do not think any of the present dilapidated, and squalid building, (with a largesse : new grinding equipment, new staff really look forward to leaving this loft housing some large rats) that I called petrographic equipment, new cameras, "interim" building which we have altered the Stables: (Editor's Note: it was, in a Franz lsodynamic separator and many internally several times since we arrived fact, an old stable). And further down the other things we had wanted for years. in 1959. All our classes started to road, the wooden outbuildings of Besides good laboratories, I think we expand from that date and from then we Rexcourt. had nine thousand pounds worth of new had always space difficulties which were It was in the Stables that the equipment. We even had a mostly met by housing research Maintenance Officer (with proper map-and-draughting room for the first students and some staff in different indignation) detected and complained time. buildings around Symonds Street; in one about a smell of fried onions (with The increased funds also allowed us year we were spread into six of these! bacon?). It appeared that some student, the luxury of field trips specifically for back from research in the field, was filling out our teaching and reference The Annexes unable to distingu ish his university room collections. The fossil collection in As many of our graduates spent part from a shed which had served as his particular was rather small and of their early research years there, I field shelter. On more than one occasion unrepresentative. The collections recall briefly these different quarters. For we had such complaints about the Charles Laws had worked with were a short time, part of a hut beside the dingier rooms but I never found that largely made by himself and at his own Botany block was shared with Physics, expense ; unfortunately, but justifiably, and then we had a "sedimentation lab" * A poltergeist with a penchant for especially in his time of low salaries and in a fibrolite building beside Symonds lifting rock specimens had caused therefore inadequate superannuation Street, on the site of the present these to hover above the table provisions, when he retired he sold the underpass. For a longer time many of although the agent remained invisible. bulk, the best material going to the our graduate students, some staff and (Editor's Note: a plaque Smithsonian Institution and the NZ an advanced optics laboratory were in commemorating this "presence" has Geological Survey. We purchased a the "Vaile Building", a dreary concrete been mounted in the pedestrian small and useful residue, which was house on the corner of Symonds Street underpass.) 25 Malcolm Laird and David Smale at the Burke Hut, Haast River, December 1958. research students misused really good quarters. In 1973 the Geology Department was able to move into the other half of the Interim build ing vacated by the Geography Department but by that time we had lost all of the annexes by demolition except for the Vaile where all of our graduate students were concentrated. The tiresome wrangles about buildings seem to have continued intermittently since 1 951 and I see, in the departmental Annual Report for 1981 , that Jack Grant-Mackie bemoans his fruitless efforts to get some lighting job done in the new quarters to which The Stage I laboratories have now been reluctantly moved, separated, of course, by at least five to seven minutes walk from the rest of the Geology Department The present main departmental building, designated as "interim" in 1959. - plus ca change ... senior lectureship, joining the full-time began to increase markedly along with staff in the new building; in 1960, the The New Regime in the Stage I increases because, with the year when Nick Brothers was promoted mineral boom beginning in Australia, the New "Interim" Building to Associate-Professor, Jack prospects of a career as a geologist The brand new build ing and its new Grant-Mackie was promoted to a became more promising to the new equipment had a great influence on Lectureship in Paleontology and Peter undergraduate. Thus, from the figures students as well as staff. It was the Ballance from London joined the staff as for 1959 that I have already quoted, the beginning of a new epoch almost Lecture in Sedimentology. In 1960 we enrolments in 1965 rose to 159 in Stage coincident with the transformation from held the last of our evening lectures to I, 21 in Stage II, 10 in Stage Ill, 18 in university college to university which Stage I. Very soon, in 1962, Ernie MSc, three PhD and 33 in Engineering brought with it some transfusion of good Searle was promoted to Geology. By 1970 (the year of my money. Considerable staff changes Associate-Professor. The whole mood of retirement as Head of Department) we coincided approximately with the move the Department was full of expansion had 221 Stage I students, 51 Stage II, to the new building. Jack Grant-Mackie and optimism in the early sixties 28 Stage Ill, six BSc Honours, 22 MSc, who had been demonstrator and our because the staff now had the capacity four PhD and 55 students in Engineering departmental assistant librarian for some to teach in greater depth and with more Geology. At that date several of our years became Junior Lecturer in 1959, "finish", to supervise more theses, and research projects were subsidised by following Dr Laws' retirement. In 1959 to do more of their own research. mining companies or geological surveys, Ernie Searle eventually accepted a The numbers in our advanced classes including even some work abroad. This,

26 Above: Vic McGregor and Dick Wa lcott at the Upper Murchison Hut, November 1960.

work as very important, firstly, in developing the students' critical faculties and self-confidence (especially his ability to work very largely on his own with only a few days of guidance) and, secondly, in training for a job because most professional geologists have either to do much field work or to assess the reliability of such work. A laboratory Above: The Gables, Symonds Street, one of the succession of temporary buildings. worker depends considerably on the methods of field collections and I think, was the highest enrolment and he also instructed some students in interpretations. So only in a few reached in Stage I but numbers in Stage the new apparatus that we gradually instances have we accepted theses that II and Stage Ill, and particularly MSc, acquired. Then, from internal were not based on much field work and remained high after that date when we promotions, we gained Cam Nelson those cases were only in later years were already obliged to repeat some (sedimentology), Kerry Rodgers when equipment became adequate for Stage II and Stage ill laboratories for (geochemistry), Philippa Black very specialised laboratory work. The want of space and equipment; the Stage (mineralogy) and Nick Brothers to a full MSc thesis also involved quite a lot of I laboratories had already been running (personal) chair and more responsibility. laboratory work and the students in several streams. Graham Gibson (micropaleontology) themselves tended to increase the In 1973 when I was no longer Head of came to us from Shell Oil, and Don amount of this work by making more Department we were able to take over Zimmerman (m ineral deposits) from preparations than were really necessary the other half of the interim building, Australia. Huko Kobe (mineral deposits - for example a student might cut 150 formerly held by Geography, and this and applied geology) came from Zurich thin sections of rocks where perhaps 80 relieved some of the stress, but as the via Peru, and Bernhard Sporli (structural would have been adequate. Such temporary buildings across Symonds geology) also was a graduate of Zurich excesses were hard to curb, especially Street were later demolished, my via America. Murray Gregory (marine when the numbers increased until we successors as Heads of Departments sediments), an Auckland graduate, had fifty research students at a time. (Nick Brothers and later Jack came back to us from oceanographic The BSc Hons degree in Geology, Grant-Mackie) were faced with a work in Nova Scotia. In creases of introduced at Auckland in 1967, we have growing research school (17 PhD and technical staff and other support staff reserved for the best of our Stage Ill 33 MSc candidates enrolled in 197 4) accompanied these changes and Barry students, perhaps two in a class of presenting a challenge to keen research Curham , appointed in 1957, is now our twenty. Several of these successful supervisors and many administrative most senior technician. candidates then transferred with our problems about space. Furthermore the encouragement to other schools, some Stage II and Ill classes feeding into the abroad, to take PhD degrees in a fresh research school had increased The Nature of the environment. proportionately. During my time as Research The Ph D was reintroduced to professor 112 students took MSc, PhD For a long time the standard research Auckland University only in 1957. Ernie or BSc Honours research degrees in degree at Auckland has been the MSc Searle, one of our first two enrolments, Geology. (I have tried to trace the later degree with thesis which most never completed the degree because his employment of these people; see table.) geologists took two years to complete external examiner recommended that he All ofthese advances were only made because of the field work involved. A few transfer his candidature to the higher possible during 1960-1 970 by increases very able students completed the degree DSc degree which was awarded shortly of staff in addition to those mentioned in less time, between November of one afterwards. Later, our PhD school earlier. Firstly, we induced Mr Tom year and the end ofDec ember of the increased to become at times Wilson to abandon a managerial position next year, but most students found that it embarrassingly large, but the MSc has in the Chemistry Department and to take took time to accustom themselves to the remained our standard qualification a post on our professional staff as methodical pattern of field work suited to (unlike some English degree structures) Analyst. He was a real acquisition in their particular region and to their own and greatly respected, especially in adding a new dimension to our research aptitudes. We always regarded the field Australia; indeed, three chief geologists 27 require to make a visit of four days and that of a PhD student may need some eight to ten days to evaluate all aspects of the problems pr.esented by a field; this is essential as the supervisor is also the examiner most conversant with the field. All staff members have willingly undertaken this supervision in the field but the amount of time consumed in this task has perhaps not been appreciated in other departments. Because staff-student ratios have often formed the university's basis for the increase and promotion of staff, and our total student numbers were often small, during some years our department has tended to be understaffed when one considers the responsibility presented by a large research school. In addition to work done for theses, quite a number of students and staff have done research in Antarctica and continue to do so, generally in collaboration with New Zealand or United States government scientists. I have here omitted any detailed Stage II field camp at Port Waikato, May 1961, Rear: Peter Ballance, visitor, Jack reference to staff research because the Grant-Mackie, Warwick Hughes, Dave Stanley. Front: Colin Harvey, John Elliott, Ray lists of published papers speak for Ta rvydas, Sam Cornwell. themselves. When we consider the different fields where our graduates and our staff have worked and are working, we find them spread over every continent from the Antarctica to Greenland, and the diversity of tasks done and positions filled by our graduates is enormous (see table). In industry, especially in mining and petroleum, our graduates have filled responsible posts and they also occupy positions in government bodies in New Zealand, Australia, Canada and Great Britain. Besides filling chairs and other academic posts in New Zealand, our graduates are to be found in similar university situations in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. Since 1950 so much new equipment has been acquired by the department that, on looking back, one is amazed at the simplicity and the meagreness of our early resources. If at times in the running of the Stage Ill field camp at Hawkes Bay, 1970. department one has seemed to be ridiculously obsessed with money, of large companies have told me they supervising staff increased with their equipment, decrepit buildings and prefer a good MSc to a PhD graduate for number, the diversity of theses has cupboards (like someone in a novel of mining jobs because the MSc graduate greatly increased and subjects now Kafka) it is a consolation to remember is more acceptable. range from paleontology and petrology the early steps in the study of all these The first field theses were always to metallogenesis and geophysics. keen geologists spread around the concerned with the Auckland vicinity but Some students are now examined on globe, each adding original observations as the school increased and outside theses which none of the staff could to the mountain of geological sponsors appeared, including Geological have supervised in the fifties. knowledge. In all the years in the Surveys and various mining compan ies, Largely because of our emphasis on department I have been grateful that the the students could spread further afield field research, supervision in the relations between all members of the until their work ranged from the New Geology Department has always university studying geology, students Hebrides and Fiji through New required a lot of staff-time, more than in and staff, were so harmonious. For this I Caledonia to Fiordland and the Southern most other departments. For example, a have to thank the Geology staff who, for Alps. Naturally, as the expertise of supervisor of an MSc student may so many years, worked with me in a

28 friendly and loyal spirit dedicated to the study of the solid Earth. Perhaps in the contemplation of its long , strange and shadowy history we have had little time for consideration of trivial misunderstandings.

Engineering Geology When I arrived at Auckland I found that Cyril Firth was teaching this subject part-time in both a preliminary class and in a very small advanced class. He was admirably equipped to do this teaching, as an MSc graduate of Geology as well as of Engineering. Indeed his work in the City Council Water Works Department in collaboration with Mr Mead had required a very considerable knowledge of the geology of the Waitakere and Hunua Hills as well as the application of engineering to dam construction in the Hills. He had also been a field geologist with an oil company! My own experience of applied engineering problems certainly could not The New Caledonia connection: Nick Brothers, Arnold Ullie and guide. be compared with his. However, I had to take on the job because he had no time not enough time to devote to geology 1969 to the Physics Department did to spare from his extra professional duty alone. This class used to fluctuate in something to improve the position but it as Chief Engineer of the Water Works numbers between 30 and 65 students. was only with the appointment in 1972 of Department on the retirement of Mr With changes in the staff of the Manfred Hochstein to the Geology Mead. Later Ernie Searle shared this Engineering School, the whole course Department that solid-earth geophysics class with me, and still later Murray has been upgraded in status and vastly could be taught adequately as a basis Gregory. improved. for those undergraduates with special This class was held at one time in interests in pursuing later research on Auckland and later at Ardmore , at 8 a.m. Geophysics at Auckland such topics ; these students were drawn With changes in the whole Engineering The need for a geophysicist at Auckland from both the Geology and the Physics programme, the Engineering Geology had been obvious as early as 1950 but Departments, and an increasing number course was cut to a half-year of three we were for long unable to afford one from the latter department became hours per week from an original whole within the Geology Department interested in geology. year and this class thus became very establishment alone. On the other hand With the later appointment (1 981) of unsatisfactory to teach. Ideally the the Physics Department was not Manfred Hochstein as director of the students should have been shown field especially interested in a solid-earth Geothermal Institute, geophysics problems of engineering applied to geophysicist, much of whose efforts achieved a more important place in the particular geological situations, but the would be devoted to geological topics. University, and his place as a teacher time was inadequate to do this and also The department structure within the within the Geology Department has now to explain enough of geological University, at times excessively rigid, did been filled with the appointment of John principles. Most of the class tended to not favour the appointment of a Cassidy. The long delay before consider that a subject taught without specialist with overlapping interests. geophysics could be established at continued reference to numerical Thus, although the status of geophysics Auckland University must seem puzzling quantities was of little significance. The was discussed at length in meetings of to the visitor who thinks of New Zealand necessity to teach for three hours at one physicists with geologists, we could not as an "earthquake country". Probably stretch was also tiring for students and achieve common ground. In the most distinguished of all Auckland staff. To compress a course demanding consequence for many years I ta ught graduates was the late Professor Bullen; so much background knowledge of both the broad outlines of seismological and although his contributions to seismology geology and simple engineering practice gravitational findings on the solid earth, are world-famous he could find a into so little time seemed well-nigh from Stages I to Ill, fully aware of the suitable post only in Australia where for impossible. Indeed, paradoxically, I felt deficiencies in my courses. The long he held a chair of Applied inclined to think that the teacher who appointment of Professor Kibblewhite in Mathematics. might achieve such a successful compression would have to spend an Present Employment of 105 Graduates who completed research degrees in immense amount of time on preparing Geology between 1951 and 1974 special slides, special materials (say, School teaching 12 weathered rocks), diagrams and Academic and technical college posts 23 research on case histories in order to Geological surveys, catchment and road boards, and other government and teach such a course - mostly inside, for public bodies, NZ and abroad 30 three hours in half the year. Neither I nor Mining , mineral processing, quarrying, ceramics 22 any other member of the department Petroleum exploration 4 could spare the time. Furthermore it was Non-technical administrative, business, farming , deceased. not traced 14 29 programme, and the geological side of The Decade 1974-1983 the Department was greatly strengthened especially by Masters R. N. Brothers students doing theses on seismic, Professor of Geology gravity and magnetic topics. Hochstein maintained his interest and activities in University of Auckland the geology and geophysics of geothermal systems and in 1978 we Editor's Note: Nick Brothers enrolled in After Ernie Searle retired in 1972, Bob were asked by the United Nations Geology under Professor Bartrum in Heming came from Berkeley as an Development Programme and the New 1943 and after completing an MSc he igneous petrologist with a strong interest Zealand Government to undertake joined the New Zealand Geological in petrochemical thermodynamics ; he geothermal training for students from Survey in 1948, working at the returned to a post with Chevron in developing countries. This lead to the lnvercargill Office. He later took a PhD America in 1979 and lan Smith arrived founding of the Geothermal Institute at London and was appointed to the from Canada in 1980 to continue as th e within the Geology Department, and to Geology Department at Auckland in magma-man with additional interests in the establishment of a one-year full-time 1951 ; during 1953-1954 he was a minor elements and isotopes. Terry graduate course for a Diploma in Energy Postdoctoral Fellow at Berkeley with Sameshima had retired from his Chair at Technology (Geothermal). The Frank Turner. Shizuoka University and emigrated to curriculum caters for engineers and . New Zealand with his family in 1973 so earth scientists, with an annual intake of I held the Headship from 1972 to we were fortunate to have him 20-30 students who come mainly from 1980, and Jack Grant-Mackie has been established as an Honorary Research Third World countries, and the first HOD from 1981 to 1983, but Arnold Lillie Fellow and graduate adviser especially course commenced in 1979. Academic had piloted the Department through all in the area of zeolites and clay staffing of the Institute was achieved by the difficulties of rapid expansion mineralogy; his research contracts with Hochtstein taking on extra duties as between 1960 and 1970. ThPse included government agencies, mainly on stability geothermal geophysicist and Director, the organisation of greatly-enlarged of base-course aggregates and along with Derek Freeston from student classes, the acquisition of greywacke degradation , have formed an Mechanical Engineering plus Pat (more) temporary accommodation, and important part off our applied geology Browne from NZ Geological Survey as the provision of additional academic and activity. Following on from a joint geothermal petrologist; in 1981 , the technical staff to meet the demands of programme of research in 197 4-76 with engineering side was strengthened by what was becoming a highly varied Claus Diessel (Newcastle, NSW) on the appointment of Robert McKibbin curriculum of teaching and research. coalification of phytoclasts in New (jointly with Theoretical and Applied Against this very impressive background Caledonian blueschists, Philippa Black Mechanics Department of the School of of achievement, the Department during became attracted to the petrology of Engineering). Specialist teaching is also 197 4-1 983 was then able to consolidate coals. This new interest was most provided each year by some 30 visiting its efforts into a creditable work fortunately timed in advance of the lecturers from the university, industry programme which has been notable for international energy crisis and after an and government agencies. In all of its the high degree of diverse staff expertise extended working visit to coal research activities, the Geothermal Institute has that has established the present institutions in Germany she was able to been an outstanding success and it has standards within the undergraduate and establish a coal petrology and chemistry quickly gained an international graduate schools, and in our research section within the Department, funded reputation. In addition to the Diploma programmes. largely by government energy agencies. students, other overseas and New After several years as a part-time Zealand graduates have been engaged Prof. R. N. Brothers, lecturer, Warwick Prebble joined the in MSc and PhD research on geothermal Head of Department. 1972- 1980 staff in 1975 as an engineering geologist topics so that this section of the thus making it possible to teach this Department has been the most rapid to topic within the undergraduate schedule expand in recent years. Hochstein moved and as a full course (in conjunction with into the Geothermal Institute on a geomechanics) at the graduate level. full-time basis in 1981 and he was Tom Wilson retired in 1979 and Robin replaced by John Cassidy from Parker (Imperial College) took over the Liverpool. post of Analyst in 1980, inheriting an elderly XRF unit which has since been Evolution of Courses automated and upgraded to international standards. By this state of our development the Department was running at full capacity in all respects . The gradual but steady The Geothermal Institute increases in staffing, students and Following his appointment in 1972, equipment had lead to wider subject Manfred Hochstein (ex-Geophysics coverage and diversification of course Division, DSIR) very quickly established work, with a developing demand for solid-earth geophysics as third and specialisation during the undergraduate fourth year courses in conjunction with, years. The concept of a single unified and in co mplementary fashion to, the package of teaching at each of Stage I, atmospheric and oceanographic work Stage II and Stage Ill had long since being done in Physics Department; it been modified to the point where we added a very necessary new dimension now offer two courses at Stage I, three to our research and teaching at Stage II, and six at Stage Ill where the

30 stuaent may have a choice in developing a specialisation to take forward into a Masters or fourth-year BSc Honou rs programme. The BSc degree now contains 96 credits, equivalent to the eight "units" of past years, and the average student takes 54 of these credits to become a Geology major (1 2 credits from two courses at Stage I, 18 credits for three courses at Stage II, and 24 credits for four courses at Stage Ill). Accordingly, we have allowed for 42 of the BSc 96 credits to be taken in collateral subjects; in addition, we have retained the opportunity for double majors for example in Chemistry and Geology, Zoology and Geology, or Physics and Geophysics , and to maintain such combinations of science The Vaile Building, corner otSymonds Street and Grafton Road. A temporaryshe/Mr for staff, through into the graduate programme for students and a poltergeist. BSc Honours, MSc and PhD. The pressures of departmental growth available a specific allocation of a have the staff all under one roof are also reflected in the limits that have permanent future site for the Department although graduate students were still in had to be applied to numbers of on the campus, but in 1970 an enticing outlying houses. Towards the end of students in the advanced grades, due opportunity arose. By chance, we heard 1978, the accommodation at the largely to restrictions imposed by that Economics Department had Architecture site was becoming ready for laboratory sizes and consequent withdrawn from space assigned to it occupation and there were still no plans repeated streams for practical work, as within the plans for a new Architecture for construction of the tower block which well as by a complex Science Faculty complex on Symonds Street. The is to contain the bulk of the departmental timetable which is complicated by the abandoned floor-space was suitable for space; we tried to get best use out of many permutations of student only a portion of Geology's those new quarters by establishing the course-combinations arising from the requirements, but there was sufficient Geothermal Institute there, along with a highly-fragmented nature of the room on the site to add a tower building majority of graduate students. Among undergraduate degree. Within the which, it was agreed by Registry and its the new facilities, only one was able to Department, teaching starts at 8 a.m. consultants, would be a feasible and be fully utilised (sedimentology each day and continues to 6 p.m. with desirable structure on that boundary of laboratory) but others could not Stage II students getting all the early the campus. The Geology Department in logistically be used (large Stage I lectures - a suitable introduction for 1970 breathed a collective sigh of laboratory, macro- and those neophytes who may be appreciation - at last we were to get a micropaleontology laboratories, grinding considering field geology as a properly-designed permanent building, and polishing workshops, draughting permanent career! Student limits for where we could all be together, on a office, dark rooms) and most of these each of the advanced courses currently pleasant site at the corner of Wellesley have had to be adapted by the are 36 at Stage II and 25 at Stage Ill; in and Symonds Streets, and moreover Geothermal Institute for entirely different the graduate school we have been with the advantage of having on purposes. The conversion of the forced to limit the MSc and PhD total opposite corners of the intersection two intended grinding room into a temporary each year to between 40 and 50 nicely contrasted places of relaxation in water-gas analytical laboratory is a students, plus the 20-30 enrolled for the St Paul's Church and the Kiwi Tavern. masterpiece of innovation and a great graduate Diploma course in the Thirteen years later, in 1983, our tribute to the perseverance (and Geothermal Institute. collective sigh is one of wonderment at desperation) of Manfred Hochstein and the remarkable manner in which the his staff. building programme has continued to be At this stage (1 978- 1979 ) we debated The Building Saga reassessed, modified and frustrated by extensively the possibility of splitting the All members of the Department over the the administration, with the net result Department between two buildings and last 25 years are painfully aware of the that we are still making temporary usage finally compromised by undertaking yet extraordinary sequence of events that of almost all the floor space that we another set of alterations to the present has accompanied our search for a currently occupy in four separate temporary building: the first-year permanent home on campus, already buildings. laboratories were converted to graduate discussed in part by Arnold Lillie. In But to return to the building chronicle offices and those classes are now given 1959 we moved into our present -this, at least, must be completed if up at the Architecture site . Effectively, temporary building (then shared with only as a record of the concern and we still remain a split department with Geography), but this arrangement soon efforts of three successive Heads of the Geothermal Institute, some proved inadequate for space during the Department! By 1972 our plans were graduates, part of the undergraduate following decade of expansion in student completed for the first stage of the teaching, micropaleontology and numbers; as a result, various teaching Geology permanent quarters and sedimentology located in the new functions, as well as graduates and staff, construction was under way on the building. had to be located in a number of old Architecture site by 197 4. However, in The most recent developments in the houses (and outhouses). Despite our 1973. as a temporary measure we had building saga are perhaps even more repeated requests during these years, expanded into the Geography half of our disturbing. We had hoped originally to the Registry could (would) not make present building and were then able to be joined in the Tower by the Auckland 31 office of the New Zealand Geological both sides, and recognition of the great Grant-Mackie, Gregory, Rodgers, Survey, and thus to be able to benefit by importance of fieldwork as a training Searle), from Wellington (Browne, close association with those colleagues, medium and as a background to almost Gibson, Prebble, Smith), from but constraints imposed by the shape, all research. (In 1983 we are celebrating Canterbury (McKibbin), from England size and floorspace made this 31 years of successive field camps for (Ballance, Cassidy, Freeston, Lillie, impossible to achieve. It now seems that Stage II at Port Waikato - the supply of Wilson), from Germany (Hochstein), the newly-created Department of Buchia in the outcrops seems to be from Switzerland (Kobe, Sporli), from Computer Science, which is inexhaustible.) This earth-science South Africa (Parker) and Japan (Itaya, experiencing a strong demand for educational philosophy has been Sameshima). The growing influx of vocationally-oriented training, will followed by all of the staff assemblages graduate students from overseas has establish a claim for much of the space over the years from Bartrum + Searle been a refreshing development and we in the Tower to the extent that the (then part-time), to Bartrum - Laws + have had to arrange a waiting list for this Geothermal Institute will be required to Searle and Lillie - Laws - Brothers + quota, pending vacancies by completion leave its parent Geology Department Searle and on into our present teaching of theses by students already enrolled; and be housed el sewhere. group. At the first Port Waikato camp, I this group (70-80 each year) is very introduced students to the fossiliferous diverse, for in addition to New Zealand graduates there are, in 1983, some 43 Departmental Traditions Mesozoic localities with a copy of Jack Marwick's paleontological bulletin in my representatives from America, Australia, Looking back over 40 years of hand and open at the section containing Canada, China, Colombia, El Salvador, association with the Department, it photographs of fossils -then seemingly Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, se ems to me that we have always had a deficiency on my part, but in retrospect Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Philippines, this departmental accommodation bogey perhaps the real way of paleontology. So Tanzania, Thailand and Turkey. It is aiso as a constant companion. But there can it is quite delightful now to see a field a marked contrast with the time of be no doubt that it has added a certain class with our geochemist explaining Bartrum and the early years of Lillie, spice to our academic existence; indeed, differences in the speciation for when staff were fully taxed in handling it would seem to be a fa ir comparison Inoceramus, or with our mineragrapher just Geology courses, that we are now with the normal plight of the geologist describing lateral facies variation in a involved in coursework and joint who off-loads his pack at the end of a rather obscure Cretaceous sediment; graduate supervision in Civil long day's traverse, looks around for a long may such academic agility Engineering, Zoology, Botany, Town potential campsite, and sets about continue! Planning and Environmental Studies. making himself as comfortable as To use an aphorism , and (with From a small beginning, in 1883 with possible (and generally does so). One apologies to Frank Turner) a slightly A. P. W. Thomas, the teaching of wonders if such a down -to-earth modified early definition, our staff and geology with concomitant research has resilience might just be regarded by the graduate students constitute an expanded to a stage where the subject administrators as our most outstanding interesting facies of hominoid has become an agora of all the trait. metamorphism: "All those persons of sciences, now populated by a spectrum Within my experience, and stemming diverse origin, and the refore of widely of erudite specialists in earth-science from the time of Bartrum, the differing character, who have reached and by the ever-curious students whose Department has carefully nurtured and equilibrium under a particular set of passage through the degree system established a whole set of desirable physical conditions". Among the determines the true achievements and traditions that include an open-door academic and em eritus staff, including real standards of the Department. We easy-approach attitude by_ staff towards Honorary Research and Postdoctoral move forward into our second century all students, whilst still maintaining that Fellows, we now have graduates from with confidence and considerable very necessary measure of respect on Auckland (Black, Brothers, anticipation.

Opening of the Geothermal Institute, 1979. Left to right Dave Pu/lar (Registrar), Manfred Assoc.-Prof. J. A. Grant-Mackie, Hochstein (Director), Brian Maunder (KRTA), Hon. Brian Talboys (Minister for Foreign Affairs), Head of Deoartment 1981-1983 Nick Brothers (Chairman Board of Studies).

32 Snippets from the Past

A. P. Mason 75a Argyle Street, Herne Bay, Auckland

Editor's Note: Alan Mason completed The first woman to figure in the excellent recipe for longevity : Rev. C. E. an MSc in Geology under Professor examination lists was Beatrice Ellen Fox died 1977 aged 99; Canon Bartrum and subsequently made his Watkin in 1887. Smallfield died 1956 aged 93; Rev. C. H. career in industrial engineering. although The first Honou rs graduate was Hugh Laws died 1958 aged 91 ; Rev. H. D. still maintaining for many years his Shrewsbury (1889). He later obtained an Major died 1961 aged 90. interest in paleontology and stratigraphy LLB and practised as a solicitor in Ferdinand Lang (MA 1916) appears to particularly in Northland. Auckland until his death in the 1920s. have had difficulty in deciding on a His name figured in Auckland legal career. After taking honours in Geology In the early years, Geology instruction circles up until 30 years ago when he served in the forces, winning the was limited to one hour per week (Latin Baxter. Shrewsbury, Milliken and Military Cross. In 1919 he commenced had four hours). In 1888 the course was Murdoch became L. I. Murdoch and Co. medical studies at Edinburgh Uni versity, extended to two hours per week, with (now Murdoch, Price and Hall). qualifying MB, ChB in 1924. At the same laboratories on Friday afternoons and Shrewsbury's BA consisted of Geology, time he somehow managed to obtain a Saturday mornings. Also "excursions will English, Latin, Mathematics, Applied University of New Zealand BSc in 1922. be arranged for the study of field Mathematics, Jurisprudence and His final qualification (MD) came in geology" . Constitutional History. 1927. Unfortunately, he had less than For many years the only prescribed Reflecting the tradition of early ten years to apply his learning for Dr text was Giekie's "Text Book of Victorian England, theology and geology Ferdinand Lang MC, MA, BSc, MB, Geology" but in 1901 Wood's were closely associated in the early ChB, MD died in 1936 at the early age of "Elementary Palaeontology" was added. years of the department. Henry Major 42. Throughout its first half century, (MA 1895), Charles Fox (MA 1900) and Rev. Rollo Hovell (MA 1905) was Geology was a one-man department Rollo Hovell (MA 1905) were all initially a curate in England. There is a except for 1911- 12 when E. de C. Clarke ordained in the Church of England whilst record of him as a missioner in acted as Demonstrator in Biology and Matthew Gilbert (MSc 1918) was known Rhodesia about 1920 , but then the trail Geology. For the first 20 years only an to hundreds of Catholic schoolboys in is lost. MA degree was granted by the New Zealand and South Africa as Wilfrid Aldridge (MSc 1908) had University of New Zealand. Donovan Brother Fergus of the Marist Order. One possibly the best initial academic record and Fraser from the Department of of the first three degree students in the of any of the early Honours students: Geology were among the first students department (1886) was Canon three Senior Scholarships in one year to gain an MSc. The department's last Smallfield , later Principal of St John's (Geology, Pure Mathematics and MA was Pohlen (1934) whose other Theological College. Dr C. H. Laws, a Applied Mathematics) and then double major BA subjects were Pure prominent Auckland Methodist minister honours in the next year (Geology; Mathematics II and Applied Mathematics was a geology student in the 1890s but Mathematics and Mathematical Ill. The first degree student recorded his significance to the department was Physics). Th e curious thing is that he was Albert Charles Lawry. His is the as the father of Dr C. R. Laws who is then vanishes completely from the only name mentioned in the Geology well known to later generations of record in both Geology and examination results for 1884. The son geologists. Mathematics. and grandson of Methodist ministers, he The association of theology and took on the same calling. geology seems to have provided an The Antarctic connection: Peter Ballance on the summit of To wnrow Peak, December Staff, tutors and students of the first Geothermal Diploma course, 1979. 1964.

33 A Century of Progress: William Donovan (1903) Annual Examination 1883, question (6): Donovan took Honours in both "How has coal been formed?" Stage Ill Chemistry and Geology and whilst it was Examination 1982, question (1 ): "Write in the former that he made his career, an essay on the formation of either coal his published papers deal mainly with or petroleum". mineral resources. In 1930 he succeeded J. S. Maclaurin (who had The Golden Years also studied geology under Thomas ) as Director of the Dominion Laboratory. In relation to student numbers, ten or so Donovan retired in 1940 owing to failing years around the turn of the century health and died in 1950 at the age of 70. produced the greatest concentration of talent and immanent fame in the department's history. At the time, Herbert Cousins (1904) Geology was one of the smaller The marine connection: Murray Gregory Like Mulgan, Cousins was a late starter aboard R. V. Tangaroa, Hauraki Gulf, 1980. departments. The examination results at University (he was born in 1872) and, for 1902 list only five names under also like Mulgan, he achieved fame in Geology but 42 under Latin, and the London on an 1851 Exhibition Science education. As a student teacher about Geology examination records for the Scholarship. He was awarded a DSc by 1890 his tutor described him as "the period 1894-1 903 contain a total of only the University of New Zealand in 1907 most competent of any male teacher 38 names for that decade. However, of for his monumental book (687 pages) on that I have ever met both in England and the 16 University of New Zealand Senior gold, described at the time as the colonies." This assessment was Scholarships obtained by Auckland in "undoubtedly the best general work in borne out by Cousins' later that period , five were in Geology (more any language on the geographical and appointments as President of the NZ than in any other subject; Latin received geological distribution of gold and likely Educational Institute in 1915, Principal of two). In addition , W. Donovan , who to remain so for many years to come" Auckland Teachers' Training College in obtained his Senior Scholarship in (Econ. Geol. 1909). In later life, 191 9-29, Lecturer in Education Auckland Chemistry went on to take a Masters in Maclaren was a partner in a firm of University College from 1924-1929, and Geology. Of the 38 undergraduates, mining engineers. He died in 1935 . Member of the Council of Education eight went on to Honours and all eight from 1924-1 930. He retired in 1929, but achieved fame in one form or another: Rev. Charles Fox ( 1900) lived on until 1961.

Rev. Henry Major (1895) After his MA in Geology, Fox took Anglican orders and in 1908 left for Sir Colin Fraser ( 1904) Major took the degree of MA at missionary work in the Solomon Islands Fraser took an MSc and worked for the Auckland and then BD (Hans) and later where he was to remain for almost 70 NZ Geological Survey from 1905 until DD from Oxford. He occu pied a number years. He became a distinguished 1911, then spending three years with a of important scholastic and theological anthropologist and was the author of firm of consulting mining engineers in positions, and in 1919 became President many articles and books on the culture London. His next move was to Australia of Ripon Clergy College at Oxford. He and language of Melanesian peoples. which was to be his home for the was one of the leading Anglican He received a LittD from the University remainder of his life. Fraser became modernists, so much so that in. 1922 he of New Zealand in 1922 for his book prominent in Australian business affairs, faced a heresy charge. Major was the " The Threshold of the Pacific". Later eventually holding forty directorships. author of many religious books, the last awards included the MBE (1952) and "He ranked high among Australia's two of which were written when he was the CBE. He died in New Zealand in business elite in the inter-war period" in his 70s. He died in 1961 at the age of 1977 at the great age of 99. (Diet. Austr. Biog. ) . He received a 90. knighthood in 1935 for his services to Edward de C. Clarke mining and industry, and he died in 1944 Edward Mulgan (1895) (1901) aged 68. Mulgan , who was born in 1857, spent All this talent came from a base of his early life farming and was With an MA from Auckland, and after only 38 undergraduate students - approaching 40 when he graduated MA. five years with the New Zealand surely they were the "Golden Years". He later became chief inspector of Geological Survey, Clarke returned to But - and this is one of the tragedies of schools in Auckland and "exerted a the University College fo r a year as New Zealand geology - this group deep and lasting influence on education Demonstrator under Thomas. In 1912 he blossomed at a time of severe by putting forward new ideas with force moved to West Australia where he government retrenchment in geology and persistence" (Diet. NZ Biog. ). joined the University as Lecturer in and all of these men were lost to earth Mulgan was the progenitor of a great Charge of Geology in 1920. He was science in this country, either literary heritage: Alan Mulgan (son) and Professor of Geology from 1930 until immediately or within a few years. John Mulgan (grandson). He died in 1948 when he retired to live in New 1920. Zealand. He died in 1956 at the age of From the Correspondence 76. To Clarke "the student was of the Files dames Maclaren (1899) first importance and, outstanding as his published contributions to geological The Registrar to Mr Bartrum, Following a BSc (Hans) at Auckland, science are, his greatest contribution 18 November 1918: and a short term as Director of the was in the inspiration he yielded to his "The College Council agrees to make Coromandel School of Mines, Maclaren students" (Prider, Geo/. Soc. NZ you an annual grant to cover your went to the Royal School of Mines in Newsletter No. 4). travelling expenses on geological work,

::l4 such payment to be limited to locomotive expenses and not to exceed £25 per Thomas and Bartrum annum." The Registrar to Mr Bartrum, 10 November 1921 (concerning the Senior Scholars and proposed purchase of a petrological microscope): "I have to inform you that Higher Degrees the Council agreed not to make any such purchase at present ... Professor 1905 Hovel!, Rollo R. St. J. MA Thomas, I may say, has offered to lend Senior Scholars 1894 Major, Henry D. A. 1908 Aldridge, Wilfrid G. MSc the College his petrological microscope 1898 Maclaren, James M. 1916 Lang, Ferdinand W. MA in the event of there being urgent need." 1899 Fox, Charles E. 1918 Gilbert, Matthew J. MSc Professor Bartrum to the College 1900 Clarke, Edward de C. 1924 Laws, Charles R. MSc 1925 Turner, Francis J. MSc President, 7 March 1936 : 1903 Fraser, Colin 1907 Aldridge, Wilfrid G. 1927 Branch, William MSc '"Mr E. J. Searle, MSc, assisted me in 1915 Lang, Ferdinand W. 1928 Firth, Cyril W. MSc Geology during 1935 ... at £20 per year 1923 Turner, Francis J. 1933 Searle, Ernest J. MSc . . . I should be grateful if, in view of his 1929 Bonner, Rose P . 1934 Pohlen, Ivan J. MA 1935 Healy, James MSc valuable assistance, you could see your 1932 Searle, Ernest J. 1935 Gage, Maxwell 1937 Brown, David A. MSc way to granting him appointment as 1936 Brown, David A. 1943 Harrington, Hilary J. MSc Demonstrator, with an increase of salary 1942 Harrington, Hilary J. 1945 Battey, Maurice H. MSc of not less than £5." 1949 Somerville, Alexander A. (College Award ) 1946 Wong, Peter C. N. MSc 1947 Allen, Leslie R. MSc Honours Graduates 1948 Brothers, Raymond N. MSc 1889 Shrewsbury, Hugh MA Clark, Robin H. MSc 1895 Major, Henry D. A. MA Day, James R. MSc Mulgan, Edward K. MA Mason, Alan P. MSc 1899 Maclaren, James M. BSc (Hons) 1900 Fox, Charles E. MA 1901 Clarke, Edward de C. MA Doctors of Science 1903 Donovan, William MSc 1907 Maclaren, James M. 1904 Cousins, Herbert G. MA 1933 Turner, Francis J. Fraser, Colin MSc 1935 Laws, Charles R.

The staff of the Geology Department, 1983. Peter Ballance, Noel Bovaird, Philippa Black, Nick Brothers, Pat Browne, Grant Caldwell, John Cassidy, Barry Curham, Denise Fo rd, Derek Fre eston, Graham Gibson, Jack Grant-Mackie, Murray Gregory, Jackie Hacking, Patricia Hardman, Roy Harris, Manfred Hochstein, Oscar Huysse, Tetsu Itaya, Keith Johnston, Huko Kobe, Corinne Locke, Elva Learning, ArnoldLillie, Robin McKibbin, Ed Pak, Robin Parker, Wa rwick Prebble, Kerry Rodgers, Terry Sameshima, Ernie Searle, fan Smith, Bernhard Sporli, Jo Sutherland, Mary Weston, Colin Wilson, Colin Yong. Absent: Nan Howett, Martin Little.

35 Sta'ff List 1883-1983

Academic Natural Sciences Department (1883-1885) Biology and Geology Department (1886-1913)

1883-1913 Algernon P. W. Thomas MA (Oxon), FLS, FRSNZ, FGS, NDHNZ, KCMG 1911-1912 Edward de C. Clarke MA

Geology Department (19 14- ) Technical 1949-1 950 Barbara Steen (later Waller) 1914-1949 John A. Bartrum MSc (Otago), FGS, FGSAm , FRSNZ 1951-1952 Scot McDonald MSc 1946-1 959 Charles R. Laws MSc, DSc, FRSNZ 1952-1 955 Hope Macdonald (later Sanderson) MSc 1950- 1972 Ernest J. Searle MSc, DSc 1955- 1 956 Wally Crossman 1951-1974 Arnold R. Lillie MA (Camb), DesSc (Geneva), FRSNZ 1957- Barry Curham 1951- R. Nick Brothers MSc, PhD (Lond), DIC, FGS, FMSAm, FRSNZ 1962-1971 Michael Anderson 1958- John A. Grant-Mackie MSc, PhD 1962- 1 963 Philippa Black BSc 1960- Peter F. Ballance BSc. Ph D (Lond) 1964- 1979 Tom Wilson 1964-1965 Donald 0. Zimmerman BSc (Queensland), PhD (Lond), DIC 1966-1 967 Barbara Horne (later Connor) 1964- Philippa M. Black MSc, PhD, FMSAm, FRSNZ 1967-1 970 Ron Cochrane MSc 1964- Kerry A. Rodgers MSc, PhD, MNZIC 1969-1980 Dave Pryor 1966-1971 Campbell S. Nelson BSc (Well), Ph D 1970-1972 Caroline Smith BSc 1966- Graham W. Gibson BSc, Ph D (Well) 1971-1974 Grant Phillips 1967- Huldrych W. Kobe DrPhil (Zur) 1971- Roy Harris 1969- K. Bernhard Sporli Dip. Eng. Geol., DrScNat (Zur) 1972-1978 Mike Speak 1971- Murray R. Gregory MSc, Ph D (Dal) 1972- Nan Howett 1972- Manfred P. Hochstein DipGeophys T.U. (Ciausthal), 1974- 1 975 Judy Hall DrRerNat (Mun) 1975- 1 976 John Wills 1973- 1 979 Robert F. Heming BSc (Wales) Ph D (Calif) 1975-1 977 Barry Moody 1975- Warwick M. Prebble MSc (Well) 1976-1 980 Malcolm Bertram MSc 1980- lan E. M. Smith BSc (Well), Ph D (ANU) 1977- Noel Bovaird 1980- Robin J. Parker MSc (Cape T.), PhD (Lond) 1978- Martin Little BSc (Heriot-Watt) 1981- John Cassidy Ph D (Liv) 1978- 1981 Sally Lush 1978-1 980 lan Elston Honorary Lecturer 1979- Ed Pak 1983- Corinne A. Locke PhD (Liv) 1980- Keith Johnston 1980- Jo Sutherland BSc (Otago) Junior Lecturers 1981- Colin Yong MSc 1957-1 958 I. Mick Paltridge 1981-82 Vicky Lockhart 1958- 1 960 John A. Grant-Mackie 1982- Patricia Hardman 1964- 1966 Evan C. Leitch 1964-1 967 Kerry A. Rodgers 1964-1967 Murray R. Gregory 1966-1 970 Campbell S. Nelson Administrative 1 968- 1969 Roger M. Briggs 1951-1954 Mary Lokes 1972-197 4 Larry L. Wakefield 1954-1 958 Valmai Quedley (later Paddy) 1974- 1975 Roger M. Briggs 1960-1 966 Diane Downey (later Meng)l 1966-1 968 Claire Hadfield Postdoctoral Fellows 1970- 1971 M. Clark Blake Ph D (Berkeley) 1967-1 968 Pat Ward (later Scott) 1973-1 974 Mike C. Bennett PhD (Oslo) 1969-1970 Verena Mair 1978-1 979 Alan C. Purvis PhD (Adelaide 1970-1 979 Margaret Hunter (later Pettinga) 1980-1 982 Kazumi Yokoyama Ph D (Tokyo) 1970- 1972 Candy Mclennan 1981-1982 John G. Begg Ph D (Otago) 1972-1974 Katie Reid (later Cook) 1974-1 976 Robin Thompson (later Curham) Research Fellows 1976- 1979 Marilyn Tuck 1974- Terry Sameshima BSc (Tokyo) 1978-1 980 Sylvia Ewing 1978-1 980 George P. L. Walker MSc (Belfast), PhD (Leeds), FRS 1978- 1981 Shirley Forde 1981- Colin J. N. Wilson PhD (London) 1978-1981 Beverley Newton 1983- Tetsu Itaya MSc (Kanazawa), Ph D (Tohuku) 1979-1981 Claire Ronayne 1980- Jackie Hacking 1981- Denise Ford Including Geothermal Institute 1981- Mary Weston (1979- ) 1981- Oscar Huysse

1969- Derek H. Freeston BSc (Lond), CEng, MRAcS, FIMechE, MIPENZ 1972- Manfred P. Hochstein Dip Geophys T.U. (Ciausthal), Library DrRerNat (Mun) 1979- Patrick R. L. Browne BSc (Cape T .), MSc (Leeds), Ph D (Well) 1971-1976 Barbara Price (later Lawrence) 1981- Robin McKibbin MSc (Cant), PhD (jointly with Department of 1976- 1 980 Ann Paton Theoretical and Applied Mechanics). 1980- Elva Learning BA

36 Geology Department Theses, 1919-1983

1. Gilbert, M. J. 37. Laird, M. G. Geology of the Waikato Heads district and the Kaawa unconformity. Geology of the Whatawhata district, Auckland. MSc 1962 MSc 1919 38. Lowry, D. C. 2. Laws, C. R. Geology of the Kiritehere district. MSc 1962 The geology of the Papakura-Hunua district. MSc 1924 39. Skinner, D. N. B. 3. Turner, F. J. Geology of the Moehau-Cape Colville district, Coromandel Peninsula. Geology of the Takapuna-Silverdale district. MSc 1925 MSc 1962 4. Branch, W. J. 40. Smale, D. Geology of the Bombay-Happy Valley district. MSc 1927 Geology of the Coromandei-Colville area. MSc 1962 5. Firth, C. W. 41 . McGregor, V. R. Geology of the N.W. portion of Manukau County. MSc 1928 The geology of part of Lilybank Station, South Canterbury, NZ. MSc 1963 6. Searle, E. J. 42. Black, P. M. Geology of the Southern Waitakeres and West Auckland area. MSc 1932 Igneous and metamorphic rocks from Tokatoka, Northland. MSc 1964 7. Pohlen, I. J. 43. Chappell, J. M. A. Geology of the middle portion of the Waitemata County. MSc 1934 The Quaternary geology of the South-West Auckland-North Taranaki 8. Healy, J. coastal region. MSc 1964 Geology of the Hunua-Ramarama area, Franklin County. MSc 1935 44. Mansergh, G. D. 9. Brown, D. A. A study of the Kerikeri volcanics north of Whangarei. MSc 1965 Geology of the Clevedon area, Auckland. MSc 1937 45. Mayer, W. 10. Harrington, H. J. The geology of the islands of Motutapu, Rakino and the Noisies group i1 , Geology of the S. W. Hokianga County. MSc 1944 the Hauraki Gulf near Auckland. MSc 1965 11. Battey, M. H. 46. Elliott, J. D. Geology of the Tuakau-Mercer area. MSc 1945 The geology of the Ocean Beach-Matapouri coastal region, Northland. 12. Wong, P. C. N. MSc 1966 Some aspects of the Post-Tertiary volcanic phenomena at Auckland. 47. Gregory, M. R. MSc 1946 Rocks of the Waitemata Group, Whangaparaoa Peninsula, Northland. 13. Allen, L. R. MSc 1966 Geology of Whangarei Heads area. MSc 1947 48. Hopkins, J. C. 14. Brothers, R. N. The Te Kuiti Group in the west Piopio area. MSc 1966 Geology of N.W. portion of Waitemata County, Auckland. MSc 1948 49. Hug hes, W. S. 15. Clark, R. H. Igneous rocks from the Northern Wairoa district. MSc 1966 The evolution of drainage of the area between the South Kaipara and 50. Jones, B. G. Waitemata Harbours. MSc 1948 The geology of Pakaurangi Point, Kaipara, NZ. MSc 1966 16. Day, J. R. 51 . Leitch, E. C. Geology of the Lower Waikato-Manukau area, Franklin County. MSc The geology of the North Cape area, northernmost NZ. MSc 1966 1948 52. Rodgers, K. A. 17. Mason, A. P. Ultrabasic and basic nodules from the basalts of the Auckland Province. Geology of central portion of the Hokianga County. MSc 1948 MSc 1966 18. Olsen, 0. P. 53. Seagar, S. B. Geology of the Maungatautari area, S.E. Cambridge. MSc 1950 The geology of Ponui Island and the eastern part of Manukau County. 19. MacDonald, R. C. MSc 1966 Geology of the southern shores of Doubtless Bay, Mangonui County. 54. Tarvydas, R. K. MSc 1951 The geology of the Waipu district. MSc 1966 20. MacDonald, H. A. H. 55. Thompson, B. A petrological study of the Jurassic conglomerates at Kawhia. MSc 1951 N. The geology of the Maroa district. MSc 1966 21 . Fleming, C. A. 56. Black, P. M. Geology of the Wanganui subdivision. DSc 1951 Petrology of the Cuvier and Paritu plutons and their metamorphic 22. Purser, B. H. aureoles. PhD 1967 Geology of the Waikato Heads. MSc 1952 (Microfilm only) 57. Carter, L. 23. Halcrow, H, M. Geology of Puketotara Peninsula, Kaipara, Northland . MSc 1967 Geology of Waiheke Island . MSc 1953 58. Cornwell, W. L. 24. Hayter, I. B. The geology of the Tapu-Manaia district, Coromandel Peninsula. MSc Geology of Southern and Central Great Barrier Island. MSc 1954 1967 25. Arlidge, E. Z. 59. Harvey, C. C. Geology of the Hukatere Peninsula, North Kaipara Harbour. MSc 1955 Rock alteration in the South-East Whitianga area. MSc 1967 26. Dow, D. B. Geology of Waikaretu Valley and environs. MSc 1955 60. LeCouteur, P. C. 27. Hopgood, A. M. The geology of a region north-west of Whangaroa Harbour, Northland. The stratigraphy and structure of the basement and Tertiary rocks in the MSc 1967 Cape Rodney-Kawau district. MSc 1956 61 . Martin K. R. 28. Barron, R. H. The Mesozoic sequence at South-west Kawhia, NZ. MSc 1967 Geology of Bream Tail-Central Kaipara region MSc 1957 62. Pharo, C. H. 29. Grant-Mackie, J. A. The geology of some islands in Baie de Pritzbuer, New Calsdonia. The stratigraphy and palaeontology of rocks of the Hokonui System, MSc 1967 Awakino-Mahoenui area. S.W. Auckland. MSc 1958 63. Seeley, J. B. 30. Paltridge, I. M. Geology of Raki Raki area, Viti Levu, Fiji. MSc 1 967 Geology of the N.E. part of Whakatane County. MSc 1958 64. Skinner, D. N. B. 31. Player, R. A. Geology of the Coromandel region with emphasis on some economic Geology of North Kawhia. MSc 1958 aspects. PhD 1967 32. Clark, L. N. 65. Cooper, R. S. Stratigraphy of the Mesozoic rocks of the Hauturu area. S.W. Auckland . Geology of the Berghan Point area, Northland. MSc 1968 MSc 1959 66. Fortune, W. B. 33. Milligan, E. N. Igneous geology of the Mamaranui-Waihue area, Northland. MSc 1968 Geology of North Hokianga district. MSc 1959 67. Jamieson, G. A. 34. Ward, W. I. Geology of the Aria district. MSc 1968 Geology of the Glen Murray and Rotangara districts with particular 68. Maxwell, M. G. reference to the volcanic ashbeds. MSc 1960 The geology of the Whangape district. MSc 1968 35. Searle, E. J. 69. Sibson, R. H. Studies in the Auckland volcanic field. DSc 1961 Late Pleistocene volcanism in the East Tamaki district. BSc Hons 1968 36. Barrett, P. J. 70. Jeune, R. F. The Te Kuiti Group in the Waitomo-Te Anga area. MSc 1962 Volcanic ash in the eastern Waikato. MSc 1969

37 71 . Briggs, R. M. 107. Rodgers, K. A. Igneous geology of the Opouteke-Pakotai area, Northland, MSc 1969 Ultramafic and associated rocks from southern New Caledonia. PhD 1972 72. Chapman-Smith, M. 108. Geelen, J. N. Geology of the Whangaparaoa area, Eastern Bay of Plenty. MSc 1969 The stratigraphy of the north Manukau Harbour coastline. MSc 1973 73. Chaproniere, G. C. H. 109. Muhlheim, M. Geology of the Te Araroa area, East Cape. MSc 1969 Volcanic geology of the Kaikohe area, Northland, NZ. MSc 1973 74. Cochrane, R. H. A. 110. Yock, D. M. A. Geology of Tui Mine, Mt Te Aroha. MSc 1969 A study of the beach and dune sands from Muriwai to Kaipara South 75. Small, A. K. Head. MSc 1973 The geology of the Chicken Islands. MSc 1969 111. Whitten, R. F. 76. Ash, J. K. The Waipipian stratigraphy and paleoecology of the south Taranaki coast. Geology of the Mount Camel area. MSc 1970 MSc 1973 77. Baskett, W. G. 112. Longley, J. A. Geology of the Ahipara district. MSc 1970 Rock alteration at Maungaparerua, Northland. MSc 1973 78. Finlow-Bates, T. 113. Nelson, C. S. Petrology and structure of the metagreywacke facies rocks east of Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Te Kuiti Group, Waitomo County. Otorohanga. MSc 1970 PhD 1973 79. Gifford, W. G. R. 114. Farnell, E. J. The igneous geology of the Mangaroa range, Hicks Bay area. MSc 1970 The geology of the Cape Reinga area, Northland. MSc 1973 80. Grant, R. B. 115. Topping, R. M. Tertiary Gorgonacea of New Zealand. MSc 1970 Benthonic foraminifera from Puhoi Estuary, Auckland, NZ. BSc Hons 81 . Haddock, D. L. 1973 Geology of the Tangarakau Gorge-Heao-Tatu area, North Taranaki. 116. Merchant, R. J. MSc 1970 Aspects of the geology, geochemistry and mineralisation of the 82. Maehl, H. W. R. Monowai-Comstock area, Waiomu Valley, Thames. BSc Hons 1973 Geology of the Whangaroa-Marble Bay-Te Ngaere district, Northland . 117. Lawton, D. C. MSc 1970 The delineation of the southern extension of the Monowai Reef. 83. O'Brien, J. P. BSc Hons 1973 Alpine-type serpentinites of the Auckland province. MSc 1970 118. Thompson, R. C. 84. Bunting, F. J. L. Laterisation of the ultramafic-gabbro association of North Cape. MSc Albany Conglomerate in the Kaukapakapa-Wainui district. BSc Hons 1973 1970 119. Mason, D. 0. 85. Codling, A. P. Geology of the Parakao, Pakotai and Pupuke copper deposits, Northland . Waitemata rocks of Hobson Bay-Mission Bay area, Auckland . MSc 1973 BSc Hons 1970 86. Fergusson, G. K. 120. Spratt, P. R. Propylitisation and ore mineralisation, Stokes Creek, Waiomu. The stratigraphy and paleoecology of the Kaawa formation. MSc 1974 BSc Hons 1970 121. Manion, P. L. 87. Johnston, C. The geology of the Waimana Valley. MSc 1974 Geology of Mt Maunganui area. BSc Hons 1970 122. Moore, P. R. 88. Robinson, P. C. Cretaceous stratigraphy and structure of western Koranga Valley, Structural aspects of Rangitoto Island volcano, Auckland. BSc Hons 1970 Raukumara Peninsula. MSc 1974 89. Rutherford, N. F. 123. Batt, W. D. Geology of Paku Island, with comments on geology of Whiritoa. Geology of the Glenorchy scheelite field. MSc 1974 Bowentown and Minden. BSc Hons 1970 124. Feary, D. A. 90. Main, J. V. Geology of the Mesozoic "Basement" in the Waioeka Gorge, Raukumara Geology of the Maratoto-Waipaheke area, Coromandel Peninsula, Peninsula. MSc 1974 Auckland. MSc 1971 125. Zutelija, B. 91 . Rabone, S. D. C. The basement structures at the Manawatu Gorge. BSc Hons 1974 126. Marshall, T. W. Igneous geology of the western Waitekauri Valley, Ohinemuri. MSc 1971 92. Carlson, J. R. A petrographic investigation of greywacke-type aggregates from the Geology of the Coalgate bentonite, Canterbury. MSc 1971 Auckland region. MSc 1974 127. Peters, R. L. H. 93. Happy, A. J. Tertiary geology in the Awakino area, North Taranaki. MSc 1971 A petrographic study of Canaan Valley. MSc 1974 94. Smith, C. L. 128. Hill, P. H. Fracture patterns in the Port Waikato area. MSc 1971 Taitai series rocks at Te Kaha. MSc 1975 95. Crabb, P. L. 129. B uckeridge, J. S. Bryozoan zooarial paleoecology of the Waitemata Group . MSc 1971 Studies on the non-pedunculate Lower Tertiary Cirripedia of NZ. MSc 96. Hayward, B. W. 1975 Geology and eruptive history of the Table Mountain region, Coromandel 130. Thompson, S. A. Peninsula. BSc Hons 1971 Waitemata Harbour - selected sedimentary topics. MSc 1975 97. Holmes, V. N. 131. Goldie, P. J. The Kiwita.hi Volcanics - Miranda. BSc Hons 1971 The Quaternary geology of an area north of Houhora. MSc 1975 98. Houghton, B. F. 132. Richardson, R. J. H. Igneous geology of Parakiore, Northland, NZ. BSc Hons 1971 The Quaternary geology of the North Kaipara Barrier. MSc 1975 99. Osborne, D. G. 133. Grant-Mackie, J. A. A study of the Mercer Sandstone Formation of the Waitemata Group. The stratigraphy and taxonomy of the Upper Triassic bivalve Monotis in BSc Hons 1971 New Zealand. PhD 1975 100. Spratt, P. R. 134. Thompson, I. C. The Ngatutura basalts. BSc Hons 1971 Recent foraminifera and superficial sediments on an area of the 101. Weigel, D. A. continental shelf and upper slope east of the North Island, New Zealand. Base metal mineralisation at Kauri Mountain, Whangarei Heads. MSc 1975 BSc Hons 1971 135. Ricketts, B. D. 102. Ramsay, W. R. Quaternary geology of the Parengarenga Harbour - Te Kao district. Geology of the South-Central Great Barrier Island. MSc 1972 MSc 1975 103. McCarthy, J. A. 136. Briggs, R. M. Geology of the Okahukura Peninsula. MSc 1972 Structure, metamorphism and mineral deposits in the Diahot Region, 104. Stanaway, K. J. Northern New Caledonia. PhD 1975 Manganese deposits and the associated cherts and argillites of the 137. Hayward, B. W. Auckland area. MSc 1972 Lower Miocene geology of the Waitakere Hills, West Auckland, with 105. Isaac, M. J. emphasis on the paleontology. Ph D 1975 The geology of the Oponae and Waiata Valleys, Raukumara Peninsula. 138. Cammell, G. K. BSc Hons 1972 Copper mineralisation of the Cape Karikari Peninsula. MSc 1975 106. Sekula, J. 139. MacFarlan, D. A. B. Manganese deposits and associated rocks of Northland, NZ. MSc 1972 Mesozoic stratigraphy of the Marokopa area. MSc 1975

38 140. Nunns, A. G. 171. Stanton, T. P. A geophysical investigation of Auckland explosion craters. BSc Hons Seismic noise characteristics of Inferno Crater, Waimangu. MSc 1978 1976 172. Parker, R. J. S. 141. Couper, P. G. Geology and metamorphism of Torlesse rocks in the central North Island. Geochemical investigations in the Tararu Valley, Thames. MSc 1976 MSc 1978 142. Ward, C. M. 173. Hansen, M. C. Geology of the Torlesse rocks of the southern Neumann and Ben Ohau Garnet andesites of Northland. MSc 1978 Ranges. MSc 1976 174. O'Leary, G. P. 143. Weigel, V. H. A geophysical study of the Whitianga Graben. BSc Hons 1978 The Waitemata Group in southwest Auckland. MSc 1976 175. Torckler, L. 144. Russell, W. J. The geology of the Neavesville area. MSc 1978 Aspects of the geology and hydrology of the Western Springs watershed, 176. Henderson, G. S. Auckland. MSc 1976 The mineral chemistry of vivianite. MSc 1979 145. Ovens, S. A. 177. Weigel, D. A. Geology of the Tairua - Hot Water Beach area. MSc 1976 ldaite, "Cu5. 5FeS6.5" and related phases: their physico-chemical 146. Leach, T. M. features, occurrence and genesis in ore deposits. PhD 1978 Metasomatism in the Wairere serpentinite. MSc 1975 178. Lawton, D. C. 147. Moore, C. R. Geophysical exploration of Quaternary ironsand deposits at Taharoa, Gold-silver mineralisation of the Broken Hills area, Hikuai. MSc 1976 Waikato North Head and Raglan, West Coast, North Island, New 148. Rutherford, N. F. Zealand. PhD 1979 Petrochemistry of ignimbrites from the central North Island and 179. Barnett, P. R. Coromandel. New Zealand. PhD 1976 Three papers in hydrothermal chemistry from areas of geothermal activity 148a. McGregor, V. R in the Republic of the Philippines. MSc 1979 (Collection of papers - no title) DSc 1976 180. Topping, R. M. 149. Baker, C. K. Foraminifera from the Mahoenui Group, North Wanganui Basin. PhD Petrology of a basalt-limestone contact. Tokatoka, New Zealand. 1978 BSc Hons 1976 181. Campbell, H. J. 150. Wood, A. M. Permian-Mesozoic stratigraphy of the Moindou-Teremba area, west Waipapa Group melange of Kawau Island. MSc 1976 coast, New Caledonia. MSc 1979 151. Grace, A. B. 182. Edwards, P. W. Paleoecology of shellbeds in the Rapanui Formation (late Pleistocene) Alteration and mineralisation of greywackes and associated rocks near from lnaha Stream to Castlecliff (Taranaki-Wanganui district), North Coromandel, New Zealand. MSc 1979 Island, New Zealand. MSc 1976 183. Amos, L. M. 152. Clark, C. L. Basement geology of the Whananaki : Whangaruru region, Northland. Faunas, environments and structural implications of Nukumaruan MSc 1979 mudstone beds of the Ruataniwha Basin, Hawkes Bay. MSc 1976 184. Adams, A. G. 153. Field, B. D. Recent foraminifera and sediments of Rangaunu Harbour and inner Geology of the Torlesse Rocks of the Central Liebig Range, Mt Cook. Rangaunu Bay, Northland. MSc 1979 MSc 1976 185. Brook, F. J. 154. Hoolihan, K. Lower Miocene geology of western Hukatere Peninsula. BSc Hons 1979 Basement geology of the Motu River Mouth area. Raukumara Peninsula. 186. Williams, L. R. MSc 1977 A geophysical study of the Mangamako damsite area, junction of the 155. Rafferty, W. J. Galatea and Waiohau Basins, eastern Bay of Plenty. BSc Hons 1979 The volcanic geology and petrology of South Auckland. MSc 1977 187. Fried, T. R. 156. Munday, P. M. The stratigraphic trap potential of the Mokau sediments. MPhil 1979 The geology of the Oroua Valley. MSc 1977 188. Hamill, P. F. 157. Edbrooke, S. W. Beachsands of the Waitakere Ranges, Auckland West Coast. MSc 1979 The geology of the marine Castlecliffian strata in the Whakatane-Ohope 189. Webb, C. Beach area. Eastern Bay of Plenty. MSc 1977 The geology of eastern Mahia Peninsula, Hawkes Bay. MSc 1979

158. Wakefield, L. L. 190. Robson, R. N. Lower Miocene paleogeography and molluscan taxonomy of Northland, Geology of a mineralised porphyry system, Whangapoua, Coromandel New Zealand. PhD 1976 Peninsula. MSc 1979 159. Milligan, J. A. 191. Whitten, R. F. A geophysical study of Rangitoto volcano. MSc 1977 Systematics and ecology of northern Hauraki Gulf Bryozoa. PhD 1979 160. Anderson, H. J. 192. Buckeridge, J_ S. A gravity survey of north-west Manukau City, Auckland. BSc Hons 1977 The fossil barnacles (Cirripedia: Thoracica) of New Zealand and 161. Carr, R. G. Australia. PhD 1979 A study of mineralogical and chemical changes associated with 193. Barsdell, M. laterisation of basalt. BSc Hons 1977 Petrological variation in the Banks Islands, New Hebrides. PhD 1980 162. Rabone, S. D. 194. Ryburn, R. J. Molybdenum-base metal-bismuth mineralisation at Eliot Creek, Karamea Blueschists and associated rocks in the South Sepik region, Papua New Bend, and Taipo Spur. north-west Nelson, New Zealand. PhD 1977 Guinea; field relations, petrology, mineralogy, metamorphism and tectonic 163. Francis, D. A. setting. PhD 1980 The Upper Jurassic Captain King's shellbed in the Kawhia-Mahoenui 195. Kenny, Jill A. region, south-west Auckland. MSc 1977 Geology of the lhungia catchment, Raukumara Peninsula. MSc 1980 163a. Barter, T. P. 196. Findlay, R. H. The Kaihu group (Plio-Quaternary) of the Awhitu Peninsula. South-West Structure of the Hooker and Copland Valleys. PhD 1980 Auckland. PhD 1976 197. Pettinga, J. R. 164. Wright A. Geology and landslides of the eastern Te Aute district, Southern Hawkes Geological setting and petrology of the Waipoua basalts. MSc 1977 Bay. Ph D 1980 165. Codling, A. P. 198. Tearney, K. W. The geology of the Mount George area, central Fiordland. MSc 1977 A marine geophysical study of the Hauraki depression, North Island, New 166. Matthews, E. R. Zealand. MSc 1980 The movement of sand on some western Taranaki beaches. MSc 1977 199. Paterson, L. A. 167. Isaac, M. J. Petrology of high-pressure metamorphic blocks from Northern New Mesozoic geology of the Matawai district, Raukumara Peninsula. Caledonia. BSc Hons 1980 PhD 1977 200. Diamond, L. 168. Crippen, T. F. Metamorphism and geochemistry of mafic green schists near Glenorchy, Geology of part of the Kaweka Range, Hawkes Bay. MSc 1977 North-West Otago, New Zealand. BSc Hons 1980 169. Hawke, A. A. 201 . Parkinson, P. C. Some aspects of metamorphism in the Hunua metagreywackes . Geology of the Mesozoic, Tertiary and Au-Ag mineralised rocks of MSc 1978 Kuaotunu, Coromandel Peninsula. MSc 1980 170. Merchant, R. J. 202. Alldred, H. B. Metallogenesis in the Thames-Tapu area. Coromandel Penmsula, New Sedimentology and structure of the Waitemata Group, Zealand . PhD 1978 Wenderholm-Orewa section, North Auckland. BSc Hons 1980 39 203. Rutherford, P. 229. Mazengarb, C. Geology of the Matakaoa Volcanic Group. Cape Runaway area. Structure and stratigraphy at the front of the Maungahaumi Nappes. MSc 1980 Mangatawa, Raukumara Peninsula. MSc 1982 204. Rogan, A. M. Geophysical studies of the Okataina Volcanic Centre. PhD 1980 230. Davidge, S. C. 205. Taylor, W. R. A geophysical study of the South Hauraki lowlands. MSc 1982 Olivine nephelinites from Northland. BSc Hons 1980 231 . White, P. J. 206. Stevens, M. R. The Wairakau andesites of Whangaroa. Northland . BSc Hons 1982 The geology of a porphyry copper-type deposit at Manaia, Coromandel 232. Bulte, G. A. Peninsula. New Zealand. MSc 1980 An airborne magnetic study of ironsand deposits of the Awhitu Peninsula. 207. French, A. C. MSc 1982 The mapping of concealed catchment areas over Quaternary basalts near 233. Evans, R. B. Whangerei (NZ) by the D.C.-resistivity sounding method. MSc 1980 North Kaipara Cretaceous. MSc 1982 208. Browne, G. H. 234. Thompson, R. C. The geology of the Kunpapango-Biowhard District, Western Hawkes Bay. Relationship of geology to slope failures in soft rocks of the MSc 1980 Taihape-Mangaweka area, Central North Island, New Zealand. PhD 1982 209. Leonard, T. C. 235. Rattenbury, M. S. Geology of Quaternary volcanic and volcanic-derived lithofacies in the Geology of Otaki Forks, Tararua Range. MSc 1982 Omori area, Lake Taupo. MSc 1980 236. Hennebe rger, R. C. 21 0. Hasibuan, F. Petrology and evolution of the Ohakuri hydrothermal system, Taupo The Mesozoic sequence in the Waikawau area, Southwest Auckland, Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. MSc 1983 New Zealand. MSc 1980 237. Louie, A. D. 211. Peng, Da Jun Some aspects of the properties of the South Island lignites. MSc 1983 Geopressured geothermal resource. MSc 1980 238. Crawford, D. M. 21 2. Roberts, G. W. The petrology of Pouakai and Kaitake andesites of Taranaki, New A geophysical-hydrological study of the Mount Wellington area. MSc 1980 Zealand. MSc 1983 213. Scott, T. K. 239. Shakes, B. G. The geology, with emphasis on the coal petrology, of the Waitewhena The engineering geology of the Kaukapakapa area. MSc 1983 Coalfield, North Taranaki. MSc 1981 21 4. McManus, D. A. 240. Hudson, N. Aspects of the engineering geology including mass movement of the Stratigraphy of the Ururoan, Temaikan, and Heterian stages; Kawhia Albany Basin and Paremoremo area. MSc 1981 Harbour to Awakino Gorge, South-west Auckland. MSc 1983 215. Aziz, A. 241 . Manning, P. A. Heavy minerals of the Hinuera Formation, New Zealand. MSc 1981 Engineering geology of a section along the northern coast of the 216. Erceg, M. M. Manukau Harbour, Auckland. MSc 1983 The Te Ahumata fossil geothermal system; aspects of its geology, 242. Knox, J. N. geochemistry and mineralogy. MSc 1981 The margins of the Tongonan geothermal field, Philippines, MSc 1983 217. Chonglakmani, C. 243. White, G. P. The systematics and biostratigraphy of Triassic bivalves and ammonoids Hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation in a fossil geothermal system of Thailand. PhD 1981 at Puhipuhi, Northland, New Zealand. MSc 1983 218. Huppert, F. 244. Cave, M. P. Petrology of Late Pleistocene tephra deposits from Okataina Volcanic Sedimentology, paleontology and structure of the Torlesse rocks and the Centre, NZ. MSc 1981 . geological hazards of Arthurs Pass National Park. PhD 1982 21 9. Henrys, S. A. 245. Mulyadi A geophysical reconnaissance survey of Great Barrier Island, New Exploration of the Bratan Geothermal Prospect, Bali. MSc 1982 Zealand. MSc 1982 246. Hedenquist J. W. 220. Bogie, I. Waiotapu, New Zealand : The geochemical evolution and mineralisation The petrography and geochemistry of hydrothermally altered andesite of an active hydrothermal system. PhD 1983 from the Kawerau geothermal field. MSc 1981 247. Rawson, S. J. 221 . Grenfel l, H. R. A marine geophysical survey of the Hauraki Gulf. MSc 1983 Lower Miocene Teleost Otoliths from Parengarenga Harbour. MSc 1982 248. Claridge, D. 222. Blom, W. M. A geophysical study of the terminii of the Mount Cook National Park Sedimentology o' the Tokomaru Formation, Waiapu Subdivision, glaciers. MSc 1983 Raukumara Peninsula. MSc 1982 249. Kadar, A. P. 223. Greig, D. A. Late Eocene - Late Miocene calcareous nannofossils from the Sediments and recent geological history of the Hauraki Gulf, Firth of Kahuranaki - Elsthorpe - Kairakau area, southern Hawkes Bay. Thames and Colville Channel, North Island, New Zealand. MSc 1982 MSc 1983 224. Whyte, D. E. Aspects of the engineering geology of the Rangitopuni catchment, 250. Morris, J. C. Auckland. MSc 1982 The structual geology of the Waitemata Group at Musick Point, Auckland, 225. Millener, P. R. New Zealand. BSc Hons 1983 The Quaternary avifauna of the North Island, New Zealand. Ph D 1981 251. Corlett, G. J. 226. Brash, R. A. The 1886 basaltic eruption products at Ruawahia Crater. Mt Tarawera. The Plio-Pleistocene geology of the Te Pohue-Esk region, Hawkes Bay, BSc Hons 1983 New Zealand. MSc 1982 252. Brook, F. J. 227. Cartwright, A. J. Lower Miocene geology of the northern and central Kaipara Harbour. Geology of the Waiorongomai Valley, Te Aroha. MSc 1982 PhD 1983 228. Clark, A. S. B. 253. Gillies, P. H. Zeolite facies metamorphism of the Murihiku Supergroup, North Is land, A marine geophysical study of the junction of the Kermadec and New Zealand. MSc 1982 Hikurangi subduction systems. Ph D 1983

Printed by Maxwell Printing Co. Ltd, Kingsland . Auckland.

40