NEW DIVERSITIES An online journal published by the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity Volume 16, No. 2, 2014 Migration and development: Rethinking recruitment, remittances, diaspora support and return Guest Editor: Ninna Nyberg Sørensen (Danish Institute of International Studies, DIIS) Including the Debate on Migration-Development in the Post-2015 Millennium Development Goals: An Editorial Introduction 1 by Ninna Nyberg Sørensen (Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS) Lower Migration Costs to Raise Migration’s Benefits 9 by Philip Martin (University of California at Davis) Migrants, Associations and Home Country Development: Implications for Discussions on Transnationalism 37 by Joan Lacomba (Universidad de Valencia) and Alexis Cloquell (Universidad Católica de Valencia) Exploring the Value of a Transnational, Reciprocal and Multi-Stakeholder Approach to the Migration-Development Nexus. Case Study: TRANSCODE Programme 21 by Lothar Smith (Radboud University, Nijmegen), Fabio Baggio (Scalabrini International Migration Institute, Rome) and Ton van Naerssen (Avanna Consultancy, Nijmegen) Understanding Diaspora Organisations in European Development Cooperation – Approaches, Challenges and Ways Ahead 55 by Nauja Kleist (Danish Institute for International Studies) Moving Back or Moving Forward? Return Migration, Development and Peace-Building 71 by Marieke van Houte (Maastricht University / UNU-MERIT, Maastricht) and Tine Davids (Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen) Who Cares? Transnational Families in Debates on Migration and Development 89 by Ninna Nyberg Sørensen and Ida Marie Vammen (Danish Institute for International Studies) The Public Role of Social Scientists in Constituting the Migration-Development Nexus 109 by Thomas Faist (Bielefeld University) Open forum From ‘Multiculturalism’ to ‘Interculturalism’ – A commentary on the Impact of De-racing and De-classing the Debate 125 by Harshad Keval (Canterbury Christ Church University) Editor: Marian Burchardt Guest Editor: Ninna Nyberg Sørensen Language Editor: Sarah BlantoN Layout and Design: Birgitt SIPPEL Past Issues in 2008-2014: “Social Mobility and Identity Formation”, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2014 “Diversity and Small Town Spaces: Twenty Years into Post-Apartheid South African Democracy ”, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2013 “Female Migration Outcomes II”, Vol. 15, No. 1, 2013 “Language and Superdiversities II”, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2012 “Skilled Migration and the Brain Drain”, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012 “Language and Superdiversities”, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2011 “Female Migration Outcomes: Human Rights Perspectives”, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2011 “Depicting Diversities”, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2010 “Turks Abroad: Settlers, Citizens, Transnationals”, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2009 “The Human Rights of Migrants”, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2009 “The Conditions of Modern Return Migrants”, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2008 “Citizenship Tests in a Post-National Era”, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2008 © MPI MMG (2014) ISSN-Print 2199-8108 ISSN-Internet 2199-8116 Published by the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity Hermann-Föge-Weg 11 D-37073 Göttingen, Germany Available online at www.newdiversities.mmg.mpg.de Including the Debate on Migration-Development in the Post-2015 Millennium Development Goals: An Editorial Introduction by Ninna Nyberg Sørensen (Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS) In September 2000, world leaders came together of post-colonial states such as Grenada, St. Vin- at the United Nations Headquarters in New york cent, Haiti and the Philippines began to engage to adopt the United Nations Millennium Decla- their migrant-populations living abroad in new ration, committing their nations to a new global de-territorialized processes of nation-state build- partnership to reduce extreme poverty and ing. They did this by constructing the image of setting a series of time-bound targets – with a migrants as loyal citizens, encouraging them to deadline of 2015 – that have become known maintain multiple ties to their homelands, and as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). expecting assistance in developing local agricul- The eight MDGs to be achieved by 2015 did ture and industries, either directly or through not include goals and targets related to migra- encouraging their relatives at home (Basch, tion basically, some might argue, because the Glick Schiller and Scanton Blanc 1994). Even hype around the migration-development nexus when initially deprived citizenship rights in their was not yet established in the international countries of origin – as was the case for many policy agenda-setting fora. Since 2003, when Central Americans fleeing political persecu- the Global Development Finance Annual Report tions during the 1980s – some migrants found took formal notice of remittances to developing that their home country governments began countries, increasing attention to the migration- to fight for their residency rights in the United development link ensued: First in migrant-receiv- States in order to secure the continuous flow of ing states such as France, Belgium, Switzerland, remittances. In the case of El Salvador, migrant the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Sweden participation in cross-border community, family and Denmark, and later in the international and political networks led to formal recognition fora, such as the Global Forum on Migration of political rights as Salvadoran citizens (Mahler and Development (GFMD). Since then, studies, 1995; Popkin 2003). In other migrant-sending policy analyses, international forums and recom- countries, governments began to take an active mendations on migration have aimed to work for role in encouraging and formalizing cross-border policy development in practical ways, including action by granting dual citizenship rights and efforts to include migration concerns in the post- introducing policies to facilitate migrant partici- 2015 development agenda. pation in national development efforts (Smith Interestingly, national development processes 1998; Guarnizo 1998; Baker-Cristales 2008). existed in some developing countries well before Linking migration to development is not a new the international community took on the task to topic for the international community but has, “establish the link”. These processes attempted in the words of Hein de Haas, swung back and to strengthen the involvement of migrant popu- forth like a pendulum since the post-World War II lations living abroad. In 1994 Linda Basch, Nina period: from modernist development optimism Glick Schiller and Cristina Szanton Blanc noted to brain-drain pessimism, towards neo-opti- that, in the mid-1980s, the political leadership mistic brain-gain and remittance euphoria, ever NEW DIVERSITIES Vol. 16, No. 2, 2014 ISSN ISSN-Print 2199-8108 ▪ ISSN-Internet 2199-8116 New Diversities 16 (2), 2014 Ninna Nyberg Sørensen since the dawn of the new millennium (de Haas the World Bank, the regional development banks, 2012). Whether viewed positively or negatively, United Nations agencies such as the Develop- perceived migration pressures challenge social ment Programme (UNDP) and the Educational, cohesion and, combined with burdened humani- Scientific and Cultural organization (UNESCo), tarian and development aid budgets, these ten- and the inter-governmental International orga- sions may partly explain the post-2000 height- nization of Migration (IoM) (Faist 2008). The ened interest in attempts to formulate migration- financing model underpinning the original MDGs development policies (Vammen and Mossin Brøn- focused largely on domestic resource mobiliza- den 2012). To reiterate a few numerical facts: In tion and official development assistance (oDA), 2013, one out of every seven people in the world whereas the relative importance ofo DA vis-à-vis was a migrant, either internally or internationally, remittances has declined (Greenhill and Prizzon voluntarily or involuntarily. It is estimated that 2012), which further illustrates this global situ- 232 million people currently live outside their ation. country of birth, of which 60 percent are to be In this special issue, Philip Martin argues that found in more developed countries and 40 per- migration has contributed significantly to the cent in developing countries. of these, some are achievement of the MDGs in areas such as pov- persons with legal status in the countries of set- erty reduction, increasing education and improv- tlement. others are in irregular situations and try ing child and maternal health. With reference by various means to regularize their status. Refu- to the global policy interest in the field, Martin gees account for a relatively small proportion of also finds that international interest in migration global migrants; they are estimated at 15.7 mil- has been decisive in promoting global partner- lion, comprising about seven percent of all inter- ships for migration. Based on previous analysis of national migrants. Nearly nine out of every ten the “unsettled relationship” between migration refugees in the world are to be found in develop- and development (Papademetriou and Martin ing regions (oECD-UNDESA 2013). 1991), Philip Martin argues that three major Remittances have played an important role in migration-related processes of recruitment, establishing migrants as important development remittances and return can contribute to devel- agents. Viewed from a purely financial point of opment in migrant-sending areas. As significant view, remittances to developing countries indeed international cooperation already