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Archeology of the Little Beaver Watershed, North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Whatcom County, Washington

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Archeology of the Little Beaver Watershed, North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Whatcom County, Washington Archeology of the Little Beaver Watershed, North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Whatcom County, Washington Report Submitted to the Skagit Environmental Endowment Commission North Cascades National Park Service Complex, U.S. Department of Interior, Sedro Woolley, Washington Robert R. Mierendorf 2004 1 Archeology of the Little Beaver Watershed, North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Whatcom County, Washington by Robert R. Mierendorf December 2004 Report prepared for the Skagit Environmental Endowment Commission in fulfillment of Grant 02-01 Report prepared by the National Park Service North Cascades National Park Service Complex Sedro Woolley, Washington i As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural and cultural resources. This indicates fostering wise use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Skagit Environmental Endowment Commission administers the Skagit Environmental Endowment Fund which was established by an agreement between the City of Seattle and the Province of British Columbia, settling the issue of raising Ross Dam. Its primary purposes are to conserve and protect the wilderness and wildlife habitat values and the enhance the recreational opportunities that are consistent with these values in the Skagit River valley upstream from Ross Dam. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Because this report is the product of several kinds of cultural resource investigations spanning many years, it represents the cumulative efforts of many individuals and organizations. There is not enough room to mention them all. The Skagit Environmental Endowment Commission and the National Park Service supported this work through funding and encouragement of the importance of understanding the long history of human involvement in the high elevation landscapes of the northern Cascades. Traditional knowledge from the indigenous first people has been shared through numerous conversations, some during our Ross Lake tours, and through ethnohistoric records and documents that record indigenous experiences. Particular thanks to Upper Skagit, Stó:lō , Sauk-Suiattle, and Nlakápamux people for sharing their knowledge of traditional mountain ways. This form of knowledge, from those whose ancestors held tenure to the land for millennia, is a reality apart from all others. At one time or another, members of all staff divisions of North Cascades National Park Service Complex participated in this project, as did cultural resources staff from the Seattle Office of the National Park Service. Margie Allen and Pat Young extended continuous administrative support to the project; Ron Holmes offered needed computer support. As in earlier archeological projects funded by the Skagit Environmental Endowment Commission, staff and participants of the Student Conservation Association assisted us in the field for the excavation of archeological site 45WH220, which is discussed in this report. Gerry Cook made it possible to excavate the site for the mutual benefit of archeology and the SCA members. Thanks to the on-going collaboration with my British Columbia colleagues, particularly Dave Schaepe and Stó:lō First Nation for the loan of artifacts for analysis from the Chilliwack Lake sites. Craig Skinner, Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory, performed geochemical characterization of vitrophyre source samples. Tim Wahl provided the electronic version of the 1866 boundary survey map. Those most directly involved in the implementation of the project and preparation of this final report are Brooke Larrabee, Andrea Weiser, and Jesse Kennedy. Archeological field assistance was rendered by Kevin Baldwin, Greg Burtchard, Dave Conca, Brooke Larrabee, Lance Martin, Dan Mulligan, Gregg Sullivan, and Andrea Weiser. Editorial review and comment was provided by Greg Burtchard and Brooke Larrabee iii LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................VI LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... VII 1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 1 2.0 ENVIRONMENT, CULTURE, AND ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE NORTHERN CASCADES ............................................................................... 3 2.1 Project Environment .................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Environmental History............................................................................................... 6 2.3 Research Into Indigenous Use of the High Elevation, Northern Cascades Interior... 8 2.4 Pre-contact History of the Project Area................................................................... 10 2.5 Ethnohistoric Background ....................................................................................... 12 2.6 Post-contact History................................................................................................. 14 3.0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS............................................................... 17 3.1 A Research Framework for Understanding the Little Beaver Watershed ............... 17 3.2 Survey and Inventory Methodology ........................................................................ 18 3.3 Special Analyses: X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Vitrophyre, Electron Microprobe Analysis of Tephra, Radiocarbon Dating of Charcoal......................... 19 3.4 Tool Stone Confidence Classes ............................................................................... 21 3.5 Test Excavations ...................................................................................................... 21 3.6 Curation of Project Collections................................................................................ 22 4.0 RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS........................................................................ 23 4.1 Field Survey Results ................................................................................................ 23 4.1.1 45WH631......................................................................................................................................24 4.1.2 45WH633......................................................................................................................................25 4.1.3 IF 117 ...........................................................................................................................................26 4.1.4 IF 119 ...........................................................................................................................................27 4.1.5 Aggregate Sample of All Little Beaver Archeological Sites..........................................................28 4.2 Tool Stone Sources .................................................................................................. 32 4.3 Minimum Number of Tools (MNT) ........................................................................ 36 4.4 Results of Excavation at 45WH220......................................................................... 37 4.4.1 Test Units......................................................................................................................................37 4.4.2 Artifacts Recovered by Test Unit and Level..................................................................................38 4.4.3 Test Unit Stratigraphy ..................................................................................................................39 4.4.4 Local and Regional Context of Excavation Results......................................................................41 4.4.5 Radiocarbon Age Estimates..........................................................................................................42 4.5 Electron-microprobe Identification of Tephra (Volcanic Ash) Sample .................. 44 4.6 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) of Vitrophyre .............................................................. 45 5.0 DISCUSSION OF LITTLE BEAVER WATERSHED ARCHEOLOGY........... 49 5.1 Cultural Chronology of the Little Beaver Area ....................................................... 49 5.2 Archeological Assemblages..................................................................................... 50 5.3 The Geography of Tool Stone.................................................................................. 51 5.4 Site Geography and the Demography of Travel Groups ......................................... 54 5.5 Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................... 56 6.0 REFERENCES CITED............................................................................................ 58 iv A-1. GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS .................................................................. 65 A-2. RESULTS OF OBSIDIAN X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSES.................... 68 A.3 RESULTS OF TEPHRA ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSES ................... 69 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Map of Pacific Northwest and the project area....................................................... 1 Figure 2. Map of Little Beaver watershed and vicinity and key geographic
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