DOCSLIB.ORG

Lag R. Gr D863? Pronunciation of Greek

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lag R. Gr D863? Pronunciation of Greek rw R IC HA R D C LA Y A N D SO N S , Lm r LO N D O N A x n B UN G A Y THE PRO N U N C IA TIO N O F GREEK . THE e G re e k ris of the nation from its long bondage, and its v i l rapid progress in general de elopment , in pol tica importance , o t in c mmerce and in education during the last fif y years, reveal s an inherent tenacity and vigour of life whi ch has scarcely a ever been witnessed in any other people . The r pid means of communication has also brought Greece withi n easy access E r l of Western u ope, and the once distant country is readi y i v s r v sited by numerous tra ellers , either for mere plea u e , or to study the relics whi ch still attest the former supremacy in and a i of Greece art rch tecture . This new intercourse with a nation whose literature has had so much influence on the ans ci ori o world at large, and is the f g of so much of its ll al v m has a inte ectu de elop ent , led m ny scholars , especially in H ll s Germany and o and , to recon ider the question of the proper a of a a a as pronunci tion the l ngu ge , and to study the langu ge r f at present spoken and w itten in Greece itsel . The scholars of England can hardly be said to have fairly turned their U v a attention to this subject . ntil ery l tely modern Greece, l a an d a its angu ge literature, found but little f vour in the a a an d v r nks of our schol rs, e en to the present day there . exists a remarkable ignorance among us of the progress, A 2 4 PRO NU NC IA TIO N G REEK THE OF . im provement and multiplicity of the works which are constantly r t he in issuing f om press Greece . There is in Englan d a general indifference to any modern i ll an Greek l terary production , or more genera y complete ignor ce — of the existing literature the prevailing idea be ing that a f ag r modern Greek is very dif erent langu e f om ancient Greek , and that the present language is so debas ed that the an cient iz The can hardly be recogn ed in it . general use of the ex ” pression modern Greek has led to a deepening of this v who v opinion, and ery few of those ha e spent the best years of their lives in the study of Greek at the public schools and universities have any idea of the language now spo ken in the land where the great wr iters of Greek antiquity wr ote their immort al productions ; and they woul d be surprised if they were told that the lexicon of Liddell and Scott which they h v a e so often used is the best for the language now spoken , v some idioms and pro incialisms excepted . But who can tell how many idi oms and provincialisms of the best times of A ttic are n literature not contai ed in any lexicon , and perhaps are only to be found in the traditional deposits of the nation and ex pressed by the people now as they were thousands o f years ago P an l rofessor Blackie , who is exception to the genera rule in t Helios az this country , wri es in the (the mag ine of the Hellenic Society in A msterdam) I am constantly meeting with inte lli gent persons who labour under the impression that the language and n P S . C of lato hrysostom is a dead la guage , as much as Latin I n w and and Hebrew . an age when Greek ne spapers Greek v e are h books on a great ariety of subj cts publis ed every day, t he e xistence of such a notion among intellige nt persons is a ’ sad Sign of that ‘ insular ignorance with which Professor Seeley reproached the inhabitants of this tight little island ; T HE PRONU NC IA TION GREEK 5 OF . and it is a notion pardonable enough in the general public , as professional scholars unfortunately have done not a little to t gi ve currency to so gross a misconcep ion . For professors and schoolmasters, and teachers of the classical languages generally, partly from their habit of devolving their living function as of i teachers language on dead books, and partly from the r barbarous habit of m urdering the classical tongue by Latin accentuation and E n lish vocaliz ation g , have taken up a position that, so far as they and their disciples are concerned , makes the living language of Greece practically dead ; and so complete is w this deadness, that hen our young Greeklings, after it may be ’ ten years study of Greek in Eton or Oxford , make a tour to l a a the and where the l ngu ge is spoken , they find that scarce a - H u sentence in their well crammed ellenism is nderstood , and h forthwit , instead of blaming themselves and their teachers for M their barbarous treatment of the language of the uses, they ” s denounce the spoken language as barbarous . This represent i the prevail ng opinion among us, which we trust will soon be one of the past . The term modern should no more be used r - as an adjective before G eek to represent the Greek of to day, than before English or French to distinguish those languages from what they were in the fifteenth or sixteenth century . German of the present day differs more from the language of - Luther than the Greek of to day from that of classic times . N 0 romance language approaches so near Latin as the Greek of - P ff c to day to that of lato . The di erent Latin dialects , whi h are a in so now classed as langu ges in Europe , have deviated many particulars from the parent tongue that the Latin scholar has to make a separate study to acquire any one of them . The Greek f w the scholar has not this di ficulty, if he ishes to read writings of modern Greeks . He will find when he begins to study the 6 T HE PRONU NC IA TI O N OF GREE K . modern literature such a surprising resemblance as to excite his m a ha t he astonishment , and to refute the ideas he y ve had as to language being so utterly changed as to be unintelligible to the s . O cla sical scholar n the contrary , he will make the agreeable disco very that at first sight he can understand as easily as a o f t he classic l Greek most well written books , and with a few weeks ’ study he will be able to read the newspapers and T he a as v periodicals . popular l nguage , in e ery country , will ff o er more variety of dialectic form , and not be so readily a a a cquired by the cl ssical student, but is most interesting i r diffi ph lological study . The pronunciation is the p incipal hi s al culty which the Western scholar finds on arriv in Greece, and it is this which stands as a wall of separation between the and scholars of the West and those of Greece , which hangs the d a a shroud of eath around the ancient cl ssic tongue , and br nds the A ttic wit of the present day as barbaric to those who have e contented themselves with pronouncing Gr ek , a foreign tongue , wn in the same manner as their o language . This curious question of how a language should be pronounced is k a language which living , which has always been spo en and has had a continuous literature even in times when the national e is life seem d almost extinct, the one we propose to examine briefly in the following page There can be no doubt but that in a language so widely spoken as the Greek was about the time of the Christian era there must have existed many dialectic forms and varieties t of pronunciation . It is not long since persons from the differen counties of England could be readily recogni z ed by their pro nunciat io n ; some counties had more marked differences of d a a a i lect th n others , and still retain, especi lly among the lower l s m anv a c asse , of these peculiarities of pronunci tion , and also T HE P RON UNCI ATION OF G REEK . many words and expressions peculiar to their own counties ; t he a a same m ay be said of most European countries . The st nd rd of a language in form and pronunciation must b e sought for among t he e ducated and those residin g in or near the centres l v h a a a of intel ectual de elopment, w ich in most c ses is the c pit l w c m a ir a a to n of the ountry . We y fa ly ssume that fter the and z fall of Greece proper, the rise of the By antine power , C a wt t and and onst ntinople i h its statesmen, ora ors writers, A a a m l h lex ndria with its gr m arians and schools of phi osop y , would be centres of learning in whi ch the Greek language was r spoken and written with compa ative purity .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vocalic Phonology in New Testament Manuscripts
    VOCALIC PHONOLOGY IN NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPTS by DOUGLAS LLOYD ANDERSON (Under the direction of Jared Klein) ABSTRACT This thesis investigates the development of iotacism and the merger of ! and " in Roman and Byzantine manuscripts of the New Testament. Chapter two uses onomastic variation in the manuscripts of Luke to demonstrate that the confusion of # and $ did not become prevalent until the seventh or eighth century. Furthermore, the variations % ~ # and % ~ $ did not manifest themselves until the ninth century, and then only adjacent to resonants. Chapter three treats the unexpected rarity of the confusion of o and " in certain second through fifth century New Testament manuscripts, postulating a merger of o and " in the second century CE in the communities producing the New Testament. Finally, chapter four discusses the chronology of these vocalic mergers to show that the Greek of the New Testament more closely parallels Attic inscriptions than Egyptian papyri. INDEX WORDS: Phonology, New Testament, Luke, Greek language, Bilingual interference, Iotacism, Vowel quantity, Koine, Dialect VOCALIC PHONOLOGY IN NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPTS by DOUGLAS LLOYD ANDERSON B.A., Emory University, 2003 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2007 © 2007 Douglas Anderson All Rights Reserved VOCALIC PHONOLOGY IN NEW TESTAMENT MANUSCRIPTS by DOUGLAS LLOYD ANDERSON Major Professor: Jared Klein Committee: Erika Hermanowicz Richard
    [Show full text]
  • Isic3337 Funerary Inscription for Eirena Language Ancient Greek
    ISic3337 Funerary inscription for Eirena Language Ancient Greek Type funerary Material marble Object tabula Editor Jonathan Prag Principal Contributor Jonathan Prag Contributors Jonathan Prag,James Cummings,James Chartrand,Valeria Vitale,Michael Metcalfe,system,Simona Stoyanova Autopsy 2019-07-11 Last Change 2020-11-26 - Simona Stoyanova restructured bibliography Place of origin (ancient) Halaesa Place of origin (modern) near Castel di Tusa Provenance Excavated in 1990; part of the cover of tomb 20, necropolis of Rocche Marina, Castel di Tusa Coordinates 38.007468, 14.257626 Current Location Italy, Sicily, Halaesa, Antiquarium e sito archeologico di Halaesa, inventory ME 20272 Physical Description A small slab of white marble with blue veining still set in plaster. The slab is intact on all sides, although cracked across the lower right corner. Dimensions Height 20.7 cm Width 18.8 cm Depth greater than 1 cm Layout Ten lines of Greek filling the available space, decreasing notably in size in the second five lines Execution Engraved Letter Forms The letters are engraved in a fairly plain, square fashion, with simple serifs. Alpha is mostly with broken bar, sometimes with an extended upper serif, although there is a straight bar example in line 7 and in lines 8 and 10 straight bar descending to left foot; beta is closed, with larger lower eye, generally horizontal along the base; delta varies between regular triangle and oblique lower bar with extended serif above; epsilon has straight bars of equal length, except for instances in lines 9
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic and Philological Variants in the Papyri: a Reconsideration in Light of the Digitization of the Greek Medical Papyri*
    Linguistic and Philological Variants in the Papyri: A Reconsideration in Light of the Digitization of the Greek Medical Papyri* Nicola Reggiani It might be not so original to start with the traditional description of a variant as a deviation of a text from its archetype, but here exactly lies the similarity between linguistic and philological variants, on which the following pages will be focused. Both conceal the assumption that we need to emend a text in order to reach a virtual textual exactness with reference to one, single archetype, and in both cases the critical editor will print what he assumes to be the ‘correct’ form in the text, relegating the deviating ‘anomaly’ in the apparatus. While a philological variant is usually defined after a comparison with another version of the same text, papyrus documents in most cases appear to be unique texts.1 They are, according to the terminology of textual criticism, ‘single witnesses’, and their ‘variants’ and ‘errors’ are usually intended as related not to an archetypical text, but to a standard reference language: Koine Greek. One of the most striking editorial outcomes of the choice of this ‘linguistic archetype’ is the somehow fluctuating treatment of word forms that deviates from ‘classical’ Greek.2 As a tacit rule, what is in fact a ‘linguistic variant’ with respect to classical Greek is assumed to be the ‘regular’ form, in a more or less conscious consideration of the cultural and linguistic environment of the papyri from Graeco-Roman Egypt. Nevertheless, the situation is not that clear, and sometimes we do find sporadic editorial ‘regularizations’ that do not relate to outright scribal mistakes,3 as traces of * This lecture was first delivered in Trier on June 30, 2016, in the framework of the “Vorträge im Rahmen des Kolloquiums ‘Probleme des griechisch-römischen Ägypten’”.
    [Show full text]
  • Linguistic Variation in Greek Papyri: Towards a New Tool for Quantitative Study Mark Depauw and Joanne Stolk
    Linguistic Variation in Greek Papyri: Towards a New Tool for Quantitative Study Mark Depauw and Joanne Stolk The digital revolution and papyrus linguistics The growing digitization of classics has put splendid tools at our disposal, many of which have transformed our daily scholarly practice. For Greek papyrology, research without the Papyrological Navigator [PN], which combines i.a. the full text of the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri [DDbDP] and the metadata of the Heidelberger Gesamtverzeichnis [HGV],1 is almost unimaginable today. Finding parallels for words or expressions in the pre-digital era used to be a matter of thorough—and rare —human expertise or the result of a painstaking and time- consuming search through all extant sources or their indices, sometimes with the help of dictionaries or concordances, as- suming of course that a complete library with text editions was at hand. Digital tools have now put most types of heuristics at the disposal of everyone with an Internet connection, reducing the investment of time to a fraction of what it was before. The digital revolution has thus greatly facilitated what we have always done. Yet the change may be more fundamental. 1 The PN (www.papyri.info) combines the full text of the DDbDP (which no longer has its own separate user interface) and the metadata of the HGV (also accessible at www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~gv0/). It also includes in- formation from the Advanced Papyrological Information System [APIS] (the main gate of access of which is now also the PN), the Bibliographie Papyrologique, and other projects that are less relevant in this context.
    [Show full text]
  • Using a Digital Microscope to Edit Papyrus Fragments of Early Christian Apocryphal Writings
    _full_alt_author_running_head (neem stramien B2 voor dit chapter en nul 0 in hierna): Landau, Harrington and Henriques _full_alt_articletitle_running_head (oude _articletitle_deel, vul hierna in): “What no eye has seen” _full_article_language: en indien anders: engelse articletitle: 0 50 Landau, Harrington And Henriques Chapter 3 “What no eye has seen”: Using a digital microscope to edit papyrus fragments of early Christian apocryphal writings Brent Landau, Adeline Harrington and James C. Henriques 1 Introduction Scholars working with ancient papyri are often confronted with manuscripts that are challenging to read. Aside from the basic fact that papyri are often preserved in fragmentary condition, the deciphering of letters in the portions that remain frequently presents challenges. Sometimes only small parts of let- ters are preserved; at other times the ink may have faded away to near invisibil- ity; and at still other times the letters are rendered almost unrecognizable by blotches of ink. Papyri may also be covered with an obscuring layer of silt as the result of inadequate conservation or a lack of conservation altogether, leav- ing scholars unclear as to what is ink and what is dirt. Faced with such chal- lenges, editors still labor valiantly to produce accurate transcriptions of ancient texts. Nevertheless, uncertainties in readings still remain, and texts that have been edited more than once will sometimes have very different transcriptions. The difficulties in deciding which readings to prefer may even lead to the con- clusion that such decisions are hopelessly arbitrary. A relatively new technology, however, may be able to resolve some of these papyrological impasses, at least in part: digital microscopes.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Koine Greek
    History of Koine Greek M. Z. Kopidakis Contents Introduction ................................................. 1 Alexander the Great the the Transmission of the Greek Language ................... 5 Old and New Testament .......................................... 6 Introduction tantly, to learn how to wield the Attic dialect with fluency. The cosmopolitan city of Athens became Man is, according to Aristotle, a political animal the “prytaneum of wisdom”, the «Ε ». –meaning that, within the city, in a society orga- nized by consensus, he can exploit his innate abil- Neither the sad outcome of the Peloponnesian War ities to the fullest and acquire new ones as well. nor ongoing civil convulsions -not even the rise of In the city, language, the communication instru- the Macedonian dynasty- impeded the development ment par excellence, is enriched, refined and nor- of the Attic dialect into the Panhellenic linguistic malized. In the Archaic period, the formation of medium. On the contrary, Philip II, a magnan- the city-state, along with the institution of panhel- imous and discerning ruler, established the Attic lenic athletic and religious centers, the contracting language as the official language for education and of alliances and other political unions (amphicty- administration in his state. Alexander and the off- onies), and the development of commercial activi- spring of other aristocratic Macedonian families all ties contributed to the smoothing out of differences received an Attic education. The celebrated panhel- between dialects. In the pioneering region of Ionia, lenic campaign to the East promoted Hellenic cul- a type of hypertopical koine language appears next ture all the way to Baktria. The multi-ethnic states to the equally hypertopical literary dialects of the of Alexander’s successors furnished the proof of epics and of choral poetry.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Greek Pronunciation Guide.Pages
    ANCIENT GREEK Pronunciation Guide and discourse on the inherent challenges of establishing a single Ancient Greek pronunciation system with detailed explanation of the LUCIAN PRONUNCIATION of Ancient Greek Luke Amadeus Ranieri, December 2020. revised January 2021 Ancient Greek Pronunciation 1 LukeRanieri.com INTRODUCTION The Ancient Greek language presents many obstacles to the non-Greek learner due to unfamiliar grammar, vocabulary, and alphabet. And for those who wish to learn to speak Ancient Greek, another forest must be traversed: the question of “correct” pronunciation. Indeed, “correctness” is in many ways just in the eye of the beholder, as I shall examine in this essay. Ultimately, pronunciation standards are just conventions, and are convenient insofar as they have utility to the speaker. In the relatively isolated environment of the classroom with fellow students in one’s native country, the convention of the teacher is the only one that matters. But those who end up actually using the Ancient Greek language actively will no doubt encounter speakers from other parts of the world. This international usage of Ancient Greek is wonderfully appropriate, I opine, since the original cosmopolitan language is quite ft to be used by all citizens of the world of letters. Yet, when such occasions arise for groups of people to gather in spoken Ancient Greek, the stark divergence of pronunciation standards will then immediately cause problems, as I have witnessed on countless occasions: people from diferent countries use wildly diferent
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Variations in Byzantine Greek Documents of the Patriarchal Chancellery of Constantinople (14Th C.)
    Open Linguistics 2017; 3: 342–358 Research Article Christian Gastgeber* Aspects of variations in Byzantine Greek Documents of the patriarchal chancellery of Constantinople (14th c.) https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2017-0017 Received December 28, 2016; accepted July 2, 2017 Abstract: A unique collection of about 900 Greek documents, issued by the chancellery of the Patriarch of Constantinople in the 14th c., provides insight into the linguistic level at one place in the capital of the Byzantine Empire. So far research focussed nearly exclusively on their historical or juristic interpretation, the big data for historical sociolinguistics – a general desideratum for Byzantine literature (Hinterberger 2015) – were not taken into account, only some text pragmatic aspects and the use of spoken Greek elements in letters sent abroad were addressed in studies and did unfortunately not entail further investigation. This article focusses on a sociolinguistic point of view and outlines two aspects of variations: a) in order to meet the addressee’s linguistic level and b) to “exclude” the addressee from the learned community (see also Hickey 2012). Three case studies exemplify the emphasis that is put on the intentional use of linguistic variations even in a chancellery with more or less rigid forms. Keywords: medieval Greek, Byzantium, historical sociolinguistics, language of chancellery, code switching, language variation, Greek manuscripts 1 Introduction Two Greek manuscripts from the Byzantine era comprise a collection of about 900 Greek documents of the chancellery of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, covering the time from 1315 until 1402. They represent the only known original register of a Byzantine chancellery; its texts were registered simultaneously with synod sessions, generally as copies, but some signed texts seem to be transmitted exclusively in the register.
    [Show full text]
  • Isic3337 Funerary Inscription for Eirena Language Ancient Greek
    ISic3337 Funerary inscription for Eirena Language Ancient Greek Type funerary Material marble Object tabula Editor Jonathan Prag Principal Contributor Jonathan Prag Contributors Jonathan Prag,James Cummings,James Chartrand,Valeria Vitale,Michael Metcalfe Autopsy 2019-07-11 Last Change 2019-07-15 - Jonathan Prag further revised on basis of further autopsy Place of origin (ancient) Halaesa Place of origin (modern) near Castel di Tusa Provenance Excavated in 1990; part of the cover of tomb 20, necropolis of Rocche Marina, Castel di Tusa Coordinates 38.007468, 14.257626 Current Location Italy, Sicily, Halaesa, Antiquarium e sito archeologico di Halaesa, inventory ME 20272 Physical Description A small slab of white marble with blue veining still set in plaster. The slab is intact on all sides, although cracked across the lower right corner. Dimensions Height 20.7 cm Width 18.8 cm Depth greater than 1 cm Layout Ten lines of Greek filling the available space, decreasing notably in size in the second five lines Execution Engraved Letter Forms The letters are engraved in a fairly plain, square fashion, with simple serifs. Alpha is mostly with broken bar, sometimes with an extended upper serif, although there is a straight bar example in line 7 and in lines 8 and 10 straight bar descending to left foot; beta is closed, with larger lower eye, generally horizontal along the base; delta varies between regular triangle and oblique lower bar with extended serif above; epsilon has straight bars of equal length, except for instances in lines 9 and 10 when
    [Show full text]
  • Sonja Dahlgren and Martti Leiwo Confusion of Mood Or Phoneme? the Impact of L1 Phonology on Verb Semantics1
    To appear in: Dahlgren, Sonja & Martti Leiwo. In press. In Serzant, Ilja & Dariya Rafiyenko (eds.), Postclassical Greek: Intersections of Linguistics and Philology. Trends in Linguistics. Sonja Dahlgren and Martti Leiwo Confusion of mood or phoneme? The impact of L1 phonology on verb semantics1 The Greek texts from Egypt show extensive nonstandard vowel production, which could cause inadvertent confusion in e.g. Greek mood or case endings. This has previously been seen as evidence of a bad command of Greek, either because of internal phonological change or due to imperfect knowledge of Greek. On closer look numerous similarities to the nonstandard vowel production in Greek texts can also be found in native Egyptian texts. Greek loanwords in Coptic are treated according to Coptic phonological rules and show nonstandard vowel usage of the same nature that is present in Greek in some sociolects. The nonstandard spellings present evidence of underdifferentiation of Greek phonemes as well as transfer elements of the Egyptian prosodic system. The vowel usage is examined within the framework of L2WS (second language writing systems) studies, and evidence for the coarticulatory effect of the consonants on the vowels’ quality is drawn from the field of articulatory phonetics. Keywords: Ancient Greek phonology, Ancient Greek modality, Postclassical Greek, Coptic phonology, Language contact 1. Introduction Egypt in the Roman period was a multilingual society with various levels of language contact. In addition to what had already been brought to Egyptian by the Persians, the Hellenistic rulers had made Greek the official language of Egypt, and it remained so even after the Romans took charge.
    [Show full text]
  • Transfer of Egyptian Phonological Features Onto Greek in Graeco-Roman Egypt
    Department of World Cultures Greek Language and Literature University of Helsinki Outcome of long-term language contact Transfer of Egyptian phonological features onto Greek in Graeco-Roman Egypt Sonja Dahlgren ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Helsinki, for public examination in lecture room 6 (Metsätalo building), on 3 June 2017, at 12 noon. Helsinki 2017 ISBN 978-951-51-3217-8 (pbk.) ISBN 978-951-51-3218-5 (PDF) Helsinki University Printing House Helsinki 2017 Cover image: OGN I: 42, The Cairo Egyptian Museum (pictures taken from the originals by Dr. Angiolo Menchetti). Abstract In this work I have studied the language contact situation between Egyptian and Greek in Roman period Egypt. I have analysed the language use of a corpus written by Egyptian scribe apprentices, OGN I, rich with nonstandard variation due to the imperfect Greek learning of the young scribes. I concentrated on finding Egyptian phonological influence from the misspellings of the vowels that displayed variation atypical for native language writers. Among the nonstandard features were e.g. underdifferentiation of foreign phonemes, the reduction of word-final vowels, allophonic variation that matched Coptic prosodic rules, and coarticulation of consonants on vowels. All of these linguistic characteristics can be found also in the near-phonetic spellings of Greek loanwords in Coptic, which I used as parallel reference material. Studying the similarly phonetically-based orthographic variants in Arabic loanwords in Coptic from a later period gave me information on Coptic vowel qualities, by which I could confirm that most of the nonstandard vowel variation in the texts of OGN I was not related to Greek internal phonological development but Egyptian influence.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the Study of Modern Greek
    INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MODERN GREEK From the library by of Nicholas Bachtin Ph.D. (CamtJb.); Diplomid, /'&/, Naliol1a/,du Lznp.r Orimla/u, Pari.r; Benjamin O. Meritt Lk.-u-LAI. 0vav,,lauw 81'CJ)t;diwpt�µBllov iwl/Tqi Oµo.loyBi HBRACLlTtlS f� B. D. /fl� ' ..... lvJA ft. �'s � , cPl S 9- fJ>r P {3'3 PREFACE ,q;< HIS short essay is an introduction to a " Modern Greek Grammar for Classical Students " now in preparation. T This explains its tone and the treatment of material. It is intended neither for readers with no inter� at all in philological problems, nor for those already familiar with Modern Greek philology. The 6rft would find that I go into too many details in order to juftifymy assertions ; the second, that my assertions are all too often left unsupported. All I can attempt in the short space at my disposal is to indicate briefly to classical fuldents some ways of approach to present-day Greek, and to show them the inter� and profitfor their own subjed: in the ftudyof Modern Greek. Accordingly, the reader is supposed not only to have all his inter�s centred on Ancient Greek, but also to have a fuong prejudice against the Modern-Md this to a degree which, I hope, is not often found in reality. It muft then be taken as a merely methodical assumption. I am fully aware that the concluding section runs the risk of being interpreted as a somewhat partial treatment of the " language queftion " in Greece-QDd I am ready to take this risk.
    [Show full text]