Barbarian Kingdoms 476 A.D. Germanic Kingdoms • Migration to Rome was gradual, increased 5th century. • Many Romanized-Germans were Arian Christian. • Most German invaders took over Roman institutions – Became the new ‘nobility’, with separate language, religion. • Barbarian tribes associated with final destinations: – Visigoths—Spain – Saxons—Britain – Vandals—Africa – Ostrogoths—Italy – Franks—France – Burgundians—France – Lombards—Italy – Huns—?Hungary?

www.Heritage-History.com www.Heritage-History.com

German Migrations—Foederati Alaric the Visigoth

• Foederati were German tribes that protected borders of the Roman Empire • Visigoths fled across Danube from ‘Hungary’ • As Western Empire broke down, Roman legions were replaced by feoderati. when Huns invaded their territory (376). – Romanized Germans vowed to help resist Huns, uncivilized, murderous Barbarians. foederati – Goths crossed Danube, accepted as foederati in 376. – Served eastern Emperor as • Foederati considered themselves Roman citizens, not Barbarians. • Alaric became king of Visigoths in 396 th – Leading Roman Generals during 5 century were at least partially German. – Led Visigoth legion to ransack Greece, took Athens – Stilicho (Vandal/Roman), Aetius (Goth/Italian), Ricimer (Suevian/Visigoth) • Alaric, Visigoth leader attacked Rome when betrayed by Emperor Honorius. • Visigoths invaded Rome in 410 • Theodoric, Ostrogoth leader, ruled 6th century Italy for Byzantine Emperor. – Demanded territory for Visigoth settlement • Clovis, Frankish leader, defeated last Roman governor of Gaul. – Alaric died shortly after conquering Rome

VISIGOTHS CROSSED DANUBE INTO EAST EMPIRE, 376 A.D. MIGRATIONS OCCURRED FROM LATE 300S TO 500S. ALARIC LEAD SACK OF ROME IN 410, THEN DIED SUDDENLY. VISIGOTHS DIVERTED A RIVER TO BURY HIS BODY Visigoth Kingdom of Spain Visigoths in Hispania • 418 Settled in Southern Gaul, capital at Toulouse • 410—Ataulf, Nephew of Alaric promised land in • 451 Allied with Aetius against Attila the Hun (left). Gaul if he fought pagan Suevi, Alani, and Vandals. • 507 Drove Vandals and Suevi out of Spain. – Visigoths Vassal state until Fall of Rome – New Visigoth capital at Toledo – First Visigoth capital was in Toulouse. – Vandals crossed into Africa in 430. • 589 Recarred I converted to Catholicism (right). • 450—Visigoth King Theodoric allied with Romans against Attila the Hun at Battle of • 711 Roderic Overthrown by Moslem invaders. Chalons. – Visigoths dominant power in Hispania by 450 • 475—Visigoths become Independent kingdom • 507—Visigoths driven out of Gaul by Franks • 586—Recared converts to Catholicism • 589—Council of Toledo condemns Arianism • 672—King Wamba is deposed • 711—Visigoths under Roderick defeated by Moors

FROM TOP: 1) VISIGOTHS SETTLE IN GAUL, DRIVE OTHER GERMANS www.Heritage-History.com OUT 2) FIRST VISIGOTH KINGDOM IN GAUL (IN RED), CAPITAL AT VISIGOTH KING KILLED BATTLING ATTILA THE HUN VISIGOTH KING CONVERTED TO CATHOLIC FAITH TOULOUSE. 3) KING THEODORIC KILLED AT THE BATTLE OF CHAONS.

Conversion of Visigoth Kings • St. Hermenegild Visigoth prince converted from Arianism to Catholicism, imprisoned and martyred by his father. His brother Recared, later became the king, and followed Hermenegild’s example, accepting the Catholic faith. • St. Leander of Seville Bishop of Seville instrumental in converting the Arian Visigoths, including Recarred and Hermenegild to the Roman Faith. • St. Isidore of Seville Followed his brother Leander as Bishop of Seville, finished his work of converting Visigoths. Outstanding scholar, he resisted Arianism and worked to preserve the best of Roman literature.

www.Heritage-History.com www.Heritage-History.com HERMENGILD LEANDER OF SEVILLE ISIDORE OF SEVILLE Visigoth Spain becomes Catholic Vandal Kingdom of Africa • Recared converted to Catholicism in 588 – Entire court at Toledo converted with him – Put down Arian rebellions in North – Gained support of commoners and Church • 3rd Council of Toledo condemned Arianism – No more distinctions between Visigoth/Romans – Restrictions on Jewish trade/slaves/conversions • After council, kings elected by bishops. – Central government more influential 3RD COUNCIL OF TOLEDO CONDEMNED ARIANISM, MADE VISIGOTH SPAIN CATHOLIC, RESTRICTED – Local nobles, regional leaders, lost power JEWS. – Many Jews restricted from trade, forced to convert,

ISIDORE OF SEVILLE ANCIENT CATHOLIC MASS CONVERSION OF RECARED

Vandals Vandals in Africa • Insignificant until rise of Genseric • Arian Vandals severely persecuted Nicene • More vicious that other tribes. Christians of N. Africa. – Plundered, rather than governed • Julia of Corsica was Carthaginian maiden sold – Pirates, not merchants into slavery by Vandals, then martyred. – Hastened collapse of Rome • Augustine of Hippo killed during Vandal siege JULIE OF CORSICA – Terrorized the population of Hippo in 430. • Rise of Genseric in 428 • Christians in N. Africa, already divided by – Captured Roman port/fleet Donatist heresy, greatly weakened by Vandals. – Welcomed pillagers of all races • North Africa reconquered by Byzantine Empire – Invaded Northern Africa in 533, after several unsuccessful attempts. – Besieged Augustine in Hippo • Nicene Christianity weakened by persecution – Captured Carthage and divisions, never recovered. Could not • Expedition against Vandals failed in resist Moslem conquest ~650. 460, Africa reconquered in 533.

www.Heritage-History.com www.Heritage-History.com AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO Fall of Italy Ostrogoths and Lombards • 410 Visigoths attack on Rome • 451 Attila the Hun turned away from Rome • Ostrogoths were Arian Christians, foederati. • 455 Vandals Sack of Rome • 476 Fall of Last Roman leader of Western Empire.pire. • Theodoric became king in 473 • 476-493 Reign of Odoacer as ‘King of Italy’ – Raised as a hostage at court of Emperor in Constantinople. • 493-526 Reign of Theodoric the Ostrogoth – United Ostrogoths, reconquered • 535-554 Gothic War devastates, depopulatestes Italy Italy with help from East Empire. DIVIDED ITALY – Byzantine Empire claims control of the wreckage of Italy. – Ruled Italy independently, 473 to • 568 Lombards invade northern Italy, meet no resistance. 526, capital in Ravenna (top). • 584-751 Italy divided: Kingdom of Lombards in North, • Gothic War devastated Italy Byzantine controlled ‘Exarchate of Ravenna’ on coasts. – On death of Theodoric, Byzantines – 568-774 Kingdom of Lombards (Milan, Pavia, Turin) reconquered, depopulated Italy. – 584-751 Exarchate of Ravenna (Rome, Ravenna, Sicily, Venice) • Italy invaded by pagan Lombards • 535-754 ‘Byzantine Papacy’ —Bishops of Rome subject to – For 200 years, prostrate Italy

approval of Emperor of Constantinople. divided by Byzantines and Lombardss.).). www.Heritage-History.com DIVIDED ITALY 550-750 LOMBARDS INVADE NORTH

Saint Popes During Dark Ages Saints of Italy • 289-371 Eusebius of Vercelli — Bishop who led resistance to Arian heresy in Italy. • 366-384 Damascus I – Promoted orthodox understanding of the Trinity to resist heretical ideas, and supported Jerome’s • 359-431 Paulinus of Nola — Roman senator work on the Vulgate Bible. who became a monk, served as bishop of Nola. • 401-417 Innocent I – Finalized Biblical Canon, Pope during • 380-450 Peter Chrysologus — Bishop of Visigoth sack of Rome. Ravenna noted for his homilies, apologetics, and opposition to heresies. Doctor of the Church. • 440-461 Leo the Great – Opposed Attila the Hun, renowned theologian, laid foundation for Council of Chalcedon. • 480-524 Boethius — Minister of Theodoric the Great. Wrote Christian classic: Consolation of • 537-752 EXARCH OF RAVENNA — BYZANTINE PAPACY Philosophy. Died a martyr, but not canonized. – Roman Bishop subject to, protected by Emperor of Constantinople. • 590-604 Gregory the Great – Reformed Papacy and church • 480-543 Benedict of Nursia — Founder of Western Monasticism, including one at Monte organization, Supported monasticism and missionary work, Cassino. Wrote Rules of Benedict. Promoted divine liturgy and Gregorian Chant, etc. • 649-655 Martin I – Only pope to resist dominance of • 480-542 Scholastica — Twin sister of Benedict. Lived in convent near Monte Cassino. Byzantine Emperor, Last Martyr pope.

FROM TOP: EUSEBIUS OF VERCELLI WITH ST. SEBASTIAN AND istory.com ST. ROCH, PAULINUS OF NOLA, BENEDICT AND SCHOLASTICA. e-History.com