Understanding Energy in China
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The Future of Natural Gas in China: Effects of Pricing Reform and Climate Policy
The Future of Natural Gas in China: Effects of Pricing Reform and Climate Policy by Danwei Zhang Bachelor of Management in Financial Management Tianjin University, 2011 Submitted to the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Technology and Policy at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February 2016 © 2016 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All Rights Reserved. Author: Danwei Zhang Technology and Policy Program January 15, 2016 Certified by: Dr. Sergey V. Paltsev Senior Research Scientist Deputy Director MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Prof. Munther Dahleh William A. Coolidge Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Director, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society Acting Director, Technology and Policy Program 2 The Future of Natural Gas in China: Effects of Pricing Reform and Climate Policy by Danwei Zhang Submitted to the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society on January 15, 2016, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Technology and Policy Abstract China has a goal of reducing carbon emissions. At the same time, China is currently targeting an increase in natural gas consumption as a part of broader national strategies to reduce the environmental (air pollution) impacts of the nation’s energy system, which at present is still heavily reliant on coal. Natural gas is also being promoted in residential sector as a way to improve living standards. Chinese policy makers have recently launched nationwide gas pricing reform that links the natural gas price to oil prices to address natural gas supply shortages. -
ABM Investama Tbk PT Involvement in Coal Mining Adani Ports & Special
Company Comment ABM Investama Tbk PT Involvement in coal mining Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone Ltd Violation of established norms Adaro Energy Tbk PT Involvement in coal mining Adaro Indonesia PT Involvement in coal mining Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings Inc Involvement in nuclear weapons Aeroteh SA Involvement in cluster munitions Agritrade Resources Ltd Involvement in coal mining Airbus SE Involvement in nuclear weapons Alfa Energi Investama Tbk PT Involvement in coal mining Alliance Holdings GP LP Involvement in coal mining Alliance Resource Operating Partners LP / Alliance Involvement in coal mining Resource Finance Corp Alliance Resource Partners LP Involvement in coal mining Alpha Natural Resources Inc Involvement in coal mining Altius Minerals Corp Involvement in coal mining Ammunition & Metallurgy Industries Group Involvement in anti-personnel mines Anglo Pacific Group plc Involvement in coal mining Anhui Great Wall Military Industry Co Ltd Involvement in cluster munitions Arch Coal Inc Involvement in coal mining Armament Research and Development Involvement in cluster munitions & anti- Establishment personnel mines Arrow Exploration Corp Involvement in oil sand Aryt Industries Ltd Involvement in cluster munitions Ashakacem PLC Involvement in coal mining Asia Resource Minerals PLC Involvement in coal mining Athabasca Oil Corp Involvement in oil sand Atomenergoprom JSC (Atomic Energy Power Corp) Involvement in nuclear weapons Babcock International Group PLC Involvement in nuclear weapons BAE Systems PLC Involvement in nuclear weapons -
Roadmap for the Demonstration of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in China
Final Report/June 2011 ADB TA‐7286 (PRC) People’s Republic of China Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Demonstration – Strategic Analysis and Capacity Strengthening Roadmap for the Demonstration of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in China Final Report June 2011 Final Report /June 2011 ADB TA‐7286 (PRC) People’s Republic of China Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Demonstration – Strategic Analysis and Capacity Strengthening Roadmap for the Demonstration of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in China Final Report June 2011 Report submitted by Project Team Prof. J. YAN – Team Leader & CCS Experts Prof. H. JIN – National Co‐leader Prof. Li Z., Dr. J. Hetland, Dr. Teng F., Prof. Jiang K.J., Ms. C. J. Vincent, Dr. A. Minchener, Prof. Zeng RS, Prof. Shen PP, Dr. X. D. Pei, Dr. Wang C., Prof. Hu J, Dr. Zhang JT The views expressed are those of the Consultants and do not necessarily reflect those of the Ministry or the Asian Development Bank (ADB). i Final Report /June 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Tables .............................................................................................................................. iv Figures ............................................................................................................................. v Key findings: .................................................................................................................... ix Main Recommendations: ................................................................................................. xi 1. Background and Objectives ....................................................................................... -
China's Quest for Blue Skies
Études de l’Ifri CHINA’S QUEST FOR BLUE SKIES The Astonishing Transformation of the Domestic Gas Market Sylvie CORNOT-GANDOLPHE September 2019 Center for Energy The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 979-10-373-0059-1 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2019 Cover: © humphery / Shutterstock.com How to cite this publication: Sylvie Cornot-Gandolphe, “China’s Quest for Blue Skies: The Astonishing Transformation of the Domestic Gas Market”, Études de l’Ifri, Ifri, September 2019. Ifri 27 rue de la Procession 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – FRANCE Tel. : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 – Fax : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Email: [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Author Sylvie Cornot-Gandolphe is an independent consultant on energy and raw materials, focussing on international issues. Since 2012, she has been Associate Research Fellow at the Ifri Centre for Energy. She is also collaborating with the Oxford Institute on Energy Studies (OIES), with CEDIGAZ, the international centre of information on natural gas of IFPEN, and with CyclOpe, the reference publication on commodities. -
Prospect of Distributed Energy Systems in China
PROSPECTS for DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS in CHINA IEA SERIES IN SUPPORT OF IEA–CHINA ENERGY CO-OPERATION PROSPECTS for DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS in CHINA IEA SERIES IN SUPPORT OF IEA–CHINA ENERGY CO-OPERATION INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and -
Negativliste. Fossil Energi
Negativliste. Fossil energi Maj 2021 Udstedende selskab 1 ABJA Investment Co Pte Ltd 2 ABM Investama Tbk PT 3 Aboitiz Equity Ventures Inc 4 Aboitiz Power Corp 5 Abraxas Petroleum Corp 6 Abu Dhabi National Energy Co PJSC 7 AC Energy Finance International Ltd 8 Adams Resources & Energy Inc 9 Adani Electricity Mumbai Ltd 10 Adani Power Ltd 11 Adani Transmission Ltd 12 Adaro Energy Tbk PT 13 Adaro Indonesia PT 14 ADES International Holding PLC 15 Advantage Oil & Gas Ltd 16 Aegis Logistics Ltd 17 Aenza SAA 18 AEP Transmission Co LLC 19 AES Alicura SA 20 AES El Salvador Trust II 21 AES Gener SA 22 AEV International Pte Ltd 23 African Rainbow Minerals Ltd 24 AGL Energy Ltd 25 Agritrade Resources Ltd 26 AI Candelaria Spain SLU 27 Air Water Inc 28 Akastor ASA 29 Aker BP ASA 30 Aker Solutions ASA 31 Aksa Akrilik Kimya Sanayii AS 32 Aksa Enerji Uretim AS 33 Alabama Power Co 34 Alarko Holding AS 35 Albioma SA 36 Alexandria Mineral Oils Co 37 Alfa Energi Investama Tbk PT 38 ALLETE Inc 1 39 Alliance Holdings GP LP 40 Alliance Resource Operating Partners LP / Alliance Resource Finance Corp 41 Alliance Resource Partners LP 42 Alliant Energy Corp 43 Alpha Metallurgical Resources Inc 44 Alpha Natural Resources Inc 45 Alta Mesa Resources Inc 46 AltaGas Ltd 47 Altera Infrastructure LP 48 Altius Minerals Corp 49 Altus Midstream Co 50 Aluminum Corp of China Ltd 51 Ameren Corp 52 American Electric Power Co Inc 53 American Shipping Co ASA 54 American Tanker Inc 55 AmeriGas Partners LP / AmeriGas Finance Corp 56 Amplify Energy Corp 57 Amplify Energy Corp/TX 58 -
Decarbonizing China's Power System with Wind Power
January 2015 Decarbonizing China’s power system with wind power: the past and the future OIES PAPER: EL 11 Xin Li The contents of this paper are the author’s sole responsibility. They do not necessarily represent the views of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies or any of its members. Copyright © 2015 Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (Registered Charity, No. 286084) This publication may be reproduced in part for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. ISBN 978-1-78467-019-1 i Abstract Wind power in China has experienced significant growth since the beginning of this century. Total installed capacity has increased almost 300 fold – from 346 MW in 2000 to 91,413 MW in 2013. This rapid development has had two major drivers: • First, the excellent wind power resource in China, especially in the north of the country, and the increasing competitiveness of wind generation worldwide. • Second, favourable government policies such as: mandatory targets for major power generators in relation to renewable energy; the decentralization of plant approval rights; and feed-in tariffs for wind generation. Along with the development of domestic wind turbine manufacturing capacity, these factors have stimulated the growth of wind power over the past 10 years or so. However, this rapid development has itself created new challenges. In particular, wind power has not been fully integrated into the electricity system as a whole, as the growth of wind generation capacity has not been matched by a corresponding growth in transmission capacity. -
ACE Appendix
CBP and Trade Automated Interface Requirements Appendix: PGA August 13, 2021 Pub # 0875-0419 Contents Table of Changes .................................................................................................................................................... 4 PG01 – Agency Program Codes ........................................................................................................................... 18 PG01 – Government Agency Processing Codes ................................................................................................... 22 PG01 – Electronic Image Submitted Codes .......................................................................................................... 26 PG01 – Globally Unique Product Identification Code Qualifiers ........................................................................ 26 PG01 – Correction Indicators* ............................................................................................................................. 26 PG02 – Product Code Qualifiers ........................................................................................................................... 28 PG04 – Units of Measure ...................................................................................................................................... 30 PG05 – Scientific Species Code ........................................................................................................................... 31 PG05 – FWS Wildlife Description Codes ........................................................................................................... -
Regulatory Incentives for a Low-Carbon Electricity Sector in China
Regulatory Incentives for a Low-Carbon Electricity Sector in China Flavio M. Menezesa and Xuemei Zheng∗b aSchool of Economics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia bSchool of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China Abstract This paper reviews the incentives for pursuing a low-carbon electricity sector that are em- bedded in China’s regulatory and policy framework. To do so, we first describe the industry structure and the regulatory framework. Second, we explicitly review the policies that were developed to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy. These policies range from the introduction of legal requirements to undertake particular actions to pricing mechanism and financial incentives. The paper reviews evidence that the various programs designed to replace less efficient with more efficient power generation units have already produced impressive re- sults. In addition, there has been steady progress in reducing line losses. Thus, supply-side energy efficient initiatives have been, at least, moderately successful. In contrast, we show that demand-side energy efficiency initiatives seem to have gone nowhere. Finally, we tease out the challenges faced by a sector governed by a myriad of complex arrangements, different institutions and agents who face different and often conflicting incentives for pursuing envi- ronmental and energy efficiency objectives. Keywords: Regulatory Incentives, Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, Electricity Sector 1 Introduction The high dependence on coal is a well-known feature of the Chinese electricity sector. Around 75.7% of China’s electricity was generated from coal in 20141. To reduce such dependence, and to achieve its carbon emissions reduction goals, the Chinese government has pursued a number of policies to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy. -
The Chinese Civil War (Part 2)
T E R M S R E F E R E N C E D I N E P I S O D E The Chinese Civil War (Part 2) Ep. 120 P I N Y I N / T E R M C H I N E S E E N G L I S H / M E A N I N G Anhui 安徽 Province in China Cao Wei 曹魏 The Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms Period Changchun 长春 Capital of Jilin province in Manchuria Chen Cheng 陈诚 NRA General Chen Mingren 陈明仁 NRA Geberal Chen Yi 陈毅 PLA General and future foreign minister Chen Yi 陈议 NRA General Street police of China in charge of maintaining order on the streets, especially amongst vendors. They are famously unpopular amongst the local people Chengguan 城管 where they serve. Du Yuming 杜聿明 Nationalist General Fu Zuoyi 傅作义 Nationalist General Fujian 福建 Province in China Guangdong 广东 Province in China Guangxi 广西 Province in China Guomin Gemingjun 国民革命军 The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) Written as Haerbin in pinyin but more commonly as Harbin, it is the capital of Harbin 哈尔滨 Heilongjiang province Heshui 合水 Site (in Gansu) of a civil war campaign Hu Zongnan 胡宗南 Nationalist General Huaihai 淮海 Civil War Campaign in 1948 Hubei 湖北 Province in China Hunan 湖南 Province in China Jiangsu 江苏 Province in China Another military region of the Communists covering parts of Shanxi, Inner Jin-Cha-Ji 晋察冀 Mongolia and Hebei Li Denghui 李登辉 Former president of Taiwan 1988-2000 Li Fuchun 李富春 PLA General Li Xiannian 李先念 PLA General Li Zongren 李宗仁 Nationalist General Liaoning 辽宁 Province in Manchuria Liaoshen 辽沈 Civil War Campaign in 1948 In Shanxi province, also known as the most polluted city in the world, it was Linfen 临汾 the site of -
Shenzhen-Hong Kong Borderland
FORUM Transformation of Shen Kong Borderlands Edited by Mary Ann O’DONNELL Jonathan BACH Denise Y. HO Hong Kong view from Ma Tso Lung. PC: Johnsl. Transformation of Shen Kong Borderlands Mary Ann O’DONNELL Jonathan BACH Denise Y. HO n August 1980, the Shenzhen Special and transform everyday life. In political Economic Zone (SEZ) was formally documents, newspaper articles, and the Iestablished, along with SEZs in Zhuhai, names of businesses, Shenzhen–Hong Kong is Shantou, and Xiamen. China’s fifth SEZ, Hainan shortened to ‘Shen Kong’ (深港), suturing the Island, was designated in 1988. Yet, in 2020, cities together as specific, yet diverse, socio- the only SEZ to receive national attention on technical formations built on complex legacies its fortieth anniversary was Shenzhen. Indeed, of colonial occupation and Cold War flare-ups, General Secretary Xi Jinping attended the checkpoints and boundaries, quasi-legal business celebration, reminding the city, the country, opportunities, and cross-border peregrinations. and the world not only of Shenzhen’s pioneering The following essays show how, set against its contributions to building Socialism with Chinese changing cultural meanings and sifting of social Characteristics, but also that the ‘construction orders, the border is continuously redeployed of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater and exported as a mobile imaginary while it is Bay Area is a major national development experienced as an everyday materiality. Taken strategy, and Shenzhen is an important engine together, the articles compel us to consider how for the construction of the Greater Bay Area’ (Xi borders and border protocols have been critical 2020). Against this larger background, many to Shenzhen’s success over the past four decades. -
Who Owns the Coal? a Detailed Analysis of Who Has Effective Control of the World’S Listed Coal Companies January 2017 21
Who owns the Coal? A detailed analysis of who has effective control of the world’s listed coal companies January 2017 21 Who Owns the Coal? A detailed analysis of who has effective control of the world's listed coal companies Contents Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 2 The Carbon Ownership Chain ............................................................................................................... 3 InfluenceMap's Finance Project ............................................................................................................. 4 Coal Ownership Trends ......................................................................................................................... 5 Focus on the Listed Funds .................................................................................................................... 6 Asset Owners: Who's Divested .............................................................................................................. 8 The Japanese Connection ..................................................................................................................... 9 Appendix A - Which Funds Own the Coal ........................................................................................... 10 Appendix B - The Coal Top 100 .......................................................................................................... 11 1 WHO OWNS THE COAL OCTOBER 2016 21 Summary