DOCSLIB.ORG

Understanding Energy in China

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Understanding Energy in China Understanding EnergyinChina Understanding Energy in China Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Tokyo, Japan www.ieej.or.jp/aperc [email protected] APERC 2008 Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre APERC 2008 APEC # 208-RE-01.1 ISBN 978-4-931482-36-4 Understanding EnergyinChina Understanding Energy in China Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Tokyo, Japan www.ieej.or.jp/aperc [email protected] APERC 2008 Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre APERC 2008 APEC # 208-RE-01.1 ISBN 978-4-931482-36-4 Published by Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) Inui Building Kachidoki 16F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054 Japan Tel: (813) 5144-8551 Fax: (813) 5144-8555 Email: [email protected] (administration) 2008 Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre APEC#208-RE-01.1 ISBN 978-4-931482-36-4 Printed in Japan on FSC-certified stock FOREWORD We are honoured to present here Understanding energy in China. Our objective in this study has been to convey both the complexity and great progress made in Chinese energy development to a broad audience. This work is published by the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre as an independent study and does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the APEC Energy Working Group, individual member economies, or other contributors. But we hope that it will serve as a useful basis for discussion and analysis both within and among APEC member economies for the enhancement of energy security, the promotion of regional cooperation, and in furthering sustainable development. Kenji Kobayashi President Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We appreciate those who have made inputs to this study, which could not have been accomplished without the contribution of professionals both inside and outside of APERC. In particular we would like to acknowledge the work of former APERC researchers Li Ji (China) and Lin Shu-Chuan (Chinese Taipei). We also express our appreciation to the APERC advisory board members, expert speakers at APERC conferences, APEC delegates for APERC research activities, as well as to hosting organisations and experts in China for their warm hospitality and advice, including: Energy Research Institute (ERI) and Energy Bureau of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), China Electricity Council, State Power Economic Research Institute of SGCC (SPERI), China Coal Industry Development Research Center of the National Research Center of State Administration of Work Safety, SINOPEC Economic and Development Research Institute (EDRI), Tsinghua-BP Clean Energy and Education Center (THCEC), Development and Reform Commission of Guangdong Province Division of Energy and General Office for the Leading Group of Energy Affairs of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Techno-economy Research and Development Center, Hunan Development and Reform Commission, Hunan Provincial Electric Grid Company, Hunan Coal Bureau Planning Division, Shaanxi Development and Reform Commission, Xi'an Municipal Construction Commission, Chang’an University, Meiya Power Company Limited, Sichuan and Mianyang Sanjiang Meiya Hydropower Company Limited Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture, and the gracious Liu Xiaoli, Yang Yufeng, Wu Zongxin, and Wang Yanjia. STUDY LEADER Yonghun Jung (Korea) STUDY PARTICIPANTS Xu Qinhua (China) Kenny Sau Yi Wan (Hong Kong, China) Naoko Doi (Japan) Sergey Popov (Russia) Lily Yeqing Cheng (United States) David Fedor (United States) EDITING and PUBLICATION David Fedor and Lily Yeqing Cheng ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Sutemi Arikawa, Shohei Okano, and Mizuho Fueta CONTENTS SUMMARY ... 1 内容提要 CHINESE ENERGY ISSUES ... 7 章节 Energy policy through the reform period ... 9 能源政策 Energy pricing ... 35 能源价格 China's story of coal ... 45 中国煤炭的故事 Overseas upstream investment and petroleum supply security ... 67 上游海外投资和石油供应安全 Ongoing issues in power and refining ... 85 电力和炼油行业 Energy efficiency ... 101 能源效率 Urbanisation and energy use ... 115 城市化和能源使用 China's air ... 129 中国的空气 REFERENCES ... 143 书目参考 MAP INDEX ... 153 地图表 SUMMARY Understanding energy in China explores eight current topics in Chinese energy development in the context of reforms ongoing since about 1979. ENERGY POLICY THROUGH THE REFORM PERIOD China is a large and diverse economy and energy authority is diffuse. Rapid energy development through the reform period has therefore been somewhat ad hoc as central policy has had to compete with other forces to influence energy development. More generally, the limited reach of central governmental on overall energy development– not only in China but all throughout the APEC region– becomes more obvious as the pursuit of energy security underscores the global nature of the energy system. This section, focusing on central government energy policy, offers a timeline which includes organisational changes, energy supply‐oriented policies, energy‐conservation‐oriented policies, as well as energy pricing regimes, taxation, and government investment policies during the 1980s, 1990s, and 1990s. This is complimented by a detailed catalogue of energy development focus areas highlighted in the Sixth through Eleventh 5‐year plans. ▪ Energy development policy outlined in 5-year plans has become increasingly comprehensive, detailed, and nuanced, but coordination among diffuse regulators and implementation on diverse actors hinders full realisation. ▪ Though prioritised alongside energy supply development through the reform period, energy efficiency policies have struggled to limit demand growth as intended given rapid economic development. ▪ Decentralisation of energy supply was necessary to sustain economic growth through the reform period but is now targeted for enhanced central oversight before further market-oriented reforms are implemented. 1.1 Key points in "Energy policy through the reform period" ENERGY PRICING Through the reform period, energy pricing has generally become more market‐based. Measures taken to enable this shift have included reform of government price setting institutions, the introduction of a diverse set of investors into the energy market, and taxation reform. Importantly, the central government has expressed its intent to use energy pricing as the primary tool in achieving a market‐based energy system. And though there have been great changes in the pricing of coal, electricity, oil and oil product, and natural gas, full pricing liberalisation will require policies and measures to address Chinaʹs imbalance in energy resource type, affordability to end users, regional diversity, and Summary|APERC 2008 1 coordination between central and local governments as well as enterprises and other energy consumers. This section offers an overview of recent reforms, the current situation, and future trends of Chinese energy pricing, including coal, electricity, oil and oil products, and natural gas. ▪ Through the reform period, stronger price-adjustments have been implemented in periods when energy supply has lagged demand; price reforms in the coal sector have progressed more quickly than those for electricity, oil, and natural gas. ▪ Central government energy pricing policy seeks to reflect a wide range of economic, social, and political goals; local governments generally seek to boost local economic development as much as possible while implementing central government policies. ▪ Pricing reforms have dramatically affected real-world energy prices in China, gradually closing the international and domestic gap, but current energy price distortions reflect the incomplete nature of the pricing system. 2.1 Key points in "Energy pricing" CHINA'S STORY OF COAL Coal is both China’s most abundant and most used energy resource, and it is therefore the most important fuel for Chinaʹs energy security, economic prosperity, and future development. What happens in the story of coal affects all of China, and in an increasingly global economy, the world too. This section examines coal demand and supply trends, current challenges facing the coal production industry including coal transport, and future options for continued coal development in China. ▪ Coal use has grown rapidly in recent years, driven by strong growth in electricity production and energy- intensive industries for which coal is a do minant fuel source and important feedstock. ▪ Coal production is increasingly concentrated in a few resource-rich provinces while consumption remains dispersed; to meet demand, some resource-poor but economically-developed areas are increasing coal imports from outside the province and even internationally. ▪ Rapid growth in coal use has stressed China’s coal transportation infrastructure, creating supply bottlenecks, and domestic supplies remain tight as the coal sector faces central policy-driven resource consolidation, restructuring of small mines, and other new regulations. 2.2 Key points in "China's story of coal" 2 APERC 2008|Understanding Energy in China OVERSEAS UPSTREAM INVESTMENT AND PETROLEUM SUPPLY SECURITY To fill the gap between a growing appetite for oil that exceeds production from domestic oil fields, Chinese state‐oriented oil enterprises have increased efforts to acquire overseas upstream stakes of oil and natural gas. Supported by the central government through tax breaks and lower interest payments on overseas projects, China’s three major state‐oriented oil enterprises (CNPC, Sinopec, and CNOOC) are often considered to be global leaders in such investment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Future of Natural Gas in China: Effects of Pricing Reform and Climate Policy
    The Future of Natural Gas in China: Effects of Pricing Reform and Climate Policy by Danwei Zhang Bachelor of Management in Financial Management Tianjin University, 2011 Submitted to the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Technology and Policy at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February 2016 © 2016 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All Rights Reserved. Author: Danwei Zhang Technology and Policy Program January 15, 2016 Certified by: Dr. Sergey V. Paltsev Senior Research Scientist Deputy Director MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: Prof. Munther Dahleh William A. Coolidge Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Director, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society Acting Director, Technology and Policy Program 2 The Future of Natural Gas in China: Effects of Pricing Reform and Climate Policy by Danwei Zhang Submitted to the Institute for Data, Systems, and Society on January 15, 2016, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Technology and Policy Abstract China has a goal of reducing carbon emissions. At the same time, China is currently targeting an increase in natural gas consumption as a part of broader national strategies to reduce the environmental (air pollution) impacts of the nation’s energy system, which at present is still heavily reliant on coal. Natural gas is also being promoted in residential sector as a way to improve living standards. Chinese policy makers have recently launched nationwide gas pricing reform that links the natural gas price to oil prices to address natural gas supply shortages.
    [Show full text]
  • ABM Investama Tbk PT Involvement in Coal Mining Adani Ports & Special
    Company Comment ABM Investama Tbk PT Involvement in coal mining Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone Ltd Violation of established norms Adaro Energy Tbk PT Involvement in coal mining Adaro Indonesia PT Involvement in coal mining Aerojet Rocketdyne Holdings Inc Involvement in nuclear weapons Aeroteh SA Involvement in cluster munitions Agritrade Resources Ltd Involvement in coal mining Airbus SE Involvement in nuclear weapons Alfa Energi Investama Tbk PT Involvement in coal mining Alliance Holdings GP LP Involvement in coal mining Alliance Resource Operating Partners LP / Alliance Involvement in coal mining Resource Finance Corp Alliance Resource Partners LP Involvement in coal mining Alpha Natural Resources Inc Involvement in coal mining Altius Minerals Corp Involvement in coal mining Ammunition & Metallurgy Industries Group Involvement in anti-personnel mines Anglo Pacific Group plc Involvement in coal mining Anhui Great Wall Military Industry Co Ltd Involvement in cluster munitions Arch Coal Inc Involvement in coal mining Armament Research and Development Involvement in cluster munitions & anti- Establishment personnel mines Arrow Exploration Corp Involvement in oil sand Aryt Industries Ltd Involvement in cluster munitions Ashakacem PLC Involvement in coal mining Asia Resource Minerals PLC Involvement in coal mining Athabasca Oil Corp Involvement in oil sand Atomenergoprom JSC (Atomic Energy Power Corp) Involvement in nuclear weapons Babcock International Group PLC Involvement in nuclear weapons BAE Systems PLC Involvement in nuclear weapons
    [Show full text]
  • Roadmap for the Demonstration of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in China
    Final Report/June 2011 ADB TA‐7286 (PRC) People’s Republic of China Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Demonstration – Strategic Analysis and Capacity Strengthening Roadmap for the Demonstration of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in China Final Report June 2011 Final Report /June 2011 ADB TA‐7286 (PRC) People’s Republic of China Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Demonstration – Strategic Analysis and Capacity Strengthening Roadmap for the Demonstration of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in China Final Report June 2011 Report submitted by Project Team Prof. J. YAN – Team Leader & CCS Experts Prof. H. JIN – National Co‐leader Prof. Li Z., Dr. J. Hetland, Dr. Teng F., Prof. Jiang K.J., Ms. C. J. Vincent, Dr. A. Minchener, Prof. Zeng RS, Prof. Shen PP, Dr. X. D. Pei, Dr. Wang C., Prof. Hu J, Dr. Zhang JT The views expressed are those of the Consultants and do not necessarily reflect those of the Ministry or the Asian Development Bank (ADB). i Final Report /June 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Tables .............................................................................................................................. iv Figures ............................................................................................................................. v Key findings: .................................................................................................................... ix Main Recommendations: ................................................................................................. xi 1. Background and Objectives .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • China's Quest for Blue Skies
    Études de l’Ifri CHINA’S QUEST FOR BLUE SKIES The Astonishing Transformation of the Domestic Gas Market Sylvie CORNOT-GANDOLPHE September 2019 Center for Energy The Institut français des relations internationales (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non-governmental, non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 979-10-373-0059-1 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2019 Cover: © humphery / Shutterstock.com How to cite this publication: Sylvie Cornot-Gandolphe, “China’s Quest for Blue Skies: The Astonishing Transformation of the Domestic Gas Market”, Études de l’Ifri, Ifri, September 2019. Ifri 27 rue de la Procession 75740 Paris Cedex 15 – FRANCE Tel. : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 – Fax : +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Email: [email protected] Website: Ifri.org Author Sylvie Cornot-Gandolphe is an independent consultant on energy and raw materials, focussing on international issues. Since 2012, she has been Associate Research Fellow at the Ifri Centre for Energy. She is also collaborating with the Oxford Institute on Energy Studies (OIES), with CEDIGAZ, the international centre of information on natural gas of IFPEN, and with CyclOpe, the reference publication on commodities.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospect of Distributed Energy Systems in China
    PROSPECTS for DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS in CHINA IEA SERIES IN SUPPORT OF IEA–CHINA ENERGY CO-OPERATION PROSPECTS for DISTRIBUTED ENERGY SYSTEMS in CHINA IEA SERIES IN SUPPORT OF IEA–CHINA ENERGY CO-OPERATION INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its primary mandate was – and is – two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply, and provide authoritative research and analysis on ways to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 29 member countries and beyond. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among its member countries, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports. The Agency’s aims include the following objectives: n Secure member countries’ access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context – particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efficiency and
    [Show full text]
  • Negativliste. Fossil Energi
    Negativliste. Fossil energi Maj 2021 Udstedende selskab 1 ABJA Investment Co Pte Ltd 2 ABM Investama Tbk PT 3 Aboitiz Equity Ventures Inc 4 Aboitiz Power Corp 5 Abraxas Petroleum Corp 6 Abu Dhabi National Energy Co PJSC 7 AC Energy Finance International Ltd 8 Adams Resources & Energy Inc 9 Adani Electricity Mumbai Ltd 10 Adani Power Ltd 11 Adani Transmission Ltd 12 Adaro Energy Tbk PT 13 Adaro Indonesia PT 14 ADES International Holding PLC 15 Advantage Oil & Gas Ltd 16 Aegis Logistics Ltd 17 Aenza SAA 18 AEP Transmission Co LLC 19 AES Alicura SA 20 AES El Salvador Trust II 21 AES Gener SA 22 AEV International Pte Ltd 23 African Rainbow Minerals Ltd 24 AGL Energy Ltd 25 Agritrade Resources Ltd 26 AI Candelaria Spain SLU 27 Air Water Inc 28 Akastor ASA 29 Aker BP ASA 30 Aker Solutions ASA 31 Aksa Akrilik Kimya Sanayii AS 32 Aksa Enerji Uretim AS 33 Alabama Power Co 34 Alarko Holding AS 35 Albioma SA 36 Alexandria Mineral Oils Co 37 Alfa Energi Investama Tbk PT 38 ALLETE Inc 1 39 Alliance Holdings GP LP 40 Alliance Resource Operating Partners LP / Alliance Resource Finance Corp 41 Alliance Resource Partners LP 42 Alliant Energy Corp 43 Alpha Metallurgical Resources Inc 44 Alpha Natural Resources Inc 45 Alta Mesa Resources Inc 46 AltaGas Ltd 47 Altera Infrastructure LP 48 Altius Minerals Corp 49 Altus Midstream Co 50 Aluminum Corp of China Ltd 51 Ameren Corp 52 American Electric Power Co Inc 53 American Shipping Co ASA 54 American Tanker Inc 55 AmeriGas Partners LP / AmeriGas Finance Corp 56 Amplify Energy Corp 57 Amplify Energy Corp/TX 58
    [Show full text]
  • Decarbonizing China's Power System with Wind Power
    January 2015 Decarbonizing China’s power system with wind power: the past and the future OIES PAPER: EL 11 Xin Li The contents of this paper are the author’s sole responsibility. They do not necessarily represent the views of the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies or any of its members. Copyright © 2015 Oxford Institute for Energy Studies (Registered Charity, No. 286084) This publication may be reproduced in part for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgment of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies. ISBN 978-1-78467-019-1 i Abstract Wind power in China has experienced significant growth since the beginning of this century. Total installed capacity has increased almost 300 fold – from 346 MW in 2000 to 91,413 MW in 2013. This rapid development has had two major drivers: • First, the excellent wind power resource in China, especially in the north of the country, and the increasing competitiveness of wind generation worldwide. • Second, favourable government policies such as: mandatory targets for major power generators in relation to renewable energy; the decentralization of plant approval rights; and feed-in tariffs for wind generation. Along with the development of domestic wind turbine manufacturing capacity, these factors have stimulated the growth of wind power over the past 10 years or so. However, this rapid development has itself created new challenges. In particular, wind power has not been fully integrated into the electricity system as a whole, as the growth of wind generation capacity has not been matched by a corresponding growth in transmission capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • ACE Appendix
    CBP and Trade Automated Interface Requirements Appendix: PGA August 13, 2021 Pub # 0875-0419 Contents Table of Changes .................................................................................................................................................... 4 PG01 – Agency Program Codes ........................................................................................................................... 18 PG01 – Government Agency Processing Codes ................................................................................................... 22 PG01 – Electronic Image Submitted Codes .......................................................................................................... 26 PG01 – Globally Unique Product Identification Code Qualifiers ........................................................................ 26 PG01 – Correction Indicators* ............................................................................................................................. 26 PG02 – Product Code Qualifiers ........................................................................................................................... 28 PG04 – Units of Measure ...................................................................................................................................... 30 PG05 – Scientific Species Code ........................................................................................................................... 31 PG05 – FWS Wildlife Description Codes ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Regulatory Incentives for a Low-Carbon Electricity Sector in China
    Regulatory Incentives for a Low-Carbon Electricity Sector in China Flavio M. Menezesa and Xuemei Zheng∗b aSchool of Economics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia bSchool of Economics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China Abstract This paper reviews the incentives for pursuing a low-carbon electricity sector that are em- bedded in China’s regulatory and policy framework. To do so, we first describe the industry structure and the regulatory framework. Second, we explicitly review the policies that were developed to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy. These policies range from the introduction of legal requirements to undertake particular actions to pricing mechanism and financial incentives. The paper reviews evidence that the various programs designed to replace less efficient with more efficient power generation units have already produced impressive re- sults. In addition, there has been steady progress in reducing line losses. Thus, supply-side energy efficient initiatives have been, at least, moderately successful. In contrast, we show that demand-side energy efficiency initiatives seem to have gone nowhere. Finally, we tease out the challenges faced by a sector governed by a myriad of complex arrangements, different institutions and agents who face different and often conflicting incentives for pursuing envi- ronmental and energy efficiency objectives. Keywords: Regulatory Incentives, Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy, Electricity Sector 1 Introduction The high dependence on coal is a well-known feature of the Chinese electricity sector. Around 75.7% of China’s electricity was generated from coal in 20141. To reduce such dependence, and to achieve its carbon emissions reduction goals, the Chinese government has pursued a number of policies to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chinese Civil War (Part 2)
    T E R M S R E F E R E N C E D I N E P I S O D E The Chinese Civil War (Part 2) Ep. 120 P I N Y I N / T E R M C H I N E S E E N G L I S H / M E A N I N G Anhui 安徽 Province in China Cao Wei 曹魏 The Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms Period Changchun 长春 Capital of Jilin province in Manchuria Chen Cheng 陈诚 NRA General Chen Mingren 陈明仁 NRA Geberal Chen Yi 陈毅 PLA General and future foreign minister Chen Yi 陈议 NRA General Street police of China in charge of maintaining order on the streets, especially amongst vendors. They are famously unpopular amongst the local people Chengguan 城管 where they serve. Du Yuming 杜聿明 Nationalist General Fu Zuoyi 傅作义 Nationalist General Fujian 福建 Province in China Guangdong 广东 Province in China Guangxi 广西 Province in China Guomin Gemingjun 国民革命军 The National Revolutionary Army (NRA) Written as Haerbin in pinyin but more commonly as Harbin, it is the capital of Harbin 哈尔滨 Heilongjiang province Heshui 合水 Site (in Gansu) of a civil war campaign Hu Zongnan 胡宗南 Nationalist General Huaihai 淮海 Civil War Campaign in 1948 Hubei 湖北 Province in China Hunan 湖南 Province in China Jiangsu 江苏 Province in China Another military region of the Communists covering parts of Shanxi, Inner Jin-Cha-Ji 晋察冀 Mongolia and Hebei Li Denghui 李登辉 Former president of Taiwan 1988-2000 Li Fuchun 李富春 PLA General Li Xiannian 李先念 PLA General Li Zongren 李宗仁 Nationalist General Liaoning 辽宁 Province in Manchuria Liaoshen 辽沈 Civil War Campaign in 1948 In Shanxi province, also known as the most polluted city in the world, it was Linfen 临汾 the site of
    [Show full text]
  • Shenzhen-Hong Kong Borderland
    FORUM Transformation of Shen Kong Borderlands Edited by Mary Ann O’DONNELL Jonathan BACH Denise Y. HO Hong Kong view from Ma Tso Lung. PC: Johnsl. Transformation of Shen Kong Borderlands Mary Ann O’DONNELL Jonathan BACH Denise Y. HO n August 1980, the Shenzhen Special and transform everyday life. In political Economic Zone (SEZ) was formally documents, newspaper articles, and the Iestablished, along with SEZs in Zhuhai, names of businesses, Shenzhen–Hong Kong is Shantou, and Xiamen. China’s fifth SEZ, Hainan shortened to ‘Shen Kong’ (深港), suturing the Island, was designated in 1988. Yet, in 2020, cities together as specific, yet diverse, socio- the only SEZ to receive national attention on technical formations built on complex legacies its fortieth anniversary was Shenzhen. Indeed, of colonial occupation and Cold War flare-ups, General Secretary Xi Jinping attended the checkpoints and boundaries, quasi-legal business celebration, reminding the city, the country, opportunities, and cross-border peregrinations. and the world not only of Shenzhen’s pioneering The following essays show how, set against its contributions to building Socialism with Chinese changing cultural meanings and sifting of social Characteristics, but also that the ‘construction orders, the border is continuously redeployed of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater and exported as a mobile imaginary while it is Bay Area is a major national development experienced as an everyday materiality. Taken strategy, and Shenzhen is an important engine together, the articles compel us to consider how for the construction of the Greater Bay Area’ (Xi borders and border protocols have been critical 2020). Against this larger background, many to Shenzhen’s success over the past four decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Owns the Coal? a Detailed Analysis of Who Has Effective Control of the World’S Listed Coal Companies January 2017 21
    Who owns the Coal? A detailed analysis of who has effective control of the world’s listed coal companies January 2017 21 Who Owns the Coal? A detailed analysis of who has effective control of the world's listed coal companies Contents Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 2 The Carbon Ownership Chain ............................................................................................................... 3 InfluenceMap's Finance Project ............................................................................................................. 4 Coal Ownership Trends ......................................................................................................................... 5 Focus on the Listed Funds .................................................................................................................... 6 Asset Owners: Who's Divested .............................................................................................................. 8 The Japanese Connection ..................................................................................................................... 9 Appendix A - Which Funds Own the Coal ........................................................................................... 10 Appendix B - The Coal Top 100 .......................................................................................................... 11 1 WHO OWNS THE COAL OCTOBER 2016 21 Summary
    [Show full text]