Introduction: Writing Early Modern London

Notes

1 Gainsford (1618) The Glory of England, pp. 261–2. 2 Henry Peacham (1606) The art of drawing vvith the pen, p. 29. On the visual representation of early modern London see Gordon (2001) ‘Performing London: The Map and the city in Ceremony’ in Andrew Gordon and Bernhard Klein (eds) Literature, Mapping and the Politics of Space in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 69–88. 3 Lawrence Manley has done more than any other to chart the diverse forms of urban literary production in the period with his study of cultural strategies of settlement across two centuries. Lawrence Manley (1995) Literature and Culture in Early Modern London (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Amongst the principal further contributions to the study of literatures of the early modern city are: John Twyning (1998) London Dispossessed: Literature and Social Space in Early Modern London (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan); Janette Dillon (2000) Theatre, Court and City 1595–1620: Drama and Social Space in Early Modern London (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Gail Kern Paster (1985) The Idea of the City in the Age of Shakespeare (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press); Ian Munro (2005) The Figure of the Crowd in Early Modern London: The City and Its Double (New York: Palgrave Macmillan); Karen Newman (2007) Cultural Capitals: Early Modern London and Paris (Princeton: Princeton University Press); Jean E. Howard (2007) Theater of a City: The Places of London Comedy, 1598–1642 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press); J. F. Merritt (ed.) (2001) Imagining Early Modern London: Perceptions & Portrayals of the City from Stow to Strype 1598–1720 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Lena Cowen Orlin (ed.) (2000) Material London c.1600 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press). 4 Raymond Williams (1983) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (London: Fontana), p. 76; Zygmunt Bauman (2001) Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World (Cambridge: Polity), p. 3. 5 Anthony P. Cohen (1985) The Symbolic Construction of Community (London: Tavistock), pp. 19–20. 6 Cohen, The Symbolic Construction of Community, p. 20. 7 On community in the early modern period see Keith Wrightson (1996) ‘The Politics of the Parish in Early Modern England’ in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds) The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 10–46; Robert Tittler (1998) The Reformation and the Towns in England (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 13–17; David Harris Sacks (1991) The

205 206 Notes

Widening Gate: Bristol and the Atlantic Economy (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp. 4–15; Robert Scribner (1996) ‘Communities and the Nature of Power’, in Scribner (ed.) Germany: a New Social and Economic History 1450–1630 (London: Arnold), pp. 291–325; Alexandra Shepard and Phil Withington (eds) (2000) Communities in Early Modern England: Networks, Place, Rhetoric (Manchester: Manchester University Press); Michael J. Halvorson and Karen E. Spierling (eds) (2005) Defining Community in Early Modern Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate). 8 William Harrison (1577) Description of Britain, in Raphael Holinshed The Firste volume of the Chronicles of England, Scotlande and Irelande, fol. 77r. 9 Alexandra Shepard and Phil Withington, ‘Introduction: communities in Early Modern England’, in Communities in Early Modern England, p. 12. 10 Maurice Halbwachs (1992) On Collective Memory, ed. & trans. Lewis A. Coser (Berkeley: University of Chicago Press). On the influence of Halbwachs see Barbara A. Misztal (2003) Theories of Social Remembering (Maidenhead: Open University Press) and Peter Hutton (1993) History as an Art of Memory (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England). On Warburg see Kurt W. Forster (1976) ‘Aby Warburg’s History of Art: Collective Memory and the Social Mediation of Images’, Daedalus, 105, 169–76. 11 Jan Assman (1995) ‘Collective Memory and Cultural Identity’, New German Critique, 65, 125–33, p. 126, p. 128. 12 As Nora puts it ‘Lieux de mémoire exist because there are no longer any milieux de mémoire, settings in which memory is a real part of everyday existence’. Nora (1996) Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York: Columbia University Press), vol. 1, p. 1. 13 Jack Goody (2000) The Power of the Written Tradition (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press), p. 27; Adam Fox (2000) Oral and Literate Culture in England 1500–1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 19. 14 M. T. Clanchy (1993) From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307 (Oxford: Blackwell). 15 Adam Fox (1996) ‘Custom, Memory and the Authority of Writing’ in Paul Griffiths, Adam Fox and Steve Hindle (eds) The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 89–116, p. 90. 16 See Andy Wood (1999) ‘Custom and the Social Organisation of Writing in Early Modern England’, TRHS, 6th series, 9, 257–69; idem (2001) ‘“Poore men woll speke one daye”: Plebeian Languages of Deference and Defiance in England, c.1520–1640’ in Tim Harris (ed.) The Politics of the Excluded, c.1500–1850 (Basingstoke: Palgrave – now Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 67–98. 17 Holinshed, The Firste volume of the Chronicles, fol. 85r. 18 Alexandra Shepard (2003) Meanings of Manhood in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 230. 19 William Lambarde (1581) Eirenarcha: or of the office of the iustices of peace, p. 70. 20 Ian Archer (2001) ‘The Arts and Acts of Memorialisation in Early Modern London’, in J. F. Merritt (ed.) Imagining Early Modern London: Perceptions Notes 207

& Portrayals of the City from Stow to Strype 1598–1720 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 89–113; Robert Tittler (2007) The Face of the City: Civic Portraiture and Civic Identity in Early Modern England (Manchester: Manchester University Press). See also the essays collected in Andrew Gordon and Thomas Rist (eds) (2013) The Arts of Remembrance in Early Modern England (Farnham: Ashgate). 21 Will of Robert Rogers, 1602. The National Archive, Prob 11/99, fols 122v–125v, fol. 124v. 22 John Stow (1618) The Survey of London, revised Anthony Munday, pp. 602–3. Munday also records details of Rogers’s charitable bequests, pp. 185–6. 23 The broadside survives in a unique copy in the Huntington Library. The poem was soon adapted to serve as the inscription for the tomb of Thomas Sutton (d.1611) in which form Munday recorded it. Stow (1618) Survey of London, revised Munday, pp. 814–15. 24 On the single-sheet godly prints of the period see Tessa Watt (1991) Cheap Print and Popular Piety, 1550–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 217–53. 25 Joshua Phillips (2010) English Fictions of Communal Identity, 1485–1603 (Farnham: Ashgate), p. 9. 26 Katherine French, Gary Gibbs and Beat Kumin (1997) ‘Introduction’, in The Parish in English Life, 1400–1600 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 3; Michael Berlin (2000) ‘Reordering Rituals: Ceremony and the Parish, 1520–1640’ in Paul Griffiths and Mark Jenner (eds) Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 47–66, p. 61.

1 Henry Machyn’s Book of Remembrance

1 Susan Brigden (1989) London and the Reformation (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 497–511; Diarmaid MacCulloch (1999) The Boy King: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation (Basingstoke: Palgrave – now Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 93–5. 2 John Foxe (1570) Acts and Monuments, Book 8, p. 1466. 3 The Arundel Harington Manuscript of Tudor Poetry, ed. Ruth Hughey (Columbus: Ohio University Press, 1960), 2 vols, 1, p. 344. 4 The Diary of Henry Machyn, ed. John Gough Nichols (London: Camden Society, 1848). The manuscript is BL Cotton ms Vitellius Fv. A digitised edition is available online as A London Provisioner’s Chronicle, 1550–1563, by Henry Machyn: Manuscript, Transcription, and Modernization, created by Richard W. Bailey, Marilyn Miller and Colette Moore: http://quod.lib. umich.edu/m/machyn/. For ease of reference throughout this chapter I give modern-spelling transcriptions, following the online edition except where it either substitutes or adds words, or changes word order. 5 Elizabeth Bourcier (1976) Les Journaux privés en Angleterrre de 1600 à 1660 (Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne), p. 7. The term diary did not come into common use until the 1640s. Elizabeth Clarke (2000) ‘Diaries’ in 208 Notes

Michael Hattaway (ed.) Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 609–14, p. 610; Adam Smyth (2010) Autobiography in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 1–3, 13–14. 6 Ian Mortimer (2002) ‘Tudor Chronicler or Sixteenth-Century Diarist? Henry Machyn and the Nature of His Manuscript’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 33/4, 981–98, p. 992. 7 Gary G. Gibbs (2006) ‘Marking the Days: Henry Machyn’s Manuscript and the Mid-Tudor Era’ in Eamon Duffy and David Loades (eds) The Church of Mary Tudor (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 281–308. 8 Mary-Rose McLaren (2002) The London Chronicles of the Fifteenth Century: A Revolution in English Writing (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer), pp. 230–9; Tittler, The Reformation and the Towns, pp. 279–94; F. J. Levy (1967) Tudor Historical Thought (San Marino: Huntington Library Publications), p. 24. 9 Gordon Kipling (2004) ‘Wriothesley, Charles (1508–1562)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography [Hereafter ODNB] (Oxford: Oxford University Press) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30071 (accessed 7, August 2012)]. The chronicle was published as A Chronicle of England During the Reign of the Tudors by Charles Wriothesley, ed. William Hamilton (London: Camden Society, 1875), 2 vols. 10 Levy, Tudor Historical Thought, p. 24. 11 Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London, ed. John Gough Nichols (London: Camden Society, 1852), p. 63. The manuscript is BL Cotton Vitellius F xii. On the register book see C. L. Kingsford (1915) The Grey Friars of London (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press), pp. 1–15. 12 Clive Burgess (2002) ‘Pre-Reformation Churchwardens’ Accounts and Parish Government: Lessons from London and Bristol’, English Historical Review, 117, 306–32, p. 315. 13 Eamon Duffy (2001) Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village (New Haven: Yale University Press) p. 39. 14 Thomas Rodgers Forbes (1971) Chronicle from Aldgate: Life and Death in Shakespeare’s London (New Haven and London: Yale Universiy Press), p. xvii. 15 Mortimer, ‘Tudor Chronicler or Sixteenth-Century Diarist?’, pp. 993–4; Smyth, Autobiography in Early Modern England, p. 203. 16 Nichols, Diary, ix; Vanessa Harding (2002) The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 249; Mortimer, ‘Tudor Chronicler or Sixteenth-Century Diarist?’, p. 993. 17 Bruce R. Smith (1999) The Acoustic World of Early Modern England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 46. 18 David Cressy (1989) Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (London: Weidenfeld), p. 68. 19 Barry Truax, cited in Wes Folkerth (2002) The Sound of Shakespeare (London: Routledge), p. 15. 20 Fox’s description of news and rumour networks refers to the contemporary hunger for information localised by place epitomised by the enquiry ‘wha news at . . . ?’ Fox, Oral and Literate Culture, pp. 335–405. Notes 209

21 Cohen, The Symbolic Construction of Community, p. 14. 22 Michel Foucault (1977) Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 111. 23 Foucault, Discipline and Punish, p. 32. J. A. Sharpe (2000) ‘Civility, Civilizing Process, and the End of Public Punishment in England’ in Peter Burke, Brian Harrison and Paul Slack (eds) Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 215–30, p. 223; Paul Griffiths (2004) ‘Introduction: Punishing the English’ in Simon Devereaux and Paul Griffiths (eds) Penal Practices and Culture, 1500–1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 1–35. 24 Susan Dwyer Amussen (1995) ‘Punishment, Discipline, and Power: The Social Meanings of Violence in Early Modern England’, Journal of British Studies, 34/1, 1–34, p. 4. 25 Lorna Hutson (2005) ‘Rethinking the “Spectacle of the Scaffold”: Juridical Epistemologies and English Revenge Tragedy’, Representations, 89, 30–58. 26 Bradin Cormack describes ‘the rise of jurisdiction as a category of importance for Tudor and Stuart culture’ in Cormack (2007) A Power to Do Justice: Jurisdiction, English Literature, and the Rise of Common Law, 1509–1625 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 35. 27 See The Chronicle of Queen Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary, ed. John Gough Nichols (London: Camden Society, 1850), pp. 54–9. 28 Edward Muir (1997) Ritual in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 109. 29 Foxe, Acts and Monuments, Book 10, p. 1617. 30 On Londoners and the Wyatt rebellion see, Brigden, London in the Reformation, pp. 534–45, D. M. Loades (1965) Two Tudor Conspiracies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 67–74. 31 Eamon Duffy (2009) Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor (New Haven: Yale University Press), p. 128, pp. 171–207. 32 Bonner (1555) Homelies sette forth by . . . Edmunde Bishop of London, fol. 38v. The text is appended to Bonner (1555) A profitable and necessarye doctrine. 33 Foxe, Acts and Monuments, Book 12, p. 2283. 34 Miles Huggarde (1556) The displaying of the protestantes, fol. 40v. 35 Huggarde, The displaying of the protestantes, fol. 59v. 36 Bonner, Homelies, fol. 43v; Pole cited in Bridgen, London and the Refor- mation, p. 607. 37 See Brigden, London and the Reformation, table 6, pp. 608–12. 38 Duffy, Fires of Faith, p. 117; Brigden, London and the Reformation, pp. 593–4. 39 Foxe, Acts and Monuments, Book 12, p. 2184. 40 Claire Jowitt (2007) ‘Scaffold Performances: The Politics of Pirate Execution’ in Claire Jowitt (ed.) Pirates? The Politics of Plunder, 1550–1650 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 151–68. 41 Griffiths, ‘Introduction: Punishing the English’, p. 15. 42 See Martin Ingram’s taxonomy of Tudor punishment for offences ranging from sedition to sexual incontinence. According to Ingram ‘[w]hat linked them in the contemporary mind was a sense of false dealing, the inverse 210 Notes

of what was expected of the “honest” citizen or those who wished to do business with citizens’. Ingram (2004) ‘Shame and Pain: Themes and Variations in Tudor Punishments’, in Simon Devereaux and Paul Griffiths (eds) Penal Practice and Culture, 1500–1900: Punishing the English (London: Macmillan), pp. 36–62, p. 47. 43 Ingram, ‘Shame and Pain’, p. 46, Folkerth, The Sound of Shakespeare, pp. 19–20, p. 90. 44 Muir, Ritual in Early Modern Europe, p. 109. 45 On the widespread symbolism of riding backwards see Martin Ingram (1988) ‘Ridings, Rough Music and Mocking Rhymes in Early Modern England’ in Barry Reay (ed.) Popular Culture in Seventeenth Century England (London: Routledge), pp. 166–97, p. 173, and ‘Shame and Pain’, p. 40. 46 Ingram, ‘Shame and Pain’, p. 42. 47 On tin-panning see Ingram (1997) ‘Judicial Folklore in England Illustrated by Rough Music’ in Christopher Brooks and Michael Lobban (eds) Communities and Courts in Britain, 1150–1900 (London: Hambledon Books), pp. 61–82; E. P. Thompson (1993) ‘Rough Music’ in Customs in Common (Harmondsworth: Penguin), pp. 467–531; David Underdown (1985) ‘The Taming of the Scold: The Enforcement of Patriarchal Authority in Early Modern England’ in Anthony Fletcher and John Stevenson (eds) Order and Disorder in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 116–36. 48 Michael F. Graham (2001) ‘Conflict and Sacred Space in Reformation-Era Scotland’, Albion, 33/3, 371–87. 49 [Richard Arnold] ([1525]), In this booke is Conteyned the names of ye baylifs Custes mairs and sherefs of the cite of londo[-], fol. 32r. 50 Cited in Stephanie Tarbin (2002) ‘Moral Regulation and Civic Identity in London 1400–1530’ in Linda Rasmussen et al. (eds) Our Medieval Heritage: Essays In Honour of John Tillotson (Cardiff: Merton Priory Press), pp. 126–36, p. 130. 51 Laura Gowing (1996) Domestic Dangers: Women, Words and Sex in Early Modern London (Oxford: Clarendon Press), p. 102. 52 Thompson, ‘Rough Music’, passim; Underdown, ‘Taming of the Scold’, passim; Ingram, ‘Judicial Folklore’, pp. 76–7, fn. 33. 53 Natalie Zemon Davis (1975) ‘The Rites of Violence’ in Society and Culture in Early Modern France: Eight Essays (Stanford: Stanford University Press), pp. 152–87, pp. 162–4; Amussen, ‘Punishment, Discipline, and Power’, passim; Muir, Ritual in Early Modern Europe, pp. 138–9. 54 Underdown, ‘Taming of the Scold’; Griffiths (2004) ‘Bodies and Souls in Norwich: Punishing Petty Crime 1540–1700’ in Simon Devereaux and Paul Griffiths (eds) Penal Practice and Culture, 1500–1900: Punishing the English (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 85–120, p. 90; Ingram, ‘Shame and Pain’, p. 37. 55 Ingram, ‘Pain and Shame’, pp. 52–9, Paul Griffiths (2008) Lost Londons: Change, Crime and Control in the Capital City 1550–1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 275–7; A. L. Beier (1985) Masterless Men: The Vagrancy Problem in England 1560–1640 (London: Methuen), p. 159. Notes 211

56 Griffiths, Lost Londons, pp. 276–7. 57 On whipping within pedagogical practice see Alan Stewart (1997) Close Readers: Humanism and Sodomy in Early Modern England (Princeton: Princeton University Press), pp. 84–121; Rebecca Bushnell (1996) A Culture of Teaching: Early Modern Humanism in Theory and Practice (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), pp. 23–39. 58 George Whetstone (1586) A Mirour for the Magestrates of Cyties, sigs. A4v–¶1r. 59 Whetstone, A Mirour, sig. ¶1r. 60 See Paul Slack (1980) ‘Social Policy and the Constraints of Government, 1547–58’ in Jennifer Loach and Robert Tittler (eds) The Mid-Tudor Polity c.1540–1560 (London: Macmillan), pp. 94–115, esp. pp. 109–13. 61 Brinkelow (1542), The Lamentacion of a Christen against the Citie of London, sig. B3r. 62 On the place of poor relief within London charitable practice see Archer, The Pursuit of Stability, pp. 154–203; Clare S. Schen (2002) Charity and Lay Piety in Reformation London, 1500–1620 (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 170–214; and more broadly, Paul Slack (1988) Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (London: Longman); Brian Pullan (1976) ‘Catholics and the Poor in Early Modern Europe’, TRHS, 5th series, 26, 15–34. 63 John Howes ‘A Famyliar and Frendly Discourse Dialogue Wyse Setting Foorthe a Nomber of Abuses Comytted in the Governemente of the Poore within this Cittie, with Sundrie Devyses for Remedye thereof bothe Pleasant for the Reader and Profittable for the State to put in Execucion’ in R. H. Tawney and Eileen Power (eds) Tudor Economic Documents (London: Longman, 1924) 3 vols, 3, p. 431. 64 Slack, ‘Social Policy’, p. 113. 65 On the categorisation of the poor in the period see Slack, Poverty & Policy, pp. 61–112; Steve Hindle (2004) ‘Civility, Honesty and the Identification of the Deserving Poor in Seventeenth-Century England’ in Henry French and Jonathan Barry (eds) Identity and Agency in England, 1500–1800 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 38–59. On the development of Bridewell see Joanna Innes (1987) ‘Prisons for the Poor: English Bridewells, 1555–1800’ in Francis Snyder and Douglas Hay (eds) Labour, Law, and Crime: An Historical Perspective (London: Tavistock), pp. 42–122, esp. pp. 49–61, and A. L. Beier (2002) ‘Foucault Redux?: The Roles of Humanism, Protestantism and an Urban Elite in Creating the London Bridewell, 1500–1560’ in Louis A. Knapfa (ed.) Crime, Gender and Sexuality in Criminal Prosecutions (Westport: Greenwood Press), pp. 33–60; idem, Masterless Men, pp. 164–9; Paul Slack (1999) From Reformation to Improvement: Public Welfare in Early Modern England (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 20–22. 66 John Howes’ Ms., 1582. Being a breife note of the order and manner of the proceedings in the first erection of the three Royal Hospitals of Christ, Bridewell & St Thomas the Apostle, ed. William Lempriere (London: privately printed, 1904), p. 54. On the site of Bridewell see Paul Griffiths, Lost Londons, pp. 82–6. 212 Notes

67 ‘The Citizens of London to the Privy Council on their Suit to the King for Bridewell, 1552’, in R. H. Tawney and Eileen Power (eds) Tudor Economic Documents (London: Longman, 1924), 3 vols, 3, p. 308. 68 John Howes’ Ms., pp. 56–7. 69 The first extant records are the Minute Books of the Court of Governors for 1559–1562, with subsequent Elizabethan volumes extant for 1574–9, 1598–1610. The committal of women for whoredom, bawdry and common harlotry account for the majority of cases in the earliest volume. 70 As Archer notes ‘All of the offences punished in Bridewell could be punished in other courts’. Pursuit of Stability, p. 239. See also Richard M. Wunderli (1981) London Church Courts and Society on the Eve of the Reformation (Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America), pp. 1–31. The precise nature of Bridewell’s legal authority, granted in Letters Patent by Edward VI but never ratified by Parliament, was a long running source of complaint and confusion into the seventeenth century. See Paul Griffiths (2003) ‘Contesting London Bridewell, 1576–1580’, Journal of British Studies, 42, 283–315. 71 Beier, ‘Foucault Redux?’, passim; Archer, Pursuit of Stability, pp. 250–1. 72 John Howes’ Ms., pp. 64–73. 73 John Howes’ Ms., p. 72. 74 Slack, ‘Social Policy and the Constraints of Government’, p. 112; Archer, Pursuit of Stability, pp. 253–4. 75 Archer, Pursuit of Stability, pp. 250–1. 76 John Howes’ Ms., p. 72. 77 Helen L. Harper (2000) Clerical Marriage and the English Reformation: Precedent, Policy and Practice (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 188–90; Innes, ‘Prisons for the Poor: English Bridewells, 1555–1800’, pp. 57–8. 78 Howes, ‘A Famyliar and Frendly Discourse’, p. 421. 79 Bridewell and Bethlem Hospital, Minute Book of the Court of Governors April 1559–June 1562 (hereafter BCB-01), fol. 191r. 80 BCB-01, fol. 28v. 81 See the statistical analysis of cases in the earliest Bridewell court books, Archer, Pursuit of Stability, table 6.1, p. 239. 82 Beier, ‘Foucault Redux’, p. 33. 83 Brinkelow, The Lamentacion of a Christian, sig. B3r. 84 BCB-01, fol. 10v. 85 Griffiths, ‘Contesting London Bridewell’, p. 287. 86 Griffiths, Lost Londons, p. 216. 87 Archer, Pursuit of Stablilty, pp. 231–4. 88 Howes, ‘A Famyliar and Frendly Discourse’, p. 439. See also the examples of popular speech criticising Bridewell in Griffiths, Lost Londons, pp. 214–19. 89 BCB-01, fol. 12r. 90 BCB-01, fol. 23r. For further examples see fol. 6r, fol. 11v, fol. 18r, fol. 19r, fol. 41r. 91 See Sidney’s description of a game of Barley Break in Lamon’s eclogue Philip Sidney, Countess of Pembroke’s Arcadia, ed. Maurice Evans (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1977), pp. 203–9. Notes 213

92 Natalie Zemon Davis (1981) ‘The Sacred and the Body Social in Sixteenth-Century Lyon’, Past & Present, 90, 40–70, p. 42. 93 On counter memory see Misztal, Theories of Social Remembering, pp. 62–3. 94 [Richard Mulcaster] (1559) The Passage of our most drad Soveraigne Lady Elizabeth, sig. E3r. 95 The Passage of our most drad Soveraigne, sig. E3r. 96 The Passage of our most drad Soveraigne, sig. E4r. 97 The Queen’s Majesty’s Passage & Related Documents, ed. Germaine Warkentin (Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2004), Appendix 1, p. 109. 98 Sandra Logan (2001) ‘Making History: The Rhetorical and Historical Occasion of Elizabeth Tudor’s Coronation Entry’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 31/2, 251–82. 99 Hayden White (1987) The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press), p. 8, pp. 5–6. 100 Felicity A. Nussbaum (1988) ‘Toward Conceptualizing Diary’ in James Olney (ed.) Studies in Autobiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 128–40, p. 133. 101 Original Letters relative to the English Reformation, trans. and ed. Hastings Robinson (Cambridge: Parker Society, 1846–7), 2 vols, 1, p. 66. 102 On the visitation see Brigden, London and the Reformation, pp. 463–4. 103 The classic study of the Corpus Christi procession, analysing its capacity to connote social integration whilst simultaneously articulating the stratifica- tion of urban society is Mervyn James (1986) ‘Ritual, Drama and Social Body in the Late Medieval English Town’ in Society, Politics and Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 16–47. James’s harmonious reading of the rite has since been challenged by a number of scholars stressing the potential for division in the occasion. See Ronald Hutton (1996) Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 304–10, Sarah Beckwith (1996) Christ’s Body: Identity, Culture and Society in Late Medieval Writings (London: Routledge), pp. 22–44. 104 Chronicle of the Grey Friars of London, p. 67. 105 Later efforts to seek redress are recorded by Stow: ‘the parish Clarkes commencing suite, in the raigne of Queene Marie, and being like to haue preuailed, the saide Sir Robert Chester pulled downe the hall, sold the Timber, stone, and lead, and thereupon the suite was ended’. John Stow (1598) Survey of London, p. 133. On the appropriation of the resources of pre-Reformation religious foundations, and the re-structuring of charitable giving see Claire S. Schen (2002) Charity and Lay Piety in Reformation London, 1500–1620 (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 89–97. 106 Clare Gittings (1984) Death, Burial and the Individual in Early Modern England (London: Croom Helm), p. 43. 107 Mortimer, ‘Tudor Chronicler or Sixteenth Century Diarist?’, p. 994. 108 Cited by Duffy (2001) ‘The Conservative Voice in the English Refor- mation’ in Simon Ditchfield (ed.) Christianity and Community in the West: Essays for John Bossy (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 87–105, p. 90. 214 Notes

109 Ethan Shagan (2005) ‘Confronting Compromise: The Schism and its Legacy in Mid-Tudor England’, in Ethan Shagan (ed.) Catholics and the ‘Protestant Nation’ (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 49–68, p. 53. 110 See Alexandra Walsham (1999), Church Papists: Catholicism, Conformity and Confessional Polemic in Early Modern England (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2nd edn.). 111 John Strype (1721) Ecclesiastical Memorials, 5 vols, 2, book 1, p. 283. 112 Gibbs, ‘Marking the Days’, p. 303. Edward’s careful restriction of Mary’s religious freedom is examined in MacCulloch, The Boy King, pp. 36–9. 113 Shagan, ‘Confronting Compromise’, passim. 114 See also the celebration of other restored saints’ day: St Katharine’s Day (fol. 25r, fol. 62v), St Paul’s Day (fol. 41r, fol. 74r), St Giles’s Day (fol. 59r) and St Peter’s Day (fol. 74r). On the reformation of the calendar see Cressy (1989) Bonfires and Bells, pp. 1–12, Ronald Hutton (1994) The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400–1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 69–110. 115 James Christie (1893) Some Account of Parish Clerks (London: privately printed), pp. 58–64; Anne Lancashire (2002) London Civic Theatre: City Drama and Pageantry from Roman Times to 1558 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 100–1. 116 Beckwith, Christ’s Body, p. 34. 117 Foxe, Acts and Monuments, Book 12, p. 2327. 118 Duffy, Fires of Faith, p. 21, p. 86. Machyn also reports the disruption of a sermon at Paul’s Cross in June 1554 with ‘a gun shot over the preacher’ (fol. 33v). 119 Lucy Wooding (2006) ‘The Marian Restoration and the Mass’ in Eamon Duffy and David Loades (eds) The Church of Mary Tudor (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 227–57, p. 231. 120 Ethan Shagan (2003) Popular Politics and the English Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 58, p. 138. 121 Eamon Duffy (1992) The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England 1400–1580 (New Haven: Yale University Press), p. 93. See also Keith Thomas (1971) Religion and the Decline of Magic (Harmondsworth: Penguin), pp. 36–40. 122 Peter Marshall (2002) Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Bruce Gordon and Peter Marshall (eds) (2000) The Place of the Dead: Death and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Houlbrooke, Death, Religion and the Family in England; Harding, The Dead and the Living. The fullest treatment of pre-Reformation burial practice is to be found in Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 301–76. 123 Harding, The Dead and the Living, p. 46. 124 Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead, p. 234. Alexandra Walsham (2010) ‘Invisible Helpers: Angelic Intervention in Post-Reformation England’, Past & Present, 208, 77–130. Notes 215

125 Mortimer, ‘Tudor Chronicler or Sixteenth Century Diarist?’, p. 994. 126 Christie, Some Account of Parish Clerks, p. 71. 127 Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, p. 578. 128 Brinkelow, The Lamentacyon of a Christen, sig. A3v. 129 Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead, pp. 108–12, p. 111. On the Prayer Books of 1549 and 1552 see also Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 474–5. 130 Machyn uses ‘continent’ throughout to denote precipitate haste with an overtone of the established usage to denote restraint. Here the clear sense is of curtailed rites. 131 Mortimer, ‘Tudor Chronicler or Sixteenth Century Diarist?’, pp. 996–7. 132 The importance of obedience to religious authority within the Catholic Church is clearly set out in the ‘homely, of the aucthoritye of the Churche’ in A Profitable and Necessarye Doctrine, sigs. K–L2v. 133 On Veron see Carrie Euler (2004) ‘Véron, Jean (d. 1563)’, ODNB [http:// www.oxforddnb.com/view/ article/28250 (accessed 25, January 2012)]. 134 Jean Veron (1562) A Stronge defence of the maryage of Pryestes, fol. 3r. 135 Jean Veron (1562) A stronge battery against the idolatrous inuocation of the dead saintes, fol. 66v. 136 Alec Ryrie (2002) ‘Counting Sheep, Counting Shepherds: The Problem of Allegiance in the English Reformation’ in Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie (eds) The Beginnings of English Protestantism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 84–110, esp. pp. 87–91. 137 Smith, The Acoustic World of Early Modern England, p. 263. 138 See Susan Wabuda (2002) Preaching During the English Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 139 Nicholas Temperley (1979) The Music of the English Parish Church (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), vol. 1, pp. 7–19; Beat Kumin (2001) ‘Masses, Morris and Metrical Psalms: Music in the English Parish, c.1400–1600’ in Fiona Kisby (ed.) Music and Musicians in Renaissance Cities and Towns (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 70–81, p. 73, n. 22. 140 Temperley, The Music of the English Parish Church, p. 10. 141 Benedict Anderson (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso), p. 145. 142 John Craig (2008) ‘Psalms, Groans and Dogwhippers: The Soundscape of Worship in the English Parish Church, 1547–1642’ in Will Coster and Andrew Spicer (2008) Sacred Space in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 104–23; Kumin, ‘Masses, Morris and Metrical Psalms’, pp. 78–80; Smith, The Acoustic World of Early Modern England, p. 267. 143 Ryrie, ‘Counting Sheep, Counting Shepherds’, pp. 102–3. 144 The Seconde Tome of Homelyes (1563), sig. Ccccc2v. 145 Seconde Tome of Homelyes, sig. Aaaaa4r. 146 Sarah Beckwith (2011) Shakespeare and the Grammar of Forgiveness (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), p. 3. 147 Nussbaum, ‘Toward Conceptualizing Diary’, p. 134. 148 Anderson, Imagined Communities, pp. 187–206. 149 MacCulloch, The Boy King, p. 81. 216 Notes

2 Contesting Inheritance: William Smith and Isabella Whitney

1 Sir Thomas Elyot (1541) The image of gouernance, fol. 27r. On Aristotelian ideas of the city see Richard L. Kagan (1998) ‘Urbs and Civitas in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Spain’ in David Buisseret (ed.) Envisioning the City: Six Studies in Urban Cartography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 75–108; on the dissemination of Aristotle see Richard Tuck (1993) Philosophy and Government, 1572–1651 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 6–12. 2 Manley, Literature and Culture, p. 136. 3 See for example ‘The Journal of Lupold von Wedel’ trans. T. H. Nash in Queen Elizabeth and Some Foreigners (London: The Bodley Head, 1928), pp. 313–43; Thomas Platter’s Travels in England 1599, trans. and intro. Clare Williams (London: Jonathan Cape, 1937), and The Diary of Baron Waldstein, A Traveller in Elizabethan England, trans. G. W. Groos (London: Thames and Hudson, 1981). 4 ‘The London Journal of Allesandro del Magno 1562’ eds Caroline Barron, Christopher Coleman and Claire Gobbi, The London Journal, 9 (1983), 135–52, p. 144. 5 Gainsford, Glory of England, sig. ¶5r. 6 Hooker (1575) The Discription of the Cittie of Excester, p. 41. The text was published appended to his The Order and Usage of the keeping of a Parlement in England (1575). On Hooker see S. Mendyk (2004, online ed. 2005) ‘Hooker, John (c.1527–1601)’, ODNB [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/ article/13695 (accessed 19, December 2011)]. 7 See Tittler, The Reformation and the Towns, pp. 288–91. 8 William Smith to Lord Burghley, undated letter [c.1594?], BL Lansdowne ms 108, fol. 204r. 9 Richard Helgerson (1992) Forms of Nationhood: The Elizabethan Writing of England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 133. 10 Smith’s description of Chester exists in several copies including BL Harley ms 1046 and was printed as the first part of Daniel King (1656) Vale Royall of the County Palatinate of Chester. The manuscript of The Particuler Description is BL Sloane ms 2596. An edition was published as William Smith (1879) The Particular Description of England, 1588, ed. H. B. Wheatley and E. W. Ashbee (Hertford: Austin and Sons, by subscription). 11 BL Harley ms 6601, fol. 9r. 12 BL Sloane ms 2596, fols 76v–77. On Smith’s contribution to the Civitates see Braun, Georg and Hogenberg, Frans, Civitates Orbis Terrarum 1572– 1618, intro R. A. Skelton (Cleveland and New York: World Publishing Company 1966), 3 vols, 1, pp. xxviii–xxix. 13 BL Sloane ms 2596, fol. 50r; James Elliot (1987) The City in Maps: Urban Mapping to 1900 (London: The British Library), pp. 39–43; William Shannon and Michael Winstanley (2007) ‘Lord Burghley’s Map of Lancashire Revisited, c.1576–1590’, Imago Mundi, 59/1, 24–42. Notes 217

14 William Smith, ‘A Breeff Description of the Famous and Bewtifull Cittie of Noremberg’, (1594), BL Add ms 78167, fol. 13r. This appears to be Burghley’s presentation copy, although the title-page gives the author as ‘W. S Rouge-dragon’, a title he did not enjoy until 1598. A copy dedicated to George Carey is Lambeth Palace Library ms 508. On Burghley’s interest in the uses of geographical materials see Peter Barber (1992) ‘England II: monarchs, ministers and maps, 1550–1625’ in David Buisseret (ed.) Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe (Chicago and London: University of Chicago), pp. 57–98. 15 The Freedom Registers of the Haberdashers’ Company record a William Smith being made free of the company by apprenticeship in both 1573 and 1575. Guildhall Library Ms 15857/1. For an overview of Smith’s career see David Kathman (2004, online ed. 2006) ‘Smith, William (c.1550–1618)’ ODNB [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25922 (accessed 26 March 2009)]. 16 Manley, Literature and Culture, p. 136, p. 137. 17 The 1588 version incorporates a number of substantive revisions. The 1575 text (formerly Guildhall ms 02463) also contains some later inser- tions by Smith. The lists of civic officeholders in the 1575 copy were also continued after Smith’s death. All subsequent references are parenthetical and identify the manuscripts by their title-page dates. 18 Beneath the description of the Royal Exchange is a note ‘In this place muste the picture Come in’ (1575, fol. 2r). 19 Holinshed, The Firste volume of the Chronicles, fol. 20r. 20 Peter Burke (2000) A Social History of Knowledge from Gutenberg to Diderot (Cambridge: Polity Press), p. 118. 21 Tittler, The Reformation and the Towns, pp. 213–19; Will Coster (1997) ‘Popular Religion and the Parish Register, 1538–1603’ in Katherine L. French, Gary G. Gibbs and Beat A. Kümin (eds) The Parish in English Life, 1400–1600 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 94–111, pp. 94–9. Smith’s native Chester was a pioneer in the switch to paper record books through the influence of the sometime mayor Henry Gee. 22 Griffiths, Lost Londons, p. 413. 23 On the vestry see Archer, Pursuit of Stability, pp. 69–74, 82. 24 On account books see Mary Poovey (1998) A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 29–91; Ceri Sullivan (2002) The Rhetoric of Credit: Merchants in Early Modern Writing (Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press), pp. 26–43; Smyth, Autobiography in Early Modern England, pp. 61–72. 25 Edward Worsop (1582) A Discoverie of Sundrie Errours and faults daily com- mitted by Landemeaters, sigs. E3v–E4. 26 Deborah Harkness (2007) The Jewel House: Elizabethan London and the Scientific Revolution (New Haven and London: Yale University Press). 27 Keith Thomas (1987), ‘Numeracy in Early Modern England’, TRHS, 5th series, 37, 103–32, p. 130. 218 Notes

28 Griffiths, Lost Londons, p. 404. 29 Thomas, ‘Numeracy in Early Modern England’, pp. 114–17. See also Harkness, Jewel House, pp. 103–15. 30 Timothy J. Reiss (2004) ‘Calculating Humans: Mathematics, War and the Colonial Calculus’ in David Glimp and Michelle R. Warren (eds) Arts of Calculation: Quantifying Thought in Early Modern England (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 137–63, citing pp. 137–8, p. 142. 31 Christie, Some Account of Parish Clerks, pp. 133–42; F. P. Wilson (1927) The Plague in Shakespeare’s London (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 190–204. On searchers for the dead see Richelle Munkhoff (1999) ‘Searchers of the Dead: Authority, Marginality, and the Interpretation of Plague in England, 1574–1665’, Gender & History 11/1, 1–29 and idem (2010) ‘Reckoning Death: Women Searchers and the Bills of Mortality in Early Modern London’ in Jennifer C. Vaught (ed.) Rhetorics of Bodily Disease and Health in Medieval and Early Modern England (Farnham: Ashgate), pp. 119–34. 32 Paul Slack (1985) The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 148–9; John Graunt (1662) Natural and Political Observations . . . upon the Bills of Mortality. 33 Poovey, History of the Modern Fact, p. 29. No contemporary plague bills survive from this early period although varying figures for the 1563 outbreak are given in later comparatively-structured bills, e.g. Anon (1583) The Number of All Those That Died [STC 16738.5], or Chettle (1603) A True Bill of the whole number that hath died [STC 16743.2]. Smith’s source is likely to be a work he also draws on in the Cronologia, John Stow (1575) A Summarie of the Chronicles of England, p. 511. 34 Christie, Some Account of Parish Clerks, p. 135. 35 Reiss, ‘Calculating Humans’, p. 142. 36 Giovanni Botero (1606) A Treatise Concerning the Causes of the Magnificency and Greatness of Cities [1588] trans. R. Peterson, p. 1. 37 Whetstone, A Mirour, fol. 35v. On early modern London’s ‘population crisis’ see Ian Munro (2005) The Figure of the Crowd in Early Modern London: The City and Its Double (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), passim. 38 Vanessa Harding (1990) ‘The Population of London, 1500–1700: A Review of the Published Evidence’, London Journal, 15, 111–28, pp. 116–18. 39 A Breefe Discourse, declaring and approuing the inuiolable maintenance of the laudable Customes of London (1584), p. 15. 40 See Mark Jenner (2000) ‘From Conduit Community to Commercial Network? Water in London, 1500–1725’ in Paul Griffiths and Mark Jenner (eds) Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 250–72. 41 The phase is taken from Vanessa Taylor and Frank Trentmann (2011) ‘Liquid Politics: Water and the Politics of Everyday Life in the Modern City’, Past & Present, 211, 199–241. 42 See Robert Darnton (1984) ‘A Bourgeois Puts his World in Order: The City as a Text’ in The Great Cat Massacre And Other Episodes in French Cultural History (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), pp. 105–40. Notes 219

43 Archer, Pursuit of Stability, p. 52. 44 Mark Goldie (2001) ‘The Unacknowledged Republic: Officeholding in Early Modern England’ in Tim Harris (ed.) The Politics of the Excluded, c.1500–1850 (Basingstoke: Palgrave – now Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 153– 94. Archer identifies reluctance amongst London’s wealthier inhabitants to serve in humble positions and records the increasing rates of refusal for the post of Sheriff. Pursuit of Stability, p. 20–1, pp. 92–3. His account qualifies the more positive reading of citizen participation found in Steve Rappaport (1989) Worlds Within Worlds: Structures of Life in Sixteenth- century London (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 45 Pierre Bourdieu (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (London: Routledge), p. 76. See also the analysis of ‘strategies of heirship’ in Jack Goody (1976) Production and Reproduction: A Comparative Study of the Domestic Domain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 86–98. 46 See in particular the essays collected in Jack Goody, Joan Thirsk and E. P. Thompson (eds) (1976) Family and Inheritance: Rural Society in Western Europe 1200–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Amy Louise Erickson (1993) Women and Property in Early Modern England (London: Routledge); Keith Wrightson and David Levine (1979) Poverty and Piety in an English Village: Terling 1525–1700 (London and New York: Academic Press), pp. 92–9. 47 Ralph Houlbrooke (1998) Death, Religion and the Family in England, 1480–1750 (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 83–4. 48 A Breefe Discourse, p. 23. 49 Charles Carlton (1974) ‘Changing Jurisdictions in 16th and 17th Century England: The Relationship between the Courts of Orphans and Chancery’, American Journal of Legal History, 18, 124–36. 50 A Breefe Discourse, pp. 29–30. 51 A Breefe Discourse, p. 31. 52 BL Add ms 33271, fol. 29v. 53 John Hooker ([1575]) Orders enacted for the Orphans and for their portions within the Citie of Exester, fol. 33v. Hooker, the city chamberlain, was himself the driving force behind the foundation of Exeter’s Court of Orphans. Charles Carlton (1973) ‘John Hooker and Exeter’s Court of Orphans’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 36, 307–16. 54 Gowing, Domestic Dangers, pp. 253–5. 55 Vivien Brodsky Elliott (1981) ‘Single Women in the London Marriage Market: Age, Status and Mobility, 1598–1619’ in R. B. Outhwaite (ed.) Marriage and Society: Studies in the Social History of Marriage (London: Europa), pp. 81–100, p. 90. 56 Carlton, ‘Changing Jurisdictions, p. 129. 57 Craig Muldrew (1998) The Economy of Obligation: The Culture of Credit and Social Relations in Early Modern England (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan), p. 111. 58 Valerie Pearl (1961) London and the Outbreak of the Puritan Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 332. Carlton sets out the procedures 220 Notes

of the London court against the backdrop of local variations, and charts its transition from a fund for private credit in the sixteenth century to the principle source of public credit for the city in the seventeenth. This is illustrated by the figures. In 1585 the City owed the Orphans Fund £5,484, but by 1627 that had risen to the astronomical sum of £182,795. Carlton (1974) The Court of Orphans (Leicester: Leicester University Press), passim, p. 91. 59 McLaren, London Chronicles of the Fifteenth Century, pp. 230–1; Tittler, The Reformation and the Towns, pp. 284–6. 60 Stow, Chronicles (1575), p. 415. 61 Barne’s son-in-law Sir John Rivers was lord mayor in 1573, his heir George was already an influential alderman who would serve as mayor in 1587. On the elder George’s involvement in the establishment of Bridewell see Chapter 1. 62 Whitney (1573) A sweet Nosgay, Or pleasant Posye: contayning a hundred and ten Phylosophicall Flowers, &c. All quotations are from this text and references given in parentheses. 63 Betty Travitsky (1980) ‘“The wyll and testament” of Isabella Whitney’, English Literary Renaissance, 10, 76–95. 64 Ann Rosalind Jones (1990) The Currency of Eros: Women’s Love Lyric in Europe 1540–1620 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), pp. 36–52; Wendy Wall (1991) ‘Isabella Whitney and the Female Legacy’, ELH, 58, 35–62; Lorna Hutson (1994) The Usurer’s Daughter (London: Routledge), pp. 122–8; Patrick Cheney (2011) Reading Sixteenth-Century Poetry (Oxford: Blackwell), pp. 142–5, 231–40. 65 R. J. Fehrenbach (1981) ‘Isabella Whitney and the Popular Miscellany of Richard Jones’, Cahiers Elisabethiennes, 19, p. 85. 66 Hutson, Usurer’s Daughter, pp. 122–8; idem (1998) ‘Les femmes écrivent d’amitié: Le Sweet Nosgay d’Isabella Whitney (1573)’ in R. Marienstras and Dominique Guy-Blanquet (eds) Shakespeare, la Renaissance et l’amitié (Picardie: C. E. R. L. A.), pp. 149–68. 67 Patricia Phillippy (1998) ‘The Maid’s Lawful Liberty: Service, the Household, and “Mother B” in Isabella Whitney’s “A Sweet Nosegay”’, Modern Philology, 95/4, 439–62; Laurie Ellinghausen (2005) ‘Literary Property and the Single Woman in Isabella Whitney’s A Sweet Nosegay’, SEL, 45/1, 1–22. 68 Phillippy, ‘The Maid’s Lawful Liberty’, p. 444. 69 Rebecca Laroche explores the negotiation of medical authority in the Sweet Nosgay, aligning Whitney’s persona with the female medical prac- titioner whose popular texts contrasted with the market of the high status male physician. Laroche (2009) Medical Authority and Englishwomen’s Herbal Texts, 1550–1650 (Farnham: Ashgate), pp. 137–66. 70 Jones, Currency of Eros, p. 39. 71 Crystal Bartolovitch (2009) ‘“Optimism of the Will”: Isabella Whitney and Utopia’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 39, 407–32, p. 415. 72 As Jean Howard argues ‘Perhaps the most innovative aspect of the sequence is its insistent localization. Whitney repeatedly calls attention Notes 221

to the fact that the poems have been written and published in London, and they depict a vividly realized maidservant’s experience within the city.’ Howard (2006) ‘Textualizing an Urban Life: The Case of Isabella Whitney’ in Ronald Bedford, Lloyd Davis and Philippa Kelly (eds) Early Modern Autobiography: Theories, Genres and Practices (Michigan: University of Michigan Press), pp. 217–33, p. 221. 73 On Whitney’s prosody in the Sweet Nosgay see Cheney, Reading Sixteenth- Century Poetry, pp. 142–5. 74 Jones, Currency of Eros, p. 40. 75 Wall, ‘Whitney and the Female Legacy’, p. 38; Jennifer Heller (2011) The Mother’s Legacy in Early Modern England (Farnham: Ashgate), pp. 6–7 and passim. 76 See Amy M. Froide (2005) Never Married: Singlewomen in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Froide’s study explores sam- ples of never married women’s wills, and posits that ‘single-women of all socio-economic backgrounds, and not just the wealthy, may have been more inclined to make a will since they had no heir’, p. 45. 77 Hutson, Usurers’ Daughter, pp. 122–8; idem (1989) Thomas Nashe in Context (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 127–51. 78 Eber Carle Perrow (1913) ‘The Last Will and Testament as a Form of Literature’, Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, 17/1, 6, 682–753; Julia Boffey (1992) ‘Lydgate, Henryson, and the Literary Testament’, Modern Language Quarterly, 53, 41–56; Edward Wilson (1994) ‘The Testament of the Buck and the Sociology of the Text’, RES, 45/178, 157–84. 79 [Robert Copland] ([1567]) Iyl of braintfords testament Newly compiled, sig. B1r. 80 Anon ‘Colyn Blowbols Testament’ in W. C. Hazlitt (ed.) Remains of the Early Popular Poetry of England (London: John Russell Smith, 1864), 1, pp. 92–109. 81 Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, p. 355. 82 Victoria & Albert Museum Dyce ms 25 F 40, fols 44r–48r. 83 Wilson, ‘The Testament of the Buck ’, pp. 162–3. 84 Laura Gowing (2000) ‘The Freedom of the Streets: Women and Social Space, 1560–1640’ in Paul Griffiths and Mark Jenner (eds) Londinopolis: Essays in the Cultural and Social History of Early Modern London (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 130–51, esp. pp. 138–40. 85 There is no title page in the single extant copy of the text and the title is therefore taken from the header on sig. B2r following the prefatory material. The ‘&c’ suggests the title page included further comment on the author’s labours, perhaps continuing the gardening conceit in the manner of Gascoigne’s title page. 86 Gascoigne, A Hundreth Sundrie Flowres, ed. G. W. Pigman III (Oxford: Clarendon Press 2000), p. 674. 87 Although Betty Travitsky has suggested that Whitney’s poem served as a model for Gascoigne, the evidence clearly indicates that Gascoigne’s text was completed first. Both printed texts are dated 1573, but printing of 222 Notes

Gascoigne’s work is known to have begun in January, while the only information about Whitney’s text is the printer’s dedication dated October 1573. Betty Travitsky (2004) ‘Whitney, Isabella (fl. 1566–1573)’, ODNB [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/45498 (accessed 26 March 2009)]. 88 Ellinghausen, ‘Literary Property and the Single Woman’, p. 8. 89 On the dating puzzle in Dan Bartholomew’s Last Will and Testament see Pigman’s note, Gascoigne, A Hundreth Sundrie Flowres, p. 682. 90 Smyth, Autobiography in Early Modern England, pp. 15–36. 91 Gascoigne, A Hundreth Sundrie Flowres, p. 1. On Whitney’s use of Ovidian persona as integral to the poetic career path mapped out in her two collections see Cheney, Reading Sixteenth-Century Poetry, pp. 234–40. 92 Wall, ‘Whitney and the Female Legacy’, p. 51. 93 Manley, Literature and Culture, pp. 141–3. 94 Danielle Clarke (2001) The Politics of Early Modern Women’s Writing (London: Longman), p. 203. 95 Bartolovitch, ‘Optimism of the Will’, p. 418. 96 Jill Phillips Ingram (2006) Idioms of Self-Interest: Credit, Identity and Property in English Renaissance Literature (New York & London: Routledge), pp. 82–3; Wilson, ‘The Testament of the Buck’, passim. 97 Hutson, Usurer’s Daughter, p. 128. See also Jean E. Howard (2007) Theater of a City: The Places of London Comedy, 1598–1642 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), pp. 68–72. 98 J. S. W. Helt (2000) ‘Women, Memory and Will-making in Elizabethan England’ in Bruce Gordon and Peter Marshall (eds) The Place of the Dead in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 188–205, p. 195. 99 Froide, Never Married, p. 79. 100 Harding, The Dead and the Living, p. 244. 101 Duffy, Stripping of the Altars, pp. 359–66. 102 On Gascoigne’s persona of reformed prodigal see Gillian Austen (2008) George Gascoigne (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer), Cheney, Reading Sixteenth- Century Poetry, pp. 166–70. 103 Gascoigne, A Hundreth Sundrie Flowres, p. 681. 104 Stephen Hamrick (2009) The Catholic Imaginary and the Cults of Elizabeth 1558–1582 (Farnham: Ashgate), p. 85. 105 See for example the epitaphs listed by Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England, p. 199, n. 60 and the sermon directions cited by Archer, ‘The Arts and Acts of Memorialisation in Early Modern London’, pp. 103–4. 106 Jonathan Gil Harris (1998) Foreign Bodies and the Body Politic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 90.

3 John Stow and the Textuality of Custom

1 See Daniel Woolf (2000) Reading History in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 40–1. Notes 223

2 See the essays by A. S. G. Edwards, Jane Griffiths, Derek Pearsall and Joseph A. Dane in Ian Gadd and Alexandra Gillespie (eds) (2004) John Stow (1525–1605) and the Making of the English Past (London: The British Library). 3 John Stow (1590) The Annales of England, ‘Epistle Dedicatorie’, sig. A2v. For evidence of Stow’s role in the circulation of manuscripts see the letters to Stow printed in Kingsford’s introduction Survey, I: lxviii–lxxvi; G. J. R. Parry (1987) ‘John Stow’s Unpublished “Historie of this Island”: Amity and Enmity amongst Sixteenth-century Scholars’, EHR, 102, 633–47; and Oliver Harris (2004) ‘Stow and the Contemporary Antiquarian Network’ in Ian Gadd and Alexandra Gillespie (eds) John Stow (1525–1605) and the Making of the English Past (London: The British Library), pp. 27–35. 4 All parenthetical references to the Survey are to Kingsford’s edition of the 1603 text. John Stow, A Survey of London, ed. C. L. Kingsford (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1908), 2 vols. 5 Examples include I:197, I:207, I:222, I:248; I:251–3; I:262, I:283, I:289, I:306–7, I:338, II:23–4, II:58. The inclusion of epitaphs was greatly expanded by Munday in his revisions of Stow’s text. 6 This section is missing from the extant manuscript of the Survey in Stow’s hand (BL Harley ms 538), supporting the author’s print disclaimer that it was added latter and completed in some haste. 7 Sacks, The Widening Gate, pp. 8–9. 8 Edward T. Bonahue (1998) ‘Citizen History: Stow’s Survey of London’, Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900, 28, 59–85, pp. 70–2. 9 Ian Archer (1995) ‘The Nostalgia of John Stow’ in D. Smith, R. Strier and D. Bevington (eds) The Theatrical City: Culture, Theatre and Politics in London, 1576–1649 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 17–34. 10 M. J. Power (1985) ‘John Stow and his London’, Journal of Historical Geography, 11/1, 1–20. 11 Patrick Collinson (2001) ‘John Stow and Nostalgic Antiquarianism’ in J. F. Merritt (ed.) Imagining Early Modern London: Perceptions and Portrayals of the City from Stow to Strype, 1598–1720 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 27–51, p. 34. 12 Collinson, ‘John Stow and nostalgic antiquarianism’, p. 34. 13 Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1989), 2nd edition. 14 Manley (1995) ‘Of Sites and Rites’ in D. Smith, R. Strier and D. Bevington (eds) The Theatrical City: Culture, Theatre and Politics in London, 1576–1649 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 35–54; Bonahue, ‘Citizen History’, passim. 15 Wrightson, ‘The Politics of the Parish in Early Modern England’, p. 24. 16 The Diary of John Manningham, of the Middle Temple, and of Bradbourne, Kent, Barrister-at-law, 1602–1603, ed. John Bruce (London: Nichols for Camden Society 1868), p. 103. 17 The 1603 edition includes the name of the incumbent lord mayor, Robert Lee, where the 1598 edition had mentioned only the office. 224 Notes

18 Tate remarked that ‘The Latin word Civitas properly is referred to the People, and inhabitants, which live under one, not onely one Law, but also under one and the self same Magistrate and Government’. Francis Tate, ‘The Antiquitye use and Privelidge of Cittyes, Burroughs and Townes’ in Collectanea Curiosa; or Miscellaneous Tracts, relating to the History and Antiquities of England and Ireland, ed. John Gutch (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1781), 2 vols, 1, p. 1. 19 Archer, ‘The Arts and Acts of Memorialisation in Early Modern London’, pp. 89–113; Robert Tittler (2013) ‘Portraiture and Memory Amongst the Middling Elites in Post-Reformation England’ in Andrew Gordon and Thomas Rist (eds) The Arts of Remembrance in Early Modern England (Farnham: Ashgate). 20 Collinson, ‘John Stow and Nostalgic Antiquarianism’, p. 46. 21 Andrew Gordon (2002) ‘The Act of Libel: Conscripting Civic Space in Early Modern England’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 32/2, 375–97, p. 378. 22 Gordon, ‘The Act of Libel’, p. 379. 23 The Diary of John Manningham, p. 103. The seal and its inscription are referred to in the Survey (I:315). 24 Richard J. Ross (1998) ‘The Memorial Culture of Early Modern English Lawyers: Memory as Keyword, Shelter, and Identity, 1560–1640’, Yale Journal of Law & The Humanities, 10, 229–326, p. 230. 25 Sir John Davies (1615) Le Primer Report des Cases et Matters en Ley resolues & adiuges en les Courts del Roy en Ireland, ‘Preface Dedicatory’, fol. 2r. 26 See Pocock’s description of the Common-law mind and the important revisions to his thesis offered by Burgess and by Helgerson for whom the ‘immemorial character’ of common law ‘made it proof against royal encroachment’. J. G. A. Pocock (1987) The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law: A Reissue with a Retrospect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Glenn Burgess (1992) The Politics of the Ancient Constitution: An Introduction to English Political Thought, 1603–1642 (London: Macmillan); Helgerson, Forms of Nationhood, p. 82; Janelle Greenberg (2001) The Radical Face of the Ancient Constitution: St. Edward’s ‘Laws’ in Early Modern Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 27 Helgerson, Forms of Nationhood, p. 97. 28 Helgerson, Forms of Nationhood, p. 87. 29 E. P. Thompson (1993) ‘Custom, Law and Common Right’ in Customs in Common (Harmondsworth: Penguin), p. 97, p. 102. 30 Andy Wood (1999) ‘Custom and the Social Organisation of Writing in Early Modern England’, TRHS, 6th series, 9, 257–69, p. 259. 31 A Breefe Discourse, p. 4. 32 A Breefe Discourse, p. 9. 33 Wood, ‘Custom and the Social Organisation of Writing in Early Modern England’, p. 259. In Fox’s checklist legitimate customs ought to be ‘con- sonant with common right, binding over those to whom they applied, certain and consistent over time, and anciently used’, Oral and Literate Culture in England, p. 260. Notes 225

34 John Cowell (1607) The Interpreter (Cambridge), sig. V4r. On Cowell’s text, and its suppression by James I over comments on the royal prerogative see Burgess, Politics of the Ancient Constitution, pp. 148–55. 35 Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record, p. 42. 36 ‘The gifte of Landes by Willm the Conquerr’ as the same is mentiond in a Scottish cronicle in the Library at Richmond’, BL Harley ms 367, fol. 50r. 37 Stow (1600) Annales, p. 145; John Weever (1631) Ancient Funerall Monuments within the vnited monarchie of Great Britaine, Ireland, and the islands adiacent, p. 604. See also John Speed (1611) The history of Great Britaine under the conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes and Normans, p. 424. 38 Thomas Blount (1679) Fragmenta antiquitatis: antient tenures of land, and jocular customs of some mannors, pp. 102–3; William Prynne (1643) The opening of the great seale of England, p. 7. 39 Daniel Woolf (2003) The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture 1500–1730 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 276. 40 Cowell, The Interpreter, sig. V4r. 41 Keith Thomas (1976) ‘Age and Authority in Early Modern England’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 62, 205–48, p. 210; Shepard, Meanings of Manhood, pp. 214–45. 42 On the temporal extent of collective memory see Fox, Oral and Literate Culture, p. 276. 43 Viewers’ Certificate no. 179, 30 April 1543 in Janet Senderowitz Loengard (ed.) (1989) London Viewers and their Certificates, 1508–1558 (London: London Record Society), p. 74. Although extant certificates are limited, the procedure of the Sworn Viewers is known to have survived into the later seventeenth century, and their use is referred to in an anonymous compendium of London custom, The City Law (1647), p. 14. 44 Wood, ‘Custom and the Social Organisation of Writing’, p. 261; Wood (1999) The Politics of Social Conflict: The Peak Country, 1520–1770 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 127–62; Fox, Oral and Literate Culture, pp. 273–89; see also Heather MacNeill (2006) ‘From the Memory of the Act to the Act Itself: The Evolution of Written Records as Proof of Jural Acts in England, 11th to 17th century’, Archival Science, 6, 313–28. 45 Wood, ‘Custom and the Social Organisation of Writing’, p. 258. 46 Griffiths, Lost Londons, p. 417. 47 R. B. Wernham (1956) ‘The Public Records in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’ in Levi Fox (ed.) English Historical Scholarship in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 11–30; Alan Stewart (forthcoming) ‘Familiar Letters and State Papers: The After-lives of Early Modern Correspondence’ in James Daybell and Andrew Gordon (eds) Cultures of Correspondence in Early Modern Britain, 1550–1640. 48 Tittler, The Reformation and the Towns, pp. 211–20. 49 On archival practices in the period see the special issue of Archival Science, 7, ed. Ann Blair and Jenniefer Milligan, and in particular the exemplary comparative study of inventorising systems within government archives, 226 Notes

Randolph C. Head (2007) ‘Mirroring Governance: Archives, Inventories and Political Knowledge in Early Modern Switzerland and Europe’, Archival Science, 7, 317–29. 50 Analytical index to the series of records know as the Remembrancia, 1579–1664, ed. W. H. Overall (London 1878), p.v. Norton has been a key figure in the history of parliament. See particularly M. A. R. Graves (1994) Thomas Norton: the Parliament Man (Oxford: Blackwell); Patrick Collinson (1994) ‘Puritans, Men of Business and Elizabethan Parliaments’, in Elizabethan Essays (London: Hambledon), pp. 59–86; P. W. Hasler (1981) The House of Commons, 1558–1603 (London: History of Parliament Trust, HMSO), 3 vols, 3, pp. 145–9. 51 What survives as BL Add ms 33271, ff. 28–31, is a copy of the preface to this volume in which Norton reminds the new mayor of his duties and the principles which should inform his government. The practical nature of the lost main portion of the volume is clear from Norton’s description of its division into a section of ‘generall thinges, not limited to tymes’ (fol. 30v), to be monitored and performed throughout the year, and a calendar of duties to which further business or decrees are to be added and ‘for which cause there ys voide paper left for every monethe’ (fol. 30v). 52 Book of Oaths, London Metropolitan Archive, CLA/047/LR/02/04/004, p. 180. 53 Piers Cain (1987–8) ‘Robert Smith and the Reform of the Archives of the City of London, 1580–1623’, London Journal, 13/1, 3–16. 54 Cited in Cain, ‘Robert Smith and the Reform of the Archives’, p. 8. 55 Hatton to Lord Mayor, 28 October 1580, London Metropolitan Archive COL/RMD/PA/01/001, Remembrancia 1/151. 56 Head, ‘Mirroring governance’, 322–3. 57 London Metropolitan Archive COL/AC/01/009, ‘Calendar of Matters dispersed in the City’s Books and Rolls at large,’ unpaginated alphabetical index by subject heading. One of the draft volumes used in the prepara- tion of the calendar also survives, showing Smith’s working methods, COL/AC/01/10. 58 On the evolution of the Recorder’s role see Caroline Barron (2004) London in the Later Middle Ages: Government and People 1200–1500 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 173–6. 59 For Fleetwood’s parliamentary career see Hasler, The House of Commons, 1558–1603, 2, pp. 133–8. 60 Contemporary understanding of this tradition is illustrated by a manuscript in Stow’s possession celebrating Robert Bale, whom it erroneously describes as a Recorder of London: ‘hys chefest care [^or delight] was to adorne the city by making the monuments therof more famous then they were before, wherefore he collected or gathered into one volume all matters belonging to the city there customes, lawes, foundations restoryngs, magistrates publyke offices, markets and fayres’. BL Harley ms 367, fol. 46r. On Bale see C. L. Kingsford (1916) ‘Robert Bale, the London Chronicler’, English Historical Review, 31, 126–8. Notes 227

61 Norton to Thomas Mylles, 31 August 1581, Folger Shakespeare Library MS X.c.62. 62 See J. D. Alsop (1994) ‘William Fleetwood and Elizabethan Scholarship’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 25/1, 155–76, and P. R. Harris (1963–4) ‘William Fleetwood, Recorder of the City, and Catholicism in Elizabethan London’, Recusant History, 7, 106–22. 63 Diary of John Manningham, p. 103. Manningham continues ‘which nowe is cutt in brasse and prefixed in print to his Survey of London’. 64 Fleetwood to Burghley, Jan 19 1582, Queen Elizabeth and her Times, A Series of Original Letters, ed. Thomas Wright (London: Henry Colburn 1838), 2 vols, 2, p. 187; Harris, ‘William Fleetwod, Recorder of the City and Catholocism in Elizabethan London’, pp. 111–12. 65 Lord Mayor to Coke, 15 Jan 1591/2 London Metropolitan Archive COL/ RMD/PA/01/001, Remembrancia 1/161. 66 Neal R. Shipley (1977) ‘The City Lands Committee, 1592–1642’, Guildhall Studies in London History, 2/4, 161–78. 67 In April 1592 just as the City Lands Committee was being set up, the new Recorder was appointed to give the Inner Temple readings for that year on the Henrician Statute of Uses, an act which had significant implica- tions for the tenure and transfer of property. J. H. Baker (2000) Readers and Readings in the Inns of Court and Chancery (London: Selden Society), Suppl. Series 13, pp. 90–1. 68 Stow (1600) The Annales of England, ‘To the gentle reader’, sig. A3r–v. 69 On the letter books see the introduction to Calendar of Letter-Books preserved among the archives of the Corporation of the City of London at the Guildhall: Letter Book A, ed. R. R. Sharpe (London: Corporation of London 1899), pp. i–xii. 70 Munimenta Gildhallæ Londoniensis: Liber Albus, Liber Custumarum, et Liber Horn, ed. H. T. Riley (London: Longman, 1859–62), 3 vols. On the subsequent fate of the Liber Custumarum, which passed to Francis Tate, Fleetwood’s executor, and was only partially restored to the Guildhall see, 2, part 1, pp. xvii–xxi and Neil Ker (1954) ‘Liber Custumarium, and other manuscripts formerly at the Guildhall’, Guidlhall Miscellany, 1/3, 37–45, p. 41; Kingsford, Survey, I: p. xxxii. 71 Michael Heneage and Robert Bowyer, each of whom held the post of Keeper of the Records at the Tower, were fellow Antiquarians well posi- tioned to help Stow as was Arthur Agarde at the Exchequer, who was involved in both organising and inventorying the state records. Agard’s ‘Compendium of Records in the Treasury’, compiled in 1610, was published in 1631 in expanded form, including an index to the Tower Records and a list of fees as The Repertorie of Records (1631). See G. H. Martin (2004, online ed. 2008) ‘Agard, Arthur (1535/6–1615)’, ODNB [http://www. oxforddnb.com/view/article/206 (accessed 9 Aug. 2009)]; Wernham, ‘The Public Records in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, pp. 17–22; Kingsford, Survey, I: pp. xxxii–xxxiii. 72 The cartulary of Holy Trinity Aldgate is now Glasgow University Library Sp Coll MS Hunter 215 (U.2.6). Batman’s name is inscribed on the flyleaf. 228 Notes

A number of documents relating to the Priory of Holy Trinity, including charters, also appear in the Corporation’s Letter Book C. Calendar of letter-books of the city of London: C: 1291–1309, ed. R. R. Sharpe (London: Corporation of London 1901), p. xi. Alexandra Gillespie (2004) ‘Stow’s “Owlde” Manuscripts of London Chronicles’ in Ian Gadd and Alexandra Gillespie (eds) John Stow (1525–1605) and the Making of the English Past, pp. 57–67, p. 65. 73 Jennifer Summit (2008) Memory’s Library: Medieval Books in Early Modern England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 138. 74 Coke and Selden both warned against the mistaking of chronicles for records. See Daniel Woolf (1990) The Idea of History in Early Stuart England (Toronto: University of Toronto Press), pp. 27–8, and p. 39. 75 Stow refers to Fabyan’s chronicle 11 times in the course of the Survey (I:34; I:87; I:191, I:209, I:226, I:271, II:8, II:50, II:56, II:116, II:147). 76 The misattribution is identified by Gillespie, ‘Stow’s “Owlde” Manuscripts of London Chronicles’, p. 61. 77 Calendar of Letter-Books Preserved among the archives of the Corporation of the City of London at the Guildhall: Letter Book K, ed. R. R. Sharpe (London: Corporation of London 1911), p. 392. 78 Stow (1598) A Survay of London, p. 192. 79 Ian Gadd has plausibly suggested the incident shows an intent to dis- suade Stow from his research and Stow notes the affair ‘some what discouraged me any farther to trauail amongst the companies to learne ought at their hands’, a comment which might explain the relative lack of archival research amongst the Livery Companies themselves compared to other sources. Archer is certainly right to suggest ‘there are reasons for doubting the depth of the historical consciousness of early modern guildsmen’, and indeed Stow’s entire project could be seen as a response to this state of affairs. Gadd (2002) ‘Early Modern Printed Histories of the London Livery Companies’ in Ian Gadd & Helen Wallis (eds) Guilds, Society & Economy in London 1450–1800 (London: CMH, IHR and Guildhall Library), pp. 29–50, p. 29; Stow, A Survay of London (1598), p. 192; Ian Archer (2005) ‘Discourses of History in Elizabethan and Early Stuart London’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 68, 205–26, p. 206. 80 See the breakdown of witness testimony in customary disputes. Shepard, Meanings of Manhood, pp. 225–30. 81 There is no record of Patten’s work amongst the Corporation records. 82 See Shipley, ‘The City Lands Committee, 1592–1642’, pp. 162–5. 83 Rachel Ramsay (2006) ‘The Language of Urbanization in John Stow’s Survey of London’, Philological Quarterly, 85, 247–70; Munro, Figures of the Crowd, pp. 15–20. 84 Collinson, ‘John Stow and Nostalgic Antiquarianism’, p. 36. 85 I. W. Blanchard (1970) ‘Population Change, Enclosure, and the Early Tudor Economy’, Economic History Review, 2nd series, 23, 427–45; J. R. Wordie (1983) ‘The Chronology of English Enclosure, 1500–1914’, Economic History Review, 2nd series, 26, 483–505; E. P. Thompson, ‘Custom Law and Common Right’, passim. Notes 229

86 The principle of the moral economy in collective action first set out in E. P. Thompson’s seminal essay describes the strategic invocation of the sixteenth century Book of Orders, a series of crisis measures for regulating the supply and sale of staples, in popular protests over a century later. E. P. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’ [1971], reprinted in Customs In Common, pp. 185–258. 87 Barron, London in the Later Middle Ages, p. 35. 88 On the mayoralty of Spencer and the historiographical debate over the extent of the crisis of the 1590s in London, see Archer, Pursuit of Stability, pp. 1–17 and the extensive bibliography cited there. 89 BL Harley ms 2143, fol. 57v. 90 The statute is Act 23 Hen. VIII c. 7. 91 Helgerson, Forms of Nationhood, p. 147. 92 Survay (1598), sig. A2r; Lambarde (1576) A Perambulation of Kent, p. 18. 93 Helgerson, Forms of Nationhood, p. 107. 94 Victor Morgan (1979) ‘The Cartographic Image of “The Country” in Early Modern England’, TRHS, 5th Series, 29, 129–54. 95 BL Harley ms 539. 96 Lambarde, A Perambulation of Kent, p. 77. 97 Lambarde, A Perambulation of Kent, p. 386. 98 Lambarde, A Perambulation of Kent, p. 219, p. 92. See also the recent treatment of Lambard’s ordering devices in the Peramabulation, in John M. Adrian (2011) Local Negotiations of English Nationhood, 1570–1680 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 51–73. 99 Lambarde, A Perambulation of Kent, p. 369. 100 Lambarde, A Perambulation of Kent, p. 177. 101 On Saxton’s possible reliance upon the national beacon network see W. Ravenhill (1983) ‘Christopher Saxton’s Surveying: An Enigma’ in Sarah Tyacke (ed.) English Map-making 1500–1650: Historical Essays (London: The British Library), pp. 112–19. 102 Lambarde (1596) A Perambulation of Kent, p. 220. 103 Lambarde (1576) A Perambulation of Kent, p. 83; John Gillies (2001) ‘The Scene of Cartography in King Lear’ in Andrew Gordon and Bernhard Klein (eds) Literature, Mapping and the Politics of Space in Early Modern Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 109–37, p. 121. 104 William Camden (1610) Britain, or A Chorographicall description of the most flourishing Kingdomes, England, Scotland, and Ireland, trans. P. Holland, letter of the Author to the Reader. 105 Klein (2001) Maps and the Writing of Space in Early Modern England and Ireland (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan), p. 143. 106 Norden (1593) Speculum Britanniae: The first parte. An historicall & chorographicall discription of Middlesex, p. 15. The ‘Alphabeticall Descriptions’ deployed by Norden here and in the volume on Hertfordshire were later praised by John Gregory as ‘the most usefull waie that ever was or could be devis’d, especially in small Geographie’, Gregory (1649) Gregorii Posthuma: or Certain Learned Tracts, p. 324. On the fate of Norden’s projected series of county chorographies see Mendyk (1989) ‘Speculum 230 Notes

Britanniae’: Regional Study, Antiquarianism and Science in Britain to 1700 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press), pp. 57–74; Helgerson, Forms of Nationhood, pp. 125–6; and Klein, Maps and the Writing of Space, pp. 145–8. 107 Helgerson, Forms of Nationhood, p. 133. 118 See particularly Martin Holmes (1969) ‘A Source-book for Stow ?’ in A. E. J. Holleander and W. Kellaway (eds) Studies in London History Presented to Philip Edmund Jones (London: Hodder & Stoughton), pp. 275–85; Xavier Baron (1994) ‘Medieval Traditions in the English Renaissance: John Stow’s Portrayal of London in 1603’ in Rhoda Schnur et al. (eds) Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Hafniensis: Proceedings of the 8th International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies (Binghamton: SUNY), pp. 133–41; W. K. Hall (1991) ‘A Topography of Time: Historical Narration in John Stow’s Survey of London’, Studies in Philology 88/1, 1–15. Harding sees the Survey as reflecting ‘the ideology of the map-view’, Harding (2001) ‘City, Capital and Metropolis: The Changing Shape of Seventeenth Century London’ in J. F. Merritt (ed.) Imagining Early Modern London: Perceptions and Portrayals of the City from Stow to Strype 1598–1720 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 117–43, p. 121. 109 Gordon, ‘Performing London: The Map and the City in Ceremony’, pp. 69–88. 110 Angus Vine provides a parallel in his description of Stow’s archaeologi- cal impulse to pursue ‘the imaginary potential of the history buried in the soil [raising] the possibility that the past may be restored by digging in that soil’, Vine (2010) In Defiance of Time: Antiquarian Writing in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 45. 111 Fitzherbert (1523) here begynneth a right frutefull mater: and hath to name the boke of surueyeng and improumentes, sig. H1r–v. 112 Fitzherbert, the boke of surueyeng, sig. H1r. 113 On the rise of the geometric surveyor in this period see Andrew McRae (1996) God Speed the Plough: The representation of agrarian England, 1500– 1660 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 169–97 and Klein, Maps and the Writing of Space, pp. 42–60. 114 Worsop, A Discoverie of Sundrie errours, sig. C1v. 115 The key texts in the promotion of geometric surveying were Ralph Agas (1596) A Preparative to Platting of Landes and Tenements for Surveigh; Leonard Digges ([1556]) A Book named Tectonicon; W. Folkingham (1610) Feudigraphia. The Synopsis or Epitome of Surveying Methodized; Arthur Hopton (1611) Speculum topographicum: or the topographicall glasse; Cyprian Lucar (1590) A Treatise Named Lucarsolace; John Norden (1607) The Surveyors Dialogue; Aaron Rathbone (1616) The Surveyor in Foure bookes; and Worsop, A Discoverie of Sundrie errours. 116 R. Agas, A Preparative to Platting of Landes and Tenements for Surveigh, pp. 15–16. 117 Worsop, A Discoverie of Sundrie errours, sig. C1r. 118 Norden (1607) The Surveyors Dialogue, p. 4. 119 Fitzherbert, the boke of surueyeng, sig. H1v. Notes 231

120 Fitzherbert, the boke of surueyeng, sigs. H1v–H2r. 121 In Poole, Dorset in the seventeenth century youths were variously dragged into the sea, struck with canes and encouraged in the ‘slashing [of] their hands and pricking [of] their fingers’ to impress upon them the memory of the bounds. Beating the Bounds of Poole Harbour Saturday July 5 1980 (Bridport: CJ Creed, 1980), unpaginated. For further examples see Angus Winchester (2000) Discovering Parish Boundaries (Princes Risborough: Shire), pp. 38–54; Hutton, Stations of the Sun, pp. 283–5 and Beresford (1998) History on the Ground (Stroud: Alan Sutton), p. 30. 122 Leigh (1577) The Moste Profitable and commendable science, of surveying of Landes, Tenementes, and Hereditamentes, sig. I1r. 123 On Rogation perambulations see Beresford, History on the Ground, pp. 26–30; Edwin Davenport (1996) ‘Elizabethan England’s Other Reformation of Manners’, ELH, 63, 255–78; and Hutton, Stations of the Sun, pp. 277–87. 124 Letter of 1560 quoted in W. H. Frere (ed.) (1910) Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the Period of the Reformation (London: Longman & Green) 3 vols, 3, p. 177, n. 2. 125 Seconde Tome of Homelyes, sig. Ssss1r–v. 126 Frere, Visitation Articles, 3. p. 15. For detailed readings of the changing nature of Rogationtide rituals in their rural and urban contexts see Davenport, ‘Elizabethan England’s Other Reformation of Manners’, passim; Berlin, ‘Reordering Rituals: Ceremony and the Parish, 1520–1640’, pp. 57–60; Steve Hindle (2005) ‘Beating the Bounds of the Parish: Order, Memory, and Identity in the English Local Community, c.1500–1700’ in Michael J. Halvorson and Karen E. Spierling (eds) Defining Community in Early Modern Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 205–28. 127 Rathbone, The Surveyor, p. 207. 128 The coherence of Stow’s spatial organisation centred on the ward is high- lighted by the confusion of Munday’s attempts to integrate a series of parish perambulations into the ward descriptions in his revised edition of the Survey. See Stow (1618) Survey of London, revised by Anthony Munday, pp. 235–6, 255–6, 261, 269–70, 281, 290–1, 298, 317–18, 330–1, 336, 550–2. On Munday’s revision more broadly see J. F. Merritt (2001) ‘The reshaping of Stow’s Survey: Munday, Strype and the Protestant City’ in J. F. Merritt (ed.), Imagining Early Modern London: Perceptions and Portrayals of the City from Stow to Strype 1598–1720 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 52–88; Helen Moore (2004) ‘Succeeding Stow: Anthony Munday and the 1618 Survey of London’ in Ian Gadd and Alexandra Gillespie (eds) John Stow (1525–1605) and the Making of the English Past (London: The British Library), pp. 99–108.

4 Credit History to Civic History: Thomas Middleton and the Politics of Urban Memory

1 Francis Bacon, The Advancement of Learning and New Atlantis, ed. Arthur Johnston (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), p. 71. 232 Notes

2 Bacon, Advancement of Learning, p. 72. 3 T. S. Eliot (1964) Elizabethan Essays (New York: Haskell), p. 88. 4 Gary Taylor (1993) ‘The Renaissance and the End of Editing’ in George Bornstein and Ralph G. Williams (eds) Palimpsest: Editorial Theory in the Humanities (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), pp. 121–49. 5 See David J. Lake (1975) The Canon of Thomas Middleton’s Plays (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); MacDonald P. Jackson (1979) Studies in Attribution: Middleton and Shakespeare (Salzburg: Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik); R. V. Holdsworth (1982) ‘Middleton and Shakespeare: The Case for Middleton’s Hand in Timon of Athens’ (Unpublished Phd thesis, University of Manchester). 6 Suzanne Gossett (2002) ‘Major/Minor, Main Plot/Subplot, Middleton/and’ in The Elizabethan Theatre XV, ed. Cecil McGee and Lynne Magnusson (Toronto: Meany), pp. 21–38, p. 24. On the theorisation of collaboration see Jeffrey Masten (1997) Textual Intercourse: Collaboration, Authorship and Sexualities in Renaissance Drama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Douglas A. Brooks (2000) From Playhouse to Printing House: Drama and Authorship in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 140–88; Heather Hirschfeld (2004) Joint Enterprises: Collaborative Drama and the Institutionalization of the English Renaissance Theater (Amherst: University of Massachussets Press). For a recent coun- terblast, see Jeffrey Knapp (2005) ‘What is a Co-Author?’, Representations, 89, 1–29. For recent studies that give Middleton’s collaboration due prominence see Mark Hutchings and A. A. Bromham (2008) Middleton and his Collaborators (Hornodon: Northcote Press); Michelle O’Callaghan (2009) Thomas Middleton: Renaissance Dramatist (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). 7 Hutchings and Brobham, Middleton and his Collaborators, pp. 96–7. 8 Garret Sullivan, Jr. (2005) Memory and Forgetting in English Renaissance Drama: Shakespeare, Marlowe, Webster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 15. See also Christopher Ivic and Grant Williams (eds) (2004) Forgetting in Early Modern English Literature and Culture: Lethe’s Legacies (London: Routledge). 9 Sullivan, Memory and Forgetting, p. 12. 10 Sullivan, Memory and Forgetting, pp. 14–15. 11 Sullivan, Memory and Forgetting, p. 52. 12 Sullivan, Memory and Forgetting, p. 21. 13 Memory and its cognates appear 25 times in the play, those of forgetting 13 times. This compares with respective figures of 27 and 11 for a play such as Hamlet with a critically recognised investment in memory, but greatly exceeds the incidence in other key texts in Sullivan’s study: Antony and Cleopatra (9 and 4), All’s Well That Ends Well (10 and 3). 14 George Rowe Jr. (1979) Thomas Middleton and the New Comedy Tradition (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press), p. 64. 15 All quotations from Middleton with the exception of Timon of Athens refer to Thomas Middleton, The Collected Works, ed. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2007). Notes 233

16 Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation, p. 164. 17 Single, young men of low status were generally prevented from obtaining credit in their own name. Shepard, Meanings of Manhood, pp. 205–11. 18 Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation, p. 199. 19 In The Comedy of Errors, as Curtis Perry has argued, Shakespeare examines ‘questions about the nature of community provoked by contemporary anxieties about credit and the commercialization of social bonds’. Perry (2003) ‘Commerce, Community, and Nostalgia in The Comedy of Errors’ in Linda Woodbridge (ed.) Money and the Age of Shakespeare: Essays in New Economic Criticism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 39–51, pp. 48. 20 Timon of Athens, ed. John Jowett (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004), p. 145, p. 47. Quotations are from this edition. See Jowett’s evaluation of the evidence over collaboration pp. 132–53, 341–7. All quotation are from this edition. The general critical consensus over attribution of scenes in no way precludes the likelihood of collaborative interaction and what the play’s most recent editors term ‘cross-fertilization’. Timon of Athens, ed. Anthony B. Dawson and Gretchen E. Minton (London: Arden, 2008), p. 4. 21 Marcel Mauss (1969) The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies, trans. Ian Cunnison (London: Cohen & West), p. 40. Amongst the many critics to have considered Mauss’ theory in relation to Timon see particularly Coppélia Kahn (1987) ‘“Magic of Bounty”: Timon of Athens, Jacobean Patronage and Maternal Power’, Shakespeare Quarterly, 38, 34–57; Ken Jackson (2001) ‘“One wish” or the possibility of the impossible: Derrida, the gift, and God in Timon of Athens’, Shakespeare Quarterly, 52, 34–66. 22 Jason Scott-Warren (2001) Sir John Harrington and the Book as Gift (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 16. 23 Kahn, ‘Magic of Bounty’, p. 50. 24 Sullivan, The Rhetoric of Credit, p. 25. 25 For the persistence of this theme of crediting believable fictions and its Calvinist connections see Aaron Kitch (2007) ‘The Character of Credit and the Problem of Belief in Middleton’s City Comedies’, Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900, 47/2, 403–26. 26 Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation, pp. 206–11. 27 Sullivan, Memory and Forgetting, pp. 36–7. 28 On the extensive play upon homoerotic desire see Theodore B. Leinwand (1994) ‘Redeeming Beggary/Buggary in Michaelmas Term’, ELH, 61/1, 53–70. 29 Michaelmas Term, ed. G. K. Paster (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 32. 30 On the posy see Juliet Fleming (2001) Graffiti and the Writing Arts of Early Modern England (London: Reaktion), pp. 19–27; and for more specific consideration of the didactic associations of ring inscription see Randall Ingram (2003) ‘Seventeenth-Century Didactic Readers, Their Literature, and Ours’ in Natasha Glaisyer and Sara Pennel (eds) Didactic Literature in England 1500–1800: Expertise Constructed (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 63–78. 234 Notes

31 Mary Thomas Crane (1993) Framing Authority: Sayings, Self and Society in Sixteenth-Century England (Princeton: Princeton University Press), pp. 161–2. 32 Thomas Tusser (1604) Fiue Hundreth points of good husbandrie, p. 19. On the development in Tusser’s credit advice across successive editions of this bestselling work as a marker of the changing practicalities of credit in the period see Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation, pp. 161–6. 33 Tusser, Fiue Hundreth points, p. 12. 34 See Morris Palmer Tilley (1966) A Dictionary of the Proverbs in England in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press), proverb D316. 35 Fox, Oral and Literate Culture, pp. 112–72; Peter Mack (2002) Elizabethan Rhetoric (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 32–5; Crane, Framing Authority, pp. 39–52. 36 Chatterji’s argument that the device is ‘a superimposition upon the play: the more reason why it should be regarded as a borrowed inspiration from Jonson’ does not hold up in the light of more recent work on the chronology of composition summarised in Michaelmas Term, ed. Paster, pp. 8–10; Ruby Chatterji (1968) ‘Unity and Disparity in Michaelmas Term’, Studies in English Literature 1500–1900, 8/2, 349–63, p. 359. 37 Ben Jonson, Volpone, or The Fox, ed. Brian Parker (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999). 38 Paul S. Seaver (1985) Wallington’s World: a Puritan Artisan in seventeenth- Century London (London: Methuen), p. 53. For examples of mock funerals within enclosure protest see David Underdown (1985) Revel, Riot and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England, 1603–1660 (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 110–1; John Walter (2006) Crowds and Popular Politics in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 23. There is no evidence from England for the kind of examples of a ritual burial of winter or burial of Carnival found in central Europe. Peter Burke (1999) Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (London: Ashgate), revised reprint, pp. 122–3. Robert Scribner (1987) ‘Ritual and Reformation’ in Popular Culture and Popular Movements in Reformation Germany (London: Hambledon Press), p. 118. 39 Cited in Wilson, ‘The Testament of the Buck’, p. 164, n. 11. 40 See E. S. Miller (1946) ‘Roister Doister’s “Funeralles”’, Studies in Philology, 43, 42–58; Tobias Döring (2006) Performances of Mourning in Shakespeare and Early Modern Culture (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. 166–80. 41 See for example A Hundred Merry Tales and Other English Jestbooks of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, ed. P. M. Zall (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1963), pp. 135–6, 287–8, 302–3. 42 Michael Neill (1992) ‘“Feasts Put Down Funerals”: Death and Ritual in Renaissance Comedy’ in Linda Woodbridge and Edward Berry (eds) True Rites and Maimed Rites: Ritual and Anti-Ritual in Shakespeare and His Age (Urbana: University of Illinois Press), pp. 47–74; Reavley Gair (1982) The Children of Pauls: the Story of a Theatre Company, 1553–1608 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 153. Notes 235

43 John Marston, The Malcontent and Other Plays, ed. Keith Sturgess (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). 44 Howard, Theater of a City, p. 115. 45 Greenblatt (2001), Hamlet in Purgatory (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 247. 46 Gordon (2013) ‘The Ghost of Pasquil: The Comic Afterlife and the Afterlife of Comedy on the Elizabethan Stage’ in Andrew Gordon and Thomas Rist (eds) The Arts of Remembrance in Early Modern England (Farnham: Ashgate). 47 Phoebe Spinrad (1987) The Summons of Death on the Medieval and Renaissance English Stage (Ohio: Ohio State University Press), pp. 223–6. 48 Cyrus Hoy (1980) Introductions, Notes, and Commentaries to texts in The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 5 vols, 2, p. 15. 49 Neill, ‘Feasts Put Down Funerals’, p. 60. 50 Hans Sachs, Nine Carnival Plays, trans. Randall W. Lesterman (Ottawa: Dovehouse Editions, 1990). For a jestbook version see Tales and quicke answers, very mery and pleasant to rede (1532?), sigs. H2v–H3r. 51 Mourning clothing was generally the most costly item of funerary expen- diture. Harding, The Dead and the Living, pp. 219–23, 251–2. 52 Christopher Haigh has noted the widespread use of mock death knells in the period (2007) Plain Man’s Pathways to Heaven: Kinds of Christianity in Post-Reformation England, 1570–1640 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 191. 53 See the editions of Richard Levin (Lincoln: Regents, 1966), Michael Taylor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), Paster (2000) and Theodore Leinwand for Middleton, Collected Works. 54 On contemporary controversies over water supply see Jenner, ‘From Conduit Community to Commercial Network?’; Ceri Sullivan (2007) ‘Thomas Middleton’s View of Public Utility’, RES, 58/234, 162–74, pp. 165–8. 55 Tobias Döring, Performances of Mourning, p. 135. Döring explores the uncertainty of tears as theatrical signs, on the one hand accepted as certain tokens of inwardness, on the other the virtuoso marks of a consum- mate performer. 56 Lorna Hutson (2007) The Invention of Suspicion: Law and Mimesis in Shakespeare and Renaissance Drama (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 16. 57 Wilfrid R. Prest (1991) The Rise of the Barristers: A Social History of the English Bar 1590–1640 (Oxford: Clarendon), pp. 296–7. See also C. W. Brooks (1986) Pettyfoggers and Vipers of the Commonwealth: The ‘Lower Branch’ of the Legal Profession in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 48–111. 58 On Nashe’s appropriation of the festive year see Hutson, Thomas Nashe in Context, pp. 88–92; Marie Axton (1995) ‘Summer’s Last Will and Testament: revels’ end’ in John Guy (ed.) The Reign of Elizabeth I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 258–73. 236 Notes

59 On Inns of Court festivities see Desmond Bland (1968) ‘Introduction’ in Gesta Grayorum (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press), pp. ix–xxv; Michelle O’Callaghan (2007) The English Wits: Literature and Sociability in Early Modern England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 10–30. 60 J. H. Baker (1990) An Introduction to Legal History (London: Butterworth), pp. 63–110. 61 W. J. Jones (1967) The Elizabethan Court of Chancery (Oxford: Clarendon Press), pp. 177–235. 62 Muldrew, The Economy of Obligation, pp. 199–242. 63 Prest, The Rise of the Barristers, p. 300. 64 Subha Mukherji (2006) Law and Representation in Early Modern Drama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 181. 65 Wrightson, ‘The Politics of the Parish in Early Modern England’, pp. 10–46; Craig Muldrew (1996) ‘The Culture of Reconciliation: Community and the Settlement of Economic Disputes in Early Modern England’, The Historical Journal, 39, 915–42. 66 The legal duties of the steward are set out in Jonas Adames (1593) The order of keeping a court leete, and court baron. Brooks describes the appropriation of the steward’s role by the professional lawyers of London, and the transfer of business from the manor courts to London, Pettyfoggers and Vipers of the Commonwealth, pp. 198–200. 67 As one such work put it: ‘Nature hath established to all things under the Sunne, a certaine tearm . . . when they shall make stay of increase, and multiplying . . . only the Usurers mony doth multiply infinitely . . . and is this not unnaturall?’, R. Turner (1634) The Usurer’s Plea, cited in Sullivan, The Rhetoric of Credit, p. 48. 68 Alan C. Dessen (1966) ‘Middleton’s The Phoenix and the Allegorical Tradition’, Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900, 6/2, 291–308, p. 302. The scene is modelled on the purgation of Crispianus in Jonson’s Poetaster. 69 On the legal proof of both de praesenti and de futoro marriage contracts see Mukherji, Law and Representation, pp. 17–54. 70 Rowe, Thomas Middleton and the New Comedy Tradition, p. 181. 71 Nina Taunton (2007) Fictions of Old Age in Early Modern Literature and Culture (London: Routledge), p. 82. 72 A. A. Bromham (1984) ‘The Contemporary Significance of The Old Law’, Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900, 24, 327–39. See also Swapan Chakravorty (1996) Society and Politics in the Plays of Thomas Middleton (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 118–20. 73 Davies, ‘Preface Dedicatory’, Le Primer Report des Cases, f. 2r. See Burgess, Politics of the Ancient Constitution, pp. 48–57. 74 Jeffrey Masten (1995) ‘Family Values: Euthanasia, Editing, and the Old Law’, Textual Practice, 9/3, 445–58. 75 The use of the record has no equivalent in the source story for the Gnotho–Agatha plotline. Thomas Middleton, The Old Law, ed. Catherine M. Shaw (New York: Garland 1982), pp. xxvii–xxi. Notes 237

76 Thomas Lodge and Robert Greene (1594) A Looking Glasse for London and England, sig. E3v. 77 Prior to the advent of parish recordkeeping, ‘[t]he feasts served as elabo- rate advertisements for the date of a child’s birth, and parents threw lavish banquets in order to ensure lasting memories’. Susan E. Philips (2007) Transforming Talk: The Problem with Gossip in Late Medieval England (Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press), p. 157. 78 Forsett (1606) A comparative discourse of the bodies natural and politique, p. 20. On Forsett’s absolutist functional account of the body politic see Harris, Foreign Bodies and the Body Politic, pp. 57–63. 79 Helkiah Crooke (1615) Microcosmographia: A Description of the Body of Man, p. 502. See also Sullivan, Memory and Forgetting, pp. 45–6; Woolf, Social Circulation of the Past, pp. 260–1. 80 Mark Eccles (1931) ‘Middleton’s Birth and Education’, Review of English Studies, 7, 431–41, pp. 433–4. 81 Shepard, Meanings of Manhood, p. 217, p. 220. 82 Thomas, ‘Age and Authority’, p. 207. 83 John Bedell (1999) ‘Memory and Proof of Age in Medieval England, 1272–1327’, Past & Present, 162, 3–27; William S. Deller (2011) ‘The First Rite of Passage: Baptism in Medieval Memory’, Journal of Family History, 36, 3–14. 84 Cited in Coster, ‘Popular Religion and the Parish Register, 1538–1603’, p. 99. 85 J. Charles Cox (1910) The Parish Registers of England (London: Methuen), pp. 2–3. 86 It has been estimated that as many as 95 per cent of the extant registers covering the earliest period date from this archival moment at the end of Elizabeth’s reign and the further stipulation at the beginning of James’s. W. E. Tate (1969) The Parish Chest: A Study of the Records of Parochial Administration in England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 43–6; Cox, The Parish Registers of England, pp. 1–24. 87 Bracton’s influential treatise on the common law, published for the first time in 1569, contains a series of proofs of age by presumption from bodily appearance. Barbara J. Shapiro (1991) ‘Beyond Reasonable Doubt’ and ‘Probable Cause’: Historical Perspectives on the Anglo-American Law of Evidence (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp. 207–8. 88 On Heywood’s involvement see Gary Taylor (2002) ‘Middleton and Rowley – and Heywood: The Old Law and New Attribution Technologies’, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America, 96/2, 165–217. 89 Thomas Heywood, If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody, part 2, ed. M. Doran (London: Malone Society, 1934), ll.1018–19. 90 For a brilliant account of the play’s combination of celebration and critique in its treatment of London commerce see Howard, Theater of a City, pp. 50–60. 91 See Roger Chartier (2006) ‘Jack Cade, the Skin of a Dead Lamb, and the Hatred for Writing’, Shakespeare Studies, 34, 77–89. 92 Manley, Literature and Culture, p. 271. 238 Notes

93 On Cockayn see Manley’s introduction to the text Middleton, Collected Works, pp. 1397–9. 94 Tracey Hill (2010) Pageantry and Power: A Cultural History of the Early Modern Lord Mayor’s Show, 1585–1639 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 310. 95 In Sidero-Thriambos (1618) Munday varied the pattern using the figure of a British Bard. On Munday’s civic pageantry see Tracey Hill (2004) Anthony Munday and Civic Culture: Theatre, History and Power in Early Modern London, 1580–1633 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 148–77. 96 The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, ed. Fredson Bowers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958) 5 vols, 3, l.365. 97 In The Triumphs of Honour and Industry Antiquity is one of 11 figures surrounding Fame’s castle represented: ‘with a scroll in her hand, as keeper of Honour’s records’, (ll.227–8). Munday had earlier included the figures of ‘Phloponia and Mnaemae, Antiquity and Memory’ in the packed Orferie pageant of Chruso-thriambos (1611), but they have little prominence within either the convoluted text or what can be inferred of the pageant’s performance. Pageants and Entertainments of Anthony Munday, ed. David M. Bergeron (New York: Garland 1985), l.111. 98 Gail Paster, The Idea of the City in the Age of Shakespeare, p. 144. 99 London Metropolitan Archive COL/CA/01/01/034, f. 540v. Cited in Thomas Middleton and Early Modern Textual Culture, eds Taylor and Lavagnino (Oxford: Clarendon, 2007), p. 438. 100 For a thorough excavation of Middleton’s Annales and Farrago from the tantalising notes made by William Oldys after their sale in 1735 see Middleton, Collected Works, pp. 1907–11. 101 Parr’s introduction remains the only detailed treatment of the text as a whole, Middleton, Collected Works, pp. 1431–4; Lauren Shohet (2006) ‘The Masque in/as Print’, in The Book of the Play: Playwrights, Stationers, and Readers in Early Modern England, ed. Marta Straznicky (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press), pp. 176–202, p. 187. 102 On almanacs in the period see Bernard Capp (1979) English Almanacs 1500–1800: Astrology and the Popular Press (Ithaca and New York: Cornell University Press), and Smyth, Autobiography in Early Modern England, pp. 15–56. 103 See James Knowles’s introduction, Middleton, Collected Works, pp. 1320–4. 104 Middleton, Collected Works, p. 1433. 105 Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker, 3, l.365. 106 Jenner, ‘From Conduit Community to Commercial Network,’ passim. 107 The case made by Heineman for the play’s connection with electoral disputes in November 1620 has since been refuted by Taylor who suggests the more likely reference to John Taylor’s visit. Margot Heinemann (1980) Puritanism and Theatre: Thomas Middleton and Opposition Drama under the Early Stuarts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 146–50; Taylor, Thomas Middleton and Early Modern Textual Culture, pp. 413–14. Notes 239

Conclusion

1 Seconde Tome of homelyes, sig. Ssss4r. 2 Arthur Marotti (2000) ‘Manuscript Transmission and the Catholic Martyrdom Account in Early Modern England’ in Arthur Marotti and Michael Bristol (eds) Print, Manuscript & Performance (Ohio: Ohio State University Press), pp. 172–99. 3 Thomas Fuller (1662) The History of the Worthies of England, pp. 220–1. Select Bibliography

Manuscripts

British Library Add ms 33271, fols 28–31: Thomas Norton’s preface to civic remembrance book (copy). Add ms 78167: William Smith, ‘A Breeff Description of the Famous and Bewtifull Cittie of Noremberg’, 1594. Cotton ms Vitellius Fv.: Henry Machyn’s chronicle. Harley ms 367: John Stow’s historical collections. Harley ms 538: Draft of Stow’s Survey. Harley ms 539: Stow’s transcription of The Perambulation of Kent. Harley ms 1046, fols 122–68: William Smith, Description of Chester, 1585. Harley ms 2143, fol. 57: Star Chamber riot prosecution, 1595. Harley ms 6159: ‘Visitacion of Lancashire’, 1598. Harley ms 6363: Willam Smith, ‘Breffe discription of the Royall Citie of London’, 1588. Harley ms 6601: William Smith inventory. Lansdowne ms 108, fol. 204: William Smith letter to Lord Burghley, [c.1594?]. Sloane ms 2596: William Smith, ‘The Particuler Description of England’, 1588.

London Metropolitan Archive CLA/047/LR/02/04/004, Book of Oaths compiled by Robert Smith with later additions. CLC/262/MS02463 (Formerly Guildhall ms 02463): William Smith, ‘Breffe discription of the Royall Citie of London’, 1575. COL/AC/01/009: Calendar of Matters dispersed in the City’s Books and Rolls at large, compiled by Robert Smith, 1609. COL/AC/01/10: partial draft of above calendar compiled by Robert Smith. COL/RMD/PA/01/001–5: Remembrancia 1579–1622.

Other manuscripts Bridewell and Bethlem Hospital, BCB-01: Minute Book of the Court of Governors April 1559–June 1562. Glasgow University Library Sp Coll, ms Hunter 215 (U.2.6): Cartulary of Holy Trinity, Aldgate. Lambeth Palace Library, ms 508: William Smith, ‘A breeff description of the famous and bewtifull Cittie of Norenberg’, dedicated to George Carey, 1594.

240 Select Bibliography 241

The National Archive, Prob 11/99 fols 122v–125v: Will of Robert Rogers, 1602. Victoria & Albert Museum, Dyce ms 25 F 40, fols 44r–48r: ‘A commenda- tion & exhortation of willfull heresye to hys fryndes wt hys laste will & testamente’.

Printed primary sources

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abundance, praise of, 66, 68–9, Barne, Sir George, lord mayor, 31, 73–4, 95, 98, 178, 180 33, 52, 82, 139 account books, 14–15, 70, 129, Barnes, Sir John, 82–3 139–40, 142, 190–1, 197, 217 Bartolovitch, Crystal, 85, 96 n24 Batman, Stephen, antiquarian, 128 Adrian, John M., 229 n98 Baumann, Zygmunt, 2 Agarde, Arthur, recordkeeper, 227 Beaumont, Francis, Knight of the n71 Burning Pestle, 172, 176 Agas, Ralph, surveyor, 150 Beckwith, Sarah, 45, 58, 213 n103 age, attitudes towards, 4–5, 40, 122, Becon, Thomas, 89 131–2, 152, 184–5, 187, 189–90, Beier, A. L., 34 192 bells, church, 17, 87, 106–7, 111, 174 proving of, 189–90 Blage, Sir George, 11 almanacs, 92, 194–5 Blount, Thomas, 122 amicitia, 84 Boke Reade me frynde and be not wrothe Amussen, Susan, 19, 209 n24 (The Burial of the Mass), The, 170 Anderson, Benedict, 56, 59 Bonahue, Edward T., 114 antiquarianism, 64, 113, 116, 123, bonds, 160, 163–4, 165–7, 181–2 128 see also credit Antiquaries, Society of, 110, 116, Bonner, Edmund, bishop of London, 126–8, 227 n71 20–1, 33, 42, 44 ‘Apologie of the Cittie of London’, Botero, Giovanni, 73 the, 112, 116 Bourdieu, Pierre, 78 see also Stow, Survey of London Bowyer, Robert, recordkeeper, 227 n71 Archer, Ian, 76, 113–14, 228 n79 Bracton, Henry de, jurist, 237 n87 archives, 69–70, 123–6, 127–30, 142, Breefe Discourse, declaring and 187, 188–90, 193, 194 approuing the inuiolable see also records maintenance of the laudable Aristotle, 60–1 Customes of London, A, 74, polis, 60–1 78–80, 120 urbs and civitas, 60–1, 85, 96 Brinkelow, Henry, 31, 35, 50 Arms, College of, 13, 52, 65 Bromham, A. A., 185 see also heralds Bucer, Martin, 22 Arnold, Richard, 27 Burgess, Clive, 14 Askew, Anne, 89 burials, see under funerals Assman, Jan, 4 calendar, of records, 124, 128 Bacon, Francis, 120, 155 calendar, the, 15, 45–7, 178, 194–5, Bale, John, 89 198, 200–1, 203 Barber, Peter, 217 n14 see also almanacs; custumnals

256 Index 257

Calvinism, 38, 42, 55–6, 57–8, 107, and memory, 5, 39, 94, 102, 174, 192, 201 152–3, 158, 177, 183–4, 188–9, Camden, William, 110, 143–4, 146 196–8 Carey, Joyce, Lady, funeral of, 51 and punishment, 19, 20, 21, 23, cartography, 1–2, 65–7, 123, 143–7, 24, 25, 27, 28, 34–5 153, 205 n2 and religion, 3, 5–6, 14, 21, cartularies, 128 38–40, 45–6, 47, 56, 58, 90 Chamber, Sir Thomas, parish and ritual, 14–15, 19, 20, 21, 23, priest of Holy Trinity the less, 25, 27, 28, 34–5, 45–6, 47, 57 36–7 and text, 6, 14, 16, 25, 27–8, 30, charters, 80, 88, 120, 121, 122, 128, 48, 58, 107–8, 112–13, 142–3, 129, 133, 140 147–8, 152–4, 201 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 110, 111 Copland, Robert, 87–8, 90, 92 Cheney, Patrick, 84 Cotton, Sir Robert, 128 Chester, city of, 62, 65, 70 Cowell, John, The Interpreter, 121, 122 recordkeeping, in, 70 credit, 26, 81–2, 84, 86–7, 93, Chester, Sir Robert, 43 159–68, 183–91 chorography, 64–5, 143–8 and legal actions, 161, 163–4 christenings, 72, 187–8, 189 mechanisms of, 81–2, 160–2, chronicles, 12–15, 19, 41, 42, 64, 163–4, 165–8, 183–91 81–2, 110, 127, 129, 136, 193, and memory, 102, 159–60, 167–8, 198 169, 174, 183, 190–1, 202 see also under specific titles Crooke, Helkiah, 188 Cicero, 84, 112, 116 custom, 54, 77–8, 114, 132–43, 150, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 65 153–4 Clanchy, M. T., 4, 121 and law, 119–23, 127, 129, 131, Clarke, Danielle, 94 132–5, 185–6 Cockayn, Sir William, lord mayor, and memory, 4–5, 119–23, 131–2, 192, 194, 195–6 14–3, 187, 197–8 Cohen, Anthony P., 2–3, 18 custumnals, of the City, 27, 124, Coke, Sir Edward, jurist and 126, 128, 195, 199, 203 Recorder of London, 119–20, 126–7, 185, 228 n74 Dallington, Robert, 62 collaboration, authorial, 155–6, Dalton, James, 112 162, 171–2, 184, 190, 191, 232 Davies, Sir John, jurist, 119, 185–6 n6 Davis, Natalie Zemon, 38 Collinson, Patrick, 113, 117, 136 debt, see credit Colyn Blowbols Testament, 88–90, deeds, 121–2, 129, 133, 182 99, 105 Dekker, Thomas, common law, the, 119–22, 126, Patient Man and the Honest Whore, 128–9, 185–6 A (with Middleton), 171–2 community, concepts of, 2–4 Troia-Nova Triumphans, 192, 193, acoustic, 16–17, 24, 56 197 and commerce, 83, 96, 99–100, Döring, Tobias, 175 102, 140 Duffy, Eamon, 14, 48–9, 58, 88 and heresy, 21–2 Dunthorne, William, 128 258 Index

Eccles, Mark, 189 Gadd, Ian, 228 n79 Edward VI, King, 11, 24, 32, 33, 39, Gainsford, Thomas, The Glory of 50 England (1618), 1–2, 3, 64 Elderton, William, 111 Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Eliot, T. S., 155 Winchester, 43, 170 Elizabeth I, Queen, 17, 48, 50, 135 Gascoigne, George, Hundreth Sundrie royal entry of, 39–41 Flowers, 91–2, 93, 105–6, 107 Ellinghausen, Laurie, 84 Gibbs, Gary, 12, 44 Elyot, Sir Thomas, image of Goody, Jack, 4 gouernance, The, 60–1, Gowing, Laura, 27, 80 enclosure, 85, 136–8, 142, 170, Grafton, Richard, 31, 36, 143 196 Greene, Robert, 165 Eucharist, the, 45, 46–7, 50 A Looking Glasse For London and Exeter, city of, 64 England (with Lodge), 187 Court of Orphans in, 80 Grey Friars, Chronicle of, 12, 13, 15, 42 Eyre, Simon, will of, 138–9 Grey, Lady Jane, 24 Griffiths, Paul, 23 Fehrenbach, R. J., 84 festivals, religious Halbwachs, Maurice, 3–4 Corpus Christi, 42, 44–5, 46, 57 Hall, Edward, citizen chronicler, 12, Easter, 15, 20, 46–7, 195–6 129, 137 Rogation, 44, 152–3, 154, 201 Hall’s Chronicles, 12, 129, 136–7 Saints’ days, 15, 45–6, 202 Harding, Vanessa, 49 see also calendar, the Harkness, Deborah, 70 Fitzherbert, John, 148–53 Harrison, William, 3, 4, 68, 110 Fitzstephen, William, 111 Harvey, William, herald, 14 Fleetwood, William, Recorder of Hatton, Sir Christopher, 125 London, 125–6, 127, 128 Helgerson, Richard, 120, 143, 144, forgery, 122, 181, 187–8, 192 147 Forsett, Edward, A comparative Heller, Jennifer, 86 discourse of the bodies natural and Helt, J. S. W., 102 politique, 188 Heneage, Michael, recordkeeper, Foucault, Michel, 18–19 227 n71 Fox, Adam, 4 heralds, 13, 14, 16, 24, 41, 65, 108, Foxe, John, 20, 21, 39, 45–6 130, 173 Froide, Amy M., 102, 221 n76 heresy, 11, 20–3 Fuller, Thomas, 203–4 see also punishment funerals, 14–15, 16, 42–3, 44, 48–53, Heresyes Testament, 89, 90, 105 104, 106–7, 169, 175, 176 Heywood, Thomas, If You Know Not burial service, 5, 11–12, 13, 41, Me You Know Nobody, part 2, 48–53, 105–6, 106–8 190–1 funeral processions, 171, Hill, Sir Rowland, lord mayor, 31, 33 173–4 Hooker, John (alias John Vowell), funerary hospitality, 16, 88, 104 The Discription of the Cittie of singing at, 52, 55–6, 173 Excester, 64 see also mock funerals and Exeter Court of Orphans, 80 Index 259

Horne, Andrew, City chamberlain, 128 lawyers, 90, 100, 114, 119, 123, 124, Howes, John, 31–3, 36 126, 127, 168, 179–81, 186 Hoy, Cyrus, 171–2 Leigh, Valentine, surveyor, 152–3 Huggarde, Miles, 21 Levy, F. J., 13 Hutson, Lorna, 19, 84, 86–7, 101 libraries, 110, 127, 138, 140 see also archives iconoclasm, 48, 118 Lodge, Thomas, A Looking Glasse information, culture of, 67–77, 81, For London and England (with 123–5, 127–30, 184, 191 Greene), 187 see also records; statistics, use of London, Ingram, Martin, 29 apprentices, 66, 99, 103, 141, inheritance, customs of, 5–6, 61, 190 77–80, 81–3, 102–3, 104, 138–41, Bridewell: 26, 31–8, 103; 162, 166–7, 169, 185, 202 foundation of, 31–2; governors see also wills and testaments of, 31, 32, 33, 35; inmates of, Inns of Court, the, 96, 100, 178 32, 34–6; jurisdiction of, 32–4; punishment in, 34–6. 37; and Jack of Lent’s Testament, 170 religious reform, 33–4, 36–7 James, Mervyn, 213 n103 see also punishment Jewel, John, bishop of Salisbury, 53 churches: Allhallows, Barking, Jones, Ann Rosalind, 84, 86 116; Allhallows, Mark Lane, Jones, Sir Francis, lord mayor, 194 117; St Alphage, Cripplegate, Jonson, Ben, 53; St Andrew’s Holburn, 11; Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue, 195 St Andrew Undershaft, 129, Poetaster, 236 n68 131, 142; St Antholin, 56; St Volpone, 170 Bartholomew’s, 135; St Botolph Jowett, John, 162 without Aldgate, 14, 48, 118; St Jyl of Braintfords Testament, 87–8, Bride’s, Fleet St, 22; St Dionys, 90, 92 Lime St, 117; St Dunstan’s see also Copland, Robert 116; St George’s, Southwark, Klein, Bernhard, 146 23; Holy Trinity the Less, 11, 13, 14, 21, 42; St Magnus the Lambarde, William, Martyr, 16, 152; St Margaret’s, Eirenarcha, 5 Lothbury, 147; St Margaret’s Perambulation of Kent, 143–8 47; St Martin’s, Ludgate, 55, 56; Laroche, Rebecca, 220 n69 St Mary le Bow, 111; St Mary law, practice of, 119–23, 163, Magdalene, Milk St, 57; St Marie 177–82, 185 Overy, 128; St Martins Le Grand, and documentary evidence/ 139; St Michael Archangel, writing, 5, 121, 123, 134, Cornhill 132, 139; St Michael, 177–82, 186, 188–91 Basinghall, 118; St Mildred’s, jurisdiction, 19, 28, 29, 33, 101, 147; St Paul’s, 15, 21, 25, 42, 44, 116 46, 52, 164; St Peter’s, Cornhill, legal terms, 177–8 118, 129, 137; St Sepulchur’s, and memory, 5, 119–23, 177–82 46–7; St Stephen Walbrook, 129, see also common law 134; St Thomas Acon, 48 260 Index

London, – continued water supply, 74–6, 111, 117, consumption in, 61, 69–71, 133–4, 170, 174–5, 196–8 97–8, 100–2, 103, 104, 107, 109, London Viewers, The, 122–3 176 Corporation and governance: MacCulloch, Diarmaid, 59 aldermen, 55, 77, 80, 127, 137, Machyn, Henry, his ‘chronicle’ 193, 194; Chamber of London, and community consciousness, 81; City Lands Committee, 125, 18, 20, 45–6 127, 135; Court of Aldermen, genre, 12–18 125–8, 132, 194; Court of and memory, 41–2, 58–9 Common Council, 124, and religious allegiance, 20–2, 127, 128, 132, 135; Court of 39–40, 43–5, 52, 57 Hustings, 125, 132, 138; Court and textual community, 6, 14, 16, of Orphans, 72, 78–81, 83, 138; 25, 27–8, 30, 48, 58 Guildhall, the, 16, 67, 83, 125, magnificence, urban, 67–8, 73, 76, 129, 132, 138, 140; lord mayor, 95, 96, 112 21, 31, 33, 55, 66, 67, 69, 76, Magno, Allesandro dell, Italian 77, 80, 82, 104, 115, 118, 124, traveller, his journal, 62–4 126, 134, 135, 137, 138, 141, Manley, Lawrence, 62, 64, 66, 114 142, 154, 192–4, 195–6, 198–9; Manningham, John, Middle Temple Officeholding, 67, 76–7, 81, lawyer, 114, 118–19, 126 110, 124, 126, 130, 193, 195, Marshall, Peter, 49 196, 199; Recorder of, 125–7, Marston, John, 172, 176 194; Remembrancer, 124–5, Antonio and Mellida, 170–1 194; sheriffs of, 21, 67, 77, 134; Dutch Courtesan, The, 174 wards, 27–8, 32, 110, 112, 116, Mary, Queen, 21, 24, 34, 39, 44 137, 147, 153, 154 Maus, Marcel, 163 crime in, 18–38, 73 memory, executions, 18–23, 73–4 and credit, 102, 159–60, 167–8, hospitals and prisons, 31–8, 47, 169, 174, 183, 190–1, 202 74, 82, 96, 100–2 104, 118, 126, and custom, 4–5, 119–23, 131–2, 133, 139 141–3, 187, 197–8 lord mayor’s shows, 15, 76, 192–4, forms of: artificial, 167–8; civic, 197 94, 114, 154, 184, 192, 194, 202; livery companies, 15, 16, 53, 66, collective, 3–4, 9, 39, 111, 112, 82, 98, 130–1, 132, 174 114, 119, 123, 131, 132, 139, 141, markets, 25–6, 68–9, 74, 82, 97, 142, 152, 154, 169, 188, 189, 133, 141, 142 194, 198, 199; communicative, 4, poor relief, 30–1, 34–5, 70, 74, 82, 5, 94, 121, 153–4, 201; cultural, 100–1, 103, 104, 139 04; institutional, 187–8, 190, population of, 72–4 191–3, 198–9 Thames, the, 11, 20, 23, 25, 67–8, and old age, 4–5, 40, 122, 131–2, 145, 148, 153, 159 152 trade and commerce in, 68, 81, and written records, 4, 102, 121–2, 89–90, 97–8, 99, 110, 140, 190, 123, 131–4, 177–80, 187–92 191 see also records; remembrance Index 261

Middleton, Thomas, mock testaments, 86–91, 96, 104–6, as City Chronologer, 155, 194, 170, 296, 198 197–8 monasteries, 13, 33, 48, 128, 131, collaboration, 155–6, 162, 171, 141, 154 184, 190, 191 monuments, writing, mistrust of, 165–6, texts as, 5–6, 108, 111, 114, 177–83, 187–92 116–17, 118, 126, 133, 203–4 works by: tombs, 6, 111, 114, 116–18 Anything for a Quiet Life (with moral economy, the, 141–2, 229 n86 Webster), 172 Mortimer, Ian, 14, 43, 49 Chaste Maid in Cheapside, A, 172, Mother’s Legacy, genre of, 86 173 see also wills, literary versions of Hengist, 198–9 Mulcaster, Richard, Passage of Honorable Entertainments, 194–8, our most drad Soveraigne Lady 203 Elizabeth, The, 39–41 Manner of his Lordship’s Muldrew, Craig, 160 Entertainment . . . , The, 196–7 Munday, Anthony, 192–3 Masque of Heroes, 195 Survey of London, revised by Meeting of Gallants, The, 174 (1618), 6, 207 n23, 223 n5, 231 Michaelmas Term, 157–62, 163, n128 164–70, 172, 173–80, 180, 181–3, 194, 196 Nashe, Thomas, Summer’s Last Will No Wit, No Help Like A Woman, and Testament, 178 195 Neill, Michael, 170, 172 Old Law, The (with Rowley and New Comedy, 185 Heywood), 172, 184–92 New River, the, 196–7 Owl’s Almanack, The, 195 Nichols, John Gough, 12 Patient Man and the Honest Whore, Nora, Pierre, 4 A (with Dekker), 171–2, 175 Norden, John, surveyor, 143–4, Phoenix, The, 163, 179, 180–1, 146–7 191 Norton, Thomas, Remembrancer, Platoes Cap, 195 80, 124 Puritan Widow, The, 163, 165 numeracy, 70–1, 189 Timon of Athens (with Nussbaum, Felicity, 41, 58 Shakespeare), 162–3, 164 Trick to Catch the Old One, A, 163, Oldcastle, John, 89 164, 165, 179, 180, 181 Ovid, 84, 93 Triumphs of Honour and Industry, The, 193 parish, the Triumphs of Love and Antiquity, and community, 3, 8, 14, 15, 16, The, 192, 193 17, 45–6, 47, 56, 102, 187–8 Triumphes of Truth, The, 192 and governance, 8, 72, 125, 153, World Tossed at Tennis, The (with 189–90 Rowley), 186 and perambulation, 44, 45, 70, Your Five Gallants, 159–60 152–3, 201 mock funerals, 170–7, 196 and poor relief, 139 262 Index

parish, the – continued Plat, Hugh, 71 and Reformation, 3, 21–2, 38–9, Floures of Philosophy, 84–6, 93 44–6, 48 Pole, Reginald, cardinal, 21 and remembrance, 6, 11, 49, 102, poor, the, 31–2, 70 116–17, 174 and funerals,6, 104 and ritual, 14, 15, 39, 44, 45–7 poor relief, 30, 31–5, 103, 139 visitations of, 38, 42, 48 Powell, Christopher, 31, 43 see also London, churches Power, M. J., 113 parish clerks, 8, 57, 111 Prayer Book, (1549) the, 36, 50–1, Fraternity of, 11, 43, 49, 51, 52, 78 55, 213 n105 Prest, Wilfrid R., 179 and music, 55–6 Prynne, William, 122 and recordkeeping, 13–14, 15, 56, punishment, 70, 72, 187–8, 181 carting, 23, 26, 28, 29, 34 and St Nicholas, patron saint of, and community, 19, 20, 21, 23–4, 45–6 28, 30, 34–5, 38 see also parish records executions, 19–23, 73 parish priests, 14, 36–8, 51, 55, 87, pillory, 24–5, 26, 30 92, 131 Post of Reformation, the, 29–31 and marriage, 34, 54 and ritual, 19, 20–3, 25–8, 34–5 and Reformation, 33–4, 36, 37, and spectacle, 18–19, 26, 29 39, 46–7, 52, 57, 131 taxonomies of, 24–6, 209 n42 parish records, 13–14, 70, 72, 129, whipping, 25, 29–30, 35, 176, 182 142, 187–8, 189–91 Purgatory, abolition of, 49, 53, 54, see also records 59, 88, 105, 117, 171 Parker, Matthew, archbishop of Canterbury, 126, 128 quantification, 70–4, see also Passage of our most drad Soveraigne statistics, use of Lady Elizabeth, The, 39–41 Queen Jane, Chronicle of, 19 Paster, Gail, 165, 193 Patten, William, 135, 137 Rathone, Aaron, surveyor, 153 Paulet, William, 137–8 records, 4–5, 13–14, 27, 28, 32, 34, Paul’s Company, 173 36, 56, 65, 69–70, 71–2, 110, Paul’s Theatre, 170 121, 122, 123–6, 127–30, 132, Peacham, Henry, Art of Drawing, 1–2 134, 141, 142, 184, 187–91, penance, 56–8 193–4, 201 perambulations, 45, 144 see also parish records; and estate surveying, 151–2, 153 information, culture of and Rogation, 44, 152–3, 201 Reiss, Timothy, 71 as textual trope, 44, 112, 116, remembrance, of the dead, 5–6, 11, 144–5, 147–8, 153–4 48–53, 83, 102, 103–8, 114, Petrarch, 84, 93–4 116–17, 162, 168, 170–7, 183, Phillips, Joshua, 6 200 Phillippy, Patricia, 84, 85 see also funerals; tomb plague, and information culture, monuments; wills and 70–2 testaments Index 263

Ridley, Nicholas, bishop of London, works by (manuscript): 42, 53 Breffe discription of the Royall Citie Rogation, see under festivals, of London, The, 62, 66–84, 95, religious; perambulations 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 125, Rogers, John, 21–2 130, 134, 138 Rogers, Robert, 5–7, 129 Description of Chester, 65 Ross, Richard, 119 Description of Nuremberg, 64–5 Rowe, George, Jr., 185 Particular Description of England, Rowley, William, The, 65 Old Law, The (with Middleton and Visitation of Lancashire, 65, 146 Heywood), 172, 184–92 Smyth, Adam, 14 World Tossed At Tennis, The Speed, John, 121 (with Middleton), 186 Spencer, Sir John, lord mayor, 141–2 Sachs, Hans, Der Dot man wür St Loe, Sir John, 51 Lebentig, 172–3 statistics, use of, 68–70, 71–4, 77 Saville, Sir Henry, 110 see also information, culture of Saxton, Christopher, mapmaker, Stewart, Alan, 211 n57, 225 n47 143–4, 145–6 Stow, John, Scott-Warren, Jason, 163 and custom, 119–23, 131–4, 138, Scogan, Henry, 111 142 scriveners, 181–2 and records 127–30, 132–4, 184 Second Tome of Homelyes, The, 58, and textual community, 112–13, 152, 201 142–3, 147–8, 152–4, 201, 203 sermons, 5–6, 13, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, works by: 105, 107 Annales, 110, 121, 127 at Paul’s Cross, 13, 35, 46, 53, Summarie of Chronicles, 82–3 54–5, 56–7 Survey of London, 62, 110–54, Shakespeare, William, 155, 195, 203; and Anthony All’s Well That Ends Well, 157 Munday, 6, 207 n23, 223 n5, Hamlet, 171 231 n128 Henry VI part 2, 191 Strype, John, 44 Timon of Athens (with Middleton), Sullivan, Garrettt, Jr, 157 162–3, 164 surveying, 65, 70, 145, 148–53 Shepard, Alexandra, 4–5 Sidney, Philip, 212 n91 Tate, Francis, antiquarian, 116, 227 Skelton, John, 110 n70 Smith, Bruce, 16 Taunton, Nina, 185 Smith, Robert, clerk of the city, City Taylor, Gary, 155–6 solicitor, 124–5, 128, 138, 194 Thomas, Keith, 71 Smith, William, 61–84, 95, 108, 146 Thompson, E. P., 120, 141–2 and cartography, 65 tombs, see under monuments and chorography, 64 Tooley, John, 22 and College of Arms, 65 Travitsky, Betty, 84 and John Stow, 82, 83, 130, 218 Truax, Barry, 17 n33 Tusser, Thomas, 167, 169 264 Index

Udall, Nicholas, Ralph Roister Doister, and concealment, 138–9, 141 170 and executors, 81, 105, 138–9, 141 unisonance, 56, 201, see Anderson, and gender, 78, 102 Benedict literary versions of, 86–108, 178, 196 Veron, Jean, reformer, 53–8 and orality, 87–8 A Stonge Defence of the Maryage of and Prayer Book, 78 Pryestes, 54 see also inheritance, customs of; A stronge battery against the mock testaments; Mother’s idolatrous inuocation of the dead Legacy, genre of saintes, 54 Wood, Andy, 123 Wooding, Lucy, 46 Waldegrave, Sir Edward, 52–3 Worsop, Edward, surveyor, 70, 150 Wall, Wendy, 84, 86, 93 Wrightson, Keith, 114 Weever, John, antiquarian, 121 Wriothesley, Charles, herald and Whetstone, George, A Mirour for the chronicler, 12–13 Magestrates of Cyties, 30, 73 Wriothesley’s Chronicle, 12–13, 15 White, Hayden, 41 Wriothesley, Thomas, earl of Whitney, Isabella, Southampton, funeral of, 11, and George Gascoigne, 91–2, 93, 42, 52 105 writing, mistrust of, 4, 121–3, Sweet Nosgay, 61–2, 84–7, 91–104, 165–6, 177–83, 186–92 105–9, 114, 116, 160, 196, 200, see also forgery; memory, written 202, 203 records and textual community, 107–9 Wyatt Rebellion, 19–20, 21, 49 Whittington, Richard, will of, 138 Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 16 Williams, Raymond, 2 Wyclif, John, 89 wills and testaments, 5–6, 12, 70, wyll of the Deuyll and last Testament, 78–80, 81, 82–3, 125, 129, 176 The, 89–90