Part II Special Subject C Memory in Early Modern England

Prof. Alex Walsham ([email protected])

Overview Without memory, we could not write History. But memory itself has a history. This Special Subject investigates one segment of that history in the context of sixteenth- and seventeenth- century England. By contrast with medievalists and modernists, early modernists have been slow to investigate how the arts of remembering and forgetting were implicated in and affected by the profound religious, political, intellectual, cultural, and social upheavals of the period. However, there is now a growing surge of exciting and stimulating research on this topic. Its relevance and centrality to key historiographical debates and its capacity to shed fresh light on classic questions regarding one of the most tumultuous eras in English history are increasingly being recognised. Set against the backdrop of the profound ruptures of the Reformation, Civil Wars, and the constitutional revolution of 1688, this Paper seeks to explore how individuals and communities understood and practised memory alongside the ways in which it was exploited and harnessed, divided and fractured, by the unsettling developments through which contemporaries lived and in which they actively participated. It assesses the role played by amnesia and oblivion, nostalgia and commemoration, in facilitating change and in negotiating the legacies it left. Students will be exposed to a wide range of primary sources – from chronicles, diaries, histories, memoirs and compilations of folklore to legal depositions, pictures, maps, buildings, funeral monuments and material objects – that afford insight into the culture and transmutations of early modern memory.

Sessions in the Michaelmas Term will explore contemporary perceptions and practices of memory. They will illuminate the ways in which traditional modes of remembering were reshaped by the Renaissance revival of mnemonic techniques, the rise of literacy and the advent of print and explore the continuing role of ritual, performance, gesture and speech in transmitting inherited knowledge down the generations. They will consider the sites and locations in remembering and forgetting took place – landscapes, churches, homes, studies, libraries, archives – together with the role that material culture, including fixed memorials and portable heirlooms, played in conveying the memory of people and events. Attention will also be given to the new textual forms that emerged to document the self, local societies, and the nation at large. The aim will be to sketch the features and contours of what has been called ‘the social circulation of the past’.

In the Lent Term the emphasis shifts to the dramatic and transformative events that framed the period. Sessions will investigate the ways in which the Reformation challenged fundamental assumptions about what it meant to remember, particularly in relation to the dead. The concerted campaign to recast and erase the Catholic past which the Protestant project entailed will also be assessed, with a particular spotlight falling upon iconoclasm, which one scholar has described as ‘a sacrament of forgetfulness’. Alongside this, we shall trace the new memory cultures that the Reformation engendered: legends of heroic martyrs and patriotic myths of providential intervention to save England from popish malice and tyranny. Finally, attention will turn to the impact of the mid seventeenth-century Civil Wars and Revolution and to their contested and varied afterlives in subsequent decades. Sessions will be devoted to the interplay of official and seditious memories, to attempts to extinguish the memory of the unprecedented act of the regicide, and to the mental and emotional scars that the wars left on those who were the victims and perpetrators of violence.

At a higher level, the Paper also invites students to engage with theoretical and interdisciplinary perspectives on memory. It aims to provoke critical reflection on how the master narratives and dominant paradigms that shape our understanding of the period came into being and the lingering imprint they have left in scholarly and popular thinking. It is hoped that it will also provide students with deeper insight into the methodological challenges of writing History itself and its complex relationship with human memory.

Teaching Arrangements The paper will be taught in 16 two hour seminar style classes in the Michaelmas and Lent Terms (32 hours), with 4 two hour revision classes (8 hours) in Easter Term.

There will be two one hour practice gobbets sessions, one in Michaelmas and one in Lent and a one hour class discussing strategies for researching and writing the Long Essay in Lent. The total contact time will be 43 hours of teaching. Individual classes will be held in the Fitzwilliam Museum and University Library, if possible. In addition one or more field trips to churches, museums and historic buildings and places may be organised. The total number of pages of documents for study is approximately 1200. All the set primary sources are available via the Moodle site for this paper.

Assessment The Special Subject is assessed by two papers: (1) By a Long Essay of 6000-7000 words selected from a list of ten questions which will be issued to candidates in week 4 of Lent Term. This essay is unsupervised. Two copies of the essay are due by noon on the third Thursday of the Easter Term.

(2) By an unseen examination in the Easter Term. This will consist of four questions. The first two questions (Questions 1 and 2) will require the candidate to comment on three gobbets (extracts from the set primary sources) from a selection of five. Candidates will then choose to write one essay from Questions 3 and 4. This essay will ask them to engage with one or more genres of source material and/or to compare the utility of different types of sources.

Schedule of classes: Michaelmas Term: Cultures of Memory

Introduction: Early Modern Memory

The Renaissance Arts of Memory

History and Antiquarianism

Sites of Memory: Space, Place and Landscape

Mnemonics and Relics: The Material Culture of Memory

Tradition: Custom, Ritual, Legend and Folklore

Record-keeping: Communities of Memory

Life-writing: Biography and Autobiography

There also will be a one hour practice Gobbets class.

Lent Term: Ruptures of Memory

Remembering the Dead: from Intercession to Commemoration?

Erasing the Past: Iconoclasm

The Memory of the Martyrs

Protestant Memory and Myth-making

Nostalgia and Anger: Conservative and Catholic Memory

Forgetting: Acts of Amnesia and Oblivion

The Afterlife of the Civil Wars: Official and Seditious Memories

Traumatic Memory: Victims and Violence

In addition, there will be a one hour gobbets class and a one hour class dedicated to discussion of the Long Essay.

Easter Term: Revision Revision (gobbets and exam essay question)

Revision (gobbets and exam essay question)

Revision (gobbets and exam essay question)

Revision (gobbets and exam essay question)

Michaelmas Term: Cultures of Memory

(1) Introduction: Early Modern Memory

Key Questions: • What is the history of memory in early modern England and Europe? • How have historians and other scholars approached the study of memory in the past? • What developments shaped, affected and ruptured contemporary cultures of memory?

Recommended Reading: • Geoffrey Cubitt, History and Memory (2007) [online access] or • Astrid Erll, Memory in Culture, trans. Sara B. Young (2011) [online access] These are overviews of the field of Memory Studies in general and will provide an introduction to some of the theoretical literature on this topic.

• Judith Pollmann, Memory in Early Modern Europe (2017), esp. introduction [accessible as an ebook] • Bruce Gordon, ‘History and Memory’, in Ulinka Rublack (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Protestant Reformations (2016) [available via Oxford Scholarship Online] • Erika Kuijpers, Judith Pollmann et al (eds), Memory before Modernity: Practices of Memory in Early Modern Europe (2013), introduction [Open Access publication] • Peter Sherlock, ‘The Reformation of Memory in Early Modern Europe’, in Susannah Radstone and Bill Schwarz (eds), Memory: Histories, Theories, Debates (2010) [online access] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘History, Memory and the English Reformation,’ The Historical Journal 55 (2012), pp. 899–938 [online].

Further reading: • Aleida Assmann, Cultural Memory and Western Civilization: Functions, Media, Archives (Cambridge, 2011) [online] • Jan Assmann, ‘Communicative and Cultural Memory’, in Astrid Erll and Ansgar Nünning (eds), Cultural Memory Studies: An International and Interdisciplinary Handbook (Berlin and New York, 2008), 109-118. [online] • Jan Assmann, ‘Memory and Culture’, in Dmitri Nikulin (ed.), Memory: A History (2015), pp. 325-49. [online] • Jan Assmann, ‘Collective Memory and Cultural Identity’, New German Critique, 65 (1995), 125-33. [online] • Jan Assmann, Cultural Memory and Early Civilization: Writing, Remembrance and Political Imagination (Cambridge, 2011) [online] • Stefan Berger and Jeffrey Olick (eds), A Cultural History of Memory, vol. 3 (Early Modern Age) (due to be published November, 2020) • Jens Brockmeier, Beyond the Archive: Memory, Narrative and the Autobiographical Process (2015) • Peter Burke, ‘History as Social Memory’, in Thomas Butler (ed.), Memory: History, Culture and the Mind (1989), pp. 97-113. • Kate Chedgzoy et al (eds), Special issue on Memory in Early Modern Studies, Memory Studies, 11 (2018) [online] • Alan Confino, ‘History and Memory’, in Axel Schneider and Daniel Woolf (eds), The Oxford History of Historical Writing, vol. 5 Historical Writing Since 1945 (2011), pp. 36-51. [online] • Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (1989) [online] • Susan Crane, ‘(Not) Writing History: Rethinking the Intersections of Personal History and Collective Memory’, History and Memory, 8 (1996), pp. 5-29. [online] • Astrid Erll and Ansgar Nunning (eds), A Companion to Cultural Memory Studies (2010). [online] • James Fentress and Chris Wickham, Social Memory (1992) [online] • Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, ed. and trans. Lewis Coser (1992) • Wulf Kansteiner, ‘Finding Meaning in Memory: A Methodological Critique of Collective Memory Studies’, History and Theory, 41 (2002), pp. 179-97. [online] • K. L. Klein, ‘On the Emergence of Memory in Historical Discourse’, Representations, 69 (2000), 127-50. [online] • Erika Kuijpers, Judith Pollmann et al (eds), Memory before Modernity: Practices of Memory in Early Modern Europe (2013) [online] • Barbara A. Misztal, Theories of Social Remembering (Maidenhead, 2003) [online] • Merback Mitchell, ‘Forum: Memory before Modernity: Cultural Practices in Early Modern Germany’, German History, 33 (2015), 100-122. [online] • Matthew Neufeld (ed.), Special Issue on memory in early modern England, Huntington Library Quarterly, 76: 4 (2013), esp. his introduction, and Daniel Woolf, ‘Shadows of the Past in Early Modern England’. [online] • Pierre Nora, ‘Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Mémoire’, Representations, 26 (1989), pp. 7-24. [online] • Susannah Radstone and Bill Schwarz (ed.), Memory, Histories, Theories, Debates (2010) [online] • Paul Ricoeur, Memory, History, Forgetting, trans. K. Blamey and D. Pellauer (2004) [online] • Paul Ricoeur, ‘Memory-Forgetting-History’, Jorn Rüsen (ed.), Meaning and Representation in History (2006), pp. 9-19. • E. Tulving and F. I. M. Craik (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Memory (2005) • Jasper Van der Steen, Memory Wars in the Low Countries, 1566-1700 (2015) [online] • Brady Wagoner (ed.), Handbook of Memory and Culture (2018) • Alexandra Walsham, ‘History, Memory and the English Reformation,’ The Historical Journal 55 (2012), pp.899–938. [online] • Daniel Woolf, The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture 1500- 1730 (2003) • Eviatar Zerubavel, The Elephant in the Room: Silence and Denial in Everyday Life (2006) [online]

(2) The Renaissance Arts of Memory

Key Questions: • How did contemporaries conceptualise memory in early modern England? • What was the Renaissance art of memory? • What techniques were used to recollect information and knowledge?

Primary Sources: [55 pages] • John Willis, Mnemonica; or, the art of memory, drained out of the pure fountains of art & nature (London, 1661; first publ. in Latin 1618; first trans. 1621), 134-45, and the extracts in Engel et al (eds), Memory Arts, pp. 73-84 [23 pages] • Richard Saunders, ‘The Art of Memory’, in Saunders physiognomie, and chiromancie … whereunto is added the art of memory (1671), pp. 371-77. [6 pages] [see also Engel et al (eds), Memory Arts, pp. 88-94] • William Engel, Rory Loughnane and Grant Williams (eds), The Memory Arts in Renaissance England: A Critical Anthology (2016), pp. 51-64, 69-73, 179-81 (Extracts from William Fulwood, The Castle of Memory (1562); William Basse, A help to memory and discourse (1620); Robert Hooke, ‘An Hypothetical Explication of Memory’ (1682)). [20 pages] • Entries on memory in two 17th century commonplace books in the CUL: • https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/reformation/artifacts/the-treasurehouse-of-the-mind- memory-in-commonplace-books/ [2 pages] • Entry on memory in commonplace book, c. 1690, in Earle Havens, Commonplace Books: A History of Manuscripts and Printed Books from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century (2001), p. 70. [1 page]

Recommended secondary reading: • Richard Yeo, ‘Notebooks as Memory Aids: Precepts and Practices in Early Modern England’, Memory Studies, 1 (2008), pp. 115-36. [online]

Secondary reading: • Peter Beal, ‘Notions in Garrison: The Seventeenth-Century Commonplace Book’, in W. Speed Hill (ed.), New Ways of Looking at Old Texts: Papers of the Renaissance English Text Society, 1985-1991 (Binghamton, 1993). • F. S. Belleza, ‘Mnemonic Devices and Memory Schemas’, in M. A. McDaniel and M. Pressley (eds), Imagery and Related Mnemonic Processes (1987), pp. 34-55. • Ann Blair, Too Much Too Know: Managing Scholarly Information before the Modern Age (Cambridge, MA, 2010) [online] • Ann Blair and Richard Yeo (eds), ‘Note-Taking in Early Modern Europe’, Special Issue of Intellectual History Review, 20, no. 3 (2010) [online] • Lina Bolzoni, The Gallery of Memory: Literary and Iconographical Models in the Age of the Printing Press (2001) • Victoria Burke, ‘Memorial Books: Commonplaces, Gender and Manuscript Compilation in Seventeenth-Century England’, in D. Beecher and Grant Williams (eds), Ars Reminiscendi: Mind and Memory in Renaissance Culture (2009), pp. 121- 38. • Mary Carruthers, The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture (1992) [online] • Mary Carruthers, The Craft of Thought: Meditation, Rhetoric and the Making of Images, 400-1200 (1998), ch. 1-2 [ch. 1 scanned] • Mary Carruthers and Jan M. Ziolkowski (eds), The Medieval Craft of Memory: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures (2004) • Mary Carruthers, ‘Ars oblivionis, ars invenienda: The Cherub Figure and the Arts of Memory’, Gesta, 48 (2009), 1-19. • Mary Carruthers, ‘How to Make a Composition: Memory-Craft in Antiquity and the Middle Ages’, in Susannah Radstone and Bill Schwarz (ed.), Memory, Histories, Theories, Debates (2010), pp. 15-29. [online] • Mary Carruthers, ‘Mechanisms for the Transmission of Culture: The Role of Place in the Arts of Memory’, in Laura Hollengreen (ed.), Translatio, the Transmission of Culture in the Middle Ages (2008), pp. 1-26. • Stephen Clucas, ‘Memory in the Renaissance and Early Modern Period’, in Dmitri Nikulin (ed.), Memory: A History (2015), pp. 131-75. [online] • Janet Coleman, Ancient and Medieval Memories: Studies in the Reconstruction of the Past (1992) [online] • Andrew Gordon and Thomas Rist (eds), The Arts of Remembrance in Early Modern England: Memorial Cultures of the Post Reformation (2013) [e-book on order] • Earle Havens, Commonplace Books: A History of Manuscripts and Printed Books from Antiquity to the Twentieth Century (New Haven, 2001). • Earle Havens, ‘Of Common Places, or Memorial Books: An Anonymous Manuscript on Commonplace Books and the Art of Memory in Seventeenth-Century England’, Yale University Library Gazette, 76 (2002), 136-53. [online] • Andrew Hiscock, Reading Memory in Early Modern Literature (2011) [online] • Rhodri Lewis, ‘The Best Mnemonical Expedient: John Beale’s Art of Memory and its Uses’, Seventeenth Century, 20 (2005), pp. 113-44. [online] • Ann Moss, Printed Commonplace-books and the Structuring of Renaissance Thought (Oxford, 1996). [online] • Walter J. Ong, Rhetoric, Romance and Technology: Studies in the Interaction of Expression and Culture (1971), chs 4, 6. [online] • Richard J. Ross, ‘The Memorial Culture of Early Modern English Lawyers: Memory as Keyword, Shelter and Identity, 1560-1640’, Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities, 10 (1998), pp. 229-326. [online] • Paolo Rossi, Logic and the Art of Memory: The Quest for a Universal Language, trans. S. Clucas (2000) • Jonathan D. Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (1984) • William West, ‘No Endless Moniment: Artificial Memory and Memorial Artifact in Early Modern England’, in S. Radstone and K. Hodgkin (eds), Memory cultures: memory, subjectivity, and recognition (2006), 61-75. [legal deposit] • Daniel Woolf, The Social Circulation of the Past (2005), ch. 8 • Frances Yates, The Art of Memory (1966) [online] • Richard Yeo, ‘John Locke’s “New Method” of Commonplacing: Managing Memory and Information’, Eighteenth-Century Thought, 2 (2004). [online]

(3) History and Antiquarianism

Key Questions: • What distinguished the writing of history and the practice of antiquarianism in early modern England? • Was there an historiographical revolution in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? • Why did an interest in recovering textual, physical and material traces of the past develop in this period?

Primary Sources: [64 pages] • Francis Bacon, Of the Advancement and Proficiencie of Learning (1640 edn; STC 1167), pp. 79-105 (EEBO images 96-109). [26 pages] • John Hall, ‘A Method of History’ (1645), printed in Joad Raymond, ‘John Hall’s A Method of History: A Book Lost and Found’, English Literary Renaissance, 28 (1998), pp. 267-98, with Hall’s text pp. 286-98). [12 pages] • John Earle, Micro-cosmographie. Or, A peece of the world discouered in essayes and characters (1628; STC 7440.2), sigs C1v-3v (EEBO images 22-24) [3 pages] • William Dugdale, The antiquities of Warwickshire illustrated (1656; Wing D2479), sig. a3r-v (dedication to the gentry of Warwickshire); sigs b1r-b4r (preface); pp. 687- 93 (Solihull); pp. 797-804 (Polesworth). [23 pages]

Recommended Secondary Reading: • D. R. Woolf, The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture 1500- 1730 (2003), ch. 5. [scanned]

Secondary reading: • Jan Broadway, No Historie so Meete: Gentry Culture and the Development of Local History in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England (2006) [online] • Peter Burke, The Renaissance Sense of the Past (1969). • Patrick Collinson, 'Elizabeth I and the verdicts of history', Historical Research, 76 (2003) [online] • Patrick Collinson, 'Truth, lies, & fiction in sixteenth-century Protestant historiography', in P. Kelly & D. Harris Sacks (ed.), Historical Imagination in Early Modern Britain (1997) • Patrick Collinson, 'History', in M. Hattaway (ed.), A New Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture (2010) [online] • Patrick Collinson, 'One of us?: William Camden and the making of history', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser., 8 (1998) [online] • S. Dixon, ‘The Sense of the Past in Reformation Germany’, German History (2012) [online] • Christopher Dyer and Catherine Richardson (eds), William Dugdale, Historian, 1605-1686: His Life, His Writings, and his County (2009) • A. B. Ferguson, Clio Unbound: Perceptions of the Social and Cultural Past in Renaissance England (1979) • Tony Grafton, What was History? The Art of History in Early Modern Europe (2007) [online] • Richard Helgerson, Forms of Nationhood: The Elizabethan Writing of England (1992) • Kelsey Jackson Williams, The Antiquary: John Aubrey's Historical Scholarship (2016) [online] • Kelsey Jackson Williams, ‘Antiquarianism: A Reinterpretation’, Erudition and the Republic of Letters, 2 (2017), 56-96. [online] • D. R. Kelley, ‘The Theory of History’, in Quentin Skinner and Eckhard Kessler (eds), The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy (1988), pp. 746-61. [online] • Donald R. Kelley, Faces of history: historical inquiry from Herodotus to Herder (1998) • Donald R. Kelley and David Harris Sacks (eds), The Historical Imagination in Early Modern Britain: History, Rhetoric and Fiction, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1997) • D. Kendrick, British Antiquity (1950), ch. 8 • Paulina Kewes (ed.), The Uses of History in Early Modern England (2005); also in Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (2005), including [online] • Colin Kidd, British Identities before Nationalism: Ethnicity and Nationhood in the Atlantic World 1600-1800 (Cambridge, 1999), ch. 5 [online] • Joseph M. Levine, Humanism and History: Origins of Modern English Historiography (1987) [online] • F. J. Levy, Tudor Historical Thought (1967) • May McKisack, Medieval History in the Tudor Age (1971), ch. 6. • S. A. E. Mendyk, Speculum Britanniae: Regional Study, Antiquarianism and Science in Britain to 1700 (1989) [online] • Graham Parry, The Trophies of Time: English Antiquarians of the Seventeenth Century (1995) [online] • Stuart Piggott, ‘Antiquarian Thought in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’, in Levi Fox (ed.), English Historical Scholarship in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1956), pp. 93-114. • F. Smith Fussner, The Historical Revolution: English Historical Writing and Thought 1580-1640 (1962) [online] • Rosemary Sweet, Antiquaries: The Discovery of the Past in Eighteenth-Century Britain (2004) • Katherine van Liere, Simon Ditchfield, and Howard Louthan (eds), Sacred History: Uses of the Christian Past in the Renaissance World (2012). [online] • Angus Vine, In Defiance of Time: Antiquarian Writing in Early Modern England (2010) [online] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Like Fragments of a Shipwreck: Printed Images and Religious Antiquarianism in Early Modern England’, in Michael Hunter (ed.), Printed Images in Early Modern Britain (2010). [legal deposit] • David Womersley, ‘Against the teleology of technique’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (2005), pp. 95-108; and in Paulina Kewes (ed.), The Uses of History in Early Modern England (2005) [online] • D. R. Woolf, The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture 1500-1730 (2003), ch. 5-7 [ch. 5 scanned] • D. R. Woolf, Reading History in Early Modern England (2000) • D. R. Woolf, ‘The Dawn of the Artifact: The Antiquarian Impulse in England, 1500-1730’, in Leslie J. Workman (ed.), Medievalism in England (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 5-35. • D. R. Woolf, ‘From Hystories to the Historical: Five Transitions in Thinking about the Past, 1500-1700’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (2005), pp. 33-70. [online] • D. R. Woolf, ‘Memory and Historical Culture in Early Modern England’, Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, 2 (1991), pp. 283-308. [online] • D. R. Woolf, The Idea of History in Early Stuart England: Erudition, Ideology and ‘The Light of Truth’ from the Accession of James I to the Civil War (1990) (4) Sites of Memory: Space, Place and Landscape

Key Questions: • To what extent was memory of the past tied to particular spaces and places? • What developments tested and threatened the status of the landscape as a theatre of memory? • How were chronology and topography linked?

Primary Sources: [68 pages] • William Lambarde, A Perambulation of Kent (1596 edition), dedications, pp. 290-314 (Canterbury) [25 pages] [you may find the 1610 edition on EEBO easier to read, pp. 313-40] • William Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum: or, The history of the ancient abbies, and other monasteries, hospitals, cathedral and collegiate churches, in England and Wales (1693; Wing D2487), dedication to William Bromley and preface ‘To the Reader’. [6 pages]. Plus selected images from the Latin edition: Monasticon Anglicanum, sive, Pandectae coenobiorum Benedictinorum, Cluniacensium, Cisterciensium, Carthusianorum a primordiis ad eorum usque dissolutionem (1661; Wing D2485), prospect of Glastonbury, Malmesbury Abbey, Gisburn Abbey, Osney Abbey [4 pages] • Stonhing ([London], 1575): Society of Antiquaries, Lemon broadside no. 67 [1 page] • William Camden, Britain (1610), pp. 251-4. [4 pages] • Inigo Jones, The most notable antiquity of Great Britain, vulgarly called Stone-heng an Salisbury Plain, ed. John Webb (1655), pp. 65-81, 106-9 [18 pages] • William Stukeley, Itinerarium curiosum. Or an account of the antiquitys and remarkable curiositys in nature or art (1724), preface, pp. 115-17 (Canterbury), and plates for Canterbury and Glastonbury Abbey [10 pages]

Recommended Secondary Reading: • Margaret Aston, ‘English Ruins and English History: The Dissolution and the Sense of the Past’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 36 (1973) [online], repr. in her Lollards and Reformers: images and literacy in late medieval religion (1984) • Alexandra Walsham, The Reformation of the Landscape: Religion, Memory and Identity in Early Modern Britain and Ireland (2011), pp. 273-311. [online]

Further Reading: • Barbara Bender, ‘Stonehenge – Contested Landscapes (Medieval to Present Day)’, in eadem (ed.), Landscape: Politics and Perspectives (1993), pp. 245-79. • Aubrey Burl, Prehistoric Avebury (1979) • Christopher Chippindale, Stonehenge Complete: Revised Edition (1994) • David Boyd Haycock, William Stukeley: Science, religion and archaeology in eighteenth-century England (2002) • Rodney Legg (ed.), Stonehenge Antiquaries (1986) • David Lowenthal, ‘Past Time, Present Place: Landscape and Memory’, Geographical Review, 65 (1975), pp. 1-36. [online] • Nicholas Orme, ‘The Commemoration of Places in Medieval England’, in C. Barron and C. Burgess (eds), Memory and Commemoration in Medieval England (2010) • Stuart Piggott, William Stukeley: An Eighteenth Century Antiquary (1985) • Stuart Piggott, ‘William Camden and the Britannia’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 37 (1951), p. 199-217 [online] • D. A. Postles, Social Geographies in England, 1200-1640 (2007) • R. L. Sanford, Maps and Memory in Early Modern England: A Sense of Place (2002) • Zur Shalev, Sacred words and worlds: geography, religion, and scholarship, 1550- 1700 (2012) [online] • Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory (1995) • Philip Schwyzer, ‘The Scouring of the White Horse: Archaeology, Identity and “Heritage”’, Representations, 65 (1999) [online] • Philip Schwyzer, ‘John Leland and his Heirs: The Topography of England’, in M. Pincombe and C. Shrank (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Tudor Literature (2009) [online] • Jacqueline Simpson, ‘The Local Legend: A Product of Popular Culture’, Rural History, 2 (1991), pp. 25-35. [online] • Jacqueline Simpson, ‘God’s Visible Judgements: The Christian Dimension of Landscape Legends’, Landscape History, 8 (1986), 53-8. • William Smyth, Map-making, landscapes and memory: a geography of colonial and early modern Ireland, c.1530-1750 (2006) • P. J. Stewart and A. Strathern (eds), Landscape, Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives (2003) [online] • Jennifer Summit, ‘Leland’s Itinerary and the Remains of the Medieval Past’, in G. McMullan and D. Matthews (eds), Reading the Medieval in Early Modern England (2007) • Peter J. Ucko, Michael Hunter, Alan J. Clark, and Andrew Davids (eds), Avebury Reconsidered: From the 1660s to the 1990s (1991) • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Richard Carew and English Topography’, in Richard Carew, The Survey of Cornwall, Facsimile edition, ed. John Chynoweth, Nicholas Orme and Alexandra Walsham, Devon and Cornwall Record Society, New Series, volume 47, pp. 17-41. • Alexandra Walsham, ‘The Holy Thorn of Glastonbury: The Evolution of a Legend in Post- Reformation England’, Parergon, 21 (2004) [online] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Wyclif’s Well: Lollardy, Landscape and Memory in Post- Reformation England’, in Angela McShane and Garthine Walker (eds), The Extraordinary and Everyday Life in Early Modern England (2010) • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Footprints and Faith: Religion and the Landscape in Early Modern Britain and Ireland’, in Peter Clarke and Tony Claydon (eds), God’s Bounty: The Church and the Natural World, Studies in Church History (2010), pp. 169-83. [online] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Holywell: Contesting Sacred Space in Post-Reformation Wales’, in Will Coster and Andrew Spicer (eds.), Sacred Space in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 209-36. • Alexandra Walsham, The Reformation of the Landscape: Religion, Memory and Identity in Early Modern Britain and Ireland (2011). [online] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Antiquities Cornu-Britannick: Language, Memory and Landscape in Early Modern Cornwall’, in Robert Armstrong and Tadhg O hAnnrachain (eds), Christianities in the Celtic World (Palgrave: Basingstoke, 2014), pp. 71-91. • Retha M. Warnicke, William Lambarde: Elizabethan antiquary, 1536-1601 (1973) • Nicola Whyte, ‘The After-life of Barrows: Prehistoric Monuments in the Norfolk Landscape’, Landscape History, 25 (2003) [online] • Nicola Whyte, Inhabiting the Landscape: Place, Custom and Memory, 1500-1800 (2009) [online] • Nicola Whyte, ‘The Deviant Dead in the Norfolk Landscape’, Landscapes, 4 (2003) 24-39. [online] • Nicola Whyte, ‘Norfolk Wayside Crosses: Biographies of Landscape and Place’, in T. A. Heslop, Elizabeth A. Mellings, and Margit Thøfner (eds), Art, faith and place in East Anglia : from prehistory to the present (2012), pp. 163-78. • Nicola Whyte, ‘An Archaeology of Natural Places: Trees in the Early Modern Landscape’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 76 (Winter 2013), 499-517. [online] • Andy Wood, The Memory of the People: Custom and Popular Senses of the Past in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2013), ch. 4. [online] • Daniel Woolf, The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture 1500- 1700 (Oxford, 2003), chs. 8-9. (5) Mnemonics and Relics: The Material Culture of Memory

This class will be held in the Fitzwilliam Museum.

Key Questions: • What kinds of objects served as mnemonics in early modern England? • How did attitudes towards the material culture of memory change in this period? • What happened to the category of relics after the Reformation?

Primary Sources: [49 pages] • The Langdale Rosary, c. 1500; adjusted c. 1600 (Victoria and Albert Museum): [1 page] http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O17851/the-langdale-rosary-rosary-unknown/ • Anthony Babington’s Rosary, 16th century: [1 page] https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/reformation/artifacts/remembering-with-beads- anthony-babingtons-rosary/ • Prayer bead, c. 1500-25 (Flemish): British Museum: [1 page] https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_WB-236 • Reliquary case, English c. 1500: British Museum H_1977-1001-1 https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1977-1001-1 [1 page] • Silver reliquary, English, 15th century: Victoria and Albert Museum, 731-1891: [1 page] http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O110933/reliquary-unknown/ • Memento mori mourning ring, English, 1600: [1 page] http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O118913/ring-unknown/ • Memento mori mourning ring, English, 1719: [1 page] http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O125791/mourning-ring-unknown/ • Earthenware jug, English, 1666: Victoria and Albert Museum 575-1898 [1 page] http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O332567/jug-unknown/ • Earthenware jug, English, 17th century, British Museum, 1887,0307,D.26: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1887-0307-D-26 [1 page] • [Some f]yne gloues deuised for Newyeres gyftes to teche yonge peop[le to] knowe good from euyll wherby they maye learne the. x. commaundementes at theyr fyngers endes ([1559-67], STC 23628.5) [1 page] • William Hinde, A faithfull remonstrance of the holy life and happy death of John Bruen (1641), pp. 55-59 (account of Old Robert’s girdle) [5 pages] • John Tradescant, Musaeum Tradescantianum: or, A Collection of Rarities Preserved at South-Lambet neer London (London, 1656), pp. 42-55. [14 pages] • Musæum Thoresbyanum. A catalogue of the genuine and valuable collection of that well known Antiquarian the late Ralph Thoresby, Gent. F. R. S. (London, [1764]) [20 pages].

Recommended secondary reading: • Andrew Jones, Memory and Material Culture (2007), ch. 1. [online] • Daniel Woolf, The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture 1500- 1730 (2003), pp. 191-7.

Further reading: • Caroline Bynum, ‘Are Things “Indifferent”? How Objects Change our Understanding of Religious History, German History 34, no. 1 (2016), 88–112. [online] • Paul Connerton, ‘Cultural Memory’, in Christopher Tilley et al (eds), Handbook of Material Culture (2009) [online] • Anne Dillon, ‘Praying by Number: The Confraternity of the Rosary and the English Catholic Community, c.1580–1700’, History 88 (2003), pp. 451–71. [online] • Eamon Duffy, ‘The End of it All: The Material Culture of the Late Medieval Parish and the 1552 Inventories of Church Goods’, in his Saints, Sacrilege and Sedition: Religion and Conflict in the Tudor Reformations (London, 2012), 109–129. • Elizabeth Hallam and Jenny Hockey (eds), Death, Memory and Material Culture (2020) [legal deposit] • Tara Hamling, ‘Old Robert’s Girdle: Visual and Material Props for Protestant Piety in Post-Reformation England’, in Jessica Martin and Alec Ryrie (eds), Private and Domestic Devotion in Early Modern Britain (2012), pp. 135-63. [legal deposit; ebook on order] • Tara Hamling, ‘An Arelome to this Hous for Ever: Monumental Fixtures and Furnishings in the English Domestic Interior, c. 1560-c.1660’, in Andrew Gordon and Thomas Rist (eds), The Arts of Remembrance in Early Modern England: Memorial Cultures of the Post-Reformation (2013) [legal deposit; ebook on order] • Michael Hunter, ‘The Cabinet Institutionalised: The Royal Society’s Repository and its Background’, in Oliver Impey and Arthur MacGregor (eds.), The Origins of Museums: The Cabinet of Curiosities in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Europe (Oxford, 1985), pp. 159-68. • Andrew Jones, Memory and Material Culture (2007) [online] • James E. Kelly, ‘Creating an English Catholic Identity: Relics, Martyrs and English Women Religious in Counter-Reformation Europe’, in James E. Kelly and Susan Royal (eds), Early Modern English Catholicism: Identity, Memory and Counter- Reformation (2016), 41-59. [online] • Marius Kwint, Christopher Breward and Jeremy Aynsley (eds), Material Memories (1999). • L. McClain, ‘Using what's at hand : English Catholic reinterpretations of the Rosary, 1559-1642’, Journal of Religious History, 27 (2003), 161-76. [online] • Robin Malo, ‘Intimate Devotion: Recusant Martyrs and the Making of Relics in Post- Reformation England’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 44 (2014) [online] • Robyn Malo, Relics and Writing in Late Medieval England (2013) [online] • Arthur F. Marotti, Religious Ideology and Cultural Fantasy: Catholic and Anti- Catholic Discourses in Early Modern England (2005), 9-31. • Andrew Morrall, ‘Protestant Pots: Morality and Social Ritual in the Early Modern Home’, Journal of Design History 15, no. 4 (2002), 263–73. [online] • Alexander Nagel, ‘The Afterlife of the Reliquary’, in Martina Bagnoli et al (eds), Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe (2010), pp. 211-22. • Alan Radley, ‘Artefacts, Memory and a Sense of the Past’, in David Middleton and Derek Edwards (eds), Collective Remembering (1990), pp. 46-59. • Lucy Razzall, ‘'A good Booke is the pretious life-blood of a master-spirit': Recollecting Relics in Post-Reformation English Writing’, Journal of the Northern Renaissance, 2 (2010) • Catherine Richardson, Tara Hamling and David Gaimster (eds), The Routledge Handbook of Material Culture in Early Modern Europe (2017) [online] • Ulinka Rublack, ‘Grapho-Relics: Lutheranism and the Materialization of the Word’, in Alexandra Walsham, ed., Relics and Remains, Past and Present Supplement 5 (2010), 144-66. [online] • Claire Richter Sherman, Writing on Hands: Memory and Knowledge in Early Modern Europe (2000) • Peter Stallybrass and Ann Rosalind Jones, Renaissance Clothing and the Materials of Memory (2000) • A. Walsham, ‘Domesticating the Reformation: Material Culture, Memory and Confessional Identity in Early Modern England’, Renaissance Quarterly, 69 (2016), pp. 566-616. [online] • Alexandra Walsham (ed.) Relics and Remains, Past and Present Supplement 5 (2010), esp. introduction [online] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Skeletons in the Cupboard: Relics after the English Reformation’, in Walsham (ed.) Relics and Remains (2010): 121-43. [online] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘The Pope’s Merchandise and the Jesuits’ Trumpery: Catholic Relics and Protestant Polemic in Post-Reformation England’, in Dagmar Eichberger and Jennifer Spinks (eds), Religion, the Supernatural, and Visual Culture in Early Modern Europe: An Album Amicorum for Charles Zika (2015), pp. 370-409. [online] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Recycling the Sacred: Material Culture and Cultural Memory after the English Reformation,’ Church History 86 (2017), pp. 1121-1154. [online] • Katie Whitaker, ‘The Culture of Curiosity’, in N. Jardine, J.A. Secord and E. C. Spary (eds.), Cultures of Natural History (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 75-90.

(6) Tradition: Custom, Ritual, Legend and Folklore

Key Questions: • Through what kinds of sources can we gain insight into early modern oral tradition? • What developments challenged the status of customary knowledge? • What were the origins of folklore?

Primary Sources: [72 pages] • Tancred Robinson, ‘A Letter giving an Account of one Henry Jenkins a Yorkshire Man who attained the age of 169 years’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 19 (1695-97), pp. 266-8. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstl.1695.0038.[3 pages] • ‘The Credibility of Humane Testimony’, in The philosophical transactions and collections, to the end of the year 1700. Abridg'd and dispos'd under general heads. In three volumes (London, [1716]), vol. iii. 662-5 [4 pages]. • Memories of the boundaries of New Buckenham, 1594, from parish documents [2 pages] • Examinations regarding the precincts of All Saints parish, Southampton, 1577, G. H. Hamilton (ed.), Books of Examinations and Depositions 1570-1594, Southampton Record Society 16 (Southampton, 1914), pp. 45-6 [1 page]. • T. Story Maskelyne, ‘Perambulation of Purton, 1733’, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 40 (1918), pp. 119-28. [9 pages] • John Aubrey, Remains of Gentilisme and Judaisme, in John Aubrey, Three Prose Works, ed. John Buchanan-Brown (1972), pp. 132 (preface), 172-182 (funerals), 189- 97 (fountains, garlands, groves), 289-90 (old wives tales). [20 pages] • Henry Bourne, Antiquitates vulgares; or, the antiquities of the common people (1725), preface (pp. ix-xii), chs 8, 13-16, 25-27 (pp. 65-9, 126-50, 200-15). [33 pages]

Recommended secondary reading: • Daniel Woolf, ‘The “Common Voice”: History, Folklore and Oral Tradition in Early Modern England’, Past and Present, 120 (1988), pp. 26-52. [online] • Nicola Whyte, ‘Landscape, Memory and Custom: Parish Identities c. 1550-1700’, Social History, 32 (2007), 166-86. [online] • Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (1989), ch. 3 (Bodily practices) [online]

Further reading: • Michael Berlin, ‘Reordering Rituals: Ceremony and the Parish, 1520-1640’, in P. Griffiths and M. Jenner (eds), Londinopolis (2000), pp. 47-66. [online] • Adam Fox, Oral and Literate Culture in England 1500-1700 (2000), chs 3-5. [online] • Adam Fox, ‘Custom, Memory and the Authority of Writing’, in P. Griffiths, A. Fox and S. Hindle (eds), The Experience of Authority in Early Modern England (1996), pp. 89-116. • Adam Fox, ‘Remembering the Past in Early Modern England: Oral and Written Tradition’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th series (1999), pp. 233-56. [online] • Leslie V. Grinsell, Folklore of Prehistoric sites in Britain (1976) • D. Hey, ‘The Dragon of Wantley: Rural Popular Culture and Local Legend’, Rural History, 4 (1993). [online] • Steve Hindle, ‘Beating the Bounds of the Parish: Order, Memory and Identity in the English Local Community, c. 1500-1800’, in M. Halvorson and K. Spierling (eds), Defining Community in Early Modern Europe (2008), pp. 205-27. [legal deposit] • Michael Hunter, John Aubrey and the Realm of Learning (1975) • Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year 1400-1700 (1994) [online] • Ronald Hutton, Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain (1996) [online] • Ronald Hutton, ‘The English Reformation and the Evidence of Folklore’, Past and Present 148 (1995), pp. 89–116. [online] • Kelsey Jackson Williams, The Antiquary: John Aubrey's Historical Scholarship (2016) [online] • Bronach Kane, Popular Memory and Gender in Medieval England (2019) [online] • Bronach Kane, ‘Custom, Memory and Knowledge in the medieval English Church courts’, in R. Hayes and W. Sheils (eds), Clergy, Church and Society in England and Wales, c. 1200-1800 (2013). • Bronach Kane, ‘Women, Memory and Agency in the Medieval English Church Courts’, in B. Kane and F. Williamson (eds), Women, Agency and the Law, 1300- 1700 (2013) [legal deposit] • Peter Marshall, ‘The Debate over Unwritten Verities in Early Reformation England’, in Bruce Gordon (ed.), Protestant History and Identity in Sixteenth Century Europe (1996), vol. 2, pp. 60-77. • Muriel C. McLendon, ‘A Moveable Feast: Saint George’s Day Celebrations and Religious Change in Early Modern England’, Journal of British Studies, 38 (1999), 1- 27. [online] • M. McGlynn, ‘Memory, Orality and Life Records: Proofs of Age in Tudor England’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 40 (2009), 679-97. [online] • Charles Phythian Adams, ‘Ceremony and the Citizen: The Communal Year at Coventry 1450-1550’, in Peter Clark and Paul Slack (eds), Crisis and Order in English Towns 1500-1700 (1972) [legal deposit] • Judith Pollmann, Memory in Early Modern Europe (2017), ch. 3 [online] • Simon Sandall, ‘Custom, Memory and the Operations of Power in Seventeenth- Century Forest of Dean’, in F. Williamson (ed.), Locating Agency: Space, Power and Popular Politics (2010). [online] • Alison Shell, Oral Culture and Catholicism in Early Modern England (2007) [online] • Keith Thomas, ‘Age and Authority in Early Modern England’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 62 (1972), pp. 205-48. [online] • Keith Thomas, The Perception of the Past in Early Modern England (Creighton Trust Lecture, 1983) [scan available from AW] • E. P. Thompson, Customs in Common (1993) [online] • David Vincent, ‘The Decline of the Oral Tradition in Popular Culture’, in Robert D. Storch (ed.), Popular Culture and Custom in Nineteenth-Century England (1982). [legal deposit] • Andy Wood, ‘History, Time and Social Memory’, in Keith Wrightson (ed.), A Social History of England (2017), pp. 373-91. [online] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Reformed Folklore? Cautionary Tales and Oral Tradition in Early Modern England’, in Adam Fox and Daniel Woolf (eds), The Spoken Word: Oral Culture in Britain, 1500-1700 (2000), pp. 173-95. [online] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Recording Superstition in Early Modern Britain: The Origins of Folklore’, in S. A. Smith and Alan Knight (eds.), The Religion of Fools? Superstition Past and Present, Past and Present Supplement 5 (2008). [online] • Alexandra Walsham, The Reformation of the Landscape: Religion, Identity and Memory in Early Modern Britain and Ireland (2011), ch. 7. [online] • Nicola Whyte, ‘Custodians of Memory: Women and Custom in Rural England c. 1550-1700’, Cultural and Social History, 8 (2011) 153-173. [online] • Andy Wood, The Politics of Social Conflict: The Peak Country 1520-1770 (1999), pp. 127-43. [online] • Andy Wood, ‘Custom and the Social Organisation of Writing in Early Modern England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6th ser. 9 (1999), pp. 257-69. [online] • Andy Wood, The Memory of the People: Custom and Popular Senses of the Past in Early Modern England (Cambridge, 2013), ch. 2 [online] • Andy Wood, ‘The Place of Custom in Plebeian Popular Culture: England 1550-1850’, Social History, 22 (1997) [online] • Andy Wood, ‘Deference, Paternalism and Popular Memory in Early Modern England’, in S. Hindle, A. Shepard, and J. Walter (eds), Remaking English Society: Social Relations and Social Change in Early Modern England (2013). [online] • Daniel Woolf, ‘Speech, Text and Time: The Sense of Hearing and the Sense of the Past in Renaissance England’, Albion, 18 (1986), pp. 159-93. [online] • Daniel Woolf, The Social Circulation of the Past: English Historical Culture 1500- 1700 (Oxford, 2003), chs. 8-10.

(7) Record-keeping: Communities of Memory

Key Questions: • How was the memory of institutions and communities preserved and passed down the generations? • Why did the early modern period witness a surge in practices of record-keeping and the growth of archives? • To what extent can bureaucratic records such as churchwardens’ accounts and parish registers yield insight individual and collective memory?

Primary Sources: [116 pages] • Diarmaid MacCulloch and Pat Hughes, ‘A Bailiff’s List and Chronicle from Worcester’, Antiquaries Journal, 75 (1995), pp. 235-53. [18 pages] • Chronicle of King’s Lynn: Ralph Flenley (ed.), Six Town Chronicles of England (1911), pp. 184-201. [18 pages] • ‘The Register of Sir Thomas Botelar, vicar of Much Wenlock’, Transactions of the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 6 (1883), pp. 93-132 [39 pages]. • Todd Gray (ed.), The Lost Chronicle of Barnstaple 1586-1611 (Exeter, 1998), pp. 59- 101 [41 pages]

Recommended secondary reading: • Alexandra Walsham, ‘The Social History of the Archive’, in Liesbeth Corens, Kate Peters and Alexandra Walsham (eds), Archives and Information in the Early Modern World (2018) [online]

Further Reading: • Ian Archer, ‘Discourses of History in Elizabethan and Early Stuart London’, in Paulina Kewes (ed.), The Uses of History in Early Modern England (2005); also in Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (2005) [online] • Jennifer Bishop, ‘The Clerk’s Tale: Civic Writing in Sixteenth-Century London’, in Liesbeth Corens, Kate Peters, and Alexandra Walsham (eds), The Social History of the Archive: Record-Keeping in Early Modern Europe (2016). [online] • P. Cain, ‘Robert Smith and the Reform of the Archives of the City of London, 1580- 1623’, The London Journal, 13 (1987-8), pp. 3-16. [online] • Alison Chapman, ‘Whose Saint Crispin's day is it? Shoemaking, holiday making, and the politics of memory in early modern England’, Renaissance Quarterly, 54 (2001), 1467-94. [online] • Michael Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record: England 1066-1307 (1993) [online] • Liesbeth Corens, Kate Peters and Alexandra Walsham (eds), Archives and Information in the Early Modern World (2018). • Will Coster, ‘Popular Religion and the Parish Register 1538-1603’, in Katherine L. French, Gary C. Gibbs and Beat A Kümin (eds), The Parish in English Life 1400- 1600 (1997), pp. 94-111. • Eamon Duffy, The Voices of Morebath: Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village (2001). [online] • A. Dyer, ‘English town chronicles’, Local Historian 12 (1976-7), pp. 285-95. • Sarah Foot, ‘Finding the meaning of form: narrative in annals and chronicles’, in Nancy Partner (ed.) Writing Medieval History (2010), pp. 88-108. • Sarah Foot, ‘Annals and Chronicles in Western Europe’, in Sarah Foot and CF Robinson (eds), The Oxford History of Historical Writing, Volume 2: 400-1400 (2012), pp. 346-67. [online] • Gary Gibbs, ‘Marking the Days: Henry Machyn’s Manuscript and the Mid-Tudor Era’, in Eamon Duffy and David Loades (eds), The Church of Mary Tudor (2006). [online] • Alexandra Gillespie and Oliver Harris, ‘Holinshed and the native chronicle tradition’, in P. Kewes, I Archer and F. Heal (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Holinshed’s Chronicles (2013), pp. 135-51. [online] • C. Given-Wilson, Chronicles: The Writing of History in Medieval England (2004). • Andrew Gordon, Writing Early Modern London: Memory, Text and Community (2013), esp. chs 1, 3. • Andrew Gordon, ‘The Paper Parish: The parish register and the reformation of parish memory in early modern London’, Memory Studies, 11 (2018), pp. 51-68. [online] • Simone Hanebaum, ‘Sovereigns and superstitions: identity and memory in Thomas Bentley’s ‘Monumentes of Antiquities’, Cultural and Social History 13 (2016), pp. 287-305. [online] • Vanessa Harding, ‘Memory, History and the Individual in the Civic Context: Early Modern London’, in V. Harding and K. Watanabe (eds), Memory, History and Autobiography in Early Modern Towns in East and West (2015) [online] • P. Kewes, I. Archer and F. Heal (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Holinshed’s Chronicles (2013) [online] • M. Lundin, Paper Memory: A Sixteenth-Century Townsman Writes his World (2012) [online] • Harriet Lyon, ‘A pitiful thing’? The afterlife of the dissolution of the English monasteries in early modern chronicles, c. 1540-c.1640’, Sixteenth Century Journal (2019). [online] • Ian Mortimer, ‘Tudor chronicler or sixteenth-century diarist? Henry Machyn and the nature of his manuscript’, Sixteenth Century Journal 33 (2002), pp. 981-98. [online] • Judith Pollmann, ‘Archiving the present and chronicling for the future in early modern Europe’, in Liesbeth Corens, Kate Peters and Alexandra Walsham (eds), The Social History of the Archive: Record-Keeping in Early Modern Europe. Past and Present Supplement 11 (2016), pp. 231-52. [online] • Judith Pollmann, Memory in Early Modern Europe (2017), ch. 4 [online] • Robert Tittler, ‘Henry Manship: Constructing the civic memory in Great Yarmouth’, in R. Tittler (ed.), Townspeople and the Nation: English Urban Experiences, 1540- 1640 (2001), pp. 121-139. • Robert Tittler, ‘Reformation, civic culture and collective memory in English provincial towns’, Urban History 24 (1997), pp. 283-300. [online] • Robert Tittler, The Reformation and the Towns in England: Politics and Political Culture, c.1540-1640 (1998) [online] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Chronicles, Memory and Autobiography in Early Modern England’, Memory Studies, 11 (2018), pp. 36-50. [online] • David Womersley, ‘Against the teleology of technique’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (2005), pp. 95-108. [online] • Andy Wood, ‘Tales from the Yarmouth Hutch: Civic Identities and Hidden Histories in an Urban Archive’, in Liesbeth Corens, Kate Peters, and Alexandra Walsham (eds), The Social History of the Archive: Record-Keeping in Early Modern Europe (2016). [online] • Daniel Woolf, ‘Genre into Artefact: The Decline of the English Chronicle in the Sixteenth Century’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 19 (1988), pp. 321-54. [online] • Daniel Woolf, Reading History in Early Modern England (2000), ch. 1. (8) Life-writing: Biography and Autobiography

Key Questions: • What inhibited and what stimulated life-writing in the early modern period? • Is the category ‘autobiography’ an anachronistic term in the context of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? • For whom did people write memoirs and diaries?

Primary Sources: [74 pages] • The Responsa Scholarum of the English College, Rome, 1598-1685, ed. Anthony Kenny, 2 vols., Catholic Record Society 54-55 (1962-3), pp. 25-28 (Nicholas Hart) [4 pages] • Caroline Bowden (ed.), English Convents in Exile, 1600-1800, 6 vols (2012-13); vol. 2, pp. 347-67 (obituaries of Augustinian and Benedictine nuns) [15 pages] • Samuel Clarke, The Lives of Thirty Two English Divines, part of A general martyrologie (London, 1677), pp. 377-91 (Jane Ratcliffe), pp. 391-407 (Ignatius Jurdain) [29 pages] • David Booy (ed.), The Notebooks of Nehemiah Wallington, 1618-1654: A selection (2007), pp. 263-83 (‘An extract of the passages of my life or the booke of all my writing books’, Folger MS V.a.436). [20 pages] • Alice Thornton, Alice Thornton, My first booke of my life. ed. Raymond A. Anselment (2014). pp. 3-10, 38-39, 76-87, 98-102. [29 pages] • Frances Matthew’s list of the birth dates of her children, York Minster Library, c. 1629: https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/reformation/artifacts/the-birth-of-all-my-children- frances-matthews-family-notes/ [1 page]

Recommended secondary reading: • Andrew Cambers, 'Reading, the Godly, and Self-Writing in England, circa 1580-1720', Journal of British Studies, 46 (2007) [online] • Judith Pollmann, Memory in Early Modern Europe (2017), ch. 1 [online] • Mark Freeman, ‘Telling Stories: Memory and Narrative’, in S. Radstone and B. Schwarz (eds), Memory: Histories, Theories, Debates (2010) [online]

Further Reading: • James Amelang, The Flight of Icarus: Artisan Autobiography in Early Modern Europe (1998) • Judith H. Anderson, Biographical Truth: The Representation of Historical Persons in Tudor-Stuart Writing (1984) • Irena Backus, ‘What is a Historical Account? Religious Biography anad the Reformation’s Break with the Middle Ages’, Archiv fur Reformationsgeschichte, 101 (2010). • Irena Backus, Life Writing in Reformation Europe: Lives of Reformers by Friends, Disciples and Foes (2007). [legal deposit] • Ronald Bedford, Lloyd Davis, and Philippa Kelly (eds), Early Modern Autobiography: Theories, Genres, Practices (2006) [legal deposit] • Effie Botonaki, ‘Seventeenth-Century Englishwomen’s Diaries: Self-Examination, Covenanting and Account Keeping’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 30 (1999) [online] • Caroline Bowden, ‘Collecting the Lives of Early Modern Women Religious: Obituary writing and the development of collective memory and corporate identity’, Women’s History Review, 19 (2010), 7-20. [online] • Douglas Catterall, ‘Drawing Lives and Memories from the Everyday Words of the Early Modern Era’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 36 (2005), pp. 651-72. [online] • Kate Chedgzoy, Women’s Writing in the British Atlantic World: Memory, Place and History 1550-1700 (2007). [online] • Giovanni Ciappelli, Memory, Family and Self: Tuscan Family Books and other European Egodocuments (2014). [online] • Patrick Collinson, ‘“A magazine of religious patterns”: an Erasmian topic transposed in English Protestantism’, in his Godly people: essays on English Protestantism and Puritanism (London, 1983), pp. 499-525. • M. David and J. A. Eckerle (eds), Genre and Women’s Life Writing (2007) • R. Dekker, Egodocuments and History: Autobiographical Writing in its Social Context Since the Middle Ages (2002) • Paul Delany, British Autobiography in the Seventeenth Century (1969) • Jacqueline Eales, ‘Samuel Clarke and the "lives" of godly women in seventeenth- century England’, in W. J. Sheils and D. Wood (eds), Women in the Church, Studies in Church History (1990) [online] • Robyn Fivush (ed.), Family Narratives and the Development of an Autobiographical Self: Social and Cultural Perspectives on Autobiographical Memory (2019) [online] • Robert Folkenflik (ed.), The Culture of Autobiography (1993) • Mark Freeman, ‘Telling Stories: Memory and Narrative’, in S. Radstone and B. Schwarz (eds), Memory: Histories, Theories, Debates (2010) [online] • Mary Fulbrook and Ulinka Rublack (eds), Special Issue on Ego-documents, German History, 28 (2010). [online] • Rachel Greenblatt, To Tell their Children: Jewish Communal Memory in Early Modern Prague (2014), ch. 3 [online] • Katharine Hodgkin, ‘Women, Memory and Family History in Seventeenth-Century England’, in Erika Kuijpers et al (ed.), Memory Before Modernity: Practices of Memory in Early Modern Europe (2013). [online] • Katharine Hodgkin, ‘Elizabeth Isham’s Everlasting Library: Memory and Self in Early Modern Autobiography’, in S. Alexander and B. Taylor (eds), History and Psyche: Culture, Psychoanalysis and the Past (2012) • Peter Lake, 'Feminine Piety and Personal Potency: The 'emancipation' of Mrs Jane Ratcliffe', The Seventeenth Century, 1:2 (1987), 143-65. [online] • Peter Lake, ‘Reading Clarke’s Lives in Political and Polemical Context’, in Kevin Sharpe and Steven N. Zwicker (eds), Writing Lives: Biography and Textuality, Identity and Representation in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2008), pp. 293-318. [online] • Ceri Law, ‘Compromise Refashioned: Memory and Life-Writing in Matthew Parker’s Roll’, in A. Walsham et al (eds), Memory and the English Reformation (2020) • Erica Longfellow, ‘Elizabeth Isham’s Book of Remembrance’, in J. Harris and E. Scott-Baumann (eds), Intellectual Culture of Puritan Women (2011) • Kathleen Lynch, Protestant Autobiography in the Seventeenth-Century Anglophone World (2012) [online] • Jessica Martin, Walton’s Lives: Conformist Commemorations and the Rise of Biography (2001) [online] • M. Mascuch, Origins of the Individualist Self: Autobiography and Self-Identity in England, 1591-1791 (1997) • Thomas Mayer and Daniel Woolf (eds), The rhetorics of life-writing in early modern Europe : forms of biography from Cassandra Fedele to Louis XIV (1995) • Gabriel Motzkin, ‘Memoirs, Memory and Historical Experience’, Science in Context, 7 (1994), 103-119. [online] • Sheila Ottway, ‘Autobiography’, in Anita Pacheco (ed.), A Companion to Early Modern Women’s Writing (2002) [online] • David C. Rubin (ed.), Autobiographical Memory (1986) [online] • Francois Joseph Ruggiu, The Uses of First Person Writing (2013) • Paul Seaver, Wallington’s World: A Puritan Artisan in Seventeenth-Century London (1985) • Kevin Sharpe and Steven N. Zwicker (eds), Writing Lives: Biography and Textuality, Identity and Representation in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2008) [online] • Stuart Sherman, ‘Diary and Autobiography’, in J. Richetti (ed.), The Cambridge History of English Literature 1660-1780 (2005) [online] • Deborah Shuger, ‘Life-Writing in Seventeenth-Century England’, in P. Coleman, J. Lewis and J. Kowalik (eds), Representations of the Self from the Renaissance to Romanticism (2000), pp. 63-78. • Meredith Anne Skura, Tudor Autobiography: Listening for Inwardness (2008) [online] • Adam Smyth, Autobiography in early modern England (Cambridge, 2010), introduction, chs 1, 4, and conclusion [online] • Isaac Stephens, The Gentlewoman’s Remembrance: Patriarchy, Piety and Singlehood in Early Stuart England (2016) • M. Todd, 'Puritan Self-Fashioning: The Diary of Samuel Ward', Journal of British Studies, 31 (1992) [online] • B. Tribout and R. Whaten (eds), Narrating the Self in Early Modern Europe (2007) • Victoria van Hyning, ‘Expressing Selfhood in the Convent: Anonymous Chronicling and Subsumed Autobiography’, British Catholic History, 32 (2014) [online] • Victoria van Hyning, Convent Autobiography: Early Modern English Nuns in Exile (2019) • Andrea Walkden, Private Lives made Public: The Invention of Biography in Early Modern England (2016) • Tom Webster, 'Writing to Redundancy: Approaches to Spiritual Journals and Early Modern Spirituality', Historical Journal (1996) [online] • Lucy Underwood, ‘Youth, Religious Identity and Autobiography at the English Colleges in Rome and Valladolid, 1592-1685’, Historical Journal, 55 (2012), 349-74. [online]

Lent Term: Ruptures of Memory

(9) Remembering the Dead: from Intercession to Commemoration?

Key Questions: • What was the relationship between memory and prayer before and after the Reformation? • How and why did practices of commemorating the dead change in the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? • How did writing and print intersect with, and shape the culture of memorialisation?

Primary Sources: [79 pages] • 1560 proclamation against attacks on monuments, in Tudor Royal Proclamations, ed. P. L. Hughes and J. F. Larkin, 3 vols (London, 1950-4), ii. 146-7. [2 pages]. See also https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/reformation/artifacts/for-memory-not-for- superstitition-protecting-the-past/ [Note that the text is helpfully transcribed in Weever below] • Stephen Denison, The monument or tombe-stone: or, A sermon preached at Laurence Pountnies Church in London, Nouemb. 21. 1619 at the funerall of Mrs. Elizabeth Juxon, the late wife of Mr. Iohn Iuxon (1620; STC 6604, British Library copy on EEBO), sigs a3r-a5r (dedicatory epistle), pp. 78-124, and annotation on endpaper [46 pages] • John Weever, Ancient funerall monuments within the united monarchie of Great Britaine, Ireland, and the Islands adjacent, with the dissolved monasteries therein contained (1631), Author’s epistle to the reader, pp. 1-9 (chs 1-2), pp. 50-6 (ch. 10), p. 624 (Saffron Walden), pp. 693-701 (London city churches), pp. 772-5 (Suffolk churches). [25 pages] • Monument to Sir William Gee, 1611: • https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/reformation/artifacts/o-bright-example-for-the- future-age-a-funeral-monument-to-sir-william-gee-1611/ [1 page] • Brass commemorating Simon Burton, 1593, St Andrew Undershaft, London [add to Moodle] • ‘Memorial inscriptions’, in Mary Abbott (ed.), Lifecycles in England 1560-1720 (1996), pp. 227-31. [4 pages]

Recommended secondary reading: • P. Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (2002), ch. 7. [online]

Further reading: • M. Aston, ‘Death’, in R. Horrox (ed.), Fifteenth-Century Attitudes: Perceptions of Society in Late Medieval England (1994) • P. Binski, Medieval Death: Ritual and Representation (1996) • T. Boase, Death in the Middle Ages (1972) • A. Brown, Popular Piety in Late Medieval England (1995), ch. 4 [online] • C. Burgess, ‘Longing to be Prayed For: Death and Commemoration in an English Parish in the Middle Ages’, in B. Gordon and P. Marshall (eds), The Place of the Dead: Death and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (1999) • W. A. Clebsch, England’s Earliest Protestants 1520-1535 (1964), ch. 6 • D. Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death (1997), chs 17-18 [online] • Bryan Curd, ‘Constructing family memory: three English funeral monuments of the early modern period’, in R. Voaden and D. Wolfhal (eds), Framing the Family: Narrative and Representation in the Medieval and Early Modern Periods (2005) • C. Daniell, Death and Burial in Medieval England 1066-1550 (1997) [online] • E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: Traditional Religion in England 1400-1600 (1992), ch. 9, 11-12 [online] • William Engel, Mapping Mortality: The Persistence of Memory and Melancholy in Early Modern England (1994) [online] • C. Gittings, Death, Burial and the Individual in Early Modern England (1984) • P. Goldberg, 'Life and Death: The Ages of Man', in R. Horrox and M. Ormrod (eds), A Social History of England 1200-1500 (2006) [online] • B. Gordon and P. Marshall (eds), The Place of the Dead: Death and Remembrance in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (1999) • Madeleine Gray, ‘Reforming Memory: Commemoration of the Dead in Sixteenth Century Wales’, Welsh History Review, 26 (2012), 186-214. [online] • Christopher Highley, ‘Failed Commemoration: A Royal Tomb and its Afterlife’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 79 (2016), 93-118. [online] • P. C. Jupp and C. Gittings, Death in England: An Illustrated History (1999) • J. S. W. Helt, ‘Women, Memory and Will-Making in Elizabethan England’, in Bruce Gordon and Peter Marshall (eds), The Place of the Dead (1999), pp. 188-205. • R. Houlbrooke, Death, Religion and the Family in England 1480-1750 (1998) [online] • R. Houlbrooke, ‘Death, Church and Family in England between the Late Fifteenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries’, in R. Houlbrooke (ed.), Death, Ritual and Bereavement (1989) • B. Kemp, English Church Monuments (1980) • A. Kreider, English Chantries: Road to Dissolution (1970) • D. Lepine and N. Orme (eds), Death and Memory in Medieval Exeter (2003) • Nigel Llewellyn, Funeral Monuments in Post-Reformation England (2000) • N. Llewellyn, ‘Honour in Life, Death and in the Memory: Funeral Monuments in Early Modern England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (1996) [online] • N. Llewellyn, The Art of Death: Visual Culture in the English Death Ritual c.1500-1800 (1991), chs 16-18 [online] • N. Llewellyn, ‘The Royal Body: Monuments to the Dead, for the Living’, in L. Gent and N. Llewellyn (eds), Renaissance Bodies (1990) [online] • P. Marshall, Beliefs and the Dead in Reformation England (2002) [online] • P. Marshall, ‘Fear, Purgatory and Polemic in Reformation England’, in W. G. Naphy and P. Roberts (ed.), Fear in Early Modern Society (1997) • E. Mercer, English Art 1553-1625 (1962), ch. 6. • R. Rex, ‘Monumental Brasses and the Reformation’, Transactions of the Monumental Brass Society (1990) • N. Saul, Death, Art and Memory in Medieval England: The Cobham Family and their Monuments 1300-1500 (Oxford, 2001) • Peter Sherlock, Monuments and Memory in Early Modern England (2008) [online] • Peter Sherlock, ‘Patriarchal memory: Monuments in early modern England’, in Megan Cassidy-Welch and Peter Sherlock (eds), Practices of gender in late medieval and early modern Europe (2008), pp. 279-300. • Peter Sherlock, ‘The Monuments of Elizabeth Tudor and Mary Stuart: King James and the Manipulation of Memory’, Journal of British Studies, 46 (2007), pp. 263-89. [online] • P. Sherlock, ‘Episcopal Tombs in Early Modern England’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 55 (2004) [online] • P. Sherlock, ‘The Revolution of Memory: The Monuments of Westminster Abbey’, in George Southcombe and Grant Tapsell (eds), Revolutionary England, c. 1630-1660 (2017). [legal deposit] • Philip Schwyzer, ‘A Tomb Once Stood in this Room: Memorials to Memorials in Early Modern England’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 48 (2018), 365-85. [online] • R. Swanson, Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215-c.1515 (1995), pp. 199-234. • C. Tait, Death, burial and commemoration in Ireland, 1550-1650 (2002). • D. Tankard, 'Defining Death in Early Tudor England', Cultural and Social History, 3 (2006) [online] • Frederic Tromly, ‘“According to Sounde Religion: The Elizabethan Controversy over the Funeral Sermon’, Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies (1983) [online] • R. Whiting, ‘For the Health of My Soul: Prayers for the Dead in the Tudor South-West’, in P. Marshall (ed.), The Impact of the English Reformation (1997)

(10) Erasing the Past: Iconoclasm

This class will be held in the Rare Books Room in the University Library. It is hoped that a supplementary field trip to inspect the remnants of iconoclasm in some local churches can be organised.

Key Questions: • In what respects was the Reformation a project in forgetting? • What aspects of the medieval past did Protestantism seek to efface? • What were the legacies of iconoclasm in early modern England?

Primary Sources: [50 pages] Destruction and Defacement of Books • 1549 proclamation ordering the destruction and defacement of liturgical books: Tudor Royal Proclamations, ed. P. L. Hughes and J. F. Larkin, 3 vols (London, 1950-64), i: 485-6. [2 pages] • Defaced pages in the Stainton missal (1516), York Minster Library (fully digitised version), fos 97-101: https://dlib.york.ac.uk/yodl/app/collection/detail?id=york%3a934547&ref=browse [2 pages] • Defaced Sarum missal (15th century), Cambridge University Library, CUL: MS Add. 6688, fo. 28v: https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/reformation/artifacts/defacing-the- mass/ [1 page] • Defaced missal: Missale ad vsum insignis ac preclare ecclesie Sar[um] ([Paris, 1533]), CUL: Peterborough.W.13, sig. B6v: https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/reformation/artifacts/forgetting-the-saints/ [1 page] • Defaced printed image of pity: [To them that before this image of pity devoutly say fyve pater noster, fyve Aveys & a Credo piteously …] (c. 1480s). (Bodleian Library) [1 page] • Pages from Salisbury Cathedral Library, MS 148 (15th century processional), from Processions & Other Late Mediaeval Ceremonies of Salisbury Cathedral, ed. Alastair Lack (Salisbury, 2015), fos 15b-19b, 25, 29, 35-35b, 36b, 41b, 43-44b [10 pages] Iconoclasm • Gerald Bray (ed.), Documents of the English Reformation (1994), pp. 247-57 (Edwardian injunctions 1547), clauses 3, 28 (p. 249, 255); (Elizabethan injunctions 1559), clause 23 (pp. 340-1) [1 page]. • Richard Verstegan, Theatrum Crudelitatum (1587), image of ‘The Fruits of the New Religion’ [1 page] • The National Archives, STAC 8/82/23 (‘The Deposition of Matthew Knight, 1604’), printed in P. D. A. Harvey, ‘Where was Banbury Cross?’, Oxoniensia, 31 (1966), 83- 106, at 101-6. [6 pages] • An ordinance of the Lords and Commons assembled in Parliament for the utter demolishing, removing and taking away of all monuments of idolatry (1643; Wing E2069) [5 pages] • Trevor Cooper (ed.), The Journal of William Dowsing: Iconoclasm in East Anglia during the English Civil War (2001), pp. 191-211 (Cambridge city churches and Cambridgeshire parishes). [c. 20 pages]

Recommended secondary reading: • Brian Cummings, ‘The Wounded Missal’, in Alexandra Walsham, Bronwyn Wallace, Ceri Law and Brian Cummings et al (eds), Memory and the English Reformation (2020) [online] • Philip Schwyzer, ‘Fallen idols, broken noses: Defacement and memory after the Reformation’, Memory Studies, 11 (2018), pp. 21-35. [online] • M. Aston, 'Iconoclasm in England: Official and Clandestine', in her Faith and Fire (1993) [online]

Further reading: • Rachel Askew, ‘Political iconoclasm: The destruction of Eccleshall Castle during the English Civil Wars’, Post-Medieval Archaeology, 50 (2016), 279-288. [online] • M. Aston, England's Iconoclasts, vol. i Laws against Images (1988), chs 6-7 • M. Aston, 'Public worship and Iconoclasm', in D. Gaimster and R. Gilchrist (ed.), The Archaeology of Reformation 1480-1580 (2003) [ebook on order] • M. Aston, 'Puritans and Iconoclasm 1560-1660', in C. Durston and J. Eales (ed.), The Culture of English Puritanism (1996) [scan] • M. Aston, Broken Idols of the English Reformation (2016) [online] • C. Davidson and A. E. Nichols (eds), Iconoclasm vs. Art and Drama (1989) • Trevor Cooper (ed.), The Journal of William Dowsing: Iconoclasm in East Anglia during the English Civil War (2001), accompanying essays. • J. Budd, 'Rethinking iconoclasm in early modern England: the case of Cheapside Cross', Journal of Early Modern History, 4 (2000) [online] • P. Collinson, From Iconoclasm to Iconophobia: The Cultural Impact of the Second English Reformation, The Stenton Lecture 1985 (1986); also in P. Marshall (ed.), The Impact of the English Reformation (1997) • D. Cressy, 'The downfall of Cheapside Cross: vandalism, ridicule, & iconoclasm', in Agnes Bowker’s Cat: Travesties & Transgressions in Tudor & Stuart England (2001) • David Cressy, ‘Different kinds of speaking: symbolic violence and secular iconoclasm in early modern England’, in M. McLendon and M. MacDonald (ed.), Protestant Identities: Religion, Society and Self-Fashioning in Post-Reformation England (1999) • B. Cummings, 'Iconoclasm and bibliophobia in the English Reformations, 1521-1558', in J. Dimmick, J. Simpson and N. Zeeman (eds), Images, Idolatry and Iconoclasm in Late Medieval England (2002) [online] • J. Eales, 'Iconoclasm, Iconography, and the Altar in the English Civil War', in D. Wood (ed.), The Church and the Arts, Studies in Church History (1992) [online] • Martha W. Driver, The Image in Print: Book Illustration in Late Medieval England and its Sources (2004), ch. 6 [online] • Eamon Duffy, Marking the Hours: English People and their Prayers 1240-1570 (2006), ch. 9. [scan] • C. Eire, War against the Idols: Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin (1986), chs 3, 4, 6. [online] • Jaś Elner, ‘Iconoclasm and the Preservation of Memory’, in Monuments and Memory, Made and Unmade, ed. Robert S. Nelson and Margaret Olin (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003), pp. 209-231. • Pamela C. Graves, ‘From an Archaeology of Iconoclasm to an Anthropology of the Body : Images, Punishment, and Personhood in England, 1500–1660’, Current Archaeology, 49 (2008), 35-60. [online] • Graham Hart, ‘Oliver Cromwell, Iconoclasm and Ely Cathedral’, Historical Research, 87 (2014), 370-6. [online] • James Kirk, ‘Iconoclasm and Reform’, Records of the Scottish Church History Society, 24 (1992), 366-83. • Aude de Mézerac Zanetti, ‘Liturgical Changes to the Cult of Saints under Henry VIII’, in Peter Clarke and Tony Claydon (eds), Saints and Sanctity, Studies in Church History (Woodbridge, 2007), 126-43. [online] • S. Michalski, 'Iconoclasm: Rites of Destruction', in his The Reformation and the Visual Arts (1993), ch. 3 [online] • J. Morrill, 'William Dowsing, the Bureaucratic Puritan', in J. Morrill, P. Slack & D. Woolf (eds), Public Duty & Private Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England (1993) [online] • Joe Moshenska, Iconoclasm as Child’s Play (2019) • Joe Moshenka, ‘Dolls and Idols in the English Reformation’, in A. Walsham et al (eds), Memory and the English Reformation (2020) • Tessa Murdoch, ‘Revitalising Antiquities: Sacred Silver and its Afterlives in Post- Reformation England’, in A. Walsham et al (eds), Memory and the English Reformation (2020) • J. Phillips, The Reformation of Images: The Destruction of Art in England 1335-1660 (1973) • Philip Schwyzer, ‘Monuments of our Indignation: John Milton and the Reception of Reformation Iconoclasm in the Seventeenth Century’, in A. Walsham et al (eds), Memory and the English Reformation (2020) • E. Shagan, Popular Politics and the English Reformation (2003), ch. 5 [online] • J. Simpson, Under the Hammer: Iconoclasm in the Anglo-American Tradition (2010) [online] • P. Slack, 'Religious Protest and Urban Authority: The Case of Henry Sherfield, Iconoclast, 1633', in Studies in Church History, vol. 9 (1972) [online] • P. Slack, 'The Public Conscience of Henry Sherfield', in J.Morrill, P. Slack & D. Woolf (eds), Public Duty & Private Conscience in Seventeenth-Century England (1993) [online] • Ellen Spolsky, ‘Literacy after Iconoclasm in the English Reformation’, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 39 (2009), 305-30. [online] • J. Spraggon, Puritan Iconoclasm during the English Civil War (2003) [online] • Jennifer Summit, Memory’s Library: Medieval Books in Early Modern England (2008), esp. introduction, chs. 3, 5. [online] • K. Thomas, ‘Art and Iconoclasm in Early Modern England’, in K. Fincham and P. Lake (eds), Religious Politics in Post-Reformation England (2006) [legal deposit] • A. Walsham, 'Angels and Idols in England's long Reformation', in P. Marshall and A. Walsham (eds), Angels in the Early Modern World (2006) • Alexandra Walsham, ‘The Art of Iconoclasm and the Afterlife of the English Reformation’, in Antoinina Bevan Zlatar and Olga Timofeeva (eds), What is an Image in Medieval and Early Modern England?, Swiss Papers in English Language and Literature 34 (Tubingen, 2017), 81-115. • J. Walter, 'Abolishing Superstition with Sedition? The Politics of Popular Iconoclasm in England 1640-2', Past and Present, 183 (2004) [online] • J. Walter, 'Confessional Politics in Pre-Civil War Essex: Prayer Books, Profanations and Petitions', Historical Journal, 44 (2001) [online] • J. Walter, Understanding Popular Violence in the English Revolution: The Colchester Plunderers (1999) [online] • J. Walter, 'Popular iconoclasm and the politics of the parish in eastern England, 1640- 1642'. Historical Journal, 47 (2004) [online] • L. Wandel, Voracious Idols & Violent Hands: Iconoclasm in Zurich, Strasbourg, & Basel (1995) • R. Whiting, 'Abominable Idols: Images and Image Breaking under Henry VIII', Journal of Ecclesiastical History (1982) [online] (11) The Memory of the Martyrs

Key Questions: • Why was martyrdom such a powerful focus for memory in early modern England? • What distinguished Protestant from Catholic martyrology? • To what extent did the memory of the martyrs mutate over time and in what context did it become provocative and politicised?

Primary Sources: [84 pages] • John Foxe, Actes and Monuments (1563 and subsequent editions). See the online edition: https://www.johnfoxe.org/ [7 pages] Dedication to Elizabeth I, ‘To the True and Faithfull Congregation of Christ’s Universal Church’, ‘The Protestation to the Whole Church of England … what Utilitie is to be taken by reading of these Hystoryes’, ‘The utilitie of this story’ (1583 edn, prefatory pages). • Extracts from John N. King (ed.), Foxe's Book of Martyrs: Select Narratives (2009) William Hunter, pp. 102-14; Rawlins White, pp. 115-23; Guernsey Martyrs, pp. 198-203; Joan Waste, pp. 204-8; Islington Martyrs, pp. 238-45. [40 pages] • Faiths Victorie in Romes Cruelty (c. 1620), British Museum [1 page] https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1855-0512-317 • John Mush, A True Report of the Life and Martyrdom of Mrs Margaret Clitherow (1619) and image from Richard Verstegan, Theatrum Crudelitatum ([1587]), sig. K3r, printed in Robert S. Miola (ed.), Early Modern Catholicism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (2007), pp. 137-45. [8 pages] • ‘The Life and Martyrdome of Mr Maxfield, Priest, 1616’, ed. J. H. Pollen, in Miscellanea III, Catholic Record Society 3 (London, 1906), pp. 30-58. [28 pages]

• You might also take a look at the coloured-in illustrations in CUL copy of Foxe’s Actes and Monuments (1570 edn), shelfmark K*.7.15-(A): https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-K-AST-00007-00015-A/1

Recommended secondary reading: • P. Collinson, 'Truth and Legend: The Veracity of John Foxe's Book of Martyrs', in A. C. Duke & C. A. Tamse (eds), Clio's Mirror (1985); also in Elizabethan Essays (1994) [online]

Further reading: • Margaret Aston and Elizabeth Ingram, ‘The Iconography of the Acts and Monuments’, in David Loades (ed.), John Foxe and the English Reformation (1997) [scan] • Euan Cameron, ‘Medieval Heretics as Protestant Martyrs’, in Diana Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies, Studies in Church History 30 (1993) [online] • A. G. Dickens and J. Tonkin, 'Weapons of Propaganda', in The Reformation in historical thought (1985) [online] • A. Dillon, The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community 1535- 1603 (2002) [online] • A. Dillon, Michaelangelo and the English Martyrs (2012) [online] • A. Dillon, ‘John Forest and Derfel Gadarn: A Double Execution’, Recusant History, 28 (2006) [online] • E. Evenden and T. Freeman, 'Print, Profit and Propaganda : The Elizabethan Privy Council and the 1570 Edition of Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs'', English Historical Review, 119:484 (2004) [online] • Elizabeth Evenden and Thomas S. Freeman, Religion and the Book in Early Modern England: The Making of John Foxe’s ‘Book of Martyrs’ (2011) • T. S. Freeman, ‘Introduction: Over their Dead Bodies: Concepts of Martyrdom in Late Medieval and Early Modern England’ [scan available], and ‘Imitatio Christi with a Vengeance: The Politicization of Martyrdom in Early Modern England’, in T. S. Freeman and T. Mayer (eds), Martyrs and Martyrdom in England c. 1400-1700 (2007) • T. S. Freeman and T. Mayer (eds), Martyrs and Martyrdom in England c. 1400-1700 (2007) • T. Freeman, '"The good ministrye of godlye and vertuouse women": the Elizabethan martyrologists and the female supporters of the Marian Martyrs', Journal of British Studies, 39 (2000) [online] • T. Freeman, 'The importance of dying earnestly: the metamorphosis of the account of James Bainham in "Foxe's Book of Martyrs"', in R. N. Swanson (ed.), The Church Retrospective, Studies in Church History, 33 (1997). [online] • T. Freeman, 'Texts, lies, and microfilm: reading and misreading Foxe's "Book of Martyrs"', Sixteenth Century Journal, 30 (1999) [online] • T. Freeman and S. Wall, 'Racking the body, shaping the text: the account of Anne Askew in Foxe's "Book of Martyrs"', Renaissance Quarterly, 54:4:1 (2001) [online] • T. Freeman, 'So Much at Stake: Martyrs and Martyrdom in Early Modern England' [Review article], Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 57:3 (2006) [online] • B. S. Gregory, Salvation at Stake: Christian Martyrdom in Early Modern Europe (1999), ch. 5 [scan available] • W. Haller, Foxe's Book of Martyrs and the Elect Nation (1963), ch. 7 • F. Heal, ‘Appropriating History: Catholic and Protestant Polemics and the National Past’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (2005) • J. Highley and J. King (eds), John Foxe and his World (2002) [legal deposit] • Christopher Highley, ‘A Pestilent and Seditious Book: Nicholas Sander’s Schismatis Anglicani and Catholic Histories of the Reformation’, in P. Kewes (ed.), The Uses of History in Early Modern England (2005); also in Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (2005), pp. 151-71. [online] • Andrew Hiscock, ‘Writers to Solemnise and Celebrate … Actes and memory: Foxe and the Business of Textual Memory’, in A. Hiscock (ed.), Yearbook of English Studies: Tudor Literature, 38 (2008), 68-85. [online] • J. King, Foxe's Book of Martyrs and early modern print culture (Cambridge, 2006), ch. 2 [online] • J. Knott, Discourses of Martyrdom in English Literature, 1563-1694 (1993), ch. on Foxe • Peter Lake with Michael Questier, The Antichrist’s Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England (2002), ch. 8, esp. 296-314. • P. Lake and M. Questier, ‘Margaret Clitherow, Catholic Nonconformity, Martyrology and the Politics of Religious Change in Elizabethan England’, Past and Present, 185 (2004). [online] • Peter Lake and Michael Questier, The Trials of Margaret Clitherow: Persecution, Martyrdom and the Politics of Sanctity in Elizabethan England (2011) [online] • D. Loades (ed.), John Foxe and the English Reformation (1997) • D. Loades (ed.), John Foxe: An Historical Perspective (1999) • S. Monta, Martyrdom and literature in early modern England (2005) • T. McCoog, ‘Construing Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community’, in E. Shagan (ed.), Catholics and the Protestant Nation (2005) • D. Nussbaum, ‘Appropriating martyrdom : fears of renewed persecution’, in David Loades (ed.), John Foxe and the English Reformation (1997) • G. Schmidt, ‘Representing Martyrdom in Post-Reformation England’, in A. Hofele et al (eds), Representing Religious Pluralization in Early Modern Europe (2007) • Alison Shell, Oral Culture and Catholicism in Early Modern England (2007), ch. 4 [online] • S. J. Smart, 'John Foxe and the Story of Richard Hun, Martyr', Journal of Ecclesiastical History (1986) [online] • Clodagh Tait, ‘Adored for Saints: Catholic Martyrdom in Ireland, c. 1560-1655’, Journal of Early Modern History, 5 (2001), 128-59. [online] • S. Wabuda, 'Henry Bull, Miles Coverdale and the Making of Foxe's Book of Martyrs', in D. Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies, Studies in Church History 30 (1993) [online] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Relics, Writing and memory in the English Counter Reformation: Thomas Maxfield and his afterlives’, British Catholic History 34 (2018): 77-105. [online] • D. Wood (ed.), Martyrs and Martyrologies, Studies in Church History 30 (1993) [online] • See also the various historical essays attached to the online edition (https://www.dhi.ac.uk/projects/john-foxe/)

(12) Protestant Memory and Myth-making

Key Questions: • How was the Reformation remembered in the later sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? • Why was memory such a vital weapon for the reformers? • What characterised the myths of Protestant nationhood that emerged in early modern period, and what forms did the popular memory of the recent past take?

Primary Sources: [96 pages] • 'An Act for a Publick Thanksgiving to Almighty God every Year on the fifth day of November', in Statutes of the Realm, 3 Jac. I, c. 1 (1605) [2 pages] • Extracts from wills relating to bequests for the provision of sermons in St Pancras, Soper Lane and St Martin Orgar, London (transcribed from manuscripts in the Guildhall Library, London) [2 pages] • The Book of Common Prayer: The Texts of 1549, 1559, and 1662, ed. Brian Cummings (2011), pp. 652-66 (orders of prayer for 5 November (Gunpowder Plot), 30 January (Martyrdom of Charles I, 29 May (Restoration of Charles II). [15 pages] • Benjamin Harris, The Protestant Tutor (1679), esp. preface, and pp. 1-8, 43-93, 131- 46 [70 pages, but this is a very tiny book!].

2 Engravings: • Samuel Ward, To God, In memorye of his double deliveraunce from the invincible navie and the unmatcheable powder treason (Amsterdam, 1621), British Museum [1 page] https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1868-0808-3353 • Thomas Jenner, The Candle is Lighted (c. 1620s-40s), British Museum [1 page] https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1907-0326-31

5 Objects: • Boscobel Oak plaque (c. 1660-70), V&A: [1 page] http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O8096/plaque-unknown/ • Francis Barlow, Popish Plot playing cards (1679), V&A: [1 page] http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O77469/the-popish-plot-pack-of-playing-barlow- francis/ • Great Fire of London wall panel (delftware, 1730s), Fitzwilliam Museum: [1 page] http://data.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/id/object/71878 • Tobacco box (Dutch, 17th century), British Museum: [1 page] https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1889-0702-45 See also: https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/reformation/artifacts/a-protestant- tobacco-box-the-smell-of-the-reformation/ • Delftware charger (Dutch, 1692), British Museum: [1 page] https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/H_1891-0224-3 See also https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/reformation/artifacts/commemorative- tableware-a-dutch-delftware-charger/

Recommended secondary reading: • D. Cressy, 'The Protestant calendar and the vocabulary of celebration in early modern England', Journal of British Studies, 29 (1990) [online] • Paul Connerton, How Societies Remember (1989), ch. 2 (Commemorative ceremonies) [online]

Further reading: • T. Barnard, 'The uses of 23 October 1641 and Irish Protestant celebration', English Historical Review, 106 (1991) [online] • Philip Benedict, ‘Divided Memories? Historical Calendars, Commemorative Processions and the Recollection of the Wars of Religion during the Ancien Regime’, French History, 22 (2008), 381-405. [online] • P. Collinson, ‘The Protestant Nation’, in The Birthpangs of Protestant England (1988) • D. Cressy, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England (1989), chs. 5, 7, 8, 9 • D. Cressy, 'The Protestant calendar and the vocabulary of celebration in early modern England', Journal of British Studies, 29 (1990) [online] • David Cressy, ‘National Memory in Early Modern England’, in J. R. Gillis (ed.), Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (1994). [online] • D. Cressy, 'God's Time, Rome's Time, and the Calendar of the English Protestant Regime', Viator, 34 (2003) [online] • D. Cressy, ‘The Fifth of November Remembered’, in R. Porter (ed.), Myths of the English (1992) • Brian Cummings et al (eds), Remembering the Reformation (2020) • S. Doran and T. Freeman (eds), The Myth of Elizabeth (2003), esp. essays by Freeman and Walsham • K. Firth, The apocalyptic tradition in Reformation Britain, 1530-1695 (1979) • B. Gordon (ed.), Protestant History and Identity in Sixteenth-century Europe (1996) • Mark Greengrass and Matthew Phillpott, ‘John Bale, John Foxe, and the Reformation of the English Past’, in ‘Focal Point on The Protestant Reformation and the Middle Ages’, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte/Archiv for Reformation History, 101 (2010), pp. 275- 87. • Antony Griffiths, The Print in Stuart Britain, 1603-89 (London, 1998) • Tim Harris, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II: Propaganda and politics from the Restoration until the exclusion crisis (Cambridge, 1987) • F. Heal, 'What can King Lucius do for you? The Reformation and the Early British Church', English Historical Review, 120:487 (2005) [online] • Malcolm Jones, The Print in Early Modern England: An Historical Oversight (2010), ch. 6-7 • James Kelly, ‘The Glorious and Immortal Memory: Commemoration and Protestant Identity in Ireland, 1660-1800’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (1994), pp. 25-52. [online] • W. S. Maltby, The Black Legend in England: The Development of Anti-Spanish Sentiment, 1558-1660 (1971) • P. Marshall, ‘Nailing the Reformation: Luther and the Wittenberg Door in English Historical Memory’, in A. Walsham et al (eds), Memory and the English Reformation (2021) • Natalie Mears et al (eds), National prayers: special worship since the Reformation: Volume 1. Special prayers, fasts and thanksgivings in the British Isles, 1533-1688 (2013). • H. Parish, Monks, Miracles and Magic: Reformation Representations of the Medieval Church (2005), esp. ch. 1. [online] • Helen Pierce, Unseemly Pictures: Graphic Satire and Politics in Early Modern England (2008) • Mark Rankin, Christopher Highley and John N. King (eds), Henry VIII and his Afterlives (2009) • Alec Ryrie, ‘The Liturgical Commemoration of the English Reformation’, in A. Walsham et al (eds), Memory and the English Reformation (2020) • Benedict Scott Robinson, ‘John Foxe and the Anglo-Saxons’, in C. Highley and J.N. King (eds), John Foxe and his World (Aldershot, 2002) • Benedict Scott Robinson, '"Darke speech": Matthew Parker and the Reforming of history', Sixteenth Century Journal, 29 (1998) [online] • Joke Spaans, ‘Faces of the Reformation’, Church History and Religious Culture, 97 (2017), pp. 408-51. [online] • D. Turner, ‘Royalism, romance, and history in Boscobel: or, The History of His Sacred Majesties Most Miraculous Preservation’, Prose Studies, 22 (1999), pp. 59-70. [online] • A. Walsham, '"The Fatall Vesper": Providentialism and Anti-Popery in Late Jacobean London', Past and Present (1994) [online] • A. Walsham, ‘Impolitic pictures: providence, history, and the iconography of Protestant nationhood in early Stuart England’, in R. N. Swanson (ed.), The Church Retrospective, Studies in Church History (1997) [online] • A. Walsham, Providence in Early Modern England (1999), ch. 5. [online] • A. Walsham, ‘Domesticating the Reformation: Material Culture, Memory and Confessional Identity in Early Modern England’, Renaissance Quarterly, 69 (2016), pp. 566-616. [online] • A. Walsham et al (eds), Memory and the English Reformation (2020) • John Watkins, Representing Elizabeth in Stuart England: Literature, History, Sovereignty (2002) • G. Williams, 'Some Protestant Views of Early British Church History', History, 38 (1953) [online] • G. Williams, Reformation Views of Church History (1970)

(13) Nostalgia and Anger: Conservative and Catholic Memory

Key Questions: • What forms did nostalgia take and what purposes did it serve in early modern England? • How did Catholics and conservatives remember the Reformation, and what were they keen to forget? • What aspects of the recent past provoked the anger of later generations?

Primary Sources: [94 pages] • ‘Robert Aske’s Examination’, English Historical Review, 5 (1890), pp. 561-2. [1 page] • Roger Martyn, ‘The State of Melford Church as I … Did Know It’, in William Parker, The History of Long Melford (1873), pp. 70-3 [3 pages]. • A. G. Dickens (ed.), ‘Robert Parkyn’s Narrative of the Reformation’, English Historical Review, 62 (1947), pp. 58-83. [25 pages] • Nicholas Sander, Rise and Growth of the Anglican Schism, trans. David Lewis (1877), pp. cxvlv-vii, 104-47, 160-65, 219-33 (preface; Book 1 chapters 15-17, 19; Book 3, chs 1-2). Available as an e-book (no login needed): https://archive.org/details/riseofschism00sanduoft [65 pages]

Recommended secondary reading: • K. Johanson, ‘On the Possibility of Early Modern Nostalgias’, Parergon, 33 (2016) [online] • Eamon Duffy, ‘The Conservative Voice in the English Reformation’, in Simon Ditchfield (ed.), Christianity and Community in the West: Essays for John Bossy (2001), pp. 87-105 [legal deposit; ebook on order]; also in his Reformation Divided: Catholics, Protestants and the Conversion of England (2017). [legal deposit; ebook on order]

Further reading: • Nadia Atia and Jeremy Davies (eds), ‘Nostalgia and the Shapes of History’, Memory Studies, 3 (2010). [online] • Ian Archer, ‘The Nostalgia of John Stow’, in David Smith, Richard Strier and David Bevington (eds), The Theatrical City: Culture, Theatre, and Politics in London, 1576- 1649 (1995), pp. 17-34. • Margaret Aston, ‘English Ruins and English History: The Dissolution and the Sense of the Past’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 36 (1973), pp. 231-55. [online] • Patrick Collinson, ‘John Stow and Nostalgic Antiquarianism’, in J. F. Merritt (ed.), Imagining Early Modern London: Perceptions and Portrayals of the City, 1598-1720 (2001), pp. 27-51. [scan] • Svetlana Boym, ‘Nostalgia and its Discontents’, The Hedgehog Review: Critical Reflections on Contemporary Culture, 9 (2007), pp. 7-18. [online] • Richard Cust, ‘Catholicism, antiquarianism and gentry honour: the writings of Sir Thomas Shirley’, Midland History, 23 (1998), 40-70. [online] • Fred Davis, ‘Yearning for Yesterday: A Sociology of Nostalgia’, in Jeffrey K. Olick, Vered Vintzky-Seroussi and D. Levy (eds), The Collective Memory Reader (2011), pp. 446-51. [ebook on order] • A. Dillon, The Construction of Martyrdom in the English Catholic Community (2002) [online] • Eamon Duffy, ‘From Sander to Lingard: Recusant Readings of the Reformation’, in Reformation Divided: Catholics, Protestants and the Conversion of England (2017). [legal deposit; ebook on order] • Peter Fritzsche, ‘Specters of history: on nostalgia, exile, modernity’, American Historical Review 106 (2001), pp. 1587-1618. [online] • Ian Gadd and Alexandra Gillespie (eds), John Stow and the Making of the English Past (2002). [online] • W. K. Hall, ‘A Topography of Time: Historical Narration in John Stow's Survey of London’, Studies in Philology, 88 (1991), 1-15. [online] • D. Hamilton, ‘Richard Verstegan and Catholic resistance: the encoding of antiquarianism and love’, in R. Dutton, A. Findlay and R. Wilson (eds), Theatre and Religion: Lancastrian Shakespeare (2003) • Christopher Highley, Catholics Writing the Nation in Early Modern Britain and Ireland (2008) [online] • Christopher Highley, ‘Richard Verstegan's Book of Martyrs’, in C. Highley and J. King (eds), John Foxe and his World (2002) • K. Johansen, ‘Never a Merry World: The Rhetoric of Nostalgia in Elizabethan England’, in A. Petrina and L. Tosi (eds), Representations of Elizabeth I in Early Modern Culture (2011) [ebook on order] • Isabel Karremann, ‘Nostalgia: Affecting Spectacles and Sceptical Audiences in Henry VIII’, in The Drama of Memory in Shakespeare’s History Plays (2015) [online] • Gerard Kilroy, Edmund Campion: Memory and Transcription (2005) [online] • Achim Landwehr, ‘Nostalgia and the Turbulence of Times’, History and Theory, 57 (2018) [online] • David Lowenthal, ‘Nostalgia Tells it Like it Wasn’t’, in Christopher Shaw and Malcolm Chase (eds), The Imagined Past: History and Nostalgia (1989), pp. 18-32. • David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country Revisited (Cambridge, 2015), esp. pp. 31- 54. [online] • Harriet Phillips, ‘Old, old, very old men: Nostalgia in the Early Modern Broadside Ballad’, Parergon, 33:2 (2016), 79-95. [online] • Harriet Phillips, Nostalgia in Print and Performance, 1510-1613 (2019) [online] • Susannah Radstone, ‘Nostalgia: Homecomings and Departures’, Memory Studies, 3 (2010), pp. 187-91. [online] • Philip Schwyzer, ‘Bale’s Books and Aske’s Abbeys: Nostalgia and the Aesthetics of Nationhood’, in his Literature, Nationalism, and Memory in Early Modern England and Wales (2004), pp. 49-75. [online] • Philip Schwyzer, ‘Late Losses and the Temporality of Early Modern Nostalgia’, Parergon, 33 (2016), pp. 97-113. [online] • J. Starobiksi, ‘The Idea of Nostalgia’, Diogenes, 14 (1966), 81-103. [online]

(14) Forgetting: Acts of Amnesia and Oblivion

Key Questions: • How did sixteenth- and seventeenth century regimes seek to obliterate the memory of the dissident dead and of revolutionary events? • Was prescriptive forgetting an effective mechanism for repressing conflict and easing division? • How did the Restoration state seek to bury the regicide in oblivion?

Primary Sources: [49 pages] • Proclamation against the cult of Thomas Becket, 1538: Tudor Royal Proclamations, ed. Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin, 3 vols, i. 275-6. [2 pages] • John Foxe, Actes and Monuments (1563 and subsequent editions). See the online edition: https://www.johnfoxe.org/ Burning of Wyclif’s bones: 1583 edition, Book 5, pp. 487-8 [2 pages] Exhumations of Bucer and Phagius The Burning of Bucer, Phagius and Peter Martyr’s wife: 1583 edition, Book 5, pp. 1618-39 [20 pages] • ‘An Act of Free and General Pardon Indemnity and Oblivion’, in Statutes of the Realm, 5 (1628-80), pp. 226-34. [8 pages] • Edict of Nantes, 1598, in Alastair Duke, Gillian Lewis and Andrew Pettegree (eds), Calvinism in Europe 1540-1610 (1992), pp. 120-4 [4 pages] • Accounts of exhumation and posthumous humiliation of bodies of regicides: The Diary of John Evelyn, ed. Austin Dobson, 3 vols (1996 reprint), ii. 158 [1 page] Mercurius Publicus, 24-31 January, 1661), p. 64. [1 page] Calendar of State Papers Domestic, 1660-1, 8 February 1661 [1 page] • Popular rituals of protest against the regicides: Kingdomes Intelligencer (3-10 June 1661), pp. 353-355. [3 pages].

Recommended secondary reading: • Paul Connerton, ‘Seven Types of Forgetting’, Memory Studies, 1 (2008). [online] • Judith Pollmann, Memory in Early Modern Europe (2017), ch. 6. [online]

Further reading: • Margaret Aston, ‘Rites of Destruction by Fire’, in her Faith and Fire: Popular and Unpopular Religion 1350-1600 (1993) [ebook on order] • Marc Auge, ‘Oblivion’, in J. Olick, V. Vinitzky-Seroussi and Daniel Levy (eds), The Collective Memory Reader (2011), pp. 473-4. [ebook on order] • Guy Beiner, Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster (2018) [online] • Ingo Berensmyer, ‘The Art of Oblivion: Politics of Remembering and Forgetting in Restoration England’, European Journal of English Studies, 10 (2006). [online] • John Butler, The Quest for Becket’s Bones: The Mystery of the Relics of St Thomas Becket of Canterbury (1995) • David Cressy, ‘Book Burning in Tudor and Stuart England’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 36 (2005), 359-74. [online] • J. F. van Dijkhuizen, ‘Narratives of Reconciliation in Early Modern England: Between Oblivion, Clemency and Forgiveness’, in A. Traninger and K. A. E. Enenkel (eds), Discourses of Anger in Early Modern England (2015) [online] • Jonathan Fitzgibbons, Cromwell's Head (2008) • A. Forty and S. Küchler (eds), The Art of Forgetting (1999) • Patrick Geary, Phantoms of Remembrance: Memory and Oblivion at the End of the First Millennium (1994). [online] • Christian Jaser, ‘Ritual Excommunication: An ‘Ars Oblivionalis’, in E. Brenner, M. Cohen and M. Franklin-Brown (eds), Memory and Commemoration in Medieval Culture (2013) • I. Karremann, C. Zwierlein and I. M. Groote (eds), Forgetting Faith? Negotiating Confessional Conflict in Early Modern Europe (2012) [online] • Thomas Mayer, ‘Becket’s Bones Burnt! Cardinal Pole and the Invention and Dissemination of an Atrocity’, in Thomas S. Freeman and Thomas F. Mayer (eds), Martyrs and Martyrdom in England, c. 1400-1700 (2007), pp. 126-43. • Christopher Ivic and Grant Williams (eds), Forgetting in Early Modern English Literature and Culture: Lethe’s Legacies (2004) [online] • Paulina Kewes, ‘Acts of Remembrance, Acts of Oblivion: Rhetoric, Law and National Memory in Early Restoration England’, in Lorna Clymer (ed.), Ritual, Routine and Regime (2006), pp. 103-36. [online] • Dianne Margolf, ‘Adjudicating Memory: Law & Religious Difference in Early Seventeenth-Century France’, Sixteenth Century Journal, 27 (1996) [online] • Howard Nenner, ‘The Trial of the Regicides: Retribution and Treason in 1660’, Nenner, Howard in Nenner (ed.), Politics and the Political Imagination in Later Stuart Britain: Essays Presented to Lois Green Schwoerer (1997), pp. 21-42. • Helen Parish, Monks, Miracles and Magic: Reformation Representations of the Medieval Church (2005), pp. 92-105. [online] • Erin Peters, Commemoration and Oblivion in Royalist Print Culture, 1658-1667 (2017), pp. 46-59. [legal deposit; ebook on order] • Liedeke Plate, ‘Amnesiology: Towards the Study of Cultural Oblivion’, Memory Studies, 9 (2016), 143-55. [online] • Ross Pool, ‘Enacting Oblivion’, International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 22 (2009), pp. 149-57. [online] • A. Reinink (ed.), Memory and Oblivion (1999) • David Rieff, In Praise of Forgetting (2016) [online] • Phyllis B. Roberts, ‘Thomas Becket: The Construction and Deconstruction of a Saint from the Middle Ages to the Reformation’, in Beverley Cary Mayne Kienzle et al (eds), Models of Holiness in Medieval Sermons: Proceedings of the International Symposium (Kalamazoo, 4-7 May 1995) (Louvain-la-Neuve, 1996), pp. 1-22. • Laura Rosenthal, ‘All Injury’s Forgot: Restoration Sex Comedy and National Amnesia’, Comparative Drama, 42 (2008), pp. 7-28. [online] • Jonathan Sawday, ‘Re-writing a Revolution: History, Symbol and Text in the Restoration’, The Seventeenth Century, 7 (1992). [online] • Robert E. Scully, ‘The Unmaking of a Saint: Thomas Becket and the English Reformation’, Catholic Historical Review, 86 (2000): 579-602. [online] • Harald Weinrich, ‘Lethe: The Art and Critique of Forgetting’, in J. Olick, V. Vinitzky-Seroussi, & D. Levy (eds), The Collective Memory Reader (2011). [ebook on order] • Michael Woolf, ‘Amnesty and Oubliance at the End of the French Wars of Religion’, in Michel de Waele (ed.), Clémence, Oubliance et Pardon en Europe, 1520-1650, Special Issue of Cahiers d’Histoire, 16 (1996), pp. 46-68. [online] (15) The Afterlife of the Civil Wars: Official and Seditious Memories

Key Questions: • How were the Civil Wars officially and publicly remembered after 1660? • What counter memories of the regicide and the republic circulated in the later seventeenth century and why were they regarded as seditious? • To what extent and why did memories of the revolutionary past mutate and change over time?

Primary Sources: [126 pages] • Charles I, Eikón basiliké. The pourtracture of His sacred Majestie in his solitudes and sufferings (1649), fold-out image. [1 page] • James Heath, The history of the life & death of Oliver Cromwell the late usurper and pretended protector of England &c. / truely collected and published for a warning to all tyrants and usurpers (1663) [16 pages] • William Dugdale, A Short View of the Late Troubles in England (1681), preface (sigs. A2r-3v) and ch. 43 (pp. 553-77). [28 pages] • Edmund Ludlow, A Voyce from the Watchtower, part 5, 1660-1662, ed. Blair Worden, Camden Society (1978), pp. 199-266 (ch. 5). [66 pages] • Edmund Ludlow, Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow Esq, vol. 1-2 (1698; Wing L3460), preface (pp. iii-viii) [5 pages] • Late 18th century stories regarding Oliver Cromwell’s exploits in John Byng, The Torrington Diaries Containing the Tours through England and Wales of the Hon. John Byng (later Fifth Viscount Torrington) Between the Years 1781 and 1794, 4 vols, ed. C. Bruyn Andrews (New York and London, 1970 edn; facsimile of 1934 edn), i. 6, 81, 99, 253; ii. 199, 220; iii. 68, 138, 272. [10 pages]

Recommended secondary reading: • Matthew Neufeld, The Civil Wars after 1660: Public Remembering in Late Stuart England (2013), ch. 1. [online] • Edward Legon, Revolution Remembered: Seditious Memories after the British Civil Wars (2019), ch. 2 [ebook]

Further Reading: • Toby Barnard, 'Irish Images of Cromwell', in Roger Charles Richardson (ed.), Images of Oliver Cromwell: Essays for and By Roger Howell, Jr (1993), pp. 180-206. [scan] • Lloyd Bowen, ‘Seditious speech and popular royalism, 1649-60’, in Jason McElligott and David L. Smith (eds.) Royalists and Royalism during Interregnum (Manchester, 2010), pp. 44-66. [online] • David Bywaters, ‘Representations of the Interregnum and Restoration in English Drama of the Early 1660s’, Review of English Studies, 60:244 (2009), pp. 255-270. [online] • Sarah Covington, ‘“The Odious Demon from Across the Sea”: Oliver Cromwell, Memory and the Dislocations of Ireland’, in Erika Kuijpers, Judith Pollmann, Johannes Müller and Jasper van der Steen (eds), Memory before Modernity (2013), pp. 149-64. [online] • David Cressy, ‘Remembrancers of the Revolution: Histories and Historiographies of the 1640s’, in Paulina Kewes (ed.), The Uses of History in Early Modern England, Special issue of Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (2005), pp. 257-68. [online] • Barbara Donagan, ‘Myth, Memory and Martyrdom: Colchester 1648’, Essex Archaeology and History, 34 (2004), pp. 172-80. • J. P. Dunbabin, ‘Oliver Cromwell’s Popular Image in Nineteenth-Century England’, in J. S. Bromley and E. H. Kossmann (eds), Britain and the Netherlands, vol. 5 Some Political Mythologies (1975), pp. 141-63. • C. H. Firth, ‘Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion’, English Historical Review, 19 (1904), pp. 26-55, 246-63, 464-83. [online] • Christopher Hill, Christopher, The Experience of Defeat: Milton and Some Contemporaries (1984) • Derek Hirst, ‘Remembering a Hero: Lucy Hutchinson’s Memoirs of her Husband’, English Historical Review, 119 (2004), pp. 682-91. [online] • Andy Hopper, ‘The Farnley Wood Plot and the Memory of the Civil Wars in Yorkshire’, Historical Journal, 45 (2002), 281-303. [online] • Andrew Hopper, ‘Black Tom’: Sir Thomas Fairfax and the English Revolution (2007), ch. 9. • Andrew Hopper and Philip Major (eds), England’s Fortress: New Perspectives on Thomas, 3rd Lord Fairfax (2014). [online] • Roger Howell, ‘That Imp of Satan: The Restoration Image of Cromwell’, in R. C. Richardson (eds), Images of Oliver Cromwell (1993), pp. 33-47. • Ronald Hutton, ‘Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion’, English Historical Review, 97 (1982), pp. 70-88. [online] • A. Lacey, The Cult of King Charles the Martyr (2003) [online] • Edward Legon, Revolution Remembered: Seditious Memories after the British Civil Wars (2019) • Edward Legon, ‘Remembering the Good Old Cause’, in Edward Vallance (ed.), Remembering Early Modern Revolutions (2019). [legal deposit] • Royce MacGillivray, Restoration Historians and the English Civil War (1974) • Brian Manning (ed.), Contemporary Histories of the English Civil War (2000). • Anthony Milton, Laudian and Royalist Polemic in Seventeenth-Century England: The Career and Writings of Peter Heylyn (2007) [online] • D. McKinnon, A. Walsham and A. Whiting (eds), Special issue: Religion, Memory and Civil War in the British Isles, Parergon, 32 (2015), 1-15. [online] • David Norbrook, ‘Memoirs and Oblivion: Lucy Hutchinson and the Restoration’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 75 (2012), pp. 233-82. [online] • David Norbrook, ‘The English Revolution and English Historiography’, in N. H. Keeble (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Writing of the English Revolution (2001) [online] • Matthew Neufeld, The Civil Wars after 1660: Public Remembering in Late Stuart England (2013) [online] • Michelle Orihel, ‘“Treacherous Memories” of Regicide: The Calves-Head Club in the Age of Anne’, The Historian, 73:3 (2011), pp. 435-462. [online] • Imogen Peck, Recollection in the Republics: Memories of the British Civil Wars in England, 1649-1660 (2021). • Erin Peters, Commemoration and Oblivion in Royalist Print Culture, 1658-1667 (2017) [legal deposit] • Lois Porter, ‘The Royal Martyr in the Restoration: National Grief and National Sin’, in T. Corns (ed.), The Royal Image: Representations of Charles I (1999), pp. 240-62. • R. C. Richardson, ‘Re-fighting the English Revolution: John Nalson (1637-1686) and the Frustrations of Late Seventeenth-Century English Historiography’, European Review of History, 14 (2007), pp. 1-20. [online] • Gary Rivett, ‘Revivifying and Reconciling the State : Peacemaking and Narrative Hegemony in Post-Civil-War England, 1646-7’, in Karine Deslandes, Fabrice Mourlon, Bruno Tribout (eds), Civil war and narrative: testimony, historiography, memory (2017) [legal deposit] • Gary Rivett, ‘Peacemaking, Parliament, and the Politics of the Recent Past in the English Civil Wars’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 76 (2013), pp. 589-615. [online] • Paul Seaward, ‘Clarendon, Taciticism, and the Civil Wars of Europe’, in P. Kewes (ed.), The Uses of History in Early Modern England (2006), pp. 285-306. [online] • John Seed, Dissenting Histories: Religious Division and the Politics of Memory in Eighteenth-century England (2008) [online] • John Seed, ‘History and Narrative Identity: Religious Dissent and the Politics of Memory in Eighteenth-Century England’, Journal of British Studies, 44 (2005), 46- 63. [online] • Kevin Sharpe, ‘“So Hard a Text”? Images of Charles I, 1612-1700’, The Historical Journal, 43:2 (June 2000), pp. 383-405. [online] • Alan Smith, ‘The Image of Cromwell in Folklore and Tradition’, Folklore, 79 (1968), 17-39. [online] • George Southcombe and Grant Tapsell, Restoration Politics, Religion, and Culture: Britain and Ireland, 1660-1714 (2010) [online] • Andrew Starkie, ‘Contested Histories of the English Church: Gilbert Burnet and Jeremy Collier’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 68 (2005), pp. 335-43. [online] • Byron S. Stewart, ‘The Cult of the Royal Martyr’, Church History, 38 (June 1969), pp. 175-187. [online] • Mark Stoyle, ‘Remembering the English Civil Wars’, in Peter Gray and Kendrick Oliver (eds), The Memory of Catastrophe (2004), pp. 19-30. [scan] • Alexandra Walsham, ‘Phanaticus: Hugh Peter, Antipuritanism and the Afterlife of the English Revolution’, Parergon, 32: 3 (2015), pp. 65-97. [online] • D. R. Woolf, ‘Speaking of History: Conversations about the Past in Restoration England’, in Adam Fox and Daniel Woolf (eds), The Spoken Word: Oral Culture in Britain, 1500-1700 (2000), pp. 119-37. [online] • Blair Worden, Roundhead reputations: the English Civil Wars and the passions of posterity (2001) • Blair Worden, ‘Whig History and Puritan Politics: The Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow Revisited’, Historical Research (2002) [online] • B. G. Wormald, Clarendon: Politics, History and Religion 1640-1660 (1991) (16) Traumatic Memory: Victims and Violence

Key Questions: • How was trauma and violence remembered and repressed in early modern England? • What functions did recollection of massacre and atrocity serve? • How do the scars of personal suffering in the past leave their mark on the historical record?

Primary Sources: [35 pages] • Depositions regarding the 1641 Irish massacre: http://1641.tcd.ie/. Examination of Richard Newberrie, co. Armagh, 1642 Examination of William Clarke, co. Armagh, 1642 Examination of Margaret Rotcher, co. Antrim, 1653 Examination of William Skelton, co. Tyrone, 1653 [c. 6 pages] NB you will need to register for an account (this takes minutes and is free) in order to access the depositions.

• John Walker, An attempt towards recovering an account of the numbers and sufferings of the clergy of the Church of England, Heads of Colleges, Fellows, ... (1714), Part I, pp. 1-3; Part II (A List of the Some of the Loyal and Episcopal Clergy), pp. 2 (Griffith Williams), 4-5 (Richard Tow) good), 17-18 (Thomas Morton), 21-2 (Matthew Wren), 26 (Edward Cotton and William Hellier [c. 10 pages] • Bruno Ryves, Mercurius Rusticus, or, The countries complaint of the barbarous outrages committed by the sectaries of this late flourishing kingdom (1685 edn), pp. 180-91 (account of Mr Fowler). [11 pages] • S. Porter, ‘The Biography of a Parliamentarian Soldier’, Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 108 (1990), pp. 131-4. [4 pages] • Petition of Johan Illery of Hemiocke, widow, 1645/6: Devon Record Office, QS/Bundles/Box 51 [1 page] • Petitions of maimed soldiers and war widows from the Civil War petitions website (https://www.civilwarpetitions.ac.uk) [3 pages]: https://www.civilwarpetitions.ac.uk/petition/the-petition-of-rowland-harrison-of- whitby-north-riding-of-yorkshire-1685/ (petition of Rowland Harrison, 1685) https://www.civilwarpetitions.ac.uk/petition/the-petition-of-henry-norton-of-turf- house-hexham-parish-northumberland-12-july-1710/ (petition of Henry Norton, 1710) https://www.civilwarpetitions.ac.uk/petition/the-petition-of-sarah-ferch-john-of-chirk- denbighshire-2-april-1648/ (petition of Sarah verch John of Chirk, widow, 1648)

Recommended secondary reading: • Mark Stoyle, ‘Memories of the Maimed: The Testimony of King Charles’s Former Soldiers, 1660-1730’, History, 88 (2003), pp. 207-26. [online] • Naomi McAreavey, ‘Portadown, 1641: Memory and the 1641 Depositions’, Irish University Review, 47 (2017), 15-31. [online] • Barbara A. Misztal, Theories of Social Remembering (2003), pp. 139-45 (‘Memory and trauma’) [online]

Further reading: • David Appleby, ‘Unnecessary Persons? Maimed Soldiers and War Widows in Essex, 1642-1662’, Essex Archaeology and History, 32 (2001), pp. 209-21. • Andreaas Bähr, ‘Remembering Fear: The Fear of Violence and the Violence of Fear in Seventeenth-Century War Memories’, in Erika Kuijpers, Judith Pollmann et al (eds), Memory before Modernity: Practices of Memory in Early Modern Europe (2013), pp. 269-82. [online] • Susan Broomhall, ‘Disturbing Memories: Narrating Experience and Emotions of Distressing Events in the French Wars of Religion’, in Erika Kuijpers, Judith Pollmann et al (eds), Memory before Modernity: Practices of Memory in Early Modern Europe (2013), pp. 251-67. [online] • Stuart Carroll (ed.), Cultures of Violence: Interpersonal Violence in Historical Perspective (2007) • Alessandro Cavalli, ‘Memory and Identity: How Memory Is Reconstructed after Catastrophic Events’, in Jorn Rüsen (ed.), Meaning and Representation in History (2006), pp. 169-182 • Sarah Covington, Wounds, Flesh and Metaphor in Seventeenth-Century England (2009) • Sarah Covington, ‘Broken Verses across a Bloodied Land: Violence and the Limits of Language in the English Civil War’, in J. Davies (ed.), Aspects of Violence in Renaissance Europe (2013) [legal despoit] • Sarah Covington, ‘Realms so barbarous and cruell : Writing Violence in Early Modern Ireland and England’, History, 99 (2014) 487-504. [online] • Peter Cunich, ‘The Ex-Religious in Post-Dissolution Society: Symptoms of Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder’, in James G. Clark (ed.), The Religious Orders in Pre- Reformation England (2002). • Barbara Diefendorf, ‘Memories of the Massacre: St Bartholomew’s Day and Protestant Identity in France’, in V. P. Carey, R. Bogdan, and E. A.Walsh (eds), Voices for Tolerance in an Age of Persecution (2004), pp. 45-62. • D. Edwards, P. Lenihan & C. Tait (eds), Age of Atrocity: Violence & Political Conflict in Early Modern Ireland (2009). • John Gibney, The Shadow of a Year: The 1641 Rebellion in Irish History and Memory (2013) [online] • John Gibney, ‘The Memory of 1641 and Protestant Identity in Restoration and Jacobite Ireland’, in M. A. Busteed, F. Neal and J, Tonge (eds), Irish Protestant Identities (2008). • Burke Giggs, ‘Remembering the Puritan Past: John Walker and Anglican Memories of the English Civil War’, in M. C. McLendon, J. P. Ward and M. MacDonald (eds), Protestant Identities: Religion, Society and Self-Fashioning in Post-Reformation England (1999), pp. 158-91. • Ian Green, ‘The Persecution of “Scandalous and Malignant’ Parish Clergy during the English Civil War’, English Historical Review, 94 (1979), pp. 507-31. [online] • Mark Greengrass, ‘Hidden Transcripts: Secret Histories and Personal Testimonies of Religious Violence in the French Wars of Religion,’ in Mark Levene and Penny Roberts (eds), The Massacre in History (New York, 1999), pp. 69-88. • S. Harlan, Memories of War in Early Modern England (2016) [legal deposit] • J. L. Herman, Trauma and Recovery (2001) • Geoffrey Hudson, ‘Arguing Disability: Ex-Servicemen’s Stories in Early Modern England’, in J. Pickstone and R. Bivins (eds), Medicine, Madness and Social History (2007), pp. 105-17. • Ann Hughes, ‘The Accounts of the Kingdom: Memory, Community and the English Civil War’, in Liesbeth Corens, Kate Peters, and Alexandra Walsham (eds), The Social History of the Archive: Record-Keeping in Early Modern Europe (2016). [online] • Robert Kingdon, Myths about the St Bartholomew’s Day Massacres (1988) [online] • Anne Laurence, ‘“This Sad and Deplorable Condition”: An Attempt towards Recovering an Account of the Sufferings of Northern Clergy Families in the 1640s and 50s’, in Diana Wood (ed.), Life and Thought in the Northern Church c. 1000- 1700, Studies in Church History (1999), pp. 465-88. [online] • A. G. Matthews, Walker Revised: Being a Revision of John Walker’s Sufferings of the Clergy during the Grand Rebellion, 1642-60 (1948) • Fiona McCall, ‘Children of Baal: Clergy Families and their Memories of Sequestration during the English Civil War’, Huntington Library Quarterly, 76 (2013), pp. 617-38. [online] • Fiona McCall, Baal's priests: the loyalist clergy and the English Revolution (2013) [online] • Geoff Mortimer, Eyewitness Accounts of the Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648 (2002) • Matthew Neufeld and Rachel Hatcher, ‘Civil-War Stories in Lands of Commanded Forgetting : Restoration England and Late Twentieth-Century El Salvador’, in Karine Deslandes, Fabrice Mourlon, Bruno Tribout (eds), Civil War and Narrative: Testimony, Historiography, Memory (2017), pp. 191-210. [legal deposit] • Jane Ohlmeyer and M O Siochru (eds), Ireland 1641: Contexts and Reactions (2013) [online] • Imogen Peck, ‘The Great Unknown: The Negotiation and Narration of Death by English War Widows’, Northern History, 53 (2016) 220-235. [online] • Erin Peters, ‘Trauma Narratives of the English Civil War’, Journal of Early Modern Cultural Studies, 16 (2016), pp. 78-94. [online] • Judith Pollmann, Memory in Early Modern Europe (2017), ch. 7. [online] • Judith Pollmann and Erika Kuijpers, ‘Why Remember Terror? Memories of Violence in the Dutch Revolt’, in Jane Ohlmeyer and Michael O’Siochru (eds), Ireland 1641 Rebellion: Contexts and Reactions (2013). [online] • Peter Ramadanovic, Forgetting Futures: On Memory, Trauma and Identity (2001) • Joan Redmond, ‘Memories of Violence and New English Identities in Early Modern Ireland’, Historical Research, 89 (2016), pp. 708-29. [online] • Michael Roper, ‘Re-membering the Soldier Hero: The Psychic and Social Construction of Memory in Personal Narratives of the Great War’, History Workshop Journal, 50 (2000), p. 181-204. [online] • Michael S. Roth, Memory, Trauma and History (2011) • Mark Stoyle, ‘Memories of the Maimed: The Testimony of King Charles’s Former Soldiers, 1660-1730’, History, 88 (2003), pp. 207-26. • G. B. Tatham, Dr John Walker and The Sufferings of the Clergy (1911) • David Wykes, ‘“To let the Memory of these Men Dye is Injurious to Posterity”: Edmund Calamy’s Account of the Ejected Ministers’, in R. N. Swanson (ed.), The Church Retrospective (1997), Studies in Church History (1997), pp. 379-92. [online]

Reference Books, Electronic Resources and Bibliographical Aids

Reference Books Dictionaries Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, many volumes (2004-) and accessible via the library catalogue online. This gives brief biographies of a wide range of notable individuals. This can be accessed online via the e-resources page. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/

The Oxford English Dictionary. Essential for understanding the meaning of obsolete words and of words which have changed their meaning. This can be accessed online via the e-resources page. http://www.oed.com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/

F. Cross & E. Livingstone, (eds) The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (various editions). A concise version is available in paperback. An invaluable sources of reference and quick guide to the meaning of theological and ecclesiastical terms. This is also available online.

Bibliographical aids An essential bibliography for works on British and Irish history is the Royal Historical Society’s Bibliography of British and Irish History: http://cpps.brepolis.net.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/bbih/search.cfm This will provide you with the details of books, journal articles, essays and other publications and has search and advanced searched filters.

For essential guides to books printed in England between 1475 and 1700, see:

A. F. Pollard and G. R. Redgrave, A Short Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland and Ireland and of English Books Printed Abroad 1475-1640, revised W. A. Jackson, F. S. Ferguson, and K. Pantzer (1976-91) (known as the STC). and D. Wing, Short Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and British America ... 1641-1700 (1972-88) [Bibliog.Sect.015.42 WIN] (known as Wing)

These catalogues can be accessed freely as a consolidated resource via the British Library catalogue: ESTC.bl.uk.

Primary Sources The majority of books printed in England between 1485 and 1700 are available on Early English Books Online (known as EEBO) (http://eebo.chadwyck.com/home). This is accessible via the e- resources page; you will need your Raven password. It is a vital resource from which you can download and print off items. It is also possible to search for titles by author and keyword. You should familiarise yourself with its use and different search mechanisms as soon as possible. Many texts can be searched via ‘full text search’.

For eighteenth-century books, see Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO): http://find.galegroup.com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/ecco/start.do?prodId=ECCO&userGroupName=cam buni

English Historical Documents Online (EHD). A useful collection of key documents. These are accessible electronically via the eresources page: https://www-englishhistoricaldocuments- com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/.

Political Records Calendar of State Papers Domestic [for the reigns of Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I etc]. These calendars list and summarise correspondence sent or received by the Tudor and Stuart monarchy and state now preserved in the National Archives (formerly the Public Record Office). They are arranged chronologically. They are available in hard copy in the UL, but are now accessible via the following website: British History Online: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/. The original documents for the Tudor period (1509-1603) are accessible in digital form from ‘State Papers Online’: accessible again through eresources page.

Acts of the Privy Council [for the reigns of Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I etc]. These are in the UL.

Statutes at Large Acts of Parliament, arranged chronologically. These are accessible through the UL e- resources/databases page, via ‘English Reports via Hein Online’: http://heinonline.org/HOL/Welcome.

Tudor Royal Proclamations, ed. Paul L. Hughes and James F. Larkin (1964) and Stuart Royal Proclamations, ed. J. F. Larkin and P. L. Hughes (1983). Personal proclamations issued by Elizabeth I, James I and Charles I. These supplemented Acts of Parliament and other injunctions issued by the Privy Council.

Calendar of Assize records, ed. J.S.Cockburn (1976-1997), 14 vols. Summaries of the contents of judicial records of the secular courts of a number of counties.

The National Archives in Kew is the official archive of the UK. The catalogues and some digitised resources can be found at: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/.

‘Discovery’ gives access to catalogues in local record offices (though the reliability of this as a guide to their holdings is patchy): http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/

Ecclesiastical records G. Bray (ed.), Documents of the English Reformation (1994) E. Cardwell (ed.), Documentary Annals of the Reformed Church of England (1844) J. Strype, Annals of the Reformation (1824) W. H. Frere (ed.), Visitation Articles and Injunction of the Period of the Reformation (1910) W. P. M. Kennedy (ed.), Elizabethan Episcopal Administration, 3 vols (1934) K. Fincham (ed.), Visitation Articles and Injunctions of the Early Stuart Church, 2 vols (1994-8)

Broadside ballads English Broadside Ballad Archive: http://www.english.ucsb.edu/emc/ballad_project/

Bodleian Library Broadside Ballads: http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/ballads/. This allows access to images and sound files as well as the texts of the ballads themselves.

Foxe’s Actes and Monuments For Foxe’s Actes and Monuments (the ‘Book of Martyrs’), see the online version at: https://www.johnfoxe.org/. The Rare Books Room also holds a number of contemporary copies of Foxe, as may your college libraries.

Visual resources See the excellent electronic resource, ‘Printed Images in 1700 in Britain’. This provides access to the contents of the British Museum Department of Prints and Drawings and has a range of sophisticated search mechanisms: http://www.bpi1700.org.uk/.

Museum collections The catalogue to the British Museum holdings is accessible at: https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection

For the Fitzwilliam Museum, see: https://collection.beta.fitz.ms/

For the Victoria and Albert Museum, see: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/

Digital Exhibition: The AHRC funded ‘Remembering the Reformation’ digital exhibition contains over 130 items from the UL, York Minster Library and Lambeth Palace Library that bear on the themes of this Special Subject: see https://exhibitions.lib.cam.ac.uk/reformation/.

Additional Online resources The following can be accessed via the UL’s Eresources page:

British History Online: https://www-british-history-ac-uk.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk

Directory of Open access books: https://www.doabooks.org/doab

Early European Books: https://search-proquest- com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/eeb/literature/fromDatabasesLayer?accountid=9851

Early Modern Letters Online: http://emlo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk

Gale Primary Sources: https://go-gale- com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/ps/dispBasicSearch.do?userGroupName=cambuni&prodId=GDCS

Tier Gateway to the Middle Ages and Renaissance: https://www-itergateway- org.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/resources/iter-bibliography

Literature Online: https://search-proquest-com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/lion

Manchester Medieval Sources Online: https://www-manchesterhive- com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/page/mmso/manchester-medieval-sources-online

MEMSO (Medieval and Early Modern Sources Online): http://sources.tannerritchie.com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk

New Oxford Shakespeare: https://www-oxfordscholarlyeditions-com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/nos/

Oxford Handbooks Online: https://www-oxfordhandbooks-com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk

Parker Library on the Web: https://parker-stanford-edu.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/parker/

Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707: https://www.rps.ac.uk

Directory of Open Access Sources: https://road.issn.org

Translated Texts for Historians: https://online-liverpooluniversitypress-co- uk.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/series/tthe

Universal Short-title Catalogue: https://www.ustc.ac.uk

Virginia Company Archives: http://www.virginiacompanyarchives.amdigital.co.uk.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/index.aspx

Works of Martin Luther: http://pm.nlx.com.ezp.lib.cam.ac.uk/xtf/view?docId=luther_w/luther_w.00.xml;chunk.id=div. luther_w.pmpreface.1;toc.depth=2;toc.id=div.luther_w.pmpreface.1;hit.rank=0;brand=default

A few others that don't need passwords etc:

John Foxe Website: https://www.johnfoxe.org

Early Stuart Libels: https://www.earlystuartlibels.net/htdocs/index.html

Fordham University Internet Source Books: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/index.asp

There are some very good resources and links on this Warwick University course, The European World 1500-1750: https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/students/modules/hi203/

Records of Early English Drama Online: https://ereed.library.utoronto.ca

There is also a very helpful website with most of the early modern sources that are digitised and online on it: http://earlymodernweb.org/resources/.

Guidelines for Reading and Citing Documents and How to do Gobbets

Below is a series of questions and issues you might consider when you are reading the sources set for the Special Subject classes

Textual Sources *What is the character of the document? Is it a polemical, propagandist, informative, entertaining, homiletic, devotional text? Did it serve an official or administrative function? Was it intended for public use and consumption or was it purely personal and private?

*For what reasons and by and for whom was the document or record made at the time? How does this affect and complicate its interpretation?

*Was it printed or did it remain in manuscript? Did it originate as a record of speech? What is the significance of the medium by which it is transmitted?

*What is the tone and style of the document? Is irony, sarcasm, humour, wit, satire, exhortation, employed?

*What kinds of bias and possible distortion does it contain?

*In what context was the document written? Does it allude to contemporary figures and events? Does it have topical resonances? Here you may need to consult reference works, encyclopedias, or textbooks to help you fill in the background.

*What insights into the mind of the author and/or audience does the document provide us with?

*Is the document shaped by particular generic conventions? Does it fit into an established genre, mode or type of text or source?

* What methodological issues does the extract or document raise? (For example, can written records of the speech and utterances of the illiterate be regarded as direct evidence of oral culture? Do court records tell us more about the preoccupations of officials than about real levels of deviance?)

*What key issues and themes are highlighted by the document? Does it illuminate points which have generated historiographical debate and controversy?

*What is the value and quality of the document or extract as a piece of historical evidence?

Visual sources and material objects *What type of image or object is it (woodcut, engraving, textile, metalwork, ceramic, wood, etc)?

*By whom was it was made (artist or maker and their status and skill)?

*Was it a cheap or expensive? Who could have purchased and acquired it?

* What was its function or purpose? Was it decorative and symbolic or utilitarian? In what settings would it have been seen or used? * How does it evoke and stimulate the senses?

*In what ways does it serve to foster remembering and forgetting?

Gobbet technique: The Special Subject exam requires you to do 6 gobbets and 1 essay question (in three hours). Allow 20 minutes per gobbet, including 5 minutes planning. It may be helpful to think of dividing your remarks roughly into three sections: context, meaning and significance.

C for Context Explain the nature of the source, image or object, paying attention to author, date, genre, audience, and set the passage in its broader context of the larger work from which it is taken (where relevant).

M for Meaning Critically analyse the significant of the passage/image/object, ensuring that you cover all the themes of the extract.

S for Significance Draw out the wider significance of the gobbet, briefly relating it larger questions relating to the topic and theme and making wider connections.

Early Modern Spelling and Textual Conventions: Sixteenth and seventeenth-century orthography (spelling) was not consistent or systematised, so you may find a single word spelt differently in the same sentence.

Some words you will encounter have changed their meanings or become obsolete.

Abbreviations and conventions in contemporary printed texts: Double ff (lower case) – stands for ‘F’ (capital) Long S – looks like a long ‘f’ without the cross bar ‘u’ and ‘v’ are commonly used the other way around – e.g ‘very’ = ‘uery’ and ‘our’ = ‘ovr’ ‘I’ and ‘j’ are similarly used interchangeably. The obsolete letter thorn – this looks like a ‘y’ but means ‘th’. Most commonly ye = the. Use of superscript letters: for example, yt = that Merging of words: thexample = the example Omission of letters, esp. m and n – this is normally marked with an accent over the nearest letter. It is conventional to regularise these in citing them in your essays.

Pagination: There are several ways of numbering pages in contemporary works: (1) Page numbers (top right hand corner)

(2) Folio numbers. A folio is two pages. As you look at an open book, the page on your right is one side of the folio (this is the recto page, abbreviated ‘r’). If you turn over the page, the page on your left (the other side of the same leaf) is the verso (abbreviated ‘v’). Examples: fo. 1r, fo. 2v; fo. 1r-v; fos 5r-8v. Other abbreviations for folio are f and fol. Their plurals are ff. and fols.

(3) Signatures: this referencing system was designed to help binders assemble books in the correct order. The number of signatures reflects the size of the book and the number of times a folio sheet had to be folded. The smaller the book, the more folds: sextodecimo (16), duodecimo (12), octavo (8), quarto (4), folio (1). These numbers appear on the bottom of the page, in the format Aiii or A3. Examples: sig. A3r [for the recto side]; sig. B5v [verso side], sig. G8r-v [for recto and verso], sigs A3r-4v. In many cases the numbering does not continue through the full signature, so it is necessary to count forward from the last numbered page. Roman numerals are often used, so make sure you know how these work.

Sources on EEBO use image numbers, but when citing a contemporary text in an essay you should use one of the methods above.

Sample Long Essay Paper

The essay must be between 6000 and 7000 words in length, excluding footnotes and bibliography. The essay must be footnoted and include a bibliography of primary and secondary sources cited. The Faculty Style Guide gives details of permissible formats. The essay must be typed. It must make use of a relevant selection of the primary sources specified for the Special Subject and also of appropriate secondary sources. Credit will be given to candidates who situate their Long Essay topic within the context of the field of the Special Subject as a whole.

1. Was historical consciousness more rooted in a sense of place than time in early modern England?

2. How far did material objects help early modern people to forget as well as to remember?

3. Can oral tradition be reliably accessed through textual sources?

4. ‘Reports of the death of the medieval chronicle tradition have been exaggerated.’ Discuss.

5. Why did the Reformation lead to a temporary hiatus in the writing of biography?

6. How did the abolition of purgatory transform commemorative culture in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

7. Was nostalgia for the medieval past solely the preserve of Catholics between 1560 and 1700?

8. Did Protestant historiography do more to strengthen or to complicate senses of patriotic identity?

9. Which aspects of the Civil Wars did later seventeenth-century Englishmen and women seek to repress, by what means, and why?

10 What insight do legal depositions provide into memories of trauma and violence?

March 2021