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PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE ECONOMÍA Diagnóstico De La Economía Local, El Caso Del Cantón Cayam

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PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE ECONOMÍA Diagnóstico De La Economía Local, El Caso Del Cantón Cayam PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE ECONOMÍA Disertación previa a la obtención del título de Economista Diagnóstico de la economía local, el caso del Cantón Cayambe Período 2000 - 2013 Gabriela Fernanda Benalcázar Játiva [email protected] Directora: Eco. Verónica Cordero [email protected] Quito, mayo del 2015 Resumen La presente investigación tiene como objetivo general realizar un diagnóstico del cantón Cayambe durante un período de trece años (2000 – 2013) para evidenciar su situación social, económica, política y ambiental y que a partir de este análisis se puedan plantear lineamientos fundamentales y políticas económicas que favorezcan su desarrollo. Para responder al objetivo general de la investigación, se realizó una síntesis de la información cuantitativa disponible de organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales que poseían datos de utilidad sobre el tema. Además se realizaron entrevistas a actores locales representativos para corroborar las teorías planteadas a partir de la información secundaria obtenida y corregir los sesgos presentados en la misma. La importancia del estudio radica en el cambio de la matriz económico-productiva que presenta el cantón, de su paso de la actividad agrícola-ganadera a un cultivo intensivo de flores. Esta situación ha sido generadora de desarrollo y a su vez ha provocado interesantes permutaciones en la composición poblacional y en la generación de empleo. Sin embargo no ha incrementado los indicadores sociales del cantón y ha propiciado mayor contaminación ambiental, por lo que el cantón se encuentra en una posición desfavorable. Además las transferencias que se realizan desde el Gobierno Central hacia el Gobierno Local fueron relativamente bajas, por lo que no se logran cumplir con todas las demandas que exige la población cayambeña. El cantón posee grandes potenciales y para su desenvolvimiento es necesaria la acción del Gobierno Local para poder fortalecer la base empresarial y el desarrollo económico local. Palabras claves: Desarrollo Local, Cayambe, matriz económico-productiva. 2 Abstract The following research has as general objective to realize a diagnostic of Cayambe canton in a period of thirteen years (2000 – 2013) to evidence its economic, politic and environmental situation and; taking the results of this analysis as a start point, the territory will be able to establish fundamental guidelines and a correct economic policy to encourage its development. In order to accomplish the objective, the author performed a summary of quantitative information available in governmental and nongovernmental organisms that possessed useful data about the topic. Moreover, the author realized interviews to local actors in order to corroborate the theories and correct slants obtained from the secondary information. The importance of the study lies in the change of the economicproductive matrix developed in the studied period, from the transition of agricultural-livestock farming to intensive flower’s cultivation. This situation has been a generator of development and has led interesting permutations in the population structure and in the employment generation. However, this change in the matrix has not increased the social indicators of the territory and has managed a greater environmental pollution, so the region is in an unfavorable position. In addition, the transfers made from the central government to the local government were relatively low, therefore the local government failed to comply all the demands required by the population. The region has great potential, and in order to achieve the expected development the Local Government action is necessary to strengthen the corporate foundations and local economic development. Keywords: Local economic development, Cayambe, economic-productive matrix. 3 A Dios porque sin Él no soy nada. A mi familia quienes siempre han estado ahí para mí y me han alentado permanentemente a ser mejor persona. A mis amigas, B, C y A gracias por su amistad. 4 Diagnóstico de la economía local, el caso del cantón Cayambe Introducción .................................................................................................................................. 7 Metodología del Trabajo ............................................................................................................... 9 Fundamentación Teórica ............................................................................................................. 11 Desarrollo Económico Local (DEL). ..................................................................................................... 11 Capítulo 1. Diagnóstico del cantón Cayambe ................................................................................ 21 Descripción territorial ......................................................................................................................... 21 Reseña histórica del cantón ............................................................................................................... 22 Aspectos demográficos ...................................................................................................................... 26 Situación ambiental ............................................................................................................................ 35 Aspectos políticos ............................................................................................................................... 44 Capítulo 2. Situación económico-productiva del Cantón Cayambe ................................................ 52 Población económicamente activa del Cantón (PEA) ........................................................................ 52 Agricultura .......................................................................................................................................... 57 Producción de flores ........................................................................................................................... 68 Producción ganadera y pecuaria ........................................................................................................ 72 Sector comercial (empresas, industrias, artesanos) .......................................................................... 76 Mercados ............................................................................................................................................ 78 Turismo ............................................................................................................................................... 80 Capítulo 3. Situación social del Cantón Cayambe .......................................................................... 82 Situación de la pobreza en el Cantón Cayambe ................................................................................. 82 Educación ........................................................................................................................................... 86 Vivienda y servicios básicos ................................................................................................................ 90 Salud ................................................................................................................................................... 98 Viabilidad y Transporte..................................................................................................................... 101 Capítulo 4. Valoración global del proceso de desarrollo de la economía local .............................. 104 Producto Interno Bruto per cápita del cantón Cayambe ................................................................. 104 Diagnóstico de los cambios históricos .............................................................................................. 105 Diagnóstico interpretativo de la economía local: problemas globales ............................................ 106 Resultados directos de los problemas globales en la economía local ............................................. 107 Interacción entre las problemáticas ................................................................................................. 108 Análisis de Fortalezas, Oportunidades, Debilidades y Amenazas (FODA) ........................................ 111 Análisis General ................................................................................................................................ 111 5 Conclusiones ............................................................................................................................. 118 Recomendaciones ..................................................................................................................... 119 Referencias Bibliográficas .......................................................................................................... 121 Anexos ...................................................................................................................................... 127 6 Introducción A través de los años, las economías y sociedades de los países desarrollados y en desarrollo vienen conociendo procesos de cambio estructural, tecnológico, de producción, organizacional, etc. Estos cambios son lo que se denominan un proceso de desarrollo económico local (DEL). El objetivo general de la investigación se centra en el diagnóstico del cantón Cayambe en un espacio temporal de trece años (2000 – 2013) para conocer su panorama económico, social, político y ambiental, y de esta forma tener claras las necesidades
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