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History of the New France 1534-1763

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History of the New France 1534-1763 Sir Charles Prestwood Lucas (1853-1931) History of the New France 1534-1763 Great Seal of King Louis XIV used in New France after the colony was reformed as a province of France in 1663. Map of western New France, including the Illinois Country, by Vincenzo Coronelli , 1688. Map of North America in 1702 showing forts, towns and areas occupied by European settlements. Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain terrestrial claim (orange) Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink, and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow. Map of territorial claims by 1750 in North America , before the French and Indian War , that is part of the greater world- wide conflict known as the Seven Years' War (1756 to 1763). - possessions of Britain (pink), France (blue), and Spain (orange, California, Pacific Northwest, and Great Basin not indicated ) - Map of New France made by Samuel de Champlain in 1612. New France Vice-royauté de Nouvelle-France 1534-1763 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Capital Quebec Language(s) French Religion Roman Catholicism Government Monarchy - 1663-1715 King Louis XIV - 1715-1763 King Louis XV Legislature Sovereign Council of New France - Royal Control 1663 - Articles of Capitulation of Quebec 1759 - Articles of Capitulation of Montreal 1760 - Treaty of Paris (1763) February 10 (1763) 1763 Currency New France livre Succeeded by Province of Quebec (1763-1791) Nova Scotia Rupert's Land Newfoundland (island) Louisiana (New Spain) New France (French : Nouvelle-France , Latin : Nova Gallia ) was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Spain and Great Britain in 1763. At its peak in 1712 (before the Treaty of Utrecht ), the territory of New France extended from Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains and from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico . The territory was then divided in five colonies, each with its own administration: Canada , Acadia , Hudson Bay , Newfoundland (Plaisance) ,[1] and Louisiana . The Treaty of Utrecht resulted in the relinquishing of French claims to mainland Acadia, the Hudson Bay and Newfoundland colonies, and the establishment of the colony of Île Royale (Cape Breton Island) as the successor to Acadia. [2][3] France ceded the rest of New France to Great Britain and Spain at the Treaty of Paris , which ended the Seven Years War (the French and Indian War ). Britain received all lands east of the Mississippi River , including Canada, Acadia, and parts of Louisiana, while Spain received the territory to the west – the larger portion of Louisiana. Spain returned its portion of Louisiana to France in 1800, but French leader Napoleon Bonaparte sold it to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, permanently ending French colonial efforts on the North American mainland. Early exploration Around 1523, the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano convinced the king, Francis I , to commission an expedition to find a western route to Cathay (China). [4] Late that year, Verrazzano set sail in Dieppe , crossing the Atlantic on a small caravel with 50 men. [4] After exploring the coast of the present-day Carolinas early the following year, he headed north along the coast, eventually anchoring in the Narrows of New York Bay . The first European to discover the site of present-day New York, he named it Nouvelle-Angoulême in honour of the king, the former count of Angoulême . Verrazzano’s voyage convinced the king to seek to establish a colony in the newly discovered land. Verrazzano gave the names Francesca and Nova Gallia to that land between New Spain (Mexico) and English Newfoundland. [4] In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of King Francis I. [5] It was the first province of New France. However, initial French attempts at settling the region met with failure. [5] French fishing fleets, however, continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River, making alliances with First Nations that became important once France began to occupy the land. French merchants soon realized the St. Lawrence region was full of valuable fur -bearing animals, especially the beaver , which were becoming rare in Europe . Eventually, the French crown decided to colonize the territory to secure and expand its influence in America. Another early French attempt at settlement in North America was Fort Caroline , established in what is now Jacksonville, Florida , in 1564. Intended as a haven for Huguenots , Caroline was founded under the leadership of René Goulaine de Laudonnière and Jean Ribault . It was sacked by the Spanish led by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés which then established the settlement of St. Augustine on September 20, 1565. Acadia and Canada (New France) were inhabited by indigenous nomadic Algonquian peoples and sedentary Iroquoian peoples. These lands were full of unexploited and valuable natural riches which attracted all of Europe. By the 1580s, French trading companies had been set up, and ships were contracted to bring back furs. Much of what transpired between the natives and their European visitors around that time is not known for lack of historical records. [5] Early attempts at establishing permanent settlements were failures. In 1598, a trading post was established on Sable Island , off the coast of Acadia, but was unsuccessful. In 1600, a trading post was established at Tadoussac , but only five settlers survived the winter. [5] In 1604, a settlement was founded at Île-Saint- Croix on Baie François ( Bay of Fundy ) which was moved to Port-Royal in 1605. [5] It was abandoned in 1607, reestablished in 1610, and destroyed in 1613, after which settlers moved to other nearby locations, creating settlements that were collectively known as Acadia , and the settlers as Acadians .[5] In 1608, sponsored by Henry IV , Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons and Samuel de Champlain founded the city of Quebec with 28 men, the second permanent French settlement in the colony of Canada .[6][7][8] Colonization was slow and difficult. Many settlers died early, because of harsh weather and diseases. In 1630, there were only 103 colonists living in the settlement, but by 1640, the population had reached 355. [9] Champlain quickly allied himself with the Algonquin and Montagnais peoples in the area, who were at war with the Iroquois . In 1609, Champlain, along with two other French companions, accompanied by his Algonquin, Montagnais and Huron allies, travelled south from the St. Lawrence valley to Lake Champlain , where he participated decisively in a battle against the Iroquois, killing two Iroquois chiefs with the first shot of his harquebus. This military engagement against the Iroquois solidified the position of Champlain with New France's Huron and Algonquin allies, bonds vital to New France in order to keep the fur trade alive. However, for the better part of a century the Iroquois and French clash in a series of attacks and reprisals. [10] He also arranged to have young French men live with the natives, to learn their language and customs and help the French adapt to life in North America. These men, known as coureurs des bois (runners of the woods) (such as Étienne Brûlé ), extended French influence south and west to the Great Lakes and among the Huron tribes who lived there. For the first few decades of the colony's existence, the French population numbered only a few hundred, while the English colonies to the south were much more populous and wealthy. Cardinal Richelieu , adviser to Louis XIII , wished to make New France as significant as the English colonies. In 1627, Richelieu founded the Company of One Hundred Associates to invest in New France, promising land parcels to hundreds of new settlers and to turn Canada into an important mercantile and farming colony. Champlain was named Governor of New France . Richelieu then forbade non-Roman Catholics from living there. Protestants were required to renounce their faith to establish themselves in New France; many chose instead to move to the English colonies. The Roman Catholic Church, and missionaries such as the Recollets and the Jesuits , became firmly established in the territory. Richelieu also introduced the seigneurial system , a semi-feudal system of farming that remained a characteristic feature of the St. Lawrence valley until the 19th century. While Richelieu's efforts did little to increase the French presence in New France but did pave the way for the success of later efforts. [11] At the same time, however, the English colonies to the south began to raid the St. Lawrence valley, and, in 1629, Quebec itself was captured and held by the British until 1632. [12] Champlain returned to Canada that year, and requested that Sieur de Laviolette found another trading post at Trois-Rivières , which he did in 1634. Champlain died in 1635. Jesuit missions Main article: Jesuit missions in North America The French Catholic Church, which after Champlain’s death was the most dominant force in New France, wanted to establish a utopian Christian community in the colony. [13] In 1642, they sponsored a group of settlers, led by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve , who founded Ville-Marie, precursor to present- day Montreal , farther up the St. Lawrence. [14] Throughout the 1640s, Jesuit missionaries penetrated the Great Lakes region and converted many of the Huron natives. The missionaries came into conflict with the Iroquois, who frequently attacked Montreal. By 1649, both the Jesuit mission and the Huron society were almost completely destroyed by Iroquois invasions (see Canadian Martyrs ). The transport infrastructure in New France was almost nonexistent, with few roads and canals.The canals would be up to 3 miles long at times and boats were thin and simple.
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