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Geopolitical Study of the Republics of Paraguay and Uruguay

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Geopolitical Study of the Republics of Paraguay and Uruguay INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI film s the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. 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University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 N orth Z eeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 1336289 Geopolitical study of the republics of Paraguay and Uruguay Wingate, Blanca Victoria, M .A . The American University, 1988 Copyright ©1989 by W ingate, Blanca Victoria. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N.ZeebRd Ann Arbor, MI 48106 GEOPOLITICAL STUDY OF THE REPUBLICS OF PARAGUAY AND URUGUAY by Blanca Victoria Wingate submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Spanish Studies Signatures of Committee: / Chairman 10 October 1988 Date 1988 The American University Washington, D.C. 20016 TEE MERIC All UiflVEESITY LIBRARY GEOPOLITICAL STUDY OF THE REPUBLICS OF PARAGUAY AND URUGUAY by Blanca Victoria Wingate ABSTRACT This study examines (a) the impact of geopolitical factors, particularly geography, on the evolution of Paraguay and Uruguay, and (b) geopolitical space of Paraguay and Uruguay and the importance of regional integration. Geopo­ litical concepts defined by Jorge Atencio and Rudolph Kjellen were applied to the Paraguayan and Uruguayan context to achieve the stated objectives of this study. We reached the following conclusions: (a) geopolitical factors, particularly geography, have greatly influenced the historical, political, economic, and social development of Paraguay and Uruguay; (b) Paraguay has greatly improved the valorization of its space with the establishment of new development poles, exploitation of its enormous hydroelectric potential on the Parana River, construction of highways, international bridges, and navigation improvements on the Paraguay and Parana rivers, which place the country at the center of continental communications; (c) Uruguay, despite its small territory, has broadened its geopolitical space with the expansion of its maritime frontiers, its active participation in South Atlantic and Antarctic affairs, in regional integration, in the Group of Eight, Cartagena Consensus, and GATT. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my husband, Richard, and my son, Edmund, for their understand­ ing, support, and encouragement during this project. For the laborious task of typing, I also thank Edmund. I owe special acknowledgment to Uruguayan geopolitician Doctor Bernardo Quagliotti de Beilis for the time and guidance he gave me during my research trip to Montevideo, Uruguay. My apprecia­ tion also to my family and friends in Paraguay for their support and help, and to Doctor Jack Child for stimulating my interest in geopolitical studies. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................... iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS................................ viii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION .................................. 1 Strategic Locations of Paraguay and Uruguay . 1 Major F o c u s ................................ 3 Approach .................................... 3 Methodology ................................ 4 Organization ................................ 5 PART ONE GEOPOLITICAL STUDY OF PARAGUAY 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ........................ 9 Exploration of the Plata Region and Discovery of P a r a g u a y .................... 9 Foundation of Asuncion ...................... 10 Colonial Paraguay .......................... 13 The Territorial Partitions........... 14 The "Bandeirantes".......................... 19 The Jesuit M i s s i o n s ........................ 20 Idiosyncrasy of the Paraguayan People .... 21 The Revolution of the " C o m u n e r o s " .......... 23 Establishment of the Viceroyalty of the Rio de la P l a t a ...................... 27 3. THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE . 29 Independence Movements...................... 29 Attempted Interference by the Portuguese Empire ........................ 30 Relations with the Brazilian Empire After Independence........................ 32 v 4. THE WAR OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE............. 34 Background............................... 34 Dynamic Development of Paraguay and Its Consequences....................... 34 Territorial Problems with Brazil ............ 35 Territorial Problems with A r g e n t i n a ..... 38 Immediate Causes of the Triple Alliance War . 39 The Triple Alliance T r e a t y ............... 45 The Economic I s s u e ....................... 46 Aftermath of the Triple Alliance W a r ..... 47 Political Consequences ...................... 49 Type of Conflict......................... 50 5. THE CHACO W A R ............................. 51 Historical Background and Causes......... 51 Paraguayan Rights over the Northern Chaco . 54 Relations Between Paraguay and Bolivia.... 59 Position Adopted by Neighboring Countries: The Influence of the Oil F a c t o r ....... 63 Border Negotiations ........................ 65 Political Consequences ...................... 66 Border Problems with Brazil and Argentina . 67 6. THE GEOPOLITICAL S P A C E ..................... 73 ParaguaySs Space ............................ 73 Infrastructure and Its I m p a c t ........... 79 Subregional Integration Organizations .... 98 7. DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL ISSUES ............. 101 The Stroessner System of G overnment..... 101 The Paraguayan M i l i t a r y ................ 103 8. DISSEMINATION OF GEOPOLITICAL CONCEPTS..... 108 Survey of Geopolitical Literature .......... 108 Courses in Geopolitics ...................... 110 PART TWO GEOPOLITICAL STUDY OF URUGUAY The Struggle for Uruguayan Independence . 118 vi 10. THE DEVELOPMENT OF URUGUAY.................... 125 Background.................................. 125 Structural Problems of the Uruguayan Development M o d e l ........................ 127 Reevaluation of the RiverPlate Basin .... 128 11. THE GEOPOLITICAL SPACE........................ 131 Territorial Space .......................... 131 Brazilian Expansionism ...................... 135 Maritime Space .............................. 136 12. URUGUAY IN THE SOUTH A T L A N T I C ................ 142 Issues of C o n c e r n .......................... 142 Uruguay's Position on the Establishment of S A T O .................................. 144 Uruguay's Position on Antarctica ............ 147 13. FOREIGN POLICY................................ 149 14. CONCLUSION.................................... 154 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................ 163 vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. cities of Paraguayan O rigin.................... 15 2. Territorial Partitions of the Province of Paraguay................................. 17 3. The Missions T e r r i t o r y ....................... 22 4. Territorial L o s s e s ........................... 37 5. Paraguay's Boundaries with B r a z i l ............. 48 6. Territory of Western Paraguay During Colonial T i m e s .............................. 55 7. Bolivian Penetration of the Chaco Region .... 62 8. The Pilcomayo River C o n f l i c t ................. 71 9. political Divisions........................... 76 10. Road Network of the Chaco R e g i o n ............. 83 11. Asuncion-Encarnacion-Stroessner Interconnection S y s t e m ................... 86 12. Nineteenth-Century Railway P r o j e c t ........... 88 13. River Basin Interconnection S y s t e m ........... 92 14. River Plate B a s i n ............................. 93 15. Paraguayan Highway System..................... 95 16. Location and Integration of G E I C O S ........... 97 17. Argentine-Uruguayan Maritime B o r d e r s ......... 138 18. Drake Passage, Pascuas and Malvinas Islands . 145 viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Strategic Locations of Paraguay and Uruguay Portuguese-Brazilian expansionism, in violation of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided the territories of the New World between the crowns of Spain and Portugal, led to a long-lasting Spanish-Portuguese rivalry- This rivalry was later inherited by the Brazilian Empire and by
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