uVunaVoce

TACOMA COMMUNITY COLLEGE‘S MAGAZINE OF STUDENT WRITING

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A Crazy Day in My Life Then, I would return home but I would Iwould but home return Iwould Then, school. to his walk we would and son my surprise Iwould First, adog. be Iwould oday, and wake up Iwould n 2014 2014 contact us. to is step first the details, more For classes. their of any for good writing they have done to us to submit TCC students all encourage We confidence. with write and creatively, think carefully, to you read inspire they We hope members. faculty two and TCC students 26 of writing the celebrates Department Communications Oral and Written TCC The Tacoma Community College of Students Associated The pusheject.com Christopher Arthur Sakura Moses THANK YOU! [email protected] Dr. Scott Earle [email protected] Fox Mary CONTACT INFO of edition This [email protected] Christopher Arthur EDITORIAL DESIGN [email protected] Fox Mary FACULTY ADVISOR Mackenzie Adix COVER ARTWORK Ruoqi Zhang Sangwoo Son FrancesMary Proctor Delyanis Allie Burns Amy Desiree Bessette Mackenzie Adix EDITORS STUDENT

Una Voce Voce Una uV Una Voce Una Diallo Josey, Seth Mulhausen, Amanda Quintana, Claudia Villa-Bautista, and Javier Wallace Claudia Villa-Bautista, Diallo Josey,Quintana, Mulhausen, Amanda Seth Morgan, Sorba Kinerk, Deb Jarmon, Andrea Buck, Kelly Hitchinson, Jacob Flynn, Alex Javier, Figueroa Field, Christine Duefrane, Timothy Delyanis, Allie Tommy Davis, David, Allo Kaplan, Brenda Brown, Adrian Bourn, Danielle Astin, Jessica Adix, Mackenzie Rock, story and, in the words of Dr. Who, to “make it a good one.” agood it Dr. of to “make Who, words the in and, story own our to write us of all helps others of words the reading that convinced are We also skills. writing their improve and to practice chance the deserves everyone that satisfying, deeply is effectively words to use learning that view our on based is work Our Tacoma. West in campus our around hums and rattles that world beautiful and chaotic big, the in importantly, more and, classroom the in to success fundamental are skills thinking and writing reading, strong that believe involved to be enough lucky us of Those writing. Voce Una letter from the editor

is Tacoma Community College’s annual magazine of student student of magazine annual College’s Tacoma Community is authors from top left to right: Emily Cave, Bill Schwab, Nicole Kauer, Jeff Jeff Kauer, Nicole Schwab, Bill Cave, Emily right: to left top from authors uVunaVoce MAGAZINE unaVoce submissions table of contents

Una Voce strives to CLAUDIA ALLIE AMANDA P01 VILLA-BAUTISTA P09 DELYANIS P17 QUINTANA publish some of the strongest and most A HURR- interesting writing DANGER TEEN being done by Tacoma ICANE AHEAD IDENTIY Community College WITHIN SOCIAL ME- CONTRIB- students and to share ______DIA SITES UTING that writing with the SAMANTHA ______FACTORS community. We will P02 KIMMEL JAVIER P11 WALLACE TO TEEN begin accepting new THE IDENTITY submissions during the AN winter 2015 quarter. We WRITING ACHIEVE- accept work written for ALTER- MENT AND PROCESS any TCC class. In fact, ______NATIVE LATER OUT- we encourage students JESSSICA COMES to submit pieces from P03 ASTIN TO HOW ______“writing” and “non- MACKENZIE ADIX writing” classes. Our ELEA- WE VIEW P19 student editors select NOR OF DRUG PEO- the pieces that will USE be published using a AQUITA- ______PLE’S professional review JAVIER INE P13 FIGUEROA PARK process. ______CHRISTINE ABIGAEL P05 FIELD MODERN P20 KIARE submit your work to: THUN- DAY MORGAN Mary Fox SLAVERY [email protected] DER AT ______CHANG- or NICOLE GROUND KAUER Dr. Scott Earle P15 ES MY [email protected] ZERO LIFE ______FUL- ______JACOB ADRIAN P07 HUTCHINSON FILLED P21 BROWN FINDING INTEN- TION WIKI BALANCE ______PEDIA: BRENDA AT THE P16 KAPLAN FOR HEART INDIVIDUALS LUPUS: LOOKING OF A BU- A CASE OF FOR A KOWSKI MISTAKEN GOLDEN POEM IDENTITY RETRIEVER!

SU14

departments

ANDREA WILLIAM ALLA P23 JARMON P29 SCHWAB P38 DAVID Adult Basic Ed. ALLA DAVID ______MOVE GEEK MAN- Art FOR- WARS DALA: NICOLE KAUER (101) RETURN ______WARD EXPRES- Biology BUT OF THE SION OF MY SETH MULHAUSEN (101) NERDS WORLD BRENDA KAPLAN (175) LOOK ______BACK SETH TOMMY ______P32 MULHAUSEN P39 DAVIS Cultural Anthropology DANIELLE BOURN DANIELLE ______P24 BOURN CHICKEN TRANS- English POLITICS, RECOG- FORM- MACKENZIE ADIX (101) ADRIAN BROWN (101) LEAD- NITION ERS: EMILY CAVE (101) ______WHO IS THE TOMMY DAVIS (102) ERSHIP, EMILY P33 CAVE STRONG ALLIE DELYANIS (102) AND EST? CHRISTINE FIELD (101) ______JAVIER FIGUEROA (101) CON- WHAT IS ALEX FLYNN (101) DIALLO FLICT THE P41 JOSEY JACOB HUTCHINSON (103) ______DIALLO JOSEY (101) TIMOTHY HISTORY A DIFFI- ABIGAEL KIARE (EAP) P25 DUEFRANE OF THE SAMANTHA KIMMEL (101) CULT DE- SABRA MORGAN (101) GEKO- HOLO- CISION JEFF ROCK (101) ______WILLIAM SCHWAB (101) KUJO CAUST? JAVIER WALLACE (101) ______DEBBIE ______KINERK THE RISE ALEX P42 OF MILIT- P35 FLYNN Experimental Learning CLAUDIA VILLA-BAUTISTA ARISIM IN THE ART ______JAPAN YOUNG OF MIND Faculty PRIOR FOLKS ANDREA JARMON READING DEBBIE KINERK TO WWII AND OLD ______KELLY WILLIAM FOLKS C1 BUCK Humanities P27 SCHWAB ______JESSICA ASTIN (116) ______JEFF UN DIA GRAM- P37 ROCK Japanese History LOCO EN TIMOTHY DUEFRANE MAR ROSES MI VIDA ______WHAT’S OF Psychology THE A CRAZY AMANDA QUINTANA (205) FUSS? LIFE DAY IN MY ______LIFE Spanish KELLI BUCK

The Hurricane Within

BY CLAUDIA VILLA-BAUTISTA

s the plane prepared in Spanish. The immigrant’s inside me, so something entirely to land, I heard the daughter was now an immigrant different would form within. I humdrum voice of herself. would become an unstoppable Athe flight attendant hurricane. I would dedicate my say something along these As we descended the plane, life to bringing as much sunshine lines, “Welcome to the Seattle- my mind and senses frantically as I could to those who had only Tacoma International Airport. tried to adjust to the alien known rain. We will be landing shortly, but, surroundings. I caught a whiff unfortunately, the current storm of the pine-scented moisture Only six years ago, I couldn’t is generating some turbulence. in the air, heard the murmuring speak, read, or write a single Please remain in your seats.” I raindrops complain about the English word. Yet, while I didn’t comprehend a single word frigid sidewalk, saw the wind absorbed the acid drops of she had muttered, so I turned to blow with a menacing intensity, prejudice and discouragement the closest thing to a translator and felt dread as I came to that touched my unprotected in sight, my mother. Her tender realize that my life would be skin, the relentless hurricane eyes tried to reassure me that soaked with confusion and raging inside me purified them the water bullets bombarding angst from that point on. For into resiliency and ambition. the metal plane would surrender some unknown reason, I too, There were times when the soon enough. Instead, her didn’t deserve the sun. sun refused to shine, like attempt had the opposite effect. when I couldn’t find ways to Her eyes only reminded me that My eyes were two clouds heavy communicate or when I couldn’t she had become the perfect with teardrops. Now that they’d relate to my classmates’ reincarnation of one of the most reached a higher altitude, they experiences. In fact, I oftentimes important lessons I’d learned couldn’t help but fall ceaselessly. felt as if I was living in a world in my life, “It always rains the If my tear supply had once been with complete strangers, and as hardest on those who deserve an ocean, it was now a vast, much as it saddened me, one the sun.” Time and time again empty abyss. I could sense my of them was my own mother. she had been forced to abandon mother’s preoccupation as the My experience was just one of everyone and everything she drops flowed with the force of the storms I had to face in order once loved. Including me. I’d a flood down the land that was to become a fearless force of spent almost my entire life away my face, but the moment my nature. Now, I’m applying to the from the person whose voice vision focused for an instant, best universities in the state, still cracked on the other side of I looked into her eyes. They in search of those clouded skies the foreign phone line as she were drowning in pain. That was of opportunity. I was, and am, reminded me that she loved another life changing moment; convinced that if I absorb every me. Then, her return only meant the moment I decided I wouldn’t single drop, I will emit a graceful that I would spend the rest of let the flood drown me. Instead, radiance on the outside that will my life missing those who had I would let the vital, clear liquid shine like the sun for everyone said those same words to me, penetrate my skin and reside else around me. n the Writing Process

BY SAMANTHA KIMMEL

hen writing, editing, and revising, I have simple that I find that the pen almost seems to move two ways that I go about it that work itself. That part is likely as fun as brainstorming, seeing best for me. It starts with a topic, either as I have a specific course laid out for me. Though I may Wsomething I come up with or assigned. not like organizing, I do appreciate direct instructions. The next step is the most fun for me, brainstorming. Now with the draft in order, I read through, revising Here, I get out a blank sheet of paper and write the topic obvious missing words and sentences. at the top as a reminder of what I’m focusing on. I write From there, editing and the real revising come into out everything that has any relation what so ever to the play. I prefer to kill two birds with one stone, reading idea at hand. I enjoy this because it’s just anything that the paper to myself to check for flow and clarify while crosses my mind. This stage is not read by anyone, so it also picking through for grammatical errors. I like to go doesn’t require neatness, and I must admit I’m not a tidy a paragraph at a time, with a colored marker, reading person. It’s also simple, and straightforward. it several times and making editing marks. I picked This done, my least favorite step follows: outlining. up a few short cuts in a Rod and Staff English book a I have found that this is very necessary, and it doesn’t year or two ago that are really handy. I don’t actually fix matter how little I enjoy it. I’ve observed that the few anything; I just make obvious symbols that will be easy times I don’t do outlines, I tend to get lower grades. to see when I type up the final draft. I forget the official The way I go about outlining my thoughts is by placing names of any of them, just what I like to refer to them as. my brainstorm sheet on a table to my left, with a blank My squiggle-loop is a wavy line that I run through either piece on my right. I then pick through it and neatly write a word or a sentence with a loop at the end, telling me my thoughts in condensed or abbreviated sentences, to delete that section. Then of course the carrot top, an going in order of importance, on the right hand sheet. upside down V for punctuation insert, right side up V Any seemingly random or meaningless items go to the for word insert. Another is just circling a word with SP left of the blank sheet, and the even less meaningful get written near it, meaning that I need to spell check. I find eliminated. I put them there as side thoughts, in case these useful because I don’t have to take time to stop I need space fillers, tie ins, transition ideas, or I may and fix errors; I simply mark and move on. Once this last develop them into new concepts and examples later on. task is complete, I type it up either to be printed or sent The rest is fairly simple. Having finished that detestable in to an instructor. bit of outlining, writing the rough draft goes quite easily. I understand that this method does not work for All I need to do is connect my outline with complete everyone, but it is the one that works best for me, and sentences that effortlessly form into paragraphs. It’s so the one that I find gets me the best grades. n Eleanor of Aquitaine : A WOMAN OF INFLUENCE BY JESSICA ASTIN

verybody has heard of the tale of Robin Hood, the outlaw only Paris which Eleanor deemed to be stodgy. Her young husband, who, with his band of Merry Men, thwarts the plans of the Louis VII, was a disappointment to her. While Eleanor was vibrant, wicked Sherriff of Nottingham and his cohort, the usurper cultured, and beautiful, Louis VII was intensely religious and easily EPrince John, saving the throne for King Richard the led, causing Eleanor to lament that she had not married a king, but a Lionheart. While Robin Hood may be a figure of legend, the Prince monk. Nonetheless, Eleanor could use his lack of leadership to her John and King Richard were very much real, as was the struggle advantage, and did, persuading him to influence the church in order over the throne of England. However, instead of a noble outlaw to grant an annulment to her sister Petronille’s married lover.Such standing up against an usurper, it was, in fact, their mother, Eleanor a move did not endear her to many of the king’s powerful advisors, of Aquitaine, who protected Richard’s throne from his brother’s especially Abbot Suger and Bernard of Clairvaux, the latter of which schemes. This would not be the first time that Eleanor would find telling her that she would not have a child until she patched things up herself in the middle of important events. Throughout her life, with the church. In fact, after she settled her affairs with the church, Eleanor of Aquitaine was always not only in the thick of things, she she gave birth to her first daughter, Marie, in 1147. Hardly two years was actively involved in shaping and changing them, whether it was later, though, Eleanor would leave her child behind and ride off with in her first marriage to Louis VII, in her role in the second Crusade, her husband in order to join the Second Crusade. the dissolving of her marriage, her second marriage to Henry II, the rebellion of her sons, the rule of Richard, or the rule of John. No For the deeply religious Louis VII, joining the Second Crusade matter the situation, Eleanor proved that she was a woman to be was a simple matter of doing God’s work. For Eleanor, it had to be reckoned with. more than that. Not only did she recruit her vassals to ride to battle and raise money to support them, she also set out on the Crusade Eleanor’s life did not begin with fanfare; historians are not even sure with them, along with hundreds of women she brought along with what year she was born, though most estimate it to be 1122 AD. She her. Why Eleanor became the first queen to go on a crusade is was the first of three children born to William X, Duke of Aquitaine, debatable. While Herman and Kramer argue that it was Eleanor’s and Aenor, from who she got her name, which means “the other decision to join her husband on the crusade, Markale states that it Aenor.” Aquitaine was an area south of France, at the time larger was the king’s decision to bring his wife, in order to make sure her than France itself, and it was known for having a culture of liveliness, vassals stayed in line. Either way, once Eleanor was involved with the wit, and was the home of the troubadour, “a type of poet in medieval crusade, she threw the whole of herself into it. She was not content France.” It was in this atmosphere that Eleanor was brought up and to sit back and let her husband take control. Although the rumors educated, giving her a lifelong appreciation of the arts. However, of Eleanor and her women riding horseback, dressed as Amazons, her childhood wasn’t all idyllic, as when she was still quite young, is likely false, Eleanor did have men to control, men she recruited her brother and her mother passed away, leaving her and her sister from the duchies which she brought with her to her marriage. After Petronilla largely ignored by their father, who was wrapped up in his she and her husband met up with her uncle, Raymond, who ruled own problems. The passing of her brother had more than emotional Antioch, she had reason to use them. Eleanor was very taken with ramifications, though, as with her father’s male heir dead, she, as the her uncle, who cut a much more masculine figure than her husband, eldest female, was now the next in line to inherit everything once he and was very commanding. It was widely rumored that they had died. When her father did pass away in 1137, Eleanor was only fifteen an incestual affair, a rumor that made Louis VII jealous. However, years old, and found herself as “the wealthiest heiress in Western it was Eleanor’s defiant wish to have her men fight with Raymond’s Europe.” As a royal orphan, she became the responsibility of the king men, rather than follow Louis VII’s (ultimately disastrous) plan, that of France, Louis VI, who quickly decided to marry her off to his son, drove her husband over the edge, and he had her forcibly removed the future King Louis VII, in order to add her lands and wealth to the from Raymond’s residence. As a result of their arguments, it was French empire. They were wed on July 25, 1137, and the very next there the idea of annulling their marriage because of consanguinity, month, Louis VI died, leaving Eleanor’s husband to be king. So, over being too closely related by blood, was brought up. It was not acted the course of one year, Eleanor found herself orphaned, an heiress, upon at that time, as, after they visited Jerusalem and were soundly married, and then Queen of France, all before the age of sixteen. defeated on the battlefields of Damascus, they visited the pope in Eleanor’s influence would start to spread almost immediately. Rome, who counseled them to work on their marriage and told them that they were not so closely related that the church would condemn Eleanor’s marriage and subsequent move to Paris came as a culture their relationship. Despite that, when they came back to France in shock. While Aquitaine, her home duchy, was a cultured place which 1149, their troubles were far from over. valued the arts, Paris was a much more austere city. To Eleanor, “Paris was still a primitive, almost barbaric state,” and that was Even though Eleanor and Louis VII were away from the battlefield, something that she would have to change. As queen, she brought it did not make their relationship any less tumultuous. The birth in much of the culture which she so enjoyed, from troubadours and of another daughter, Alix, born in 1150 did nothing to help the the culture of courtly love, to finer foods and fashions. In fact, this relationship. In the summer of 1151, Geoffrey and Henry Plantagenet, output of culture may be her greatest accomplishment as queen of a father and son who had claim to the throne of England, visited the France, as “we cannot overestimate the personal influence Eleanor French royals. It is alleged that it was then that Eleanor decided to had on the evolution of northern mores during this twelfth-century have her marriage annulled once and for all, and to marry Henry, who era when France was a kingdom only in theory and was still in search was handsome and young and everything that Louis VII was not. It of its personality.” In short, Eleanor shaped the culture of France was not until March 21, 1152, though, that the marriage between and through it, its very identity, making it into a center of culture Louis VII and Eleanor was annulled, on the grounds of consanguinity. that would be legendary for centuries to come. However, it wasn’t This was ideal for Eleanor, as an annulment meant that she could A WOMAN OF INFLUENCE keep her lands, lands that would have been taken by Louis VII had Eleanor did not have her freedom back until the death of Henry II, Eleanor of Aquitaine they divorced instead. The two daughters they shared went to Louis which occurred on July 6, 1189. She had been a captive for well over VII, as was the custom of the era. Also customary during the time a decade, but at sixty-seven, was still full of energy and cunning. period would be for a woman such as Eleanor to ask permission of Her eldest son, Henry, had died before his father, leaving Richard as the king before remarrying, but this Eleanor and Henry did not do, the heir to the throne, a fact that was pleasing to Eleanor, as Richard instead marrying in secret two months after the annulment without was always her favorite son. He thought very highly of her as well, the king’s consent. This enraged Louis VII, who certainly would not as one of his first acts was to send someone off to free her. Eleanor have permitted Henry, a contender for the throne of England and repaid him by rallying the nobles, getting them to pledge allegiance, thus a politic rival, to marry Eleanor, who had considerable lands and preparing her son’s grand coronation. But Richard was not to be and wealth. The French king attacked one of their holdings, but was in his new kingdom for long, as the Third Crusade was formed, and rebuffed by Henry and forced into a truce. A scant two years later he, along with the king of France, who by that point was Louis VII’s and King Stephen of England died, leaving Henry to take the throne son, Phillip II, charged into battle. Eleanor was left to rule England in as King Henry II. At the age of thirty-two, Eleanor was once again his stead. By this point, Eleanor only had two remaining sons, one queen, this time of England, and she showed no signs of slowing being Richard and the other her youngest, John. While Richard was down. known as the Lionheart for his bravery and nobility, John had a less savory reputation, being violent and unpredictable. While Richard By the time Eleanor was crowned queen, she had already produced was out on the crusade, John tried to take the throne, aided by the one thing she had never managed to do while married to Louis Phillip II of France, who had come back from the crusade early. Both VII – a male heir. Over the course of thirteen years, she bore Henry times, Eleanor rebuffed her youngest son and kept the throne safe II ten children, five of them sons, and all but one of them surviving for Richard. Unfortunately for Richard, not all of his enemies could childhood. Among the bunch were two future queens and three future be fought off by his mother, but some could be bought off. While on queens. However, Eleanor was not the type of woman to let having his way back from the crusades, he was captured by the German children slow her down. Instead, she participated fully in the affairs emperor, Henry VI, and held for ransom. The Church, which was to of the state, acting as an emissary for Henry II, going to troubled protect its crusaders, did nothing against the captors, a supposedly areas when the king could not, and ruling over England while he Catholic nation. It was up to Eleanor, now in her seventies, to single- was abroad. When she was not delving into matters of the state, she handedly raise the ransom money while keeping the kingdom was introducing her beloved troubadour culture as well as imported running, a task complicated by John’s people attempting to divert items not only from Aquitaine, but from places that she travelled in the money away from Richard. Eleanor’s steel will succeeded, and during the crusades. As were most rulers at the time, Eleanor was she personally accompanied the money and took Richard home. generous with the Catholic Church, funding and founding much for Almost more impressively, she was able to get her sons to reconcile. its work. From most descriptions, it seemed like Eleanor’s marriage Deserving of a rest, Eleanor took a well-earned retirement, one that to Henry II started out well. Unfortunately, some of the qualities that lasted only a few years, stopped by the news of Richard’s mortal attracted Eleanor to Henry II – his masculine charm, decisiveness, wound in 1199. Like any good mother, she rushed to his side, and and drive – did not translate into making him a good husband. In was there in his final moments. Now she had another task – to settle 1168, only a couple years after giving birth to their final child, John, her last son, John as king. Eleanor returned to her home of Aquitaine; her mission was to quell a rebellion, but after she successfully stopped it, she stayed, once John was never Eleanor’s favorite child, and she had stopped him more making her home a center of liveliness and culture. With her from rebelling several times, but as Richard was dead and left no were most of her children with Henry II, and like any good mother, heir, John it would be. However, there were those that disagreed. she was devoted to their best interests. It just so happened that they One of his older, deceased brothers had left an heir, and many believed their best interests conflicted with the best interests of their thought that he, Arthur, should be king. Eleanor was not one of them, father. possibly because Arthur had been raised in the French court and thus would be easily swayed by the French. Either way, she rallied The plotting began in the 1170s, though sources vary on Eleanor’s to support John and the kingdom, even planning a favorable match involvement. That she sided with her sons while they schemed to for her granddaughter, Blanche, in the French court. Unfortunately, take power is beyond doubt; what is unsure is her influence. Markale Eleanor could not make a good king out of her son, whose callous claims that Eleanor planned to make her sons turn against their ways made bad situations worse, and war broke out. Arthur, her own father in some sort of revenge plot against him, but not one based grandson, laid siege on his eighty-year-old grandmother’s castle, on a singular affair. Most other sources state that she supported and only being stopped by John, who killed his rival. After that event, helped plot against their father, but say nothing of her instigating the Eleanor was more than willing to take a permanent retirement, and rebellion. Either way, Eleanor played an important role, seeking the died a couple of years later on April 1, 1204, outliving all but two of support of her former husband, Louis VII, to seize power from her her ten children. current husband. Her sons each had their own goals; her oldest, Henry, had already been crowned in the French tradition, thanks Eleanor of Aquitaine lived an extraordinary life by any standard, but to her, and wanted to hold the power than came with the crown; especially for a woman of her time. It was a world where men ruled, Richard, who would later be called Lionhearted, could be able to rule and yet, she didn’t allow herself to be ruled. With her intelligence, Aquitaine, his mother’s domain, and Geoffrey could also gain power. charm, and cunning, Eleanor was able to change her fate and the Out of all of Eleanor’s sons, only John was not included, as he was world – she maneuvered herself out of an unhappy marriage, refused too young. Henry II heard rumors of the treachery and acted once to let anyone keep her down, and in the process, brought France he was able to see that the rumors were true. However, he was able its sense of culture, spread the idea of courtly love, fought for her to quell the rebellions and the armies of Louis and Eleanor, with the kingdom, whichever it may have been, fought for her children, and help of mercenaries, which was not a common practice at the time. for herself. There is no doubt that she would have been a success in Eleanor was captured and imprisoned, only let out occasionally, any era, and she deserves more mention than a throwaway line in a like for her daughter Joanna’s wedding. It appeared like Eleanor’s story. Eleanor of Aquitaine was a hero for England, and for history. n influence was over, but it was too soon to count her out. n September 11, Teams of rescuers came pups had curled up to take a become certified through 2001, the United from all over the United nap, but not Thunder—he still FEMA. There are two levels States became a States to help with the wanted to play. Kent knew of rigorous certification Ovictim of terrorism search and rescue efforts in at that moment this was his simulations. The basic to the fullest. The suicide/ the first few days following next search and rescue dog. certification each canine murder plots carried out by this catastrophe while other Kent started training Thunder must go through consist of a al-Qaeda terrorists, became teams came to relieve the with such commands as the series of tests which shows the most horrific acts of exhausted first response basic obedience training the dog is obedient and has terrorism in the United States teams to start the retrieval young pups go through. agility skill knowledge along history, killing thousands and clean-up process. A Once Thunder mastered with barking proficiency to over four states and touching canine search and rescue those commands, Kent then notify the handler when a every American and shocking team from Lakewood, WA, started introducing him into victim is pinpointed during the world. One of the sites of would report to duty at the the training to be a search a simulated drill. The animal this debacle was the World Twin Towers six days after and rescue dog. As a member must also show that he or she Trade Center where two hi- 9/11. Kent Olson and Thunder of the Northwest Disaster is not fearful of dark places Search Dogs (NDSD) Team, a or unsecured items with the non-profit organization, Kent direction of the handler. The had next started acquainting handler must show control Thunder with the agility over the dog through voice Thunder lessons he would need to and hand signals, a vital learn in order to start training part in keeping their animal on the “pile”, the rubble safe. The handler must at used to simulate a rescue also be certified through site. Thunder would have to written and oral testing in Ground learn to climb a ladder, to relation to search and rescue go over rickety debris, and procedures. This includes site even teeter-totters. These briefing, debriefing from the valuable lessons would person in charge of the area teach Thunder the ability to be searched and canine Zero to scale objects without handling skills to make sure jacked commercial airlines formed one of four canine getting hurt at Ground Zero the animal is safe during and were flown into the Twin and handler pairs that came years later. Thunder trained after a search. The advanced Towers in New York City. The with a Washington team. for three years before he certification includes more first flight hit the North Tower This would be their first became Federal Emergency stringent simulations which around the 80th floor at 8:46 out-of-state work site after Management Agency (FEMA) can include actually trying a.m., with the second flight years of training together; certified. to trick the dog into false hitting the South Tower at however, it would also mean alerting their handler. This 9:03 a.m. With all the fuel and the Lakewood team would FEMA organized the can be done by hiding a cat structural damage caused not be going in for rescue response teams for the or even steak in places to from the two planes, it took but for retrieval of the lost. search, rescue and retrieval deter the dog from finding less than two hours for the This team would help fellow at the 9/11 disaster. FEMA is the victim they are searching towers to collapse taking Americans by finding the the government organization for. If the canine false alerts, with them thousands of lives remains of their loved ones in that handles both human and they will be disqualified from and accumulating well over order to say good bye. In all canine search and rescue receiving their certificate. one million tons of wreckage types of disaster situations, units for the United States. Canine teams must be over 16 acres. There were Canine Search and Rescue Their mission is to supply certified every two years to thousands of rescue workers Teams, such as Thunder support to Americans and be able to aid in a search and that came to scour the area, and Kent, follow intensive search and rescue (SAR) rescue operation. at first in search of survivors, training and certifications teams to make sure that as later for retrieval of the dead. to provide assistance and a country we are ready and At Ground Zero the teams With the collapse of the were instrumental in the 9/11 able to develop, defend, would be assigned a certain towers, thousands more search, rescue and retrieval react, restore and lessen pile to search before moving Americans would step up to missions at Ground Zero. any and all peril. It is FEMA’s on to the next area. Once the plate to see if they could responsibility to organize assigned a pile, the job of rescue even just one person It is important for teams the SAR teams that will be the dog is to go out on the from the rubble. to connect and work well responders to a disaster. pile and find the scent that together from the time the FEMA must make sure that all indicates a person is buried Image 1 displays dusty, dirty pup leaves the litter through teams are certified with the within the rubble or that the workers with a dog resting the full training process to knowledge that will help them pile is clear. Once one dog among rubble. The workers certification. Thunder and perform the task at hand. has alerted on a pile, another are wearing protective gear, Kent Olson met in Coeur FEMA holds certification skill dog is brought in to confirm. which includes a white hard d’Alene, ID, in July of 1997. testing approximately every This is achieved by factors hat complete with a head Thunder was a pup in a litter six months in different areas of wind, location from which lamp and knee pads. The of five Golden Retrievers. around the country. the dog starts and the dog’s dog, a Golden Retriever, is Kent remembers Thunder as sense of smell. A dog’s sense lying at the feet of the worker being the most lively of the In order for a canine team to of smell is 10,000 to 100,000 to the forefront. bunch, as just 20 minutes participate in a search and times that of a human. The into the visit four of the five rescue operation they must handler wants to set the dog going into the wind so that the while not enacting the exact annual testing to check of the supervised by FEMA which wind brings the scent of the replica of Ground Zero, it long term effects of the toxins encompassed what the person to the dog. The dog helped them to adapt in a that were found at Ground canine team goes through to then begins eliminating other more stressful situation like Zero. Many of the handlers become certified; it was not scents by “making them”, the Twin Towers. are still going through testing, only thrilling but enlightening. putting the person with the while many of the dogs have It was amazing to watch the smell. Keith Taylor, Assistant With the well trained sense passed away, some from old dogs run the agility test and Fire Chief of the Port of of smell, these animals can age and some from causes search the pile. At one point, Seattle Fire Department, pinpoint things from cadaver their handlers question. In one of the dogs came to the compared this to how a parts to victims in a disaster, December of 2005, Thunder edge of the pile and looked human would eliminate color. much like what Thunder and Olson passed away at the over the spectators and you If a human were looking for Kent did during their time at age of 9 ½ years old, while could see him accounting a pink box and they saw a the World Trade Center after not young in dog years; still for each person through green, blue and purple box, 9/11. Kent recalled one find before his time as a lot of smell. There were a couple their eyes would continue that Thunder alerted on at the canines live to be 12 years or of people sitting down low moving until they found the Twin Towers. Once Thunder longer. It was determined that where the dog could not see pink box. A dog works in alerted retrieval equipment Thunder passed away from them over the hill, and dog the same manner only using and workers were brought pancreatic cancer, and while started to open his mouth to its sense of smell. They can in and about 40 feet below not certain it was from the bark and then closed it, still eliminate all other unique where Thunder alerted, a fire toxins that this team came peering over at the hill where human smells on the pile engine was found and in that in contact with at Ground we were. The spectators and continue looking for fire engine, the remains of five Zero, Kent wonders. Kent were asked to stand. Once the person the search dog fire fighters were retrieved for misses Thunder; however the dog was able to eliminate cannot identify until the dog a proper burial and closure to he now has two dogs, one the distracting people locates the strongest point of their families. Kent realized Thunder’s son, Chase. a scents and focused on his where that particular hidden that when Thunder alerted, Golden Retriever, who is now target scent, he turned and scent is coming from. Once that while it would not be 9 ½ years old and is still an continued working the pile. that strongest point of the a joyous celebration of life active search and rescue dog It was interesting to see that scent is located, the dog will found, it would still mean and Guinness, a 16-month process in action. alert its handler by repetitive closure for loved ones. old Golden Retriever, who barking until they receive Without these search and is being trained up to be a When dealing with all the the reward of play from the rescue canine teams, many search and rescue dog. So different types of disaster handler. Finding victims is more Americans would not Thunder’s legacy moves on situations, from weather simply a game to the dogs, be able to put closure to what through Chase and Guinness, induced to man-made, it is but can be life or death to the happen to their loved ones on as they continue their search good to know that Americans victim. that dismal day. and rescue training and can count on the many work, so that they can be volunteers around the US that The teams that were called When Kent and Thunder ready at a minute’s notice make up the FEMA certified out to Ground Zero were arrived at Ground Zero, they to help Americans in a time canine teams that go out and trained and advance certified found that the teams that had of need. While the United help find lost victims. The by FEMA. Thunder trained been on site for six days were States hopes never to go time that these teams put into alongside Kent for about three tired and many of the canines through another ordeal like these processes to learn, test years before they became were depressed. Kent stated 9/11, they continue the cycle and execute to participate an advanced certified team. that the dogs were not to train and certify these in these operations is Thunder and Kent stayed having many finds of what canines to be ready to serve astronomical. They must close to home doing search they trained to work towards at a moment’s notice. pass all of the exams for the and rescue operations and with the push to search FEMA certification which prior to being called to as much ground as possible When I found the image of includes pile work, obedience Ground Zero. This included with the hopes of finding Thunder among the disaster and agility testing through working the King Dome as many survivors during photos of the Twin Towers, finding “victims” within implosion and river search those six previous days, I thought what a neat dog scraps and slabs of concrete, and rescue operations. they pushed on rather than and I wondered what he was plywood and barrels through During the implosion of the realizing the effect it would doing to help at the 9/11 site. the keen sense of smell that King Dome, Thunder and have on the teams. When While on an internet search, I the canines possess. It is his team mates from the the Lakewood, WA team found out that this cute pup through this intense training NDSD were stationed at showed up, they would start was from my own backyard– and certification that canine different points of the Dome to stage finds for the dogs immediately holding my teams are able to go out and for precautionary purposes. during breaks so that the attention. Knowing that one help the victims of disasters After they imploded the pups would have success, team from the 9/11 debacle such as 9/11. n Dome, the NDSD used therefore taking care of the came from the Northwest the site for more extensive dogs’ emotional needs. This traveling more than 3,000 training of the canines from helped these animals to stay miles to help unknown their organization. Through on a more positive note. Americans touched my heart, B Y this type of donation, the use and secured the focus of my CHRISTINE of property, the teams are After these teams arrived paper. FIELD able to practice and simulate back to their home states, the to improve on their skills in a government had the canine I was invited to view the different realistic environment and handler go through basic certification process inding F Balance at t he H eart of a Bukowski Poem

n his poem “How is Your Heart?” none are elaborated upon for shock times, but he begins the transition into Charles Bukowski examines how value, a reader may also notice how these with the word “and,” which the the proper worldview can be a these places, none of which sit upon author likely uses to segregate them Inecessity when dealing with the the same line as another due to from being part of the “worst times.” If ups and (more often) downs of life. methodical spacing, are also bold in the Bukowski’s work were simplified and While he was alive, Bukowski was well- smooth, easy acknowledgment they are linked together it would read something known for infusing his lifestyle into his individually divulged with. This setup like “there are the worst times… and poetry; he was an alcoholic; he regularly certainly makes this Bukowski’s poem there are these other bad times.” While played the horses, he drifted from one to tell. the factory jobs and bad relationships cheap hotel room to the next, and he discussed next may be unpleasant in had more than his fair share of bad luck. After giving examples of the “worst their own right to Bukowski, he does While many of Bukowski’s poems tend times,” the author arrives at an not view them to be as terrible as being to stem from and be propelled by the important connection by describing the in jail or living with whores. Also, when situations and events created within the way his outlook persisted through these looking at this next list of bad things, hazardous lifestyle the author led, this periods. Bukowski talks about “always we see that the author uses a few line poem is important because, through [having] this certain / contentment” and breaks to space out his mention of word placement, pace, and line breaks, it emanates from a part of the author “when relationships / went wrong / with Bukowski is able to successfully himself because it indicates that both the / girls,” which may be methodical illustrate his own functional way of he and his contentment have been and symbolize that the relationships working through these topics. there the whole time. We, as readers, do themselves took a long time to end not know when he started having this when they went bad. A reader may also The author sets the stage for this poem peace of mind, just as we do not know notice how the author’s work would in his very first line, which reads “during when the “worst times” started (or their have still made sense had he left it as my worst times.” Because we see the duration for that matter), but Bukowski’s “when relationships / went wrong,” but word “my” we know that Bukowski is use of “always had” is there to claim this Bukowski really draws it out and extends taking ownership of the poem within outlook was there the entire time – from this part almost unnecessarily (possibly these first few words. These were the beginning until now. He goes on to another reference to relationships). not just bad streaks; by the author’s say that this was not a true happiness, These lines do not seem separate, own account they were the absolute but “more of an inner / balance,” the last however, because the author uses the worst times. It would not be too part of which he carefully separates out alliteration of the w-sound (“went wrong farfetched then, to think the illustrations onto a line all to itself to put emphasis with”) to keep them bonded together. specifically listed directly afterwards on the word balance. This word can were instances which the author is not conjure up images of trying to balance Bukowski continues to list times where proud of or fond of reminiscing about. on difficult subjects (which of course his “inner / balance” helped him, citing Going on, Bukowski relates how he had Bukowski’s worst times surely were), “the / wars and the / hangovers.” The to sleep “on the park benches / in the but, to be more in tune with the author’s fact that the author uses the word “and” jails” and that he “[lived] with whores.” meaning, it can also be taken as within this line is significant because This man had surely seen some bad stillness or steadiness: balance such it links wars and hangovers together, times within his life, maybe more than as maintaining stability and solidarity in whereas the next lines about backalley others, but here he lists a few highlights light of the proverbial whirlwind of these (intentionally forced together, possibly for the reader to acknowledge – “park difficult situations. for an intentional dirty, confrontational benches… jails… living with / whores;” sound) fights and hospitals, while examples which are meant to ensnare The author goes on to declare that certainly sounding like they go hand- the reader with their boldness. While this mindset helped during other bad in-hand, are not linked in this way. Bukowski was never an enlisted man, this poem, the author’s face was pock- most is / how well you / walk through so the “wars” he is referring to in this marked and unappealing. It is easy; the / fire.” These lines come slow, which poem may, in fact, be referencing the therefore, to see how the adjectives the author probably does to really nights he spent in drunken arguments used in these lines – the “old dresser” let their weight settle on the reader, and the fights he would frequently have and the “cracked mirror” – could in fact giving them time to contemplate what with his female companions during be a representation of how the author they have read. The poem seems to those nights. This is also likely a use perceives his countenance and, likely, be a window into how Bukowski deals of symbolism because of the “and” himself as a person. He even comes with his life and, after seeing how connection to hangovers in the next out and says that he is “ugly” in the he continually maintains his “inner / line, which Bukowski would have likely next line, but (much more importantly) balance” and then reading this parting suffered the next morning. he also sees himself “grinning at it all,” phrase (which uses “you” to turn the passing contently through his life in emphasis back towards the audience), The preceding lines have all been about light of these things. The author uses the reader cannot help but reflect and the bad times the author’s observant this line to explain how, even in good consider what tools of the personality resolve had gotten him through, but times, he continues to use his own inner are used to deal with the “fire” in their the next lines do not seem to be balance to keep himself afloat. own life. so daunting. “The craziest kind of / contentment” Bukowski had was when, While rife with examples of the author’s In his poem “How is Your Heart?” after waking up in “a cheap room / in ability to maintain a solid state of mind Bukowski gives his audience a a strange city,” he pulled up the shade both during tumultuous events and the meditative look into the unflinching, to reveal the world outside. The author, weathering persistence of everyday nearly passive way he uses his own as with many poets, would travel to life, this poem is also geared towards “inner balance” to pass through the numerous locations to do readings of investment from the audience. This happenings of his life. While he primarily his poetry, which matches well with becomes evident when we refer back to talks about his own experiences and his use of the phrase “strange city,” the title, “How is your Heart?” This can the complacency he uses to somewhat as in unfamiliar or different. If this was be viewed as a question to the audience transcend them, Bukowski connects the case he may also have found this which uses connotation to reach out, himself to the audience by gently crazy type of contentment because he turning the reader’s attention back onto prompting a self-reflective reaction was not working in a factory or sitting themselves so they wonder to what, that causes the reader to become all in a jail – as Bukowski states in some of because of the many implications of the more invested in the work. The the poem’s first lines, his inner balance the word heart, the author is really author is able to elicit great effect “settled for / whatever was occurring,” referencing. This can also be seen as through decisive line breaks, keen which would be a strange stance to a health-related question, such as the word placement, and a calm pace that take towards possible triumphs or kind you would typically ask an elderly mirrors his own described composure happiness: settling for success or or sickly person – how’s your heart? This from within the poem. Though the work settling for pleasure. type of question shows compassion may be mostly about Bukowski’s own and interest on the author’s behalf raw, unhinged experiences, his ability to After hearing, at length, about how towards his audience regardless of the make us think about our own situation the author filters the outside world, a specificity of its meaning and, like the and our own response to life is really reader can catch a glimpse into how rest of the poem, it contains a similar what is at the heart of this poem. n the author describes himself during the calmness that makes it completely void next lines in which Bukowski “[walks] of any intrusiveness. BY JACOB across the floor / to an old dresser with The author closes with lines that read HUTCHINSON a / cracked mirror.” At the time of writing almost like a phrase – “what matters 9 SUMMER 2014 unaVoce

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Facebook their on Millennials pay no mind boundaries to and fail consider to how Grandma may react that to photo of the bong on the coffee table. Beyond family frowning upon them, Millennials also forget that their profiles can beemployers. Many made companies check public to the profiles of before hiring them, potential and will employees definitely pass if they findSocial networking sites the have raw damaging content. potential solidify to relationships, but Millennials often abuseand morph it relationship causing problems.into Within the workplace, social networking irreplaceable offer convenience. sites Sites such as Facebook provide a constant meeting place for employees on the go and offer them the opportunity communicate to at any given time. significantly spend Millennials However, more time on social networking sites than non-Millennials. Therefore, the use of social networking proves beneficial exclusively Millennials, to leaving older employees frustrated andconfused as why theyto need hold to a meeting via Skype as opposed in to the conference room. Millennials themselves make vital contributions society to as a whole, but they are often hindered social by what Imagine sites. networking Millennials could accomplishwithout the distraction of the Internet or fragile self esteem. The cure for Cancer may be trapped in the mind of a Millennial who is far too busy posting “selfies” on Instagram get to it out. Whilethey do offerseveral benefits, social networking sites in the hands of Millennials does more harm than good, cause more problems than create solutions, and waste more time than they save. However negative social networking 80 with million be, Millennialssites may growing up and entering the workforce, they are here n stay. to when they are ignored it plummets plummets ignored it are they when at an even faster rate. Not only is this exhausting emotions of rollercoaster and time consuming, butalso it’s superficial andnetworking sites preach vulnerable to damaging.teenage Millennials that in order to Social retain any sort of value they must be Consequently, online. acknowledged the persona manyMillennials project online completely differs from their behavior in the real world. This concrete desire for acceptance strains their confidence and fuels their search the dopamine they for find when they are online. acknowleged Cyber bullying goes hand in hand with Millennials’s desire for acceptance online and further contributes their to mental health issues. an In 2010, estimated 42% of teenagers reported being victims of bullying via social convenience the Both sites. networking and novelty of social networking sites appeal Millennials to of all backgrounds The characters, included. and bullies relative anonymity social networking sites offer allows harassers target to their victims in they a way would never dream of in a face face to setting. Words hurt, and though the pain may not be physical, the irreversible mental anguish proves just as, if not more, detrimental alreadya teens’s to fragile self esteem. Online harassment leads severeto depression and anxiety because especially children, amongst the attacking can happen anywhere at any given time. The number of safe places teens take to have shelter at hasbeen drastically reduced the by widespread availability of wifi. As long as they access have a computer, to Millennials cannot feel safe. The harbor Millennials addiction dopamine only fuels the cycle of bullying because For online. time spending continue they every one “like” their photo receives there may be two hurtful comments, but of 47% Millennials continue to post online because the positive attention good. feel them makes Despite each risk posed social by networking sites, many offer unique benefits within our technology based world. For example, social networking sites such as Facebook and Myspace provide the opportunity keep to in touch with friends and family; tuning in checking social media, experiencing disappointment when a post receives little or no feedback, and Millennials who wish they could bring their iPhone into Millennials the shower. fuel SMAD constantlyby refreshing their newsfeed in search of a dopamine hit. Once their post receives sufficientfeedback, they can rest easy and begin selecting the next Instagram photo upload. to SMAD and socialnetworking prove so harmfulbecause they both increase time spend Millennials spend in front a screen and decrease time they spend engaged in fact-to-face interaction with their superiors. Why should they leave the couch interact to with their friends, and coworkers, Millennialsfamily, whenwonder, they can achieve similar a result from the comfortof the living room? While Millennials do interact of them checkconstantly—70% their phone at a minimum of once every their with exclusively so do hour—they peers. Mark Bauerlin, a professor at pointsEmroy, out that “to develop intellectually, you’ve got to relate to older people, older year olds things: 17 never grow up if they’re just hanging around year Teenager olds.” other 17 members of the Millennial generation do not seem ever to really mature; they do not receive intellectualstimulation from other adults, which consequently who Adults hinders development. their claim been have to more mature when year olds than 17 today’s they were 17 significantlycorrect,wereare they more developed and teenage Millennials are not on track change to anything. needy immature, these Moreover, Millennials escape the to internet in search of acceptance only end up shaming themselves when they are ignored otherby users. When a Millennial’s photo receives an inadequate amount of likes on Instagram compared that to of their friend’s, they feel rejected. Millennials use Facebook, Instagram and their inflate self to Twitter esteem as if the sites were balloons. of surveyed50% social media users acknowledge that extensive time online has had an overall negative effect on their disposition, their posts go unanswered. Promoting specifically when themselves online has become the preferred activity of many Millennials; when they are praised via Myspace, Millennials’s confidence surges, but icotine, caffeine, flat and motionless on and alcohol the couch and her friend are all legal proceeds to call her lazy Ndrugs used and boring and says that on a daily basis for a all they do is sit there all the variety of reasons. While time. This stereotype may all are harmful if used in at times seem true but with excess, many individuals moderation most actually an use these drugs regularly can use in their downtime for the purpose of focus, and also be productive socializing, relaxation, members of society. and general enjoyment alternative with little or no legal While studies show illegal consequence. So why is it drug use is common to how that some drugs are legal among those earning less while others like marijuana, than $9,000 a year, it is cocaine, and LSD are also more common among not? Why has society told people earning $75,000 a We view us that these drugs are year or more. Additionally, unacceptable while others a more recent study has drug are okay? I would like to shown that casual drug use question these ideas and users who use less often show a more logical side to than once a week are just the legalization of currently as likely to be employed illicit drugs. as non-users. This shows us that people using drugs Legality aside, there moderately are still able are multiple negative to lead responsible and stereotypes associated successful lives. Some of with drug users that my friends in high school illustrate misconceptions smoked marijuana and about drugs. More had passing grades and all generally, most people graduated. Most went on to believe recreational drug college or are now working users are stupid and lazy, or taking care of families or that they are immoral and still continue to smoke addicts who only care about pot in moderation. There feeling good. This image are numerous stories of is regularly enforced by extremely successful drug anti-drug advertisements users, such as Peter B. from companies like Lewis, who is known for Partnership for a Drug- smoking pot on a regular Free America, with past basis and is the founder and ads showing drug users chairman of Progressive who are “going nowhere” insurance company. and getting “dumber and Another study done by the dumber.” I remember National Survey on Drug growing up and watching Use and Health estimated television advertisement’s that 1 in 10 Americans who meant to instill fear about work 31 to 50 hours a week different types of drugs. used marijuana in the last A lot of times they were 30 days. Over half of those comical but I can see how people will use more than they would influence the 10 days out of the month. audience’s opinion about This evidence shows that using drugs. There was an average person can still one in particular about two remain employed while still teen girls who were friends partaking in illicit drug use. and one of them started smoking pot. The one who Another argument is that started smoking pot was if these drugs are legalized SUMMER 2014 unaVoce 12 n BY JAVIER WALLACE use them in moderation. As seen have we with people most alcohol, use with moderation, and whileall that I can do is speculate, it seems as though research has given some insightinto what could we expect certain legalizing from drugs. In particular, it is clear that many of the current for prohibition are not supported. soundly While justifications it is hard imagine to what society would look like with this kind of change, it is important remember to that drugs would still be regulated. For example, sale to and use minors by would still be illegal. Driving while under the influence would also be against the Thoselaw. who use to a degree that negatively impacts the lives of others, such as people childwith dependents, would still face negative abuse. consequences for Employers would still intoxication prohibit while on the job. Most importantly, the social standards for using drugs would ideally be similar to the use of alcohol so that family and friends might excessive discourage use. it may In this way, not be such a stretch to of possibility the consider of use legal responsible, currently illicit drugs in the future. the At very least, it is worth questioning our current policies in order to research more encourage understandand ways the in which we are influenced outdatedby information. the public. They reported that only 0.08 percent of the people had a lasting reaction psychotic more than So can we see that a 48 very small percentage hours. had people actually of negative effects from using LSD. Some have even argued that the small population of users who psychotic experience have already breaks to predispositions genetic mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. Even the instancesof fatal cocaine surprisingly are overdoses rare, with only308 listed medicalby examiners in 1999 when therean estimated million 3.7 were users. The accuracy of research on drug use is confounded theby variable of legality. In this the way results may not translate a larger to legalized. if population For this I would argue that the use of illicit drugs is more common than many would believe. like to Even the anti-drug reports from the United States National Institute on Drug Abuse in found that at least2011 million22.5 Americans had used an illicit drug in million pastthe month. 18 Americans smoked had marijuana number (a which has likely increased in recent years), andeven drugs such as cocaine and LSD were used by over one million people. these that Considering numbers only represent recent use, it is likely the case that the amount of people who used have them at all is much higher. use drug Although may increasewith the legalization of drugs, it is also not unreasonable to think that people would it’s interestingit’s note to that even when cocaine was legal in the United States in the twentieth century only an estimated .05 percent of thepopulation millionof 76 citizens were classified as addicts. Opponents the to legalization of drugs also arguelike to that doing certaindrugs will result in health risks and even death. A lot of the time they greatly exaggerate the negative side effects of common most The drugs. beliefsabout the harmful effects of marijuana, in my lung include experience, cancer, memory loss, or even just a general loss of brain cells. Not only do these claims no have laboratory evidence to support them, but multiple studies suggest that smoking marijuana is not harmful an to individual’s Opponents also health. pointlike to out that produces pot smoking carcinogens more than cigarettes. This claim is misleading because no one smokes pot same nearly the with frequency as cigarette smokers do, which is around cigarettes 20 a Personally,day. I have hearyet to about anyone dying as a direct result of marijuana use, which seems strange for a drug that is often labeled as dangerous. Marijuana isn’t the only drug that is a victim of For misconceptions. instance, heard I have plenty of rumors about psychosis causing LSD after one use, or people imagining they can fly and jumping off of buildings. A study done in 1960 where researchers administered LSD volunteers to from more people will try them become inevitably and addicted. Based on this belief, someone might try a drug for the addicted become and first time after one use. While there fit who selectfew a be may this description, it is very much an exaggeration. According reports, to only 9 percent of users marijuana fit thesubstance criteria abuse set by for the American Psychiatric Association. In contrast, they found that 15 percent of alcohol users fit the criteria,interesting which because of is the legal status of these two substances. If the likelihood of abuse is alcohol among higher users, why do usewe the potentialfor abuse as an excuse keep to other drugs illegal? Even with more such drugs stigmatized as cocaine can we see generally cocaine that users use in moderation and do not become addicted. A study started in 1987 interviewed cocaine 160 experienced users and followed up with 64 of them in 1991. Researchers that found a large majority of the users never “lost control’ with their use of cocaine. Roughly half were continually using it at a stable low level and the other half stopped using altogether. Only four of asking considered them for help and just one actually did. Based on this using people information, even more seemingly drugs typically addictive still use in moderation or not at all. While many may say that the legal status of illicit drugs is the main deterrent use, continuing against INTERNET’S ROLE

MODERN DAY SLAVERY

merica’s citizenry is known Society is sacrificing the safety of kids for what traffickers are capable of—they are for its liberal protection of the the sake of protecting the people’s right to professionals with money and resources to environment, same sex marriage, an unchallenged internet use. We must take steal and sell America’s children. The children Ajob equality, healthcare, and action to protect American’s children from are not the problem; the real problem is that other social issues. However, the majority of child predators and traffickers. we collude as a society to buy access to sex Americans are uninformed and blind to modern The Polaris Project, a national human with children. day slavery through human sex trafficking of trafficking help center, points out that “The under age children; unfortunately, a good internet has been identified as the number America hasn’t changed much as it relates percentage of the population understands one platform that pimps, traffickers and to slavery. Slaves during the Civil War were this evil behavior. The bulk of society utilize johns [customers] currently use for buying bought and sold as a commodity. African the internet as a major communication tool; and selling women and children for sex in American females were prostituted for money they are captivated by the internet’s tools and the United States.” Human sex trafficking is and sex; white men paid more if the girl was access to the world. Regrettably, due to our the act of intimidation to control over another young. Fast forward to today: children of all consensus for free speech, there are no legal for sexual criminal activity. It results in the races are being sold for sex. Like in the past, boundaries for using the internet. However, recruitment, harboring, transportation, and these modern day slaves have no rights with the public’s need to preserve free speech at abduction to perform commercial sex acts. their traffickers or owners. These children are all cost has opened a gateway to worldwide These acts are done for monetary reasons subject to abandonment by their trafficker child pornography, smuggling and sex trading (rape for profit) and for other gains such as the and they do not form significant relationship of underage teens. In spite of the immorality selling of drugs, sex addiction, etc. This type with anyone. Because of the disengagement and criminal conduct associated with the of exploitation is a cultural evil that leads to the between the victims’ family unit and society, illegal sex trading of minors, there are a great destruction of human beings, the destruction this type of slavery perpetuates and causes number of people in America exploiting the of families, and the destruction of societal a blind attitude to stop such a heinous internet for child sex trafficking. The current conscience. Many of us in our country avoid crime. Human trafficking is one of the fastest internet protocol allows the existence of child this evil by lying in the shadows, occasionally growing criminal industries in the world— pornography—the selling and buying of U.S. peering out with curiosity when news uncovers second only to drug dealing. America is children for sex—the salacious act of raping an incident of a child abduction or child becoming a world mecca for the trafficking children’s souls, hearts and bodies. Sex prostitution. Most individuals stoically sit on of minors. Shared Hope International exploitation of minors through the internet is the sidelines deliberately avoiding the reality reveals the following: age 12 is the average an epidemic that is ripping through the heart of the existence of human sex trafficking of age for entering into the world of porn and of America. Many Americans are in the dark minors. Even if these children appear to be prostitution. Child pornography is a multi- when it comes to understanding the scope of willing or voluntarily performing sexual acts, billion dollar industry. There are over 100,000 human sex trading of minors and say nothing. they are victims, they have been threatened, websites that offer child pornography. 55% However, by remaining silent, citizens seem held in bondage, raped or manipulated in of internet child pornography comes from the to approve the huntsman game of human thinking the predator is their loved one. The U.S. A child is known to be sold over 10 times trafficking in society’s backyard—the internet. public should not be mistaken or misinterpret a day, all week long, totaling up to 14,000 sex BY JAVIER FIGUEROA

acts a year. Traffickers can earn up to $400 centers. According to “The Village Voice”in and metal shop teachers taught us safety in an hour for a child.The major cause for such the Christian Science Monitor, “In 2009, the junior high before we used the circular and explosion of human trafficking of minors is classified-ad giant Craigslist was forced table saws; the predators and cyber criminals the internet. The moral fabric of humanity is under public pressure to end its sexually are just as dangerous.” Today’s teens are in jeopardy unless humankind changes the related advertising, in large part because of supposed to be the know it all of social magnanimous view of the internet when it the difficulty of blocking ads that also lead to networking and on-line communication; comes to stomping out trafficking of minors sexually exploiting children.” There are also unfortunately, they are not the social-net for sex. other sites still offering similar advertisement wizards that can outwit the professional services, including Backpage.com, CityVibe. well-funded cyber criminals. Often, these The internet is like a Swiss knife with multiple com, and Eros.com. These websites allow young victims may not know the words or tools, uses, and purposes. By design, there is customers to browse and compare the have sufficient language skills to express no ownership or control over individual actions; characteristics, photographs and prices of a what happens to them on the network. unfortunately, for many, the use of the internet large number of individuals selling or being Educators and parents need to teach children has become an addictive communication forced to sell sex. on how to use the communication tools portal for all. Consequently, this addiction has provided through the internet. They need become a huge undercurrent—like the pull of The National Research Council noted in its to mentor their kids on how to recognize an ocean tide; a strong pull towards a very latest book on youth and the internet,“Some and avoid illegal activities. Moreover, local dangerous outcome. Subsequently, based from the online adult entertainment industry government participation can parallel the on an article by Shared Hope International, fear that efforts to restrict the access of public’s involvement by changing internet sixty eight million pornographic search children to certain kinds of sexually explicit policies. For example, the Christian Monitor’s engine requests are made daily, equaling material on the Internet will impinge on what illustration for the City of Seattle’s advertising 25% of total requests. There are currently they see as legitimate business opportunities policy, “In Seattle,…the mayor has withdrawn 4.2 million pornographic websites on the to market their products and services to official city advertising from the local weekly internet. Among these, 100,000 websites adults…Views in this subject area are highly that runs adult ads…” offer illegal child pornography. This shows polarized. Because strongly held values that many children are being exploited daily. are at stake, the political debate is heated, Sexual predation of minors requires a zero- As a result, multiple types of internet portals and often characterized by extreme views, tolerance policy by society. The public would or tools have been created, such as, chat inflammatory rhetoric, and half-truths. not allow a predator to sexually abuse a child rooms viruses, phishing, adware and other verbally or physically at a public setting nor internet access to solicit and entrap children Presently, law enforcement bureaus find would people tolerate predators taking their into the underground world of sex trafficking. it difficult to investigate and charge web- clothes off in front of a child or showing Many of these children are subject to severe based sex crimes against children due to the pornographic photos to a child. The predator physical abuse, bestiality or other sadistic onslaught of self-justifying tactics by the sex would be instantly be taken away by security acts. In addition to internet pornography, predators, a shortage of computer forensic or law enforcement, if not by members of the sexual exploitation occurs in different forms specialists and inadequately designed laws. public. The predator’s actions taken in a public such as websites that offer advertisement Because of the aggressive schemes used setting are no different than similar actions services. Internet providers provide various by these marauders, police have had to taken on the internet—a public domain. To tools to filter immoral and criminal activity resort to “sting” operations to lure these sex this end, government intervention is critical generated by the various net portals; prowlers out from their network caves, such in order to stop or at best minimize the use however, there is much public debate on this as chat rooms, fake businesses, fraudulent of the internet for child sex trafficking. A legal subject. An expert in information technology, advertising, and internet brothels. These scholar from the University of Texas Law Dr. Eneman, Ph.D. points out, “The main strategies allow pimps, mainly men, to find School, Melissa Holman wrote in the Texas argument against internet filtering is that customers online and direct children to meet International Law Journal, “…the government it is a form of censorship that constitutes a them at different motels, apartments or should prescribe punishment…when there threat to important civil liberties, particularly sometimes even in the victim’s own home. is a knowing commission of any severe freedom of expression and privacy, which Meanwhile, there is a public perception that form of sex trafficking; or when the victim of are considered to be important foundations these decoy operations entrap otherwise trafficking is a child…” With this in mind, a of democracies.” Even though internet moral and respectable citizens. In spite of good start is to amend anti-prostitution laws providers and trade partners [advertisers] the opposition’s protest of these practices by to include a ban on websites for procuring have protected the net from filtering and law officers, hundreds of children are being commercial sex. Sexual predation of minors censorship, the industry along with computer rescued from predators and traffickers. requires a zero-tolerance policy by society, and software manufactures provide filtering media and government. tools in their hardware and software to Looking ahead, social interferences are minimize illegally activities. necessary to effectively regulate the internet Age 12 is the average age for entering into use of child trafficking. Families have created the world of porn and prostitution. Child As a result of the “civil liberties” provided an environment where their kids use the pornography is a multi-billion dollar industry. to the internet community, the populace internet as their personal backyard. For that There are over 100,000 websites that offer has created profit making centers of all reason, the public’s involvement is paramount child pornography. 55% of internet child types, such as, EBay, Craigslist, PayPal, in understanding how children manipulate pornography comes from the U.S. A child and others; as a result, these major revenue the power of the internet at home, in schools is known to be sold over 10 times a day, all centers and other various types of cottage and libraries. Assistant Professor of Software week long, totaling up to 14,000 sex acts a industries developed. Consequently, immoral Engineering at Penn State University, Dr. year. Traffickers can earn up to $400 an hour and criminal commerce found a way to DeFranco, Ph.D. states “Internet safety for a child. n establish themselves through these profit should be taught as proactively as our wood 15 SUMMER 2014 unaVoce Intention Fulfilled Fulfilled Intention Fulfilled S the first photo, this time full of child-like child-like of full time this photo, first the to up back Istepped place. another time, another of aglimpse acatch can one which through awindow is frame each where aroom ajuncture; but photos, white and black with lined walls upon walls with room acold not was: really it what for room the seeing time this pictures, framed and walls back, looking around again at the white Istepped Confused, tale. fairy own its each world, another of images but photographs, McKenna’s photographs are not merely that realized I Michael it; into but it, at looking not I was photo, first the at Looking Iwas. wrong how for prepared not –next.” Iwas white and black executed well another “yup, standard the of full shrug or a nod than more nothing first to invoke them expecting the frames, of row to up stepped I sigh, deep a With achore. be would exhibit the through going like feel me made instantly atmosphere beautiful things the that frustrating it all Ifound moving, and of lover fierce a Being I was underdressed and undereducated. that there; belong not Idid that feeling to the added lighting gallery dim The overwhelming. and cold felt photos white and black framed of rows eye-level with walls white stark The Part 2 exhibit, I felt out of place. place. of out Ifelt 2exhibit, Part Michael McKenna’s Photography” Mediations: A Retrospective of and “Memories the into tepping Fulfilled Intention Fulfilled

BY NICOLE KAUER seen those in Part 2. Part in those seen least at having with comes that wonder and happiness and joy the all with but exhibit, McKenna’s 1of Part in showcased worlds I that miniature the all on out missed had feeling sad a with left I difficult. was exhibit the away from myself tearing and it off. McKenna meets this goal magnificently, pull can whom of many not and goal humble a such to having to admit refuse would whom of –most artists by many shared and simple, very so is goal His blah. blah, blah, of virtues the extolling speech pompous no else; nothing was there that shocked viewer. utterly the of Iwas imagination the to invoke but is, it as world the capture to not is photos white and black his with joy. and McKenna’s intention shock of one but rudeness, of however, out one not was laugh, My visitors. other from looks annoyed statement, afew artist’s earning laughing, help not I could the reading finally and exhibit the of beginning the at back Arriving window. next the through peek to to move on, longed me of part other the world, tiny one in on goings the imagining forever there, to stand longed of me part one While tale. each in enveloped completely Iwas chambers, gas Nazi of horrors the to street, adarkened alongside hunched intention unknown of to beings waters, in waged battles stone From mesmerized. excitement and wonder, becoming instantly n SUMMER 2014 unaVoce 16 n

tested it for ANA, antinuclear antibodies and some other routine things like a CBC a complete blood count. They get vowed to the to bottom of the problems this kingdom had been having. It was about that time when the blood cells, the warriors of the kingdom, recognized a problem. One of the B cell team had recognized a threat and sounded the alarm. The problem was that this was a false alarm, “friendly fire” you surrounded and gathered cells B more Suddenly might say. the perceived intruder. They released their secret immunoregulatory cytokines, their weapon, protein, and started to fight this foreign invader. When the cytokine weaponry was used it excited even more of the B cells and caused them to multiply. Some of these B cells were secret agentsthat turned into plasmacells and secreted the antibodies and immunoglobulin. that At point the T cell team came into action, producing even more cytokines, stimulating the B cells even more. The antibodies and immunoglobulin then traveled the bloodstream binding anything to that they thought was an antigen destroying invader, healthy joints and organ cells along their way. Now that this spiral started, how were they going calm of to down all friendly firethe chaos? had The problem was that once this type been of discord starts in a kingdom there is really no stopping it. The kingdom could try live to a healthy life decreasing by stress, stopping smoking, getting regular exercise and eating a healthy balanced diet but it can never get rid of this devastating spiral thathad been started. Luckily thekingdom findable was some to remedies that treated some of the symptoms but was unable to find a cure. Using some of these medications and having a good lifestyle enabled the kingdom forward move to intonew a life, never as good as before but able function to and a good have they willlife. be ever However, watchful of their warriors, trying keep to any flare ups at bay.

BY BRENDABY KAPLAN

The Case Mistaken of Identity Lupus nce upon a time there was a human kingdom. In this kingdom everything was going great and all the parts were The wonderfully. together working O heart was pumping, the lungs were breathing, kidneys,the liver, other organs and systems were working, as were the muscles and blood system. They were all working hard make to sure that the kingdom was moving in all the right directions. Everyone was working together and it showed in kingdom was. their healthy how One day there was a problem, not a huge problem, hardly enough make to any of the systems take to notice. The kingdom was feeling tired and having achy joints. No one was worried -- it should get back normal to soonand things would be running again. smoothly The problem was that things didn’t get better. Instead things got worse and that is when things started fall to apart. Not only were thejoints achy but the muscles were now complaining that it hurt The move. to eyes were complaining about the sun bothering them, the hands were complaining of being swollen because the kidneys were not doing their part. The kingdom started a have to rash on its face. The chest was complaining of pain when it tried take to a deep breath, the hair was starting fall to out and sometimes even the fingers were turning white and sometimes blue or red. All the parts of the kingdom were starting complain,to blaming each other for their misery and pain. Someone was not doing their part to keep things running smoothly? Something was drastically wrong. But what and who was causing all the problems? needed they brain decided king that The help determining the problem. He called in professionals to try to figure out whatwas going on in this usually wonderful kingdom and who was falling short of their duties. These professionals, doctors, took some of the body’s blood and CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO TEEN ID ENTITY ACHIE VE MEN T AND LATER OUTCOMES

BY AMANDA QUINTANA

rik Erikson proposed eight stages commitment but low on exploration. That key factor in whether a program encourages of ego crises as part of life- long is, while they are high on their commitment increased identity development is the identity development. The fifth to their sense of self, they never questioned presence of adult role models who may help Eand most influential of his stages those commitments. These people are youth look forward to the future and what takes place during the teenage years “identity foreclosed.” they want for themselves. Participation in and sometimes into early adulthood. This community programs allows the formation ego crisis is termed Identity versus Role People in the identity achieved and identity of pro-social attitudes and thus, encourages Confusion. During this time, teens begin foreclosed statuses tend to do better loyalty to themselves and others. This is true to experiment with various roles while socially and academically during their teen especially in programs which encourage attempting to incorporate identities from years. It would appear the pattern here is the giving back to the community through previous life stages. They are essentially commitment to their sense of self. Rebellious service projects. trying to fit together the pieces of a puzzle teens are typically in the moratorium status (daughter, student, sister, artist, etc.) into though those in identity diffused also may Most influential in the development of one cohesive identity. Successful merging end up rebelling due to the tendency to youth identity is parental style. It has of these pieces leads to a solid sense of often be influenced by others and may be been proposed (Barber, cited in Sartor self, whereas failure to work through this led into high risk behaviors. In contrast, & Youniss, 2002) that there are three crisis leads to a continuing identity crisis-an adolescents who develop a stable sense of dimensions of socialization required for uncertainty about your own goals, abilities self are less likely to engage in delinquent healthy child development. First is warmth and associations. Dealing with an identity behaviors or use drugs and alcohol. Their or sense of connection with significant crisis will also limit the ability to resolve research also found that identity confusion others. This relatedness is associated future ego crises. is related to increased substance abuse, with positive emotion, the development of participation in risky behaviors and a lower social skills and the feeling that the world is Expanding on the idea of Erikson’s self-concept. predictable and safe. This sense of security identity crisis, psychologist James Marcia is of utmost importance for exploration and went on to define four resolutions to teen Erikson stated that the outcome of a identity formation. The second element identity issues called Identity Statuses. successful navigation of the Identity versus of Barber’s model is Parental regulation These statuses are built on high and low Role Confusion stage is a sense of loyalty. or demandingness. This monitoring of dimensions of commitment and exploration. What factors contribute to success in adolescents behavior, makes way for the People low on commitment do not have a identity achievement and gaining a sense ability to self-regulate. Third is supporting firm sense of self, while people high on this of loyalty? Gender has been shown to the need for autonomy. In a healthy parent- factor have a solid sense of who they are play a role in reports of fidelity. Brittian & teen relationship, a parent should provide and feel strongly about the decisions they Lerner found that girls were more likely than structure but maintain enough flexibility to have made. If a person is high in exploration, boys to be in the highest classification of encourage identity exploration. In turn, a they actively question their sense of self fidelity. This may be a reflection of societal teen is able to assert their need for autonomy and seek to make decisions. In contrast, expectations for girls to be more nurturing and establish their own identity without a person low on exploration does not ask and show greater concern for others. No losing the sense of connection with their themselves such questions. significant gender difference has been parents as they grant that independence. found in identity achievement or other A person who is high on both exploration identity statuses. Sartor and Youniss developed a and commitment is the traditional “identity questionnaire using a 5 point Likert scale to achieved”. On the opposite end of the One study suggests that one contributing assess the success in negotiating identity spectrum, people low on exploration and factor to the development of a strong sense achievement among high school students. commitment fall into the category “identity of identity and fidelity is participation in youth They then assessed parental support, diffused”. They haven’t really thought much development programs outside of school. social monitoring and school monitoring. In about their identity and have no sense of Many programs provide opportunities both males and females, scores for identity commitment to their sense of self. People for youth to express loyalty to institutions development raised slightly between who are high in exploration but low on and individuals as well as to evaluate their grades ten and twelve. School and social commitment are in a category Marcia called own social and personal development. monitoring remained fairly stable through “moratorium”. These people are actively Participation on a sports team for example, this time though parental support declined thinking about their life but are holding encourages a teen to work for the good of slightly. The association between identity off on making any decisions. The final the team, to create relationships and to give achievement and parental support was category applies to those who are high on their best for their own achievement. One higher for boys than for girls while the associations between identity achievement were often unable to gather meaning from but did have successful friendships. and school and social monitoring were their low point life narratives. They also are characterized as the most higher among girls. Associations in all 3 sensitive and insightful of the identity categories weakened between grades Fidelity, being the product of successful statuses. Many also experienced guilt for 10th and 12th graders. This could be why identity achievement, is also directly not meeting parental expectations. People the slight decrease in parental support did impacted by parental warmth. Youth in the foreclosure status were generally not have an impact on the small growth of who reported low parental warmth, or in the stereotyped category of intimacy, identity achievement during this time. connectedness, were increasingly likely to that is their relationships lacked the depth be classified lowest on the fidelity scale. of those in the identity achieved status. Brittian and Lerner suggest that while a high Those who reported higher levels of parental They did however show the highest need level of involvement is important in identity involvement, and parental knowledge and for social approval. This was echoed in exploration in younger adolescents, it could warmth were more likely to be in the highest the findings by Read, Adams and Dobson actually hinder them as they get older. I classification. It has been suggested that that identity foreclosed individuals are think this is where the support of autonomy some American youth culture may not also most likely to be preoccupied with comes in. The parental warmth factor also acquire fidelity and may even detest it, in image control and practice manipulation of plays heavily in adolescents’ perceptions of favor of the fluid individualities associated others. They are also those most likely to their parent’s motives in the monitoring of with superficial displays of appearance. conform to the values of their parents and their activities. If it is perceived as controlling These individuals lack core character. tend to follow the path that their parents set or intrusive rather than out of concern and These youth would be considered in a out for them. While they may be successful, being available, it will not have a positive moratorium state, lacking in commitment perhaps going into the family business, the impact on identity development. Monitoring but high on experimentation. This failure problem lies in that without going through of behavior encourages reasoning and for to develop a sense of identity may have a time of self-exploration, they are likely teens to be aware of the consequences negative implications on involvement within to have regrets in mid-life because they of their actions and encourages self- the community as youth and into the future, didn’t follow their own path. Finally, those regulation. Psychological control on the though no longitudinal study has been done who ranked as identity diffused were the other hand is negate of parental warmth to confirm this. least intimate and most isolated. Read also in its control attempts and discourages found that diffused status women tend to individual development. What does identity achievement mean for be disconnected not only from others but the future? Erikson’s theory indicated that from their past and future as well. They Adolescence is typically seen as a shift in order for one to move on to the next level are also most likely to practice deception away from parents and toward more peer of development, the previous issue should in their encounters with others. There was influence. While teens do begin to focus be successfully resolved. Data shows that no mention as to whether this is also true on spending more time with their friends, youth who are in the diffusion or foreclosure of men. parental availability remains crucial as teens identity statuses often move into the are forming their identities. Adolescents moratorium or identity achieved statuses Based on the studies referenced, it seems reported that they tend to share life- over time so there is still the potential for that it is safe to say that parenting style is defining moments with their family for resolution past the teen years. This means key in the development of ones’ identity and the sake of emotional regulation while that there is hope for successful navigation that it is in fact, as Erikson suggested, a vital they share the same stories with peers to of the next phase in Erikson’s model, stage in our lives. Authoritative parenting, promote intimacy and self-communication. Intimacy versus Isolation. During this stage, marked by emotional support, involvement, They also found that on average, these life- young adults are beginning to let others in structure and the encouragement of defining memories are shared with family and develop intimacy, sharing with others autonomy, promotes healthy development. within a week whereas the time to share with their new found sense of self. A sense of safety and security developed peers or romantic partners was generally by this method of parenting, provides over a month. The sharing of different ideas Orlorfsky, Marcia and Lesser suggested teens with the foundation that enables or viewpoints in a respectful and supportive four different levels of intimacy. First and them to be able to explore different ideas environment is positively associated with a most desirable, “intimate” refers to those without fear. They are then better equipped teen’s willingness to explore their identity. who have several close friends and typically to resolve conflicts that come up in their a love relationship with a partner. They can lives and extract meaning from these low When individuals were delivering a discuss both their own and their friend’s/ points. While practicing behavioral control narrative about a low point in their life, partner’s personal matters. Pre-intimate is beneficial as long as it is conveyed as those with supportive, authoritative parents refers to those who have friends and out of concern and affection, psychological were able to reflect with more clarity, most have had some dating experience but no control is hazardous and restricts the often came to positive solutions and felt intimate love relationship with a significant ability of the adolescent to gain autonomy. that they learned from their experience. In other. Stereotyped relationships are those For teens who do not have the support contrast, those without parental support that are superficial and immature. Even they need from their parents in order to often had issues that were unresolved and friendships lack significant depth. Lastly, explore new ideas, the result may be a were unable to communicate their story isolate subjects lack any enduring personal failure to explore their beliefs and come to clearly. Advocates of the narrative life story relationships. Those in an identity achieved a sense of self. They may also be less able measure of identity development believe status were found to have mature and to cope with low points and be unable to that a person with a developed identity successful intimate relationships as well as learn from these potentially rich sources of should be able to communicate their story being more involved and successful in their life lessons. The promotion of community clearly and find meaning in it. Parental relationships with their peers. They are also involvement is also beneficial in attaining warmth leads to the feeling of security and seen as more flexible and independent and identity achievement, which is the highest safety that give the coping skills needed to are able to better tolerate frustration than of the identity statuses having both gone approach difficult situations in their lives those in other identity statuses. through self-exploration and committed and also enable youth to explore their to a sense of self. This is especially true in low point life events in an open, proactive Moratorium subjects were predominantly cases where there is the presence of adult way with clarity. Those in diffusion and found in the pre-intimate status. They had role models. n foreclosure identity statuses, in particular, yet to form lasting intimate relationships 19 SUMMER 2014 unaVoce park. Wondering why they were so unresponsive, the of end lower, the in shaded congregated people mostly ignored us, those especially People’s Park, our perceptions changed. The of assisting someone. However, once we entered chances our about good pretty feeling We were safety’s sake. for open the in out stay to preferring field, the via park the tointo dive decided team My sunshine. the up soaking and laughing, talking, blankets, on about lounged dreadlocks and tattoos with open toadorned field, of thepeople sun. Clusters green a squishy was park of the center the In possessions. of pile own their to next asleep sound person each branches, the beneath dirt the in sprawled midday, people after was it though Even roots. their between rubbish and bedding, clothing, of bundles corralled which trees by tall shaded were park the of ends Both block. city entire one occupied park The People’s confidently Park. bordered that sidewalk the down off struck we so reservations, such to have no seemed my of group rest the Luckily, help. to we wanted stranger random every with to start forced be we would that conversations awkward inevitable the Idreaded introversion, my chronic of Yet, exciting. was because need in someone to help able being of prospect The them. for things those obtain reserve, cash allotted our some find using then, and simple: something needed who people was task Our Berkeley. UC away from afewblocks located homeless the for haven a Park, People’s infiltrate to was afternoon the for team’s assignment trip mission My People’s Park. in arrived we had knew I and grass yellow brittle, with edged and designs chalk with scribbled concrete, uneven cracked, the at look one Itook sidewalk. the onto out us of T my stomach into a nervous flurry. The The eight all flurry. spilling open, scraped door van nervous a into stomach my in butterflies the knocked that jolt a with stopped and curb to the up pulled van he Park People’s People’s BY MACKENZIE ADIX BY MACKENZIE choice. by homeless were people me: these shocked realization the sentence, single a in findings So, our firsthand. it up summed members my of team one when witnessed less much before, never considered this side of homelessness Ihad were. they as just lives their with content were They them. to change us want didn’t They them. to help us want didn’t They complacency. and self-reliance of air overall an exuded had park-dwellers the Instead, anything. wanted had just one woman who water, had needed nobody But from aside or supplies. snacks, some first-aid of astash lunch, afree for glad be would park the in people homeless the thought We had elusive. so been had to success why as theories our around to toss beginning before a moment for other each at glumly stared and circle little a into we clustered Then spot. acalm found we until sidewalk busy the down us carried feet shuffling Our dejected. park, the exited team My had gone wrong. what wondering me left and helpfulness of high my from crashing me brought People’sPark in way. day the asmall But such in even them, help to thrilled so felt Ihad smiles. by their rewarded been had and homeless to the sandwiches jelly and butter peanut of abagful distributed we had Oakland, downtown of part abusy In before. day the experienced we had success the the day’s with comparing help disappointment Icouldn’t discouraged. more and more grew team my someone, to engage attempt failed each With harder. alot become just had task Our business. their into poking anyone want don’t usually they drugs, on are people When dropped. heart My available. were drugs where aplace indicated lines power the on shoes that us told had guide city Our agallows. on up strung if as laces, by their lines power the from dangled of sneakers pairs three trees, to the Next shoes. the Inoticed when was that And area. shadowy the on myattention I focused n SUMMER 2014 unaVoce 20 BY ABIGAEL KIARE ABIGAEL BY I completed high my school and wow! Morgan decided so well so done had I applyto for TCC to me as well. I was imagining planet, the in happiest girl the how life would be on that other side of the Sahara, so I began see to prospects. I used check to emails my frequently waiting for admission,my but never got a response.call Morgan I’d and ask him couldn’t he but delay, the with what’s figure it out I decidedeither. wait.to made and guy outgoing an Morgan was friends easily, so mid last year he and a bunch of friends decided go to on a road trip Oregon to beach and have some good times. The weather was just perfect. It was supposed his and Morgan tragic. turned affair it but to be a fun filled friends decided go to for anafternoon swim not knowing the peril that waited. Things were okay until the tides came up and swashed the people at the beach. people ugly trying screaming; Things got getto hold of the people they cherished most, and do nothing else but run as far as their legs could take them. Morgan, I suppose, must been have swimming quite deep because when it all happened he was not in sight any more. My sweet brother was carried miles away from the beach and after the lifeguards trying fighting all they could his and chances of survival got bleak; he finally, reached us news the When passed away. in I couldn’t Kenya believe, I tried waking never but nightmare damn that from up did. It was a fact he was gone. I was so heart broken. I felt it like a big blow right on face. my I even got irrational to could How Gosh! me. peoplearound this happen favorite my to of them all? I relentlessly. questions God asked Months later I decided chase to after what brother my wanted for me and surprisingly I got admitted Here TCC. to I am now always visualizing how it could be crying me gets That Morgan around. with back. way no happened has there’s it but hadI have terrible times but am getting hurts When it much. though as it through am walking round the college I always on walking imagine remember I Morgan. a path he had once walked on and that diversity The here overwhelmed. me gets is just as he used describe to it. It also reminds me country of my Kenya. I love the stuff her and the students are just amazing. What sworn I’ve myself to is to do level my best, make family my proud and most important Morgan because he initiated coming my here. n

legs. They are usually made of colorful of made usually are legs. They blend which patterns beautiful in beads the colors of our national green, red and white. By just looking flag; at black, done. skillfully work is it note you’ll them theyMoreover, perform a certain dance thing fascinating most the and unison in rhythmical that sounds the is it about a always It’s ornaments produce. their colorful event. Our president then gives a speech honor to our heroes in one of stadiums. the Morgan and I always tried keep to in touch, talk on the phone for laughing and hours, cracking jokes uncontrollably. He used tell to me about the sophisticated technology in the US and I couldn’t help but die be to here with him. He could joke that once I was here he could laugh at naivety my because things were pretty different, but I just laughed it off. For example I remember one conversation had. we I was about to complete high my school so he wanted buy to me a special present. He told me think to about it then let him know. I called him. up. picking upon said Morgan “Hello,” “Hun you are not asleep? How are you?” He always called me fancy names. “Buddy good I’m I said not I’ll go to sleep until I said. I talk you.” to “Well tell me what’s up dear?” “The promise, remember? I made up my mind on what present I want.” “Cool spit it out hun.” you sure buy “Are you’ll it for me?” I “Definitely, promisedyou soyou must get it.” “Great!Please buy mea fancy cell phone” guessed “I’d laughed He “Honestly,” that already. one I have in mind”. “Which I asked one?” excitedly. “Samsung galaxy S1.” “Oh God!” my I screamt. that’s what getting “Yeah I’m you sweety.” “I you so love much Thank buddy. you.” welcome now go sleep “You’re to it’s getting late.” “Alright a good have day and take care.”

’ll admit’ll that life is amazing in many absolutely some and sad some ways, great. Mine is at thispoint awesome been the hasn’t past my though

I best. I am froma family of four children: two girls and two boys and another set of two step brothers, all in Kenya. My dad is here in the states with biological my me; mum died when I was seven and my step mum lives in My too. family Kenya is from a tribe called the Kikuyus, which is actually the biggest tribe in Kenya. Our mother land has forty two tribes. I that a big numberfor a single find country; but, I like it because I get interact to with different people different from cultural tribe every However, daily. backgrounds we but, language; different a speaks language, national our by united all are Swahili. Our national anthem is written both in Swahili and English.It strongly reveals a true Kenyanspirit of patriotism, unity. and work hard My life has changed through elder my brother Morgan. Hegot golden a opportunity come to study at three TCC years ago and became the light our to Hefamily. had a pretty tough time catching up with things here but, he was a smart He loved and TCC guy. used to perform well especially in chemistry. of In feel him diversity made here the addition, 19th interaction. his enjoy and comfortable on He was doing so well here in the US. was Back were in we Kenya just celebrating that dreamboat. He was favorite my that good-looking so was and sibling birthday heads their turning help couldn’t girls passed. he whenever Morgan’s December. Day a Hero’s In there’s Kenya just before his birthday. celebrate We freedom our for fought heroes who our long ago. This day people also celebrate always personaltheir we heroes, so celebrated Morgan as We a family. usually get all dressed up for the day. Specifically I admire a tribeMaasai. I am not one of them I like how called the they dress up for occasions. They wear and hands neck, the ornaments on of lots

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As you can see, Wikipedia all-encompassing the is database where folks can search the topic of golden retrievers with complete obtaining while confidence and thorough data. By deviating from searching for golden retrievers elsewhere, one can ultimately give up interest and should expect much less credibility or content. human error or self-serving Fortunately, tendencies . misrepresentations these can readily be disproven and promptly diffused. millions are there Since of articles, some of it is by managed robotically keyword and phrases in order to sufficiently cut-out common words known as It is these“noise”. words that tend prompt to opinions or prejudices. If you take a look into the “history” tab found on Wikipedia’s Golden Retriever page, related opinion several contributions are shown to be omitted. Likewise, the individuals that do a have direct hand into what the page on golden retrievers themselves publishes have earned credibility through the many dynamics of the community one where online has show to answerability thoughts own their to and processes. After the mechanics of Wikipedia is disclosed, it is rather easy to see how anyone searching for a golden retriever can gain the wisdom for picking the perfect dog. The website can be deemed since especially trustworthy accountability. is there This understanding is by reinforced continuously continuitythe content. the of has Wikipedia Up-To-Date Information concerns and health From temperament history to and different fur coats, golden retrievers on Wikipedia has much detail. These elements users manipulating pagesusers manipulating on a whim. The levels range from being fully-protected to having only portions of the security under such page (Wikipedia Protection Policy, 2013). They are theby color of the padlock identified prevents ultimately that users from making any This deletions. or additions means that content that is contributed goes through a advocating process critical neutrality and is verifiable. Golden Retrievers on Wikipedia is semi-protected with a silver lock in which edits are restricted to registered users that have a history and been have established over time. These edits are merely a request for the page be to updated content the with provided. Registered users their have computers IP Address identified and are ableto be platform the banned should be abused. It is with these forms of prevention tactics that help make Wikipedia a individuals for source reliable looking to find the Besides retriever! golden perfect the reasons above, there are other reasons why Wikipedia is the trustedsource to golden on information gain retrievers. It is a site which accountability is for there what is being posted on the pages. is Wikipedia Proactively Managed Others suggest that Wikipedia is managed individuals by which can leave room for is from those that truly want share to information motives alternative without and biases? With Wikipedia, the it way ismaintained and monitored leaves no doubt golden on publications that retrievers is reliable and credible. Wikipedia has Limits There has been an ugly the regarding misconception worthiness of Wikipedia’s articles. Some people have gone far suggest to that the articles can be manipulated easily with just a few keystrokes. Political satirist, Steven Colbert, had a short segment on his television show where he made up a statement that has “Africa more elephants today than yearsit did 10 ago” and insinuated an attempt post to the statement as a fact on Wikipedia. By editing a page like so, it can be deemed as literary vandalism.However, it is simply not that easy for anyone just to add thoughts, random insight, or comments. In fact, the article Golden Retriever on Wikipedia has tools in place that deters people from harm. literary causing isWikipedia Protected placed are icons “Padlock” on many of the pages found in the upper right-hand corner on Wikipedia pages. These locks provide various levels of protection from

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Forward She was like an odd odd an like was She diss.” considered to be a “personal she which class, her missing by her “tried” dared they if threaten to students “blast” words, own her in then, and Shakespeare in one moment, television remote—quoting a like discourses shift would She eyes. blue hair, and blond size, petite height, short her by mistaken to be not quickly Now, learned you college. community alocal of campus ground—the saving I call what at her met Ihad Zarelli. Julie was name Her speaking. the behind—metaphorically and occasionally kicked in dragged; carried; partially been Ihad it, from Far own. my on there arrived not However, there. Ihad to be destined Iwas like belonged, Iwas…like I there yet, And mother, and homeless. a single old, was years eighteen I 1995, in Washington of University the of campus the upon foot Iset When world. the in herself see way one but evencircumstances, the one’s material only not of transformation the in play can education role powerful the of my understanding for thebecame greatest source who person the I remember day that it changed. Indeed, very the I remember changed. forever was my life forward, to moving pathway the be thatunderstood it could immediately, but once I to me Now, come didn’t it violence. and poverty of intersectionality the of axis the on born was education Move E

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of rotating between the phone phone the between rotating of half-heartedly, at our routine only but laugh, would with school Iattended mothers single poor other of dozens Occasionally, me and the until done. night studies, working through the to my tend Icould midnight, by night, agood tired.” On “Mommy’s for the sentiment who had no understanding atoddler of needs insatiable and energetic to the tend to home then and again, work classes, afternoon morning, early the in work emotionally draining, with and hectic was schedule My hard. was It classes. time full in be Iwould that expectation every with and born was baby after month one just campus, UW the on me had she word, to her true but my arms, in baby unexpected the road, like that little We had some bumps along look back.”occasionally you that is Iask that thing only the and forward you to move going are “We me, tell understand, to yet have I that reasons for would who lady same this was It her school. missed who students mission—finding Her was her. we called as Zee, Ms. That 1990’s? late the in Seattle of end south the in neighborhood Park Holy infamous the of driveway dark the entering White Betty image you Can boggling. mind and extraordinary was than Winnie-the-Pooh! She ofgentleness none other Jackson character, and the L. Samuel any by almost factor immediately invoked mouth), thatintimidation White (without the potty combination of Betty But My Path to Tacoma Path College My Community union our between humanity. been our commonality—a had different—she very so all we were while and lives our had touched and perfected homes and violence—she who had come from broken tobandanas, those like me, and jeans baggy in dressed youth to the tie, and officials suit in leadership school lives she had touched—from many how was, woman this you immediately knew who and church the across looked You my life. in seen ever Ihave things beautiful most the of one was service Her away. passed later, Zee Ms. prosecutor. A few months acity as working career, my legal started immediately I school, law After school. Ms. to law on continued Zee, from push firm gentle alittle with again and studies completed by undergraduate I move forward. Idid lookthen back.” occasionally I said…move forward and and forward I said…move saying, what “But remember by end always would she could herself, future the into see she if As flourish. to us allow and us save would It stereotypes. those survive and to defy us allow only not our that would education an of pursuit belief the to firm hold us making cause, our voice—forever championing overpowered by Ms. Zee’s and overshadowed far was trope. Yet,that imagine welfare the of imagery prolific the was everywhere and reform welfare of era the was It society. of rest by the marked were bodies our which ways in the and women poor as status our upon reflect didn’t we that by went that aday not was There budgets to make ends meet. our to stretch trying heat, and bring someone with you. you. with someone bring move you forward, when and us—look of back all within to imbue sought Zee Ms. that lesson important to the understand most Ihave come that here is It setting. college community the of greatness and beauty, power, the at again over all inspired Iam Zee’s service. Ms. at Isaw that community of rainbow the Isee campus, through Iwalk that day Every teaching. and law the for my passion bridging instruction, time full of year beginning of my second 2013 the was Quarter Fall begun. only has It teaching. Community College and to is my journey to Tacoma This my story. is This life. a honoring of a means become now has but my life, saved only not Education do. to supposed Iwas what knew but look back.” I immediately forward, “Move voice, her Iheard as soared literally my heart Ithink Program. Paralegal the in instructor track tenure time afull as Tacoma College Community posting for a position with the across Icame then And something that I was missing. was There bothered. was law, of I practice the loved much very and my life loved Yet, I as even forward. moving Iwas General. Attorney Assistant an as to practice on I went a home. had children, and purchased married, Ihad strides. great she I passed. had made after same the never Iwas BY ANDREA BY JARMON n SUMMER 2014 unaVoce 24 and

n responsible for the first death, ending afeud and evening the score. become have Tactics less gory in recent years; however, as outside influence of and Hererothe Tswana people established have a sort of unofficial court to settle disputes without bloodshed. Preventing conflict,maintaining social relations, and continued giving are also achieved through the Ju/‘hoansi’s hxaro exchange. In this practice, one individual will give another, to and receive the reciprocal gift This later. could happen the next day or months but after, generally a longer wait portrays a closer relationship (or further don’t traded goods The location). geographic need be to of equal value each to though other, they usually balance out in the long run, because the trade isn’t focused on the goods but rather the social relationship between the people giving them. As a Ju/‘hoansi man !Xoma puts it, “You see, don’t we trade with things, trade we with people!”. Another important function of hxaro is the allowance of a “cool off” period, where hxaro serves as a viable excuse remove to oneself from a conflictto ease emotions andto maintain social ties at another camp. Despite these efforts, there been have some accounts in which violence has occurred. In one occurrence, a young beautiful wife accused other young women in the camp of sleeping with her even and insults sexual verbal made She husband. attacked some of the women. The dispute was defused her by husband taking his wife another to camp for a few weeks settle, to later come to back and obtain immediate forgiveness. This was not an unusual occurrence, and though they are rare, unspoken outbreaks of violence has occurred in 1920- between reports Lee that Richard past. the 1955, 22 cases of homicide and turned 15 woundings up, with poison once every two years. This leads readers arrow Lee’s to Ju/‘hoansi fightsthe averaging believe that, though occurring less often than in disputes Ju/‘hoansi communities, Western some conflict, of standards. Western beyond escalated are bouts these Despite are a relatively peaceful people. Through tactics of fission, laughter,social and hxaro, control they live completely don’t they Perhaps government. and maintain order up the to reputation without of “the Harmless as People,” an their Still, way. the in gets inevitably nature human official relatively harmonious society is one be to studied understood. and BY DANIELLE BOURN DANIELLE BY Leadership,

Conflict in the Dobe the in Conflict nce called the “harmless people,” “harmless people,” the called nce the Ju/‘hoansi serve as an excellent misconception common the rebuttal to that hunter/gatherer lives are “nasty, Politics, brutish,and short.”They are alsoa perfect example of how a community can live relatively harmoniously without Lee Richard anthropologist an Canadian state. or official peacefully, so government Ju/‘hoansi live the how examines leadership social the and at closely looking control tactics they use, the role of hxaro, and the rare cases that violent spats did arise. The Ju/‘hoansi have police officers, no judges, kings, official or queens. When government, asked if headmen exist, as previous writings might suggest, a Ju/‘hoansi man jokingly replied, “Of course headmen! have we In fact, are we over headman is us of one headmen...Each all himself!” (Lee 124). Without headmen, chiefs, or a state, relative peacefulness is achieved through defusing conflict before it escalates. How this is accomplishedvaries based on the level of conflictthat arises: talking, fighting, and deadly fighting. beginsTalk with horehore or obaoba (“talk” or “yikity yak”) often resulting from disputesover laziness, stinginess, improper or distribution. meat Other times, the argument takes place just for the sake of having an argument. These are strewn with laughter try to lighten to the subject and cool off its partakers. laughter However, may not always work, if anger replaces and humor, the argument can spiral more (a serious n.wa to “talk”) and further za to (verbal sexual abuse). Physical fighting is the next stage, and can happen manto man, woman woman, to or man woman. to Third parties get involved to break the fighters apart(or egg them The on). violence is then suppressed further by use of fission, or leaving the situation. The person who fission, started will the leave the fight, areaand may to be gone by a week or months. This gives visit use other camps of allinvolved parties time cool to off, allowing for a quick forgiveness upon the departeds return. The man, to man usually fighting, deadly is stage next mostly weapons, deadly with combat involving used are arrows poisonous Poisonous arrows. so often as they are available and potent.Being hit withone has an unlucky50/50 chance survival rate. When a member in this killed, a feud can ensue; kind though there is little do to of conflict is in persuading the angry parties from fighting, but there end is to a way feuds, preventing violence from ensuing in the long run. This method is called a “trump meaning card,” an execution. The tribe may collectively execute the person O My Path to Tacoma CommunityMy College Path Tacoma to 25 SUMMER 2014 unaVoce

Few men as influential to the young men of 1920s Japan then Ikki Ikki then Japan 1920s of men young the to influential as men Few against going nation. the for officers best the to be believed they what to do orders military young by out carried part most the for and organized were events Both 15th May the Massacre. and Incident Manchurian the were Gekokujo of events influential Two most the of effect. of levels varying of occurrences multiple Gekokujo inWhen the did 1920s reemerge Japanthere were era era. Showa the in it’s reemergence until 15th the century after Japan of course the on influence major a have it did nor upon acted widely not was over many years. While Gekokujo was accepted traditionally it tradition Japanese of apart became eventually and accepted known, was Gekokujo of occurrence the Japan of era Showa to the 15th the century from centuries many the Over Emperor. by the given orders ignoring Shogun the of and Shogun the from of andDaimyoinsubordination Samurai orders in disregarding to the refers and Japan to 15th back century originates actually Gekokujo term The forces. Naval and Army Japanese the within to insubordination to refer used generally is it Japan Modern of periods Showa However, Taisho early late into of society. the in classes all and level any from originate could insubordination This (5). assassination” and force through Japan in injustices social the to “redress attempt an in made insubordination of act criminal the as Gekokujo of description accurate more and alengthier provided Toland John historian and author American Sun, Rising The book his In insubordination. means English into translated Gekokujo major a was and nation WWII. to prior Japan in the Militarism of rise the on influence of officers military young the on influence major a became Japan Showa early into Taisho late in name of the Emperor and the nation. of The emergence Gekokujo the in murder even and kidnappings rebellions, into rose Japan of control in parties corrupt the against Unrest Japan. Showa early into Taisho late era in Gekokujo of setting the is This nation. the hurt and corrupt who power in those to overthrow plan and societies secret create ideals, like of men young other with Join course! of Emperor the of name the in rebel and orders disobey Why people? his and nation Emperor, the for support his to show their What decisions. could a young, loyal soldier do Japanese he by is surrounded that are making through the suffer people happy, it is the and bureaucrats powerfulfamilies or merchants and successful to be people his wish not does Emperor the that not is It people? the to help government by the then done be can power. of What aposition into nation the propelled that ideals western same by the corrupted or jaded have become leaders nation’s the of many forthcoming; not is However, help them. the and its look people has to suffered The country to its leaders help America. and Europe of powers Western by the treatment equal near worth anation it made has that power and technology the T Militarism in Japan prior to WWII

Western powers. The nation has sacrificed much to gain gain to much sacrificed has nation The true powers. first Western the to the of respect the self-isolated to earn started has that nation Asian risen nation has a country from The Japan. quickly 1920s late is time he The Influence of Gekokujo on the Rise of BY TIMOTHY DUEFRANE BY TIMOTHY

believing that their idea was right and good for the nation Ishihara, Ishihara, nation the for good and right was idea their that believing strongly Still Powers. Western the angering risk and action this to blessing their to give willing was Emperor the nor War Minister current the However, War Minister. the and neither Emperor the of blessing the with happen this make could Army Kwantung the that believed They welcome. be would ethicizes all where state a free be could it where rule Chinese of free Manchuria naturalthe resources there. This led Ishihara and Itagakiof to envision advantage take to region the to flooded that settlers and traders other and Korean Chinese, Japanese, of numbers the increased had railroads the of growth the How Manchuria. into They had of the seen effects the money that Japan had poured Japan. in issue poverty the to relieve ameans as Manchuria see to came men both Manchuria in While Manchuria. in interests Japanese guarding was which Army Kwantung to the assigned were men both 1920’s late the In people. common the of place the to better much done not had but Depression Great the after zaibatsu big the of care to take steps taken had government the how with upset were They them. under men the from stories from and lives own their from suffered they troubles the and people the of struggles the of knew men these of Both 7). (Toland, organizer” amaster thoughtful, cool, “was hand other the on (Toland,7). ideas” of Itagaki a fountain [and] inspired,flamboyant, a“brilliant, was Ishihara Restoration. Meiji the of edicts to the prior Samurai been had who families from were men these of Both Itagaki. Seishiro Colonel and Ishiwara) (or Ishihara Kanji Colonel who Army cameofficers tofollow Ikki’s were teachings Lieutenant young Two specific better. and stronger nation their make help to wished too they that strongly felt and work his read who officers military young the on to be was them of effect real the to others athreat and to some radical as seen were Ikki’s proposals While people. the and Emperor the failing was state the felt Ikki that areas all covered and extensive 411).(Ikki. reconstruction” were proposals reform His government national the for base firm a establish “to wish his and people the and Emperor the between barriers no be should there that belief his with began proposal His State. of the Rights the discussed eight lastly and Possessions, Future and Present Other and Korea for Plan Reorganization the explains seven to Live, Right People’s the discusses six Workers, of Rights to the relates five Capitol, Large of Control the is four Land, of Disposition for Principles Three the sections: is three Property, Private on Limitation the is eight into down two section People, the of Emperor the broken discusses one section was document This 492). nation and an around the awakened military (Yanaga, citizenry” the of “reconstruction the and Japan of people the and Emperor the between existed believed he barriers the of all to remove plan his explained Ikki document this 6). In (Toland, alike” Emperor the of worshipers and by radicals devoured “was way to and its found Japan.” While this document was initially in banned Japan it still of Reconstruction the for Measures of Outline “General the called document a wrote he 1923 In socialism. and imperialism of styles government the combined that aprogram implementing of talked who revolutionary and nationalist fierce a was Ikki Kita.

SUMMER 2014 unaVoce 26 n 502). This502). plan had multiple parts that were be to carried out over multiple dates. Oneassignment of the plan that was carriedout successfully was the assassination of Baron of the Dan Takuma assassination This come had 5th. March on family zaibatsu Mitsui right on the tail end of the earlier assassination of the Ex-Finance Minister (andformer Governor ofthe Bank ofJapan) and Chairman of the Election Committee of the Minseito political (a party in the 15th May for plan the When 501). (Yanaga, Junnosuke Inoue Diet), was put into effect, nine Naval and Army officers(some reports also state they were accompanied civilian by supporters) went theto Shrine Yasukuni There in Tokyo. they prayed and received charms from the attending priest of the shrine. The officers next went the to residence of the Prime Inukai, Minister, Tsuyoshi and forced their in. way The Prime Minister led his assailants into a traditional Japaneseroom andis believed tried have to to reason with them before they started yelling and opened fire Primeon him Minister (Toland 12). Inukai had been targeted for his steadfast refusal support to the Kwantung Army’s actions in Manchuria and the Manchukuo government it created. In the case Incident of the May 15th the trials afterwards caused more stir than the actual incident. After leaving the residence of the Prime Minister theassassins went theto local police and Bank of Japan. Here they threw a couple bombs and scattered ensuing The police. to in themselves turning before propaganda trial of the assassins is where popular support of the radical actions of these young military officers. During the trials the defendants were allowed use to the stand declare to their loyalty the to nation and the Emperor. They were able declare to their regret that Inukai was “sacrificed on the altar of national reformation” 13). (Toland, Support for clemency of the defendant ran so strongly that over 100,000 petitions were received that were signed or written in blood. “Nine young men from Niigata asked take to the place of those on trial, and show to their good faith enclosed their own nine of people The 13). (Toland, alcohol” of jar a in picked fingers little Japan were impressed with the lengths these young military men would go in efforts for the people and the nation. They became martyrs, figures the of on strength in a timeGekokujo whereof and the few at thethe top of society prospered. many suffered influence the highlight incidents two These rise of militarism in late 1920 to early 1930s Japan. There many other wereincidents that were also Gekokujo and influences on the rise of militarism, the two discussed however, here were what I believe be to the most prominent of the era. These examples showed how the act of Gekokujo was seen popular by culture in Japan and how it was used those by involved address to the social and political problems of the nationat the time. The Manchurian Incident was an attempta few within by the Kwantung Army to provide a means of economic support for those in Japan who were suffering. Incident The May 15th was the actions of a few who believed that the answer what to they believed was political corruption was remove to those who were corrupt and preventing the Emperor from working with the people assassination by and force. Both groups willingly went against orders believing they wereacting inthe best interests of the nation. Popular support of both actions showed how the people of Japan believed that the instigators were truly acting within the national spirit and in a few cases were seen as martyrs of the people. Continued popular support the by people of these and other acts of Gekokujo is was I believe was a strong factor in the rise of militarism in Japan prior WWII.to Itagaki and their followers decided go to against their orders and move on with their plan. Up to this point in the beenmultiple 1920 examplesthere of Gekokujo inJapan, both militaryhad and civilian uprisings that had met with very limited success and while they play their part in the rise ofmilitarism none of them had the influence of what Ishihara and Itagakiwere aboutto do. Star ting in JuneArmy staged of a sabotage of a train transporting 1928 the ruling Chinese men underWarlord Marshal the Chang. The attack was successful command and the of theWarlord was fatally Kwantung wounded. Following the success of this first action and in disregard of warnings and orders from the Tokyo Kwantung Army continued act to as the personal Army of Ishiharawas Army Kwantung the 1931, of summer the in Finally, Itagaki. and ready to make their final moveto securing Manchuria for Japan. The bureaucrats were in not Tokyo happy with the actions of the Kwantung Army and were putting pressure on the Minister War controlto the This Army. was all the bureaucrats could do the to army; they had no direct control over them! This lack of control over the Japanese military goes back the to MeijiConstitution. In Articles expressly and 12 grant 11 control over the Army and Navy theto Emperor The only. Bureaucracy cannot issue orders the to military, they must appeal either to the Minister War (usually an Army General or Navy Admiral) or the to Emperor himself. The War Minister finally sent a Maj. Generalto Manchuriato attempt reignto in the rampaging the leaders However, Kwantung Army. of the Kwantung Army were prepared and were able distract to the general with drinking and geisha. The finalKwantung wasa attackrepeat Army the of first, the of a railroad bombing that would be blamed upon the local Chinese garrison and give the Japanese Army the right in move to to protect its interests. The action was a success and the Kwantung Army had completed their goal of establishing the Japanese Bureaucracy the authority of the Manchuria without of control The Gekokujoin Tokyo. of the Kwantung Army was received with great support from some political parties such in Tokyo as the Social Democratic and the Japan Nation Socialist Parties (Yanaga, 481). In the end the bureaucrats were forced to find rationalize to a way the actions of the Kwantung Army the to world and put it in the best light for the nation. The other major incident during this era was the May 15th Incident. This incident was a result of unrest after the ratification of the London Naval Treaty of 1930 whichrestrictions on the military and implemented would give the Bureaucracy power additionalover the Military. This impingement on the autonomy of the military angered a lot of military officers, some of whom formed groups or societies of liked minded officers. These groupsvaried greatly in their ideals and methods. One such group is the Sakurakai expansion territory in believed which (Cherry Society) Blossom the of and internal reforms relieve to problems. Japan’s Others such members andas the the Tenkento Blood Brotherhood League 1932 believed 15th in more direct action and even assassination May as the solutions to to up political issues. leading months the In Blood Brotherhood League designed a plan members where “influential of political parties, privileged class” were singled out for assassination the for being financialclique, thought be to responsible for corruption in the and government and the (Yanaga, Japan of people common the of conditions poor the GRAMMAR: What’s the Fuss?

BY WILLIAM SCHWAB

he appropriate use pre-human primates 4 million book Origins of Grammar: An In this chapter Martin of grammar helps years ago and has increased Anthropological Perspective, speculates that as humans individuals properly in complexity ever since. the author Martin Edwardes evolved from primates, Tconvey information With the history of grammar states that the genesis of language evolved and as the that they are trying to pass not being fully understood grammar, in theory, could complexity of the individual along with intent to convince and people either adamantly be dated back 4 million increased, the necessity or to simply inform. Some supporting proper grammar years when primates of communicating clearly individuals feel that using usage or taking a more communicated via signals became more important. grammar properly is of the casual understanding, what such as making sounds to As communicating became utmost importance while then is causing the fuss about inform another member of more complex, such as when others do not share that grammar? the species about a potential humans traded goods for same level of concern. Even threat or raising their voices services and had to convince though grammar has gained The history of grammar to stress the importance the other of the value of his importance dating back to the does not provide a clear of reacting quickly. Both or her good or service, a beginning of the 18th century path to what exactly led scenarios require a message structured form of language, in the United States, the exact to its importance. Several sender and a message involving grammar, became origin of grammar is difficult authors have different points receiver both of whom need to increasingly important (136). to discern. One author claims of view as to the beginning of have a general understanding that grammar originated with grammar. For instance, in his of their common language. Although the exact origins SUMMER 2014 unaVoce 28 n dangerousthing” (xx). dangerousthing” On a similar occasion where person reporting the the error actual an error made Casagrandethemselves, recalls that while sheand a colleague were working at colleague her newspaper, a received a letter from a reader. The letter contained an article written had colleague her that newspaper error an the with editors overlooked. The error was it to next and circled was a hand written word “Idiot!”. reader located the Although an actual error, the author well as humorous it found quickly she when ironic as noticed an obvious mistake her to letter reader’s the in reader typed The colleague. “This is now a real journalist deals with ‘scary’ letters.” (xx) reader typedThe word the The “how”. of instead “now” grammar the reveals author mistakesnob’s not only as a form of satirical retaliation, heed reader to the for but her warning when attempting correct to another person’s reader the because, writing be inadvertently then may the of role assuming the grammar snob. history of the Although certain,grammar not is what is a clear result of possibly 4 million years of evolution isthat continue we grammar useto grammar in order to provide a more accurate message in what are we The communicate. trying to grammar of development and the benefits of being able knowledge one’s apply to grammar properly has of gained significant attention. Whether or nota person is fussing- the of side one on about-grammar spectrum or one the other, simple truth remains: all we make fuss the Therefore, mistakes. not grammarabout cannot an merely considered be participates one activity that in in order display to his or but grammarher knowledge, practice ongoing an rather helpto us learn from and mistake. our correct to enter establishment the to and bring this mistake the to but attention, keeper’s shop expected she refrained as her tell clerk would the that “buggerto off, get a life and mind your own business” (5). On the other end of the grammar “stickler” spectrum CasagrandeJune is the acknowledges who properly importance of does but grammar, using passionately as feel not grammar mistakes the about the is encounters. June she Grammar Snobs of author are Great BigMeanies: A Guide to Language for Fun & Casagrande begins her Spite. introduction with an example of a piece of her work that was called into question by a to belongs person who a Casagrande refers that group as to “Grammar Snobs”. theAt time of this reported grammar mistake, potential a writing Casagrande was grammar column weekly for the Los Angeles Times. the provides author The for explanation individual’s why he or she feels the author author The error. an made has then offers her rebuttal in her writes: and column Please Spgs: and Mario Dear to dictionaries your open Please ‘wrong.’ word the see that, following the cluster first of definitions comes the adjective, under ‘adj.,’ Adverb. abbreviation “adv,” ‘Wrong’ is an adverb. And you are both wrong. (xvi) Casagrande uses this example as satire aimed at make who individuals the an effort prove to that their understandinggrammar is of superior others. to She refers “bullies” as people these to lack often claims, she who, proper understandingthe of the errors that in others’ work. These they find errors reporting when made another person’s mistake is a the and occurrence common author states is due little “a to grammar knowledge of bit in the wrong hands is a is appalling ignorance.” not or whether debated Truss (4). presents series a of grammar related lectures and in the text preceding the lectures he notes the importance of of knowledge grammar: a grammar indispensably is requisite; for it opens the department every to door of learning. . . you may rest assured, that thisis a branch essentially education of useful all, to even those who pass through destined to are the most humblest walks of life (15) It is evident that during the century grammar, early 18th language, English the in This popularity. gained great popularity continues this to individuals some with day the in stance strong a taking support proper grammar of Lynne instance, For usage. a bestsellingTruss author in the United Kingdom and proclaims States United the that she is a “stickler” for grammar and in one of her and Shoots Eats, titled books Leaves provides a significant number of examples where expresses annoyance her she grammar related towards errors. On one occasion banner a noticed author the at a localgas station that CD’s, for inside “Come read: VIDEO’s, DVD’s, andBOOK’s” stress her To frustration(1). grammatical errors the with states Truss banner, the on theto reader that if he or some experience not did she form of adverse reaction after reading sentence the then the put probably reader “should down this book at (1). once.” This is not only an example of appreciation strong Truss’s also it but grammar, for readers the need that implies to understanding grammar in of possess book. her appreciate order to sufficient On a similar occasion where comes Truss across a upset grammatical error that she noticedher, a sign on a window of a charity shop that read “Can you spare any old records” (pg. continues and expresses 4). her Truss frustration with this sign as it did not contain the required question mark and states “It of grammar are speculative asstated Edwardes by “it is possiblethat will we never a satisfactoryhave answer theto question of where language grammar came from” (144) it isproperly grammar using has clear that as known become widely In instance, For necessary. The Rise and Fall of English: a as English Reconstructing RobertDiscipline, Scholes writes that in response to increasing the importance English, understanding of English grammar, in 1767 composition and language were first Scholesfurther University. offered at Yale states that other colleges Island Rhode including College (later be to renamed Brown University), was founded in 1764 and similar acknowledged Yale, to English importance of the into it including grammar by (3). curriculum its further the on expand To increasing importance language introducing of George Krapp grammar, writes that in September John Adamsof 1780 wrote a letter the to “President suggesting Congress” of institution public a that focus to established be on “fixing stating by and English American improving” “so that this to day there is grammar dictionary nor no extant of the English language which has the least public Krapp reports authority.” continues Adams John that stressto the importance of having a “public standard” in regard properly to using the English language in that the the become will “eloquence recommending for instrument fellow-citizens, their to men means of principle the and the through advancement various ranks and offices of (7).society.” In this passage that states Adams John knowing and being able to effectively English the utilize language can be prove to beneficial for the individual. years 50 although Similarly, the authorlater, ofEnglish Grammar in Familiar Lectures am a second-generation geek, growing up my cried, but there were a few among us geeks who mother and I watched Star Trek: Deep Space bore it stoically, and they were our heroes. Nine and Star Trek: Voyager together every Iweek, and my younger brother was, and still I was one of the lucky ones. Though many of my is, into card games like Magic: The Gathering. My friends were forced to undergo such horrible trials, I mother, brother, and I all play Rock Band together was one of the geeks that was chosen as a sometimes when I have dinner at their house, and we watch TV friend to the members of the torture squad when programs about cutting edge scientific discoveries their grades needed a boost. Consequently I was as we eat. As you can see, we’re deep in the red mostly spared- of the physical tribulations at least. zone of geekery, but my brother, who was four years Nothing could save me from the ridicule of liking behind me in school, had a significantly easier time Star Trek and Lord of the Rings. Terms like “geek”, of it than I did. Geeks and nerds have gone up in the “nerd”, “four eyes”, “book worm”, and “know it all” world, and if you need proof just look at the geek were also my constant companions. Needless to demi gods Steve Jobs or Bill Gates. I’d even venture say, while I was grateful for the small mercy that the to say that geeks and nerds have stormed the castle torture squad showed me for helping them in class, and hung our coat of arms from the battlements: we I was constantly in fear of being canned myself. are now the kings of cool. As a kid it’s sometimes hard to understand why Geeks and nerds have climbed the social ladder. someone is being unkind to you, but as you get older Instead of being shunned and looked down you realize that you were being bullied. Bullying is upon, we are now one of the most thriving, and a very serious offense which has recently gained conspicuous demographics of modern day culture. the wide spread attention it deserves, and has long When your computer is broken we fix it. When you over looked effects for those that experience it. A go to the movies, you see stories of deep space study done by Dr. Frank D Adams and Dr. Gloria J adventures and super human’s triumphs that Lawrence showed that people who had been bullied geeks and nerds have long been aware of and the when they were children in school were more likely rest of the population are just now catching up on. to be bullied in college. Both Adams and Lawrence When you hear about the newest discoveries in our are psychologists that study bullying and its affects, universe it was the geeks and nerds who built and among other subjects. As someone who has sent out the probes and satellites that have brought witnessed bullying and seen what it’s done to my the new knowledge. Even our eccentric and quirky friends, and to some degree, myself, I can tell you clothing choices are cool now. Geeks and nerds are that this is true. Bullying is not just about pushing and more important now than ever before, and I don’t shoving, or even about what the names that people think that that’s going to change anytime soon. call you. It’s about something deeper and more vital From the scientific and technological discoveries to a person than such momentary trivialities. What of the modern era to the rampant social media hurts is how small it makes you feel. Insignificant websites of the country’s youth, from the classic TV and ashamed, insecure and vulnerable, it’s those shows and movies like Star Trek and Star Wars to feelings that make it hard to let go. Eighty to 90 the blockbuster hits of last year like The Hobbit and percent of bullying goes unreported to people who The Avengers, the geeks and nerds have figured can help, which is one of the reasons that bullying out how to talk to the pretty girl. We have taken this is such a problem in our schools. The persecution country by storm, and there’s nowhere to go but up. of geeks and nerds can almost be considered the classic example of bullying: the skinny, nerdy kid with thick glasses and a stuffed nose getting beat The Bullying Menace up behind the bleachers by a muscle-bound and handsome jock. But geeks and nerds are tough, and When I was in school, “geek” was not a cool word. bullying has never gotten us down for long. It’s hard A geek is someone who obsesses over cool stuff to keep a geek or nerd depressed when there are like science and technology; you could usually so many awesome movies out there to help cheer pick them out of a crowd based on their thick them up with a bowl of popcorn on a Friday night. glasses and super hero duds. Nerds fell under the same category, but with a little more social awkwardness. Kids who had been cursed with Attack of the Media one of these titles had a tough time; there always seemed to be someone getting canned. Canning You can really begin to see geeks and nerds was a particularly humiliating way to torment geeks, ascending during the 1950’s with the start of sci- nerds, or small fry. A group of teenage torturers fi in popular culture. This decade, followed by the would pick up the unfortunate student, and then 1960’s saw a plethora of amazing sci-fi movies stuff them into a trash can. The sheer horror. Not land their space ships on the silver screen. The only had you been publicly humiliated, but you were Forbidden Planet, The Thing, The Creature from the covered in garbage and were stinky to boot. Most Black Lagoon, and Space Odyssey: 2001 all made GeekWars SUMMER 2014 unaVoce 30 which shows just howmuch the American audience has embraced the genre formerly dominated by geeks. Nerd Computer the of Revenge One of the foundations of this change in social stature is probably rooted in the fact that now we live in the information age. Science and technology are parts of our everyday life in couldn’t we ways dream of fifty years ago.Bluetooth, MP3 players, and the internet itself have Laptop computers, iPhones, elevated our society an to all new technological high. The land rover Curiosity is exploring Mars and sending us back high definitioncompletely different images planet over thirty million of miles a and our it’s geekyaway, generation that’s put it there. In Beyond Geek Chic, Corey S. Powell, an Editor at Discover magazine, observes something that I find truly insightfulgeek culture is all about. “The and triumph geek (of explains what the culture) goes deeperthan just fondness for comic books and fantasy novels, but (it’s) a wholesale embrace of scientific thinking in popular culture.” I find this statementto be a profound and discerning observation of what has happened in our society to raise up those who used occupy to the bottom rung of the totem pole. A Geek’s New Hope All of advances these help show to that there has been a down technological and trend for several years regarding sci-fi the persecution oriented of geeks and nerds, starting with the evolution of the people way thought about the word geek. Geek used be to used as a synonym for freak or butloser, now it seems almost there’s a sense of admiration associated with a the term. In 2010, study was published in Aviation Week and Space Technology in which a demographic of students and young professionals was polled get to their opinions on the connotations of the words geek and nerd. Forty-nine percent of young professionals thought of the word percent of students thought the same. The word nerd as positive,percent44 positiveviewed wiseasby like geek was and 42 of young professionals and 35 percent of students. The ridicule has not completely died out, but when does it ever? What this study showed was the fact that there is far less negativity associated with the words geek and nerd than there used be. to Another clear indication of the lessening of negativity against geeks and nerds is in the fashion and sneakers Converse Accessories like industry. bowties been have popularized Doctor by Who, a BBC (British Broadcasting Channel) sci-fiabout a time traveling alien. The Big Bang Theory, a show theirdebut during this golden sci-fi era. These films arenow cult classics andcan still beseen on thebig screen during special midnight showings all across America. Countless children, including myself, grew up on these thismovies. day I can’t seem To turn to thechannel when one theseof classic sci-fi movies is on, no matter how terrible the special effects. Star Trek hastechnology perhaps more than any other TV show influenced today’s come have to before it. culture the Star original Trek series and only ran for three seasons in the late1960’s before being canceled due a lack to of viewers. Today hasStar spawned Trek four subsequent series, and twelve movies, the latest of which, Star Trek: Into Darkness is coming out this year and is jam packed with big names (startrek.com).Trekkers are everywhere, with their Starfleet coffeepointy Spock mugs ears, but what you might not know is and that Star influencedTrek technology is, if anything, even more common. Walter De inventor Brouwer, of a real life tricorder (small hand held analyzing computer) told USA today reporter,Eliza Collins, in an interview: “Star has been Trek the inspiration for many inventions -- just look in your pocket and probablyyou’re carrying a ‘communicator’ -- your cellphone. The iPadwas a datapad in the series; thereplicator was an inspiration for 3-D printers. hasStar reached Trek the hearts and minds of millions,andinfluenced that ways our of many in us population don’t even realize better to ourselves and the world around us. My mother and brother got go to on the ultimategeek pilgrimage years a few ago: San Diego International for Mecca veritable a Comic-ConComic-Con. is all things geeky or nerdy. Whether you like comic books, video games, Movies, TV, Manga (Japanese comics), Animae (Japanese cartoon movies), Sci Fi, Fantasy, or all of the above, it’s there. The very first Comic-Con was on March and 1970, 21st only had expanded Comic-Con has Today visitors. 100 about from one room a sprawling to networkof buildings, and you can expect anywhere from to 125,000 135,000 people cram to themselves into the venues trying getto a glimpseof theirfavorite comicartist Comic-Con that think I celebrity (Comic-con.org). or is the perfect analogy for geek culture as a whole. gone fromWe’ve a relatively small and shunned sub culture, a thriving to and popular community. Today, sci-fi haspopularity than ever before. Battle Star Galactica, reached a TV show that had a humble,a greater campy beginning peak of burst back in popularity to with its remake just a few years ago. Fringe is a TV show about sci-fi friendly subjects like cloning and parallel universes on networkFOX and is still immensely popular. There is even an entire network on cable that was built around the demand for more of this interesting and endlessly imaginative genre fittingly titled seems Syfy. like It every channel has its own sci-fi show, 31 SUMMER 2014 unaVoce with a dragon or The Hobbit quote on it. Grossman Grossman it. on quote Hobbit The or adragon with something or iPhone, the of incarnation latest the like device nerdy hi-tech anew merchandising, superhero is there look you Everywhere trend. geek the about he’s think right one, Ifor Prometheus. and Avengers, the like movies geeky reviews and technology, like subjects geeky about much written and longtime columnist for Time that magazine has now, has superheroes- author an is cool.” Mr. Grossman become somehow, fiction, science novels, was once video hopelessly geeky- games, fantasy considered the geek and nerds purview. “What traditionally once was what of perception the in change distinct to this speaks Grossman Lev published inInherit the 2005, Earth, author Mr. Shall Geek The In it. on article an published has magazine Time that recognizably so own its into coming to be seems geek everything world, the in up going are that geeks computer It’sonly not Kid Cool the of Return unusual. longer no is story this and magazines, of covers the gracing sensations to worldwide geeks know little from went people two These world. the in men richest the of one up ends big, too seems that adream with ageek dropout, college League Ivy An love computers. of his to peruse order in Harvard of out dropped Microsoft, of founder the Gates, Bill by ageek. started were they and names, household day every now are Pixar and Apple Story. Toy and ABug’s like Life hits for it responsible studio animation digital topped affiliated Disney then a Pixar, with and off field, technology computer the of top the to reach managed Jobs computer? Mac or iPod, iPhone, an seen hasn’t who but beginnings, humble had giant computer deceased recently The Steve Jobs. Computers Apple famous world the of CEO and chairman Take Pixar famous good. making guy geeky the of examples many are There light. lime the in table kids cool the at we’re today but sitting cafeteria, the of back the in sat nerds and geeks the past the in I’ve noted, As Back Strike Nerd and Geek The streets. the on day every them see you now but styles, geeky to be used all rainbow the of shades neon bright different the all hair their dyeing kids and t-shirts, Calm” “Keep down, hanging paws long the with hats animal knitted weird Those to have glasses. when itremember was the ultimate fashion suicide I glasses. wearing voluntarily now are kids cool that fact the and style, chic newly this observes Magazine Men’s in Health article An trend. on go and hoodies and nerds, has shirts made superhero scientists are who T.V friends of agroup about show BY SABRA MORGAN BY SABRA and you know what? That’s super cool. cool. super That’s what? know you and geeks, plying Hero Guitar waving, wand wearing, glasses sporting, t-shirt superhero our embraces a foregone conclusion. We’ve become a nation that was it atime upon once though even aloser them call and them at point automatically can’t you cool, are bowties because abowtie, wears someone When from. coming are do who us of those where movie,superhero but you probably can understand a see to go books comic read or games video play to need don’t you Potter, and Harry to read geek You a have to be don’t Nerds. the of King called TBS on out coming show reality new the or Theory, T.V. your on turn Bang Big The like shows you’ll see you When geeks. atime upon once all were cool, of essence the now hoodie, Lantern Green the with street the down walking saw you dude that and coffee, your made that tattoo Wars Star the with girl the computer, your fixed who guy IT The icons. geek now are Aliens, vs. Cowboys in spaceships off fighting Gunslinger Western a played who Craig, Daniel and Man, Jr., Iron Downey played who Robert like Stars Man. Bat Trilogy about Knight Nolan’s Dark Christopher seen you’ve probably not or you’re ageek Whether all. it conquered We’ve internet. the on and place, work the in million a in fingers theatre, movie TV, the on in We are pies. different their have nerds and Geeks trends all along. technological and media, fashion, recent the of ahead just were nerds and geeks Maybe up. catch to achance needed simply society is? Perhaps truly stuff howgeeky awesome realizing just finally world the of rest the is or geekyness, their losing geeks the demographic.Are particular that in interested formats for who people would not traditionally be digestible easily more into out branching have been games, video as such nerds, and geeks of domain sole the to be used that Genres (Croal). aNerd be You Have to Don’t article, his in point view a similar discusses critic, and consultant game avideo Croal, N’Gai (Oswalt). geeky not are ergo, and unknown, really it’s not then them, over obsess people of a lot When them. over obsessing and things, interesting but known, little various of knowledge having about all is ageek being that position It’s his geekyness. very its to maintain order in to die needs fad the integrated so become has culture geek the that now that and norm, to the exception the being on based was culture geek that actor. postulates He and comedian aprofessional is geek, confessed aself- Oswalt, length. at topic the discusses Oswalt Patton to Die, Time Culture: Wake Up, Geek Wired, magazine the in article his In anymore. exist even are, There however, arguments that “geeks” don’t are. we market aprofitable what discovered having demographic, geek the onto locked phasers points has its out that industry the entertainment n Chicken Recognition of its Aerial Predator’s Call uch research has been conducted on the chicken’s Discussion reaction to visual stimuli (Evens, Macedonia, & Marler, 1993), but far less on auditory stimuli. Even though Griffin, Evans, and Blumstein states that “predator MBirds have a similar frequency range to humans recognition is based upon experience,” this experiment has , but because they do not have a pinna, or external ear, they found otherwise: that the two chickens that had not been cannot locate sound sources very well. My experiment sought outside could recognize the call of a raptor. Similarly, the other to answer whether chickens could recognize a raptor’s call, two chickens could also recognize the hawk. Interestingly, the and I hypothesized that if chickens recognize a raptor call, then chickens showed substantial curiousness to the robin call. the chicken would react to the call by becoming alert. In other The most likely explanation forthis behavior is that they were words, I predicted that the chicken would react to a raptor’s simply curious as to what the animal was (Pisula, 2009). And call by freezing and looking up slightly. As stated above, much with the results in mind, the hypothesis of this experiment was research has been done on chickens and visual stimuli and the accepted on the grounds that the chickens could recognize a tonic immobility in chickens, and learning if and how they react raptor by becoming alert. But even with the hypothesis being to sound expands our knowledge of their behavior. accepted, there were problems with the experimental design: the experiment could have used more chickens to provide more accurate results, and could have been done in a quieter Methods environment with fewer distractions.

The experiment was conducted in a 5 foot by 4 foot wide and 3 Table 1: Data collection sheet. foot high box with a screen on top to prevent the chickens from This chart is of curious and alert reactions to auditory cues. An escaping (Figure 1). A heat lamp was used to keep the area “x” denotes a reaction. warm. The speakers were placed right on top of the screen, and Experimental Group Control Group a video camera recorded the reactions of the chickens from the Chicken #: top edge of the box. A recording of an American Robin and a Sound Red-Tailed Hawk was played for the experimental groups. The Reaction recordings’ volume was set to a moderate volume. The call of Chicken # the robin was the “zeeup” communication call, and the hawk’s Reaction call was a typical hawk’s scream. Two chickens, one three Curious Alert Curious Alert month old Golden Buff and one six month old Cuckoo Maran, Chicken 1: Robin x Chicken 3 x were placed, one at a time to prevent aggression or distraction, Chicken 1: Robin x Chicken 3 in the testing area. Each of these chickens was exposed to Chicken 2: Robin Chicken 4 the robin’s call first, and then the raptor’s call. Each call was Chicken 2: Robin x Chicken 4 separated by one and a half minutes. Two other chickens, Chicken 1: Raptor x Chicken 3 also one three month old Golden Buff and one six month old Chicken 1: Raptor x Chicken 3 x Cuckoo Maran, the control, were then placed in the testing area Chicken 2: Raptor x Chicken 4 x after the experimental group was tested, but exposed to no Chicken 2: Raptor Chicken 4 sound. Both Golden Buffs have not been exposed to an outside Chicken 3: Robin x Chicken 1 environment. The chickens of both groups were kept in the Chicken 3: Robin x Chicken 1 testing area for eight minutes. After a day, the chickens in each Chicken 4: Robin x Chicken 2 group were swapped with the other group and the process was Chicken 4: Robin x Chicken 2 repeated. A curious reaction is defined as the chicken searching Chicken 3: Raptor x Chicken 1 for the source of the sound, without freezing. An alert reaction is Chicken 3: Raptor x Chicken 1 defined as the chicken freezing and looking up, as in Figure 2. Chicken 4: Raptor Chicken 2 x Chicken 4: Raptor x Chicken 2

Results 1no sound was played in the control group. Chickens in the control and experimental group were swapped for replication. Figure 3: Chicken Reactions to Auditory Cues. No sound was A curious reaction is defined as the chicken searching for played for the controls. A total of four chickens were used: two the source of the sound, without freezing. An alert reaction is each for the experimental and control groups. Values shown defined as the chicken freezing and looking up. are averages Table 2: Total number of reactions from Table 1. The chickens showed considerable – above 0.7 reactions – Sound Played Reactions curiosity about the robin call and alertness to the raptor call, Curious (Out of 8) Alert (Out of 8) while neither reacted to the robin with alertness, nor to the raptor Robin 7 0 with curiosity, as depicted in Figure 3. This is demonstrated in Raptor 0 6 Table 1 and 2, which indicates that seven out of eight times the Robin Control 1 0 chicken demonstrated curiosity about the robin call, and six out Raptor Control 2 1 of eight times the chicken was alert to the raptor’s call. Figure 2no sound was played in the control groups n 3 also shows that there were reactions in the control groups, though they stayed below 0.3. Table 2 also demonstrates that BY SETH MULHAUSEN there were very few reactions in the control groups. What is the History of theHolocaust?

A Review of Some Sources democracy. With speed, Hitler’s violations were quickly made from then on. Actions such as mobilizing German The Holocaust is remembered as one of the most horrific military and taking over the Sudetenland were violations of and unjust events in history. Movies, such as The Boy in the treaty and quickly made him seem powerful to the rest the Striped Pajamas and Schindler’s List, were made in of Europe. On September 1st, 1939, Hitler made a surprise remembrance of the Holocaust. Books written involving attack on Poland that took an incredibly short amount of time the Holocaust, such as Night and The Diary of Anne Frank, to win. This surprise attack began WWII. While building his show the bravery of the innocent who were caught up in the territory, Hitler simultaneously shared his hatred for Jews monstrosity of the Holocaust. I have always found an interest and other minorities. He spread his idea that only pure in the Holocaust and how society was brought down to that Germans were a superior race and encouraged the hatred of depth. I have read several books about Anne Frank, a teenage Jews, homosexuals, and Roma. He then implemented Final girl who, in the chaos of it all, was able to write a journal Solution, the execution of all Jews to purify the German race. during her hiding from the Nazis. I have visited The Holocaust This is where the root of racism in the Holocaust had started. Museum in Washington D.C. and was fortunate enough to get a personal tour from a Holocaust survivor. Through these experiences, I have wanted to dive deeper into the formation Auschwitz Concentration Camp of the Holocaust and some of the major events during this catastrophe. I believe this event is important for society to Anonymous described what historians found after remember so that we can never allow it to happen again. This discovering photographs taken by Nazis at Auschwitz paper will discuss sources that could fulfill the understanding concentration camp. LiIi Jacob, while searching through of how the Holocaust came to be and recognize some major an old SS barracks cupboard, came across pictures of events that illustrate what the Holocaust truly was. Each of Hungarian Jews in Auschwitz. In these pictures, Jacob was these summaries review specific articles about the Holocaust shocked to find friends, family, and even herself revealed and create a better image of the greatest destruction known right in front of her. Jacob was a prisoner at Auschwitz in to man. 1944 but was transferred to Dora-Mittlebau. She donated these photographs to The Holocaust Martyrs’ and Heroes Remembrance Authority. These 40 pictures displayed nearly Hitler’s Rise to Power 3,500 Hungarian Jews at the Auschwitz concentration camp. Pictures showed the arrival of prisoners, the selection Smith described the steps taken by Hitler to slowly gain process, and individuals being examined for their physical power and take over Germany. One of the first causes of fitness. Auschwitz, built in Oswiecim, Poland, was chosen Hitler’s popularity was the violation of the Versailles Treaty. as a concentration camp because it was secluded from the The Versailles treaty, a contract stating that Germany was to rest of Poland. When prisoners arrived in cattle wagons, they blame for WWI, impoverished Germany and left them with were heavy reparations. Germany, growing increasingly bitter immediately seperated by who was fit to work, and who was towards the treaty, felt desperate for a strong lead to fight not. Those who were young and physically able were chosen against the treaty and get power back to the country. Hitler to live, those who were elderly or physically weak were taken was appointed Chancellor on January 30th, 1933. With his to gas chambers. All children under the age of 16 were also incredible speaking skills, Hitler quickly gained supporters selected to be executed. In the 1,100,000 Jews taken to from socialists and promised to restore Germany’s economy Auschwitz, only 200,000 were chosen to live and work. In and authority. With the overwhelming support, Hitler destroyed total, nearly 1,500,000 perished at Auschwitz. Divided into the country’s Parliament building and called for a state of 40 sub camps, Auschwitz became the biggest death camp emergency in which he single handedly diminished German in Poland. In fact, it was the biggest mass murder in history. SUMMER 2014 unaVoce 34 n influences peoplethe all of rather than one. “The Nuremberg Race Laws” explained the laws made exclude to Jews and isolate the Jewish people from therest of the world. These laws lead the to racisthate crime of the Holocaust, and can be applied politics. today’s to It is imperative that laws are never made isolate to or segregate certain people from the rest of society. Finally, as described the by horrors of “The Night of Broken Glass” and Anonymous. the Holocaust was full of hatred and violence. Anonymous painted a picture of the absolute horror imposed on the Jews and the crimes seemed unbelievable Holocaust The humanity. against to many people at first, and many refusedto terrors believe could occurred. have must We remember such that these occurrences are able happen to again, and that must we seriously. threats such take “Kristallnacht” detailed the when the Nazis terrorized the night people, destroyed shops, of November 9, synagogues, and homes of the Jews. 1938 This night is described as the “Night of Broken Glass” because of the overwhelming violence and destruction of the attack. This attack sparked after a Jewish boy shot a Germanthe brutal treatment of his In family. October, Nazis forced official in response to over 15,000 Jews were forced out of Germany in boxcars without notice. Hitler used this incident as an excuse to retaliate against the Jews. Nearly 7500 Jewish shops were destroyed, windows smashed, and completely vandalized. Over synagogues 267 were burned the to ground.Jewish men were beaten and 91 killed, while women and children were terrorized. Over 25,000 Jewish men were captured to be taken concentration to camps. on A few days later, November 12th, Nazi officials heldfurther steps get to rid of Jews. Reinard Heindrich, one a meeting to discuss of the top Nazis, suggested denying Jews access to Goebbels, Joseph schools. and transportation, hospitals, another Nazi, wanted force to Jews clean to up the remains from the Synagogues and make that land into parking lots. Ultimately, they decided get to rid of Jews from the economy and replace original Jewish shops with Aryans. Jews, by damages made the for pay to have would consequently, the Nazis. BY EMILY CAVE EMILY BY Gas chambers were constantly individuals working, were killed every day. and over 4,000 Laws Race Nuremberg The laws racist the “The Laws”explained Nuremberg Race presented by Nazi’s in 1935 that took away the rights of the Jewish residents in Germany. On laws declared September that Jews may not marry any non-Jew. This 15th, 1935, law applied those to who were only Jewish a relative by or those who had only Jewish grandparents. Even those who were not religiously Jewish were considered Jews if they had any Jewish ancestory. On October the same 18th, the Lawyear, for the Protection of the Hereditary Health of the German People was established. This law banned the marriage anyone to who had an illness, a contagious disease, or impairment so that the German people were kept pure. Jewish doctors were only allowed perform to on other Jews. Jewish lawyers were only allowed represent to other Jews. Finally, anyone who was consideredJew a underGerman law was required at all times wear to a red so that ‘J’ they were easily separated as Jews to Nazi officials. Ontop of which, Jewish people were forced change to their middle names to Sara or Israel so that they were more easily identifiable as a Jewish person. Hitler reduced these laws during the Olympic Games so that he did not receive negative attention from the world, but quickly and more strictly enabled the laws as soon as the games These were over. acts were only some of many headed towards taking any political, away social, and natural human rights from away Jews. What Can Be Learned | The Night of Broken Glass These sources that a brief gave history of the Holocaust can lead us some to conclusions as what to should we remember. Smith an gave overview of the steps Hitler took overpower to Europe and took advantage of Germany’s weak state take to complete control.Just like Hitler’squick itrise is power, to important make to sure not one single person has complete control over the people. It is easy for politicians manipulate to people in order gain to authority. It is better the have to

History

he he

t Youn g Folks AND

Old Folk s

BY ALEX FLYNN

he generation gap is a serious issue that causes problems authors, with birthdates ranging from 1985-2005. around the world, from home to the workplace and In his article for The Chronicle of Higher Education, Eric Hoover back again. Six sources, from an analysis of modern analyzes how the Millennials approach the idea of college, Tblack culture to one of Millennials and higher education, universities, and higher education as a whole in a world where the were interpreted in terms of their authority, accuracy, currency, only economy relevance, and bias. All of them were found to be useful, though they are familiar with is a failing one. One of the handful of parallels none perfect; the flaws and shortcomings of each are listed to he can draw between the Millennials and Generation X is this: both ensure the most informed use of each source by later readers. are born into a time of frenzy and change (the counterculture of the Even so, these sources cannot offer a solution to the generation 1960s and the beginning of the internet age in the late 1980s and gap. It is not something that can simply or easily be closed, and early 1990s), and both grow into adulthood in the midst of financial will likely continue to live on and be reincarnated with each new crisis (the energy crisis of 1973 and the economic crash of 2008). generation differing from the last—mankind will always change, and our cultures with it. Hoover’s article, however, sets its sights decidedly upon college, not the generation gap - its scope is narrow, as any good article’s should be, but too narrow for the purposes of this paper. Hoover Young Folks and the World of Today offers little in the way of comparison and parallel between the Millennials and Gen X, and even less concerning anybody born Hais and Winograd; Hoover; and Knudsen, Lofgren-Mårtenson, before 1960; it’s difficult to try and use “The Millennial Muddle” to and Månsson among them: Many contemporary authors close the generation gap, and for good reason: The article simply collaborate to delve into the topic of our two youngest generations isn’t written as a retrospective of X-to-Y culture. Instead, it is an - Generation Y and Generation Z - and how they not only face analysis of Millennials and higher education, and a fine one at that. the modern world, but how they shape it. “Millennials,” as they are called, is a bit of a misnomer, actually - it can refer either to Millennial Momentum is a positive analysis of today’s youth, citing Generation Z or to both the generations as a collective: the kids who their religious, social, and political toleration and openness as key are growing up into the turn of the century, with technology as the signs of change and new leadership in America. They predict an backbone and the forefront of their society. As such, Generations optimistic future (along with things like comprehensive health care) Y and Z are largely one and the same for the purposes of these at the hands of Generations X and Y, saying such an idea isn’t just “pie in the sky” - and that it can and should happen because of an advent in the late 1980s, spawning today’s “gangsta rap” ethnology. interesting proposed theory. Authors Hais and Winograd claim that But why are the black Millennials enticed by this? Womack surmises every fourth American generation is born on an upswing, bringing that, still victims of racism and stereotyping, African-Americans the country up and out of whatever mess it has found itself in - it today have little elsewhere to go and be accepted by their peers. was true for the Revolutionary War veterans, and those of the Civil War. The question that remains is whether or not this theory will Just outside the age range of those she is investigating, Womack hold water with the Millennials. does display a bias concerning the subject of modern black culture. The trade-off of this is that the book was published However, the book fails to investigate the negative attributes of recently enough to examine the bulk of the factors in changing Generation Z, especially neglecting to acknowledge the flip-side of black culture, from Wu-Tang Clan and N.W.A. to Barack Obama’s each positive it listed: so many of our youngest generation are still presidency. Womack’s authority comes from experience: Living in flamboyantly racist, sexist, and classist - many still hold the same Chicago most of her life, she has a first-hand understanding of the begrudging political views and honor the same stereotypes as their subject matter of Post Black that few others could claim. parents and grandparents. Depending on when in the Millennial birth range they were born, any Y-er on Z-er will find at least one Filipczak, Raines, and Zemke shift focus from the street to the of the “downturn” generations at home, so one must question workplace in their observation of what has changed since the how they can turn America around with such negative influences. Silent Generation (and why). Generations at Work, while not a The Millennials may very well hold the aforementioned positive guidebook, offers solutions to the generation gap at work that so attributes, though - perhaps they’re just masked by the negative often causes problems between today’s youth and their elders, ones. especially concerning ethics, morals, and politics. According to Generations at Work, the G.I.s of WWII and Generation X, so In the Danish Generation P? Knudsen, Lofgren-Mårtenson, typically conservative, often come to head with the liberal-minded and Månsson dive into uncomfortable territory: the analysis Millennials, and this obviously causes problems - Filipzcak and co. of pornography and youth. In the section “Porno-chic,” the theorize on how to fix them. Danes examine how pornography is portrayed by the media; in “Porntopia,” how popular it is among adolescents and young adults; Though their book boasts some genuinely helpful solutions and even how it affects males differently from females in “Detours for accurate analyses of the generation gap, two of Generations at heterosexuality,” but they do little to investigate its effects on the Work’s three authors are virtually unheard of. The only one holding older Generation X, which is slowly becoming more tech-savvy any credibility is Zemke, with a line of previous manuals published and realizing how accessible pornography - a commodity afforded concerning workplace etiquette. Despite a revised version of their to them only in magazines and pin-ups - is in this day and age. book slated for publishing sometime in 2013, few credentials appear to assert the authority of any of the three authors, and as As a solid, empirical-based study of pornography and youth, they are all of Generation X, the likelihood of bias is high. the most glaring problem with Generation P? is its age: The studies were conducted in 2005, and though eight years may not Rob Salkowitz’ Generation Blend revisits the topic of generations seem like much, it is several lifetimes in the age of the internet in the workplace, but is more current than 1999’s Generations at and pornography. (It is said that any given piece of technology Work. In his book, Salkowitz discusses drawbacks and possible will be outdated or obsolete within eight months of its release.) benefits of the technology age gap, calling into question the Furthermore, the studies were conducted in Nordic countries effectiveness of young workers in the information age and perhaps across the Atlantic - half a world away - but it seems that youth the revitalization of older, Gen X work ethics. (It is often said that the around the globe are quite similar. Also, though additional research Millennials are much lazier and more entitled than their parents.) would be required for a statistically valid comparison between Generation Blend takes an informed look at both sides of the tech Millennials and their parents and grandparents, it’s easy to see barrier, from the how differently Generations Y and Z react to pornography than the Silent Generation and Generation X. Baby Boomers to the Generation Z.

Young Folks, Old Folks, and the World of Yesterday Salkowitz often collaborates with other authors to study technology and how it affects today’s youth. Shorter works of his On the other hand, some authors attempt to dissect the differences have been published in the New York Times and Bussinessweek, between younger and older generations and sometimes find out and he is a specialist in his field. However, Generation Blend is how to cope with or even solve them. In Post Black: How a New quickly becoming outdated; just since its publication in 2008, the Generation is Redefining African American Identity, Womack user-friendliness explores recent changes concerning the identity of African- and cooperativeness of computers and software has been vastly Americans. Filipczak, Raines, and Zemke analyze the hostile improved. Despite this, his research and past knowledge come generation gap in the workplace, from Normandy veterans to together to create a solid look at the technology gap that is only “Nexters” in Generations at Work. Salkowitz even offers a solution now starting to show its age. in his manual Generation Blend: Managing Across the Technology Gap, wherein he talks about how the information age has negatively and positively affected the modern workplace. Though nobody has What Does it Mean for Us? “closed” the generation gap, per se, these authors all help us to comprehensively look at and understand it. These six references, while comprehensive and helpful, are by no means a solution; they do not close the generation gap. In fact, it Post Black puts black Millennials under the microscope with a is unlikely that the generation gap will ever be definitively closed, scrutiny of modern hip-hop and rap culture. Womack, a Chicago as there will always be new gaps and points of contention between native, looks into just how and why today’s African-American youth every generation that is or will be born. However, despite the bleak are so vastly different from the proponents of the Civil Rights outlook concerning the generation gap, an infinitely useful insight Movement and counterculture nearly fifty years ago. She cites the is provided. With these sources, we can look informedly at the new music itself as one of the underlying causes, since it has generation gap and try to figure out how to work with, across, and sexualized black culture and made it violent beyond repair since its around it - these references will serve to be very helpful. n Th e Roses of Life

BY JEFF ROCK

tanding in the conference room waiting for roll call comfort his wife. I felt numb as we pulled up to the driveway. to start, Sergeant Green entered and asked me a I felt like I was in a dream. As I walked into the house, I saw question. “Did you hear that Mike died last light?” people surrounding Susan, Mike’s wife. Now I was angry. SI thought he was joking. I answered with a smile, What the hell were all these people doing here? Why don’t “You are funny.” “I am not kidding,” he replied. “Mike was in they give her some room? her husband just died! What the a car accident last night.” In disbelief I left the room. Finding hell! Susan, seven and a half months pregnant, walked over a corner in the hallway, I sat down on the floor, knees to my and hugged me. She started crying uncontrollably, telling me chest, elbows on my knees, and hands around my head. how much Mike loved me. All I could say in return was,” I “What just happened?” I asked myself. “Mike’s not dead; I know. I know.” The people in the house explained to me they just saw him before he went on leave to Arkansas. There must were from Family Advocacy and they were there to help with be some mistake.” funeral arrangements.

Sitting in the corner, I heard a voice, but ignored it. “Sergeant Two days later, we (our squadron) drove to Arkansas for Rock, did you hear me?” “The commander wants to see you.” the funeral. No one really said much on the way there. We I looked up to see my supervisor, Master Sergeant Cousins, just listened to music. We played the Eagles; it was Mike’s standing in front of me. “What does the commander want to favorite band. When we got to the hotel, I called Mike’s mom. see me about?” I asked. “I cannot tell you.” “Am I in trouble?” We talked for a few minutes and then she asked me to be a I thought to myself, please let me be in trouble. “No you are pallbearer. I started to weep. “What is wrong?” she asked me. not in trouble; just come with me.” My heart started to sink as “Nothing,” I replied and told her how Mike and I promised to he reached out his hand to help me up. be a pallbearer at the funeral should one of us die.

Standing in front of the commander’s door, I knocked once. Standing in the cemetery, I watched as Mike’s body was The door slowly opened. When I entered his office, I was being lowered into the ground. “Amazing Grace” was playing surrounded by a group of people. None of the people in while the United States Air force honored him with a twenty- the room were talking and they just kind of stared blankly one gun salute. When his casket was resting in its place, the at me. As I surveyed the people in the room, I noticed that pastor asked us to throw a rose on it. I wondered that night these were no ordinary people. In the office stood the Base why we were asked to throw a rose on top of Mike’s casket. Commander, Deputy Commander, and their assistants. As I was trying to get a grasp on what was happening around I guess a couple of months passed. I was sitting in my me, a man approached. I noticed as the man was walking apartment thinking about Mike, the funeral, and the rose. toward me that he had on his lapel a shiny silver Christian Then it hit me. Smell the roses. You know that old saying take cross. It was the Base Chaplain. That is when tears started time to stop and smell the roses? That is what it meant! Take streaming down my face. That is when I knew my best friend time out and forget about all the negative things going on had passed away. around you; focus on the good. Life is such a delicate thing. We need to enjoy our lives while we are here. Appreciate the A half hour later I was in a staff car headed to Mike’s house to roses of life. n Mandala : Expression of My World

BY ALLA DAVID

hinking about my mandala, I did not think about my family, friends or the community I am living in. All my focus was on my consciousness and self- esteem. For my mandala, I chose four elements that represent my inner Tworld and, its relation to the material world. For example, one of them is a blue circle in the center of the mandala symbolizing my soul, heart or in other words, my inner world. For me, the pleasant light-blue circle means my self-awareness. It’s like a statement, “I am,” “I am here,” “I am here in this world.”

The second element is a rose. It’s located right in the very center of my soul and represents love and resurrection. I believe that I was placed in this material word, purposely. According to my beliefs, I have a task for my life that is to improve my heart’s ability to love. The more I see others’ needs and take care of them, the more I think about others’ comfort and happiness, the more my rose blooms and makes a luscious, magic smell which spreads around and makes the air clear and light.

The next element on my mandala is the square which is a symbol of the four directions, the four elements (water, fire, ground and air) and the material world. All of these elements are needed for my existence. I live on the earth; I breathe with the air; the fire warms me up; the water provides my body with the moisture I need to live. The square is my environment. Lastly, the five rotating arrows represent the five sense organs. Through vision, hearing, touching, tasting and smelling I connect to this world. I can listen to the sound of the rushing waters of a mountain’s river or wild waves of the cold, awesome ocean hitting a shore with huge power. I can hear many sounds of life that happened around me. My eyesight gives me the ability to see the beauty of nature and the lovely faces of my kids and friends. All five senses in their turn work on my feelings and perception of the world. They bring me revelations about myself and others. They change my outside and inside life and bring the “water” to my inner rose to help it to grow and become strong and a beautifully developed undying soul. n

“Life’s most persistent and urgent question is ‘What are you doing for others?’”

- Martin Luther King Jr. 39 SUMMER 2014 unaVoce T What is the Background of Transformers? character.” Megatronus Prime was one of the thirteen Primes Primes thirteen the of one was Prime character.” Megatronus legendary after himself named have Megatronus Prime, and similarly inspiredthe name of a to villainous said often is he fiction, the “within that to understand us helps Wikipedia Decepticon. powerful amore as back comes and Galvatron has revived is he but destroyed, later is Megatron Unicron. mighty all the from Decepticon is Starscream. At times, Megatron seeks guidance Megatron is the leader of the Decepticons. Megatron’s right-hand Cybertron. of control for Autobots the to overthrow seek They word ‘deception’ in the English language” (Wikipedia/Decepticon). “TheWikipedia/Decepticon, title Decepticon is derived from the to According guys. bad the are who Decepticons, the examine us let now guys, good the are Autobots the that we know Since battle. this in thebecomes Autobots’ leader.” The Autobots are the good guys then Prime of Optimus calling?’ this accept you ‘Will core Leadership. of the at himself Matrix the him gives Primus and Primus, with finds talking Cybertron Prime “Optimus In, Cybertron. for Decepticons the and Autobots the between waged was A war primes. the of all of out known most the is He Primes. thirteen the of one is who Prime, Optimus is name leader’s Autobots The Transformers consist of two sides, Autobots and Decepticons. knowledge for When wegeneral Transformers: understand the alive. aTransformer keeps that thing one the is spark aTransformer’s that We spark.” learn aTransformer’s revive can that universe the in thing only the is Matrix “The says Moon the of Dark Transformers in officer The Leadership. of Matrix the Theofprimes. leader the Autobots always of had the possession thirteen of atotal have been there years, the Over Matrix.” genetic distilled his with race the bestowing Transformers, to the birth gave he world that On Cybertron. as known later be world metal a into asteroid own his transforming Unicron, against universe the to defend guardians of arace to create however, elected “Primus, to Wikipedia/Primus, According Autobots. the to overthrow sought When this happened, on numerous occasions, the Decepticons Prime. Optimus to betray decided Megatron until place a peaceful as out started Cybertron Unicron. to defeat him helping of purpose

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Transformer?

OMEGA SUPREME, METROPLEX, SUPREME, METROPLEX, OMEGA TRYPTICON, STARSCREAM, UNICRON, OR PRIMUS

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Omega weapon, powerful most Autobots the activated key that the was it reality, in Primus; as known also is which core, Cybertron’s the key to the access was this thought Key. Decepticons Omega The the to be thought they what them gave he Prime, Zeta defeated Decepticons the Transformer. When strongest the is Supreme Omega that say would people Some leader. the is he why is that and Decepticons, the of ranking highest the one is Megatron Fallen. the of Revenge Transformers: movie, the in seen was He Fallen. the as known also was and SUMMER 2014 unaVoce 40 n BY TOMMY DAVIS BY Starscream has two alternate modes. Hecan transform intoa flying robot or a jet. With this alternate characters mode, Autobot main the of Most Autobots. the he over advantage already has an cannot fly; whereas, Starscream andseekers can hisfly. The squadron higheryou are ofto your energon opponent,your advantage the is. Hepossesses better one of the most powerful weapons, a small the Null laser Ray, blaster that is the equivalent to a Mark-Nineteen military weapon. realize We that only Starscream has possession of this weapon. On the video game, see we that one blast of Starscream’s Null Ray destroys opponents with only shot. one When examine we Starscream, realize we that he shows his brutally and wounding Autobots the tricking resourcefulness by the female For anyone Autobot, who watches Arcee (Davis, 2011). this franchise, there is the realization of Starscream using trickery overcometo adversity. know We that Starscream is an interesting character because of this quote, “I been have a fool, made mistakes, monumental ones, but gained I have a clear understanding of my place in this Universe, of who I am. Starscream, aligned with no side, servant no to one!” In the Best of Starscream comic book, in the Stargazing section,he displays his goals and what he wants accomplish. to Victory in the war against the Autobots would be his major goal, and with his resilience, he can accomplish it. Starscream’s intelligence eliminate Autobots eventually the will true one only the him furthermore, making Decepticons; the and power in the universe. Starscream shows his intelligence and resilience, happily, the two now, sides “And no doubt slaughter each other—because no one had the will, the guile,the vision to do what I am about then do—and to no Autobot, no Decepticon, no force no on force earth—nay, in the UNIVERSE—will be able to stand against the power of Starscream!” Who is the Strongest Transformer? Why? Even though there is evidence of other Transformers being the strongest in their own ways, I still maintain that Primus is the strongestPrimus Transformer. stays asleep in his alternate form, “Cybertron Cybertron. planet home that the the states is Wikipedia planet of the transformers and (usually) the body of their creator, Primus.” Primus, like histwin brother Unicron, can wield anything they think of into existence. When think we about the ideas of good and evil, refer we Christianity. to remember We how God created Heaven and Earth andeverything in between. Christians always speak of how our Lord God is powerful and he is the almighty Letsavior. us compare this with the story of Primus. Primus created the planet Cybertron and all Transformers on the planet. can We say that Primus is the almighty being of the universe, because he is known be to the bringer of light; he shows his mercy and grace creatingby the race of the Transformers. Also understand we that all the other Transformers among the high ranking are strong, but there is no you can way defeat a being with such intelligence; furthermore, there is no you can way destroy a being that is a giant that can transform into a planet. Primus has created a whole race of TransformersUnicron when tohe does aid return.Others may him arguethat Rodimus in the fight against Prime is the strongest for he Transformer, is the only one who was able defeat to Unicron. A counter argument this to could be that Optimus Prime and Primus both helped in the defeat of Unicron. This does not really make him the strongest, because Primus can who of opinion their others have Although planet. a into transform the strongest Transformer is, I still maintain that Primus is the strongest Transformer in the universe. one of themost fearsome opponents any TRANSFORMER has ever The faced.” sole purpose of Mertoplex is that he is an Autobot andCity, because of his wisdom, he has the knowledge defeat to practically any enemy that conclude comes We his way. that Metroplex’s strength is more powerful than most transformers and largest Transformer, the is he third Unicron to and Primus. Through discussing Metroplex’s strength and his reasons for his strength, realize we that Trypticon is his equal. Examining principal Decepticons’ the is “Trypticon Wikipedia/Trypticon, command Trypticon base.” is seen as the lethal Transformer when he is in his dinosaur mode. He is mostly known for his battles with Metroplex. In 1986, we realize that thefinally Decepticonshave done something right by creating Trypticon. Similar Metroplex,to Trypticon can transform into a large Decepticon city. His sole purpose is be to a battle station and a command that strong so is armor Trypticon’s Decepticons. the for base any regular such Transformer, as Optimus Prime or Bumblebee, that conclude We weapons. their armor with his penetrate cannot Metroplex but Metroplex’s, by matched only is strength Trypticon’s awareness. situational and wisdom, intelligence, with beat him has Primus, and Unicron Between Who is the StrongerTransformer? Unicron can be argued be to the strongest for he Transformer, is the eater of planets. Order and Chaos existed since the beginning of time. They are also known as good and evil. Unicron and Primus was created them. by Unicron was also known as the Devastator, the Destroyer, and the Bringer of Chaos. He lived up his to name having the ability eat to any planet in his path. His twin, Primus, was also known as the Lord of Light. Primus realized that Unicron was a corrupted being, thus the battlebeginning. These two charactersbattled forverya long time. understand We thatPrimus was not stronger than Unicron in battle, but he could travel within in all universes, while Unicron was limited certain to amount of universes. Unicron was soonThen sent far Primus away. learns of transformhow to into a planet, so he transformed into the planet Cybertron. By doing this, he form his self with a metallic lining, which kept Unicron from being able lock to onto his location in the universe. Primus created a race that was able transform to just like him and Unicron. This of survival way race’s is based upon his life force; this is known as the All Spark. The Matrix of Leadership was given the to leader of the Autobots and Primus slept. Accroding to Wikipedia, found we out that “Primus was the guardian of his new creation.” Many people have tried to find outexactly stronger being, who but this is very hard is know do. We to that Unicron the is stronger in battle, but Primus is the more intelligent being. Both are able wield to any weapons into existence. They were known as the gods of the universe. What Makes Starscream so Powerful? Why? Starscream displays his strength and power through intelligence, resilience, situational awareness, and his Starscream Null Ray. is Lord Megatron’s second in command. His will always have been overthrow to Megatron and become the new leader of Starscream’s One, Episode One Season In Decepticons. the will overthrow to Megatron is present. He quotes, “Everyone has a weakness.” This shows us that Starcream has a passion for control just like he had before a long time ago on Cybertron. Before Starscream joined forces withMegatron, hewas theair seekers. energon of personal squadron own his of commander When go we further into the Transformers franchise, realize we that Starscream gains immortality; as a result, this makes him indestructible. A Difficult Decision BY DIALLO JOSEY

t the moment I heard the description of the assignment, however, keep one thing in perspective. His name was Darien. He my vision shifted. I was transported to an undisclosed was the reason I ran like I had nothing to lose that day in Tacoma. location, outside of time. My hand selected an arrow from I ran my best that day, unsure if I would have another opportunity Aa quiver at my side. I heard my instructor’s voice asking in the future. He was my heart. I had left for the summer with the for “…description and detail of events in your life you’d be willing to intention of coming back and moving Darien, Jennifer and me, as share.” Notching the arrow, I welcomed the somehow familiar strain a family, to North Carolina after we graduated from high school. At as I drew the bowstring with my full strength. Her voice echoed the summer’s end, while finalizing my arrangements, I heard the in my head, “a formative event in your life”, and I released. Not phrase, “We need you to give this your full attention.” It was like my stopping to contemplate the impossibility of my sight, I see what the stomach had become lead. I knew what they implied. Everything I’d arrow sees. Flying true. Past the birth of my daughter, a marriage dreamed, shattered. I understood then that my coaches, trainers, or two, streaking past accomplishments and disappointments alike. even the school, saw my son as a distraction rather than the very The term, ‘a formative event’ took shape before me as a target. reason I ran full tilt without reservation. I swallowed my rebuttal and returned home to complete my senior year of high school. I spoke to Truth be told, my target was a series of events that form the answer to no one in hopes that the distaste of that final meeting would go away. the questions “who am I”, and “still who do I want to become”; of “why The problem was, I knew it was more than I could outrun. It was a am I here today” and “what is the source of my passion that drives terrible decision that I alone would have to face. In those days, our my current direction”. This is the tale of a decision that shook me to families were not poor; in fact we were very comfortable. Yet, we had my core, and even now I feel the aftershocks. Simply stated, a life made a promise, to our parents, not to use their resources to raise for a life; and for me I saw no winning way. What made me who I am our child, to live up to the responsibilities of our premature adventure today was the choice between two once-in-a-lifetime opportunities: into adulthood. Until that point, I had been successful at keeping that A possible future as an Olympic athlete or a father to my 8-month-old promise, despite the doubtful glower I regularly received from each son. An arduous situation for a 17-year-old boy. ¬¬ of the new grandparents. I went to school, worked, ran and trained. Every spare moment I spent time with my son and his mom, taking It was as if I were Dragon born. I couldn’t possibly exhale anything but care of each of my responsibilities. All the while, the freedom I felt fire. Every cell of my being was in revolt from exhaustion¬¬ — I was from the summer past, when I was away being an Olympic hopeful, spent. As my teammates carried me off the track, I hung on them like sickened me. Made me feel selfish, unworthy. As my senior year a fresh wrung shirt put out on a clothesline. Vision blurred, and in my moved on, I found less joy in running and more work in parenting. I immediate earshot, I captured only my own labored breath: ragged and trained less and less, and sought more hours at any job I worked. I worn, hot and heavy with the dissatisfaction that came with insufficient figured out how to attain my high school credits early and managed oxygen. “Why had I done this to myself? What was I thinking?” Caged my time between parenting, working and local technical college in my own head, my voice clamored with unmistakable clarity, but classes. For me, the meaning of my purpose was in my action, and undulating underneath were excited tones from familiar voices: friends, with the approach of spring and the final season of my high school teammates and Coach. “Coach Ring, I’m sorry. I know you told me to track career, my locker was empty. I did not compete. I could not start off strong and in the end ease up. I know I wasn’t supposed to accept the scholarship. Even after vigorous efforts to come to an run that fast the whole way. I don’t know what came over me. Did I agreement, I would not attend North Carolina Agriculture & Technical finish…?” University. The look on his face was not the one of disappointment I was expecting. It was elation, and I saw the words before I heard them: The minute I saw what that competitive lifestyle would cost to sustain “44.69”. It was an overcast day in early June 1989, Lincoln Track, its existence, I realized no other choice but to let it go. I hurt deep and Tacoma, WA, and I had done more than finish; I just tied the state long. And still I know the runner’s place— it holds the gnarled, dark record in the 400m open race as a junior, in the process stunning the and dormant seed which rests inside my bosom. However, I knew the crowd and myself. The rest of that day was a blur. I know we won that price was too high for my personal glory, and who I was, who I hoped meet, and it was made official: I became, and remain, the youngest to become, would not fund that venture with the moments I would 400m open record holder in the state. I was aware that Coach Ring have never had. Because of family, my vision was clear. To see my would not rest until he had notified his college connections that there future through Darien’s eyes was a goal worth running toward. I saw was someone to see at Wilson High School. I had already decided my son’s first steps, heard his first words and watched him grow into on pursuing a career in Engineering, specializing in Robotics, and a man who holds the ideals I displayed in the choice I made so many even had visited a few schools in North Carolina. I was pretty sure years ago. They are dear to his life: a life of principle. A life of passion. that was where I was headed, plus both my fiancé, Jennifer, and I had family in the area. My destination was soon confirmed when North To choose the path of father over Olympic hopeful was difficult. I’ve Carolina Agriculture & Technical University invited me to attend a always loved running. But running in my own direction made me who summer training camp with a full scholarship option after high school I am. A father. It helped me raise a man of principle and guides me graduation. During the training camp that summer, I ran more than now to who I still want to become. As I stand firmly on the decisions I ever ran before, and I loved every minute of it. I trained twice a I’ve made, I see the target now, closer, clearer than I ever have — ¬ I day and ate about six to seven times daily. I did have one class I see as my passion sees. I have learned to run for something of more attended, just as a precursor for the academic side of school, but it value, not just competition, glory, or even my life. Since running will was clear — I was there to run. Competition was to be my lifeblood be the way my life will forever be defined, I chose and continue to and winning my sustenance. That was the school’s wish for me, and choose to run with passion for my life, my family. n they said everything they needed to keep me satiated. They did not, s a freshman at the University they record their own responses to other of Washington, I landed B’s students’ writing and tell the author what and C’s in English for the first they thought and felt about the essay. But, Atime in my life. It was crushing. ultimately, I cannot teach my students how In my first essay, I had tried to be funny. to read their own minds and detect, out of The professor was not amused. Next I the confusion and tumble of thoughts and aimed for wisdom; she accused me of feelings they experience, the fetal ideas triteness. Then she dropped the final that could give birth to a full-blown essay. bomb: our third essay assignment was an in-class response to an essay we had Simply observing one’s own mind and The been assigned to read the night before. I recording the results will never produce hadn’t read it. With only an excerpt from a pulsing essay. That comes only with the assigned reading to draw on, I studied the courage to question one’s beliefs, to it intently, frantically digging for any scrap push the questions about one’s beliefs of material I could work with, knowing all to the place where certainty no longer the while that I had already dug my own exists. Uncertainty is discomforting. It grave. I was about to earn a failing grade can trigger depression. But it can also my first quarter and most likely slide on out unleash you from the tethers of your own the exit in another quarter or two. unquestioned beliefs and expose you to Artof The essay came back the next day with the bracing winds of your own mind finding a grade of A+ and the comment, “Why its own way. That, for me, is probably the Mind don’t you always write like this?” I was most difficult understanding to bequeath astounded. Why did my best attempts at to students. Yet it is the most important writing result in mediocre grades and my one. It’s not that students don’t experience Reading final act of desperation reap such praise? uncertainty. It’s that they shy away from Too shy to ask, I went my way mutely. I writing about ambivalence, ambiguity and had no idea what, out of the welter of half- seemingly irresolvable contradictions for BY DEBBIE KINERK thoughts and emotions and confusions fear of not knowing. I often find myself, that ran through my head, was of value to when students and I are conversing, saying “them” and what was not. I believe that excitedly, “That’s a great idea for an essay,” most beginning college students are in the and every writing instructor knows that same state of mind. the writing in students’ journals produces some of the most promising, alive writing I know now that I had much to lean on of the quarter. Why is it that this evidence as I wrote then. One of my core beliefs, as of complex thinking so seldom dominates a teacher, is that every one of my students an essay? More than any other reason, I has a deep and complex inner world to believe, it is that students feel free, when draw on, as well. I believe that between conversing spontaneously or writing non- the time they wake up each day and the stop in their journals, from the constraints moment they walk into the classroom, of writing formally for some authority each of my students has had hundreds of figure who is going to reward with the thought-beginnings that could blossom highest grades those papers that exude into living, full-bloom essays. The trick is certainty—“author”ity. So back to that to learn to catch those thoughts as they English paper I mysteriously aced as a come into being and blinker back into freshman in college. I know now why it non-existence almost invisibly. In a word, received that grade. Forced to study that I believe that, to write well, my students small excerpt with great concentration, I must read well, and no manuscript is more was pushed to think beyond the immediate important to read with respect than their and obvious. own minds. I worked it like a whittler works a piece All well and good, in the abstract, but how of wood. I asked if it could mean this to lead students to draw forth an essay or whether it might also suggest that. I from that well of consciousness? That questioned those possibilities and raised is the question. After years of teaching others. I concluded with uncertainty composition, I have no pat answers. Some but hazarded a guess as to which of the activities help. I can have students watch ideas I raised in the paper seemed most their own minds as they read and annotate promising. In other words, I wrote without in the margins. I can give them guidelines certainty. If I can ever learn to teach that, I on how to hold a seminar about the article will retire with a great sense of satisfaction. they annotated, sharing their responses to I don’t expect that, though. Writing is too the reading with each other. I can teach messy a business for such rewards. n them to conduct writing groups, in which uV unaVoce uVunaVoce

means “one voice” All of us together should make the wisest choice All of us together can speak out with one voice

SINCE 2001, UNAVOCE HAS BEEN DEDICATED TO SHOWCASING THE EXCELLENT WORK OF TACOMA COMMUNITY COLLEGE’S DIVERSE STUDENT BODY AND TO HELPING INDIVIDUALS ADD THEIR VOICES TO THE COLLEGE CHORUS.