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Download (2MB) Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung......................................................................................................................................................1 2 Das Dritte Reich ...........................................................................................................................................6 2.1 Alles wird anders, vieles bleibt gleich: Die ersten Jahre des Dritten Reiches..........................................6 2.1.1 Kunst und Politik im Nationalsozialismus: Ein inniges Verhältnis .....................................................6 2.1.2 Theaterleute im Reich: Eine Standortbestimmung ..............................................................................9 2.1.3 Die Dramaturgie: Was wird hier eigentlich gespielt?........................................................................12 2.1.4 William Shakespeare: Willkommen im Reich !?...............................................................................13 2.1.5 "Wider den undeutschen Geist": Gesellschaftliches Leben 1933 ......................................................18 2.1.6 Das 'artfremde Wesen'? Der Kaufmann von Venedig in Darmstadt, 1933.........................................19 2.2 Es geht auch (fast noch) ohne Shylock: Die Jahre 1935-1938 ...............................................................22 2.2.1 Alles geregelt: Das gesellschaftliche Leben 1935/36 ........................................................................22 2.2.2 Randfiguren: Judendiskriminierung und Der Kaufmann von Venedig 1935-1938............................23 2.2.3 Exkurs: Shylock in Palästina .............................................................................................................25 2.3 'Jud Süß Shylock': Die Kriegsjahre ........................................................................................................29 2.3.1 Der Jude ist an allem schuld: Gesellschaft und Propaganda 1939.....................................................29 2.3.2 Ab sofort 'staatspolitisch wertvoll': Die Umgestaltung der Filmpolitik.............................................29 2.3.3 Propaganda im Film: Ihr Wesen, ihre Weltanschauung, ihr Feindbild..............................................32 2.3.4 Mit Judenstern ins Judenhaus: Die Judendiskriminierung 1939-1942...............................................35 2.3.5 Von Blutgeld, Schächtern, Ratten: Die antisemitische Filmoffensive 1940......................................37 2.3.5.1 Die Rothschilds..........................................................................................................................37 2.3.5.2 Jud Süß.......................................................................................................................................44 2.3.5.3 Der ewige Jude ..........................................................................................................................54 2.3.5.4 "Wie haben die Häftlinge am nächsten Tage ausgesehen!" Die Wirkung der Filme.................64 2.3.6 Theater um Shakespeare. Die frühen 40er Jahre................................................................................67 2.3.7 Shylock der Ostjude, Wien, 1943 ......................................................................................................68 2.3.8 Harlan schreibt Shakespeare und Müthel wird weise? ......................................................................84 3 Zwischen Kriegsende und Mauerfall: Deutschland 1945-1989..................................................................88 3.1 Neuaufbau mit Nathan: Die späten vierziger Jahre ................................................................................88 3.1.1 Aus den Trümmern mit Niveau (und Klassik): Das Theater 1945-1949 ...........................................88 3.1.2 Ungebroch'ne Liebe: Shakespeare im 'neuen' Deutschland ...............................................................94 3.1.3 In Frankfurt fällt der Kaufmann aus, 1946.........................................................................................97 3.1.4 "Stücke mit Hintergrund"? Vergangenheitsbewältigung auf dem bundesdeutschen Theater..........105 3.1.5 Auch die Antifaschisten spielen Klassik: Theater in der SBZ/DDR ...............................................109 3.1.6 Theater in den Zonen: Kulturelle Spannungen zwischen Ost und West..........................................117 3.1.7 Der Kaufmann in der Provinz, 1948/49 ...........................................................................................121 I 3.2 Taktvoll, behutsam, integer: Die fünfziger Jahre................................................................................. 123 3.2.1 Man muss es sich leisten können: Zürich, 1950.............................................................................. 123 3.2.2 Ein Theater inszeniert sich: Kaiserslautern, 1951 ........................................................................... 132 3.2.3 Die Instinkte ruhen: Detmold, 1952 ................................................................................................ 138 3.2.4 Shakespeare-Tradition berechtigt: Bochum, 1952 .......................................................................... 140 3.2.5 Ein politischer Nathan und ein emblemfreier Shylock: Marburg, Heidelberg 1952/53 .................. 151 3.2.6 Im Sog der Bochumer: Konstanz, Ulm, 1954 ................................................................................. 157 3.2.7 Verdienten-Festspiele: Coburg, Bruchsal, 1954.............................................................................. 158 3.2.8 Ein falsches Gesetz und ein Messer wetzender Jude: Darmstadt, 1955 .......................................... 160 3.2.9 Zum Jubiläum den Juden: Lüneburg, Trier, 1956 ........................................................................... 168 3.2.10 Ein Shylock-Freund? Dr. Pempelfort in Bonn, 1956 ...................................................................... 169 3.2.11 Die jüdische Personalunion: Erich Ponto in Stuttgart, 1956 ........................................................... 174 3.2.12 Der unangreifbare Heilsbringer: Ernst Deutsch in Düsseldorf und Berlin, 1957 ............................ 181 3.2.13 Die Wirtschaft boomt, die 'Rowdys' schmieren: Die Bundesrepublik 1957-1960 .......................... 200 3.3 Shylock mal anders: Die ersten (jüdischen) Künstler trauen sich: Die sechziger Jahre....................... 204 3.3.1 Abgesetzt und ausgefallen: Der Kaufmann von Venedig in Mannheim, 1960 ................................ 204 3.3.2 Biedermann und die Vergangenheit: Das deutsche Theater 1956-1960.......................................... 207 3.3.3 Die Alternative? Korczak und die Kinder: Mannheim, 1960 .......................................................... 209 3.3.4 Zadek ist da! Ulm, 1961.................................................................................................................. 214 3.3.5 Provinzielles aus der Provinz: Kaiserslautern, Heidelberg, Oldenburg, 1962/63............................ 224 3.3.6 Die 'Linken' kommen: Piscator vs. Palitzsch: Berlin, Hannover, 1963 ........................................... 226 3.3.7 Deutsch in Deutsch-Tradition: München, 1964............................................................................... 241 3.3.8 Nicht Fisch, nicht Fleisch: Shylock im gesellschaftlichen Umbruch, 1964-1968........................... 244 3.3.9 Exkurs: Vergangenheitsbewältigung auf Hebräisch: Shylock in Israel, 1945-1965 ....................... 255 3.3.10 Die Fleisch- und Geistwerdung Shylocks: Ernst Deutsch in Wien, 1967 ....................................... 260 3.3.11 Der jüdische Shylock: Fritz Kortner, 1969...................................................................................... 264 3.3.12 Konvention nach Kortner: Mannheim, 1969................................................................................... 274 3.4 Zwischen Regietheater und 'Erbeaneignung': Die siebziger Jahre....................................................... 279 3.4.1 Das bundesdeutsche Theater Anfang der Siebziger ........................................................................ 279 3.4.2 Die Würde des Außenseiters zwischen all den Masken: Hannover, 1972....................................... 281 3.4.3 Der skandalöse Shylock: Peter Zadek inszeniert in Bochum, 1972 ................................................ 286 3.4.4 Zurück zur Werktreue: Der gezähmte Shylock, 1973-1974............................................................ 303 3.4.5 Weimar setzt Signale: Der dialektische Shylock des Finanzkapitals, 1976 .................................... 308 3.4.6 Ungeliebtes aus der Provinz: Shylock aus Böhmen und Greifswald, 1978..................................... 325 3.4.7 Die Monarchin und der Puritaner: Meiningen, 1982....................................................................... 327 3.4.8 Die Bundesrepublik in den Siebzigern ............................................................................................ 333 3.4.9 Ein familiärer Jude ersetzt die Erinnerung: Lübeck, 1978 .............................................................. 336 3.4.10 Der dreizehnfache Shylock: George Taboris Münchner Improvisationen, 1978 ............................ 338 3.4.11 "Der Judenmord bewegt die Deutschen": Holocaust, der Film, 1979............................................. 350 II 3.4.12 NS-Bezug nach Holocaust: Würzburg, Baden-Baden, Bielefeld, 1979...........................................353
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