DOCSLIB.ORG

Hazhar Aziz Surme Kurds, Genocide, Annihilation, and the Stance of International Law Some Exemplary References in a Brief Study 2 Lawyer Hazhar Aziz Surme

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hazhar Aziz Surme Kurds, Genocide, Annihilation, and the Stance of International Law Some Exemplary References in a Brief Study 2 Lawyer Hazhar Aziz Surme Hazhar Aziz Surme Kurds, Genocide, Annihilation, and the Stance of International Law Some exemplary references in a brief study 2 Lawyer Hazhar Aziz Surme Kurds, Genocide, Annihilation, and the Stance of International Law Some exemplary references in a brief study Translated by: Amiral Ibrahim Abdul-Rahman Edited by: Suzanne DeRouen Kurdistan 2009 A Publication of the Kurdish Globe Paper Lawyer Hazhar Aziz Surme Kurds, Genocide, Annihilation, and the Stance of International Law Some exemplary references in a brief study Translated by: Amiral Ibrahim Abdul-Rahman Edited by: Suzanne DeRouen Cover and interior Design by: Shkar Naqshbandi Sketch by: Ali Darwesh (Bamo) Print permit number: Number of prints: 1000 Copy 1st edition Kurdistan-2009 Rozh-Halat Print House In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful Our Lord! Condemn us not if we forget or fall into error. Sura “The Cow” Verse 286 6 This book is dedicated to: My mother's immortal soul. The high soaring souls of the martyrs of the Kurdish nation. Advocates and attorneys of human rights wherever they are. Those who made sacrifices and paid the price for saying "No." Those who sincerely care about peace, toler- ance, and security of world nations. Honesty…innocence…unselfishness. To each and every one, from the Kurdish multimillion mass exodus of spring 1991, who almost naked and starved, said: “I am not a refugee; it is my homeland and I am just marching in it.” 7 8 My dear friend, Mamosta Hazhar Greetings, I received your letter and its attachment. I would like to thank you for your friendly feel- ings. I wish you all the success. My dear brother, I have read and evaluated your research entitled “Kurds, Genocide, Annihila- tion, and the Stance of International Law.” I would like to assure you that it is a compre- hensive and important study conducted in a pure Kurdish language. It is a job well done and I congratulate you for that. Undoubtedly we, the Kurds, need these kinds of studies more than other nations do as we have long been the victims of genocide and oppression. I hope this book will soon be printed and an- other important part of the Kurdish library. Sincerely yours, Saadi Barzinji Erbil 9 10 Preface To write about the annihilation and the extermi- nation of an authentic and indigenous nation like the Kurds would take a righteous and human- rights activist forever, let alone an individual of the nation in question. It is a subject that is as clear as daylight and cannot be argued. It is possible that there are people who might question the reasons and motives that have urged me to select this subject for my study. It could be wondered what stirred up my feelings and led me to realistically record some images of a scene in which my nation is being wiped out. Per what my family has narrated to me and what I have experienced, our house has been set on fire, looted, destroyed twice by the mercenaries and henchmen of the former Iraqi regime--once in 1962 and the second time in 1967. Moreover, in their second raid, they martyred my brother Handren by cutting his stomach open with the bayonet of an AK-47 rifle as retribution for my 11 father's being a Peshmarga (Kurdish guerrilla) and his participation in the Aylool (September) Revolution that resisted the annihilation of the Kurdish people. Moreover, from 1966 and through 1970, the mer- cenaries launched a relentless psychological war against us through raids and break-ins, and tried to take us hostage or take our lives and therefore we were constantly moving from place to place in order to take over. Although the leader of the Kurdish revolution, Mala Mustafa Barzani, entered a peace agree- ment with the former Iraqi regime on 11/3/1970, the regime attempted one of its ugliest plots to assassinate Barzani for being the leader and rep- resentative of the Kurds. Even if the plan was to murder Barzani as an individual, it would none- theless have been an attempted crime against hu- manity. When the former Iraqi regime was not willing to recognize even the minimum of the legitimate rights of Kurds in 1974, I was under the age of 10. Subsequently, the government fiercely at- tacked the Kurds. I clearly remember when we ran for our lives and took cover in the mountains 12 and narrow and small caves, fearing the jet planes and the bombardment of the regime. The floor and walls of these caves were wet and con- tained holes and cracks of all kinds of creatures and insects such as scorpions and snakes. Several families had to squeeze into one cave, and people had to take turns sleeping. The government did not hesitate to deploy all kinds of weaponry it had against the people of Kurdistan. The rumor among schoolchildren was that countries like India, France, and Russia pro- vided the government with toy-like mines and explosives to ensnare them. Because of frequent cases of raids and air attacks, we were disrupted from school and had to wait for our own death. We witnessed the killing of many of our dear ones--the barbaric massacre that government forces conducted against the Kurds on Galala Bridge is only one of the many savage attacks that cannot be forgotten. At the height of the war of elimination by the gov- ernment of Iraq and the resistance by the Kurds, the Kurdish revolution managed to obtain the sup- port of Iran to provide shelter for families and children. Without any refugee rights whatsoever, we resorted to Iran to experience life in refugee 13 camps and education in shacks made of straw. To boost our morale, the teachers tried to comfort us by reminding us of the situation of the Palestin- ians and how they still carried the key to their houses, hoping that one day they could return home and open the gates to their houses again. We too had our keys with us, but we were still in exile when we heard the news that our homes and libraries back in Galala had been demolished by the hatred and bombs of the regime, and thus there were no doors left for our keys to open. In one way or another, this experience helped me realize the chauvinistic approach taken by the Ba'ath Party of the former Iraqi regime against the Kurdish people. As a child, I knew what hap- pened to us was not fair but I did not know how to describe the situation. Eventually, I began writing poetry about our lives. My surroundings gradually taught me why we were there: The Ba'ath Party wanted to eliminate the Kurds. Back then I only had a little understanding of the meaning and implications of the elimination the government had embarked upon against my peo- ple. Only then did I realize the seriousness of the whole situation when my people came under chemical bombardment, deportation, Anfal and 14 mass executions--developments that urged me to research the subject further. And thus, out of his- torical and ethical commitment, I wrote numer- ous short studies and research on the issue of hu- man rights and the rights of the Kurdish individual, including "Kurds, Genocide, Annihi- lation, and the Stance of International Law." However, early in 1995 after our houses and li- braries were looted in the appalling civil war, I lost all of my research and I had to resume my work. I looked for resources here and there. Undoubtedly, research into the crimes of the for- mer Iraqi president and his henchmen against the people of Kurdistan is the work of many experts and specialists, and documenting facts on these crimes can take hundreds of textbooks and vol- umes. As far as I am concerned, I have tried to focus on genocide as my subject matter, and I have managed to record some examples of this vicious atrocity against the people of Kurdistan. And thus, I have divided my research into six chapters: Chapter I: The Phenomenon and Implications of Gen- ocide as an International Crime Chapter II: Genocide in Its Wider Sense: Patterns of Elimination 15 Chapter III: The Plan, Methods, and Players of Geno- cide Chapter IV: The Trial and Punishment of the Regime: How? Chapter V: Genocide and the Principles of the Extra- dition of Criminals Chapter VI: Nonprescription Rule Applies to the Crime of Genocide Irrespective of the Date of Its Commission In order to help readers with the subject matter, the index of this book contains references to some international treaties, some unjust resolu- tions by the former Iraqi regime, a list of Kurdish villages and towns that were gassed, and torture methods used by the former Iraqi regime against Kurdish detainees. I hope that with this research I have been able to give due respect to the victims and martyrs of my country and advocated for the issue of human rights in general. Permam Resort 1996 16 Chapter I The Phenomenon and Implications of Genocide as an International Crime 17 Chapter I The Phenomenon and Implications of Genocide as an International Crime Before we enter the depth of the subject matter, I believe it is necessary we shed light on the term genocide, its history, and its position among oth- er types of crimes against humanity. For thou- sands of years throughout the history of mankind, this atrocity has been committed by dictators, ag- gressors, and criminals. Unfortunately, the histo- ry of Kurdish people has had the lion's share of this barbaric act.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DELIVERED on 23RD SEPTEMBER Dear President Barzani
    THE LAST WRITTEN DRAFT – DELIVERED ON 23RD SEPTEMBER Dear President Barzani, I am writing on behalf of the United States to express our profound respect for you and for the people of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Together, over decades, we have forged a historic relationship, and it is our intention and commitment that this relationship continues to strengthen over the decades to come. Over the past three years, in particular, our strong partnership and your brave decisions to cooperate fully with the Iraqi Security Forces turned the tide against ISIS. We honor and we will never forget the sacrifice of the Peshmerga during our common struggle against terrorism. Before us at this moment is the question of a referendum on the future of the Kurdistan Region, scheduled to be held on September 25. We have expressed our concerns. These concerns include the ongoing campaign against ISIS, including upcoming operations in Hawija, the uncertain regional environment, and the need to focus intensively on stabilizing liberated areas to ensure ISIS can never return. Accordingly, we respectfully request that you accept an alternative, which we believe will better help achieve your objectives and ensure stability and peace in the wake of this necessary war against ISIS. This alternative proposal establishes a new and accelerated framework for negotiation with the central Government of Iraq led by Prime Minister Abadi. This accelerated framework for negotiation carries an open agenda and should last no longer than one year, with the possibility of renewal. Its objective is to resolve all issues outstanding between Baghdad and Erbil and the nature of the future relationship between the two.
    [Show full text]
  • View/Print Page As PDF
    MENU Policy Analysis / Articles & Op-Eds In the Regional Power Struggle, has Erbil Decided to Join the Sunni Bloc? by Frzand Sherko Jan 29, 2016 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Frzand Sherko Frzand Sherko is an Iraq based strategic scholar and political analyst specializing in the intelligence and security affairs of the Kurdistan region of Iraq, greater Iraq, and the wider Islamic Middle East. Articles & Testimony he security of the Kurdistan Region-Iraq (KRI) depends more on agreements between Erbil and Kurdistan’s T neighbors than the KRI’s own security and intelligence capabilities. Whenever the regional powers surrounding the KRI have suspected that their interests are at risk, they have not hesitated to put the KRI’s security and stability in jeopardy to secure their interests. However, these regional power’s interests, increasingly at odds with one another, have begun to exacerbate the KRI’s security and internal political challenges. Since 1992, the KRI has worked to maintain a strategic relationship with Iran. When Iraqi Kurdistan’s civil war began in late 1993, Iran played a significant role, initially by directing the Islamic Movement in Kurdistan and later through its support of both sides in the conflict – the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) and the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP). Iran maintained its dual support until 1996, when it leveraged its relations to encourage both parties to maintain a political balance. Such an arrangement created stability, allowing Tehran to benefit from its economic ties with both parties and to avoid any possible threats the conflict could pose to Iranian national security.
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region
    KURDISTAN RISING? CONSIDERATIONS FOR KURDS, THEIR NEIGHBORS, AND THE REGION Michael Rubin AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE Kurdistan Rising? Considerations for Kurds, Their Neighbors, and the Region Michael Rubin June 2016 American Enterprise Institute © 2016 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any man- ner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. American Enterprise Institute 1150 17th St. NW Washington, DC 20036 www.aei.org. Cover image: Grand Millennium Sualimani Hotel in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, by Diyar Muhammed, Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons. Contents Executive Summary 1 1. Who Are the Kurds? 5 2. Is This Kurdistan’s Moment? 19 3. What Do the Kurds Want? 27 4. What Form of Government Will Kurdistan Embrace? 56 5. Would Kurdistan Have a Viable Economy? 64 6. Would Kurdistan Be a State of Law? 91 7. What Services Would Kurdistan Provide Its Citizens? 101 8. Could Kurdistan Defend Itself Militarily and Diplomatically? 107 9. Does the United States Have a Coherent Kurdistan Policy? 119 Notes 125 Acknowledgments 137 About the Author 139 iii Executive Summary wo decades ago, most US officials would have been hard-pressed Tto place Kurdistan on a map, let alone consider Kurds as allies. Today, Kurds have largely won over Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdistan Region of Iraq for Humanitarian Purposes Only REFERENCE MAP Production Date : 23 December 2020 As of December 2020
    IRAQ - Kurdistan Region of Iraq For Humanitarian Purposes Only REFERENCE MAP Production date : 23 December 2020 As of December 2020 # SuleSule HurkeHurke # # # SoleSole # EkmalaEkmala # BarzankBarzank # Country Border IraIra # # # PatromaPatroma # Alanish### # # # Alanish KestaKesta KelukKeluk# # # # JumeJume # # # #BhereBhere# KashanKashan AgarAgar LowerLower Bavne Beduhe CheyChey # StuneStune # # # Bavne Beduhe # # # NurdinaNurdina DerishkDerishk AdinAdin # # # # # # ##SindiSindi Zakho BegovaBegova CollectiveCollective # # # # #MayeMaye IslamIslam # NawNaw ChaliChali # # # GreGre HimbeHimbe Pirbla # # ## # #MayeMaye NasaraNasara# # Pirbla # # # # # # # # # MamMam EsaEsa Governorate Border # AvaAva TukaTuka ### Gre Biye# ## # # DureDure HalwaHalwa NasaraNasara # # Darkar ## # # # Gre Biye ## # # BetnureBetnure # # # ## #GavzanaGavzana MezMez DreDre Æ # Zireza ChaqalaChaqala # # # # # # # BahadaBahada # # Ö Zireza # # # # Grk Sindi ## # # # ## HilwaHilwa NasaraNasara# # # # # # Biva # Chamishku Grk Sindi # # Æ# #Bersive# 2 # # # # Sarrne# Biva LataLata IsaIsa # Lower # Ö AvaAva KhrabaKhraba # Duhok# BigdawdaBigdawda Malakhta Sarrne SinjeSinje HolHol # TuyaTuya # Æ Lower Æ # # # ChamCham#Malakhta # # ZewkaZewka # Ö Ö # # # ## Awke # ## # # Bakirma # #### # Girik # BatufaBatufa ## # # MerkajeMerkaje Kani Sark Awke BiyareBiyare # Bakirma # ## #Girik # Shirkhas## # # # DostinaDostina Kani Sark # UpperUpper # Banisra KhalkaKhalka # Rawiyan Bizena# # #### Shorsh Sindi# # Bargri# Shirkhas# MglanaMglana # ZewaZewa# # # Sper # # Banisra Rawiyan
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdish Islamists in Iraq 5
    5 Kurdish Islamists in Iraq from the MuslimBrotherhood to the So-Called Islamic State: Shaban 1436 June 2015 Continuity or Departure? Mohammed Shareef Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter Kurdish Islamists in Iraq from the Muslim Brotherhood to the So-Called Islamic State: Continuity or Departure? Mohammed Shareef Visiting Lecturer, Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter العدد - )اﻷول( 4 No. 5 June 2015 © King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies, 2015 King Fahd National Library Catalging-In-Publication Data King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies Dirasat: Kurdish Islamists in Iraq from the Muslim Brotherhood to the So-Called Islamic State: Continuity or Departure? / King Faisal Center for research and Islamic Studies - Riyadh, 2015 p 44; 16.5x23cm (Dirasat; 5) ISBN: 978-603-8032-65-7 1- Kurds - Iraq - Politics and government - History I- Title 956 dc 1436/6051 L.D. no. 1436/7051 ISBN: 978-603-8032-65-7 Designer: Azhari Elneiri Disclaimer: This paper and its contents reflect the author’s analyses and opinions. Views and opinions contained herein are the author’s and should not be attributed to any officials affiliated with the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies or any Saudi Arabian national. The author is solely responsible for any errors that remain in the document. Table of Contents Abstract 5 Introduction 7 Kurdish Islamist Parties and the So-Called Islamic State 10 The Muslim Brotherhood and the Beginnings of Islamism in Kurdistan 13 The Emergence of Indigenous Kurdish Islamist Groups 19 The Islamic Movement of Kurdistan and Ansar al-Islam after 1991 27 Kurds in the So-Called Islamic State 35 Bibliography 39 Author Biography 40 3 4 No.
    [Show full text]
  • IRAN and BARZANI: WORSENING RELATIONS and the RISK of an INEVITABLE CLASH? Othman Ali
    ORSAM REVIEW OF ORSAM REVIEW OF REGIONAL AFFAIRS NO.58, JANUARY 2017 REGIONAL AFFAIRS No.58, JANUARY 2017 IRAN AND BARZANI: WORSENING RELATIONS AND THE RISK OF AN INEVITABLE CLASH? Othman Ali The relations between Iran and the Kurdistan Regional Govern- Dr. Othman Ali is Professor ment of Iraq (KRG) have recently experienced a considerable of Modern History of Kurds amount of tension. Iranian officials have given Masud Barzani, at Salahaddin University the president of KRG, stern warnings that they would not toler- in Erbil. He earned his ate any act which they view as a threat to their national security. undergraduate and master’s In this analysis, it is argued that this escalation on the part of degrees from University of Iran is an important component of Iran’s desire to accomplish Guelph and University of a complete control on all Iraqi groups and to recruit Kurdish Toronto. He can read, write and speak English, Arabic, groups for its hegemonic and expansionist policies in the Mid- Turkish, and Kurdish fluently, dle East. Iran has also a major security concern regarding the can read French, Farsi and region which results in a higher tendency to penetrate the KRG Ottoman Turkish. He is affairs politically, economically, and militarily. The goal of such currently a research fellow at policies is to prevent the KRG region from being used by its ma- the Middle East Institute of jor adversaries, namely Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Israel, and the US Sakarya University. and to gain a secure foothold in the KRG region that has a 400- mile border with Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Sale and Purchase
    Sale and Purchase Hellas S&P Weekly Bulletin 15 September 2014 S+P BULK CARRIERS VESSEL DWT BLT DETAILS SS/DD PRICE BUYER 2012 JIANGSU SS 1/17 C PHOENIX 176.000 MAN/B+W 6S70MC USD 40 M BUNGE RONGSHENG DD 4/15 CASTILLO DE SAN SS 9/14 73.205 1994 SAMSUNG B+W 6S60MC USD 5.7 M UNDISCLOSED PENDRO DD 9/14 MAN/B+W 6S50MC-C PORT ELISABETH 55.701 2009 MITSUI USD 21.8 M C 4X30 MAN/B+W 6S50MC-C PORT MAUBERT 53.828 2008 CHENGXI USD 16.2 M C 4X36 MAN/B+W 6S50MC-C PORT MENIER 53.807 2007 CHENGXI USD 15.5 M C 4X36 U.S. APOLLO GLOBAL - MAN/B+W 6S50MC-C FUND PORT NELSON 53.553 2001 IMABARI USD 14 M C 4X30 MAN/B+W 6S50MC-C PORT KELANG 53.542 2008 IWAGI USD 20.4 M C 4X30 PORT MOUTON 53.308 MAN/B+W 6S50MC-C USD 13 M 2005 NEW CENTURY PORT MELBOURNE 53.260 C 4X36 USD 12.3 M TANKERS – CHEMICALS – LPG/LNGs VESSEL DWT BLT DETAILS SS/DD PRICE BUYER MAN/B+W 7S80MC SS 1/15 BW NYSA 299.543 2000 DAEWOO shade below USD 30 M GREECE DH DD 1/15 B+W 6S60MC SS 11/17 SONG LIN WAN 105.965 2002 NAMURA USD 19 M NORWAY DH/3 pumps DD 11/15 MAN/B+W 6S60MC-C SS 6/16 PACIFIC POPPY 104.621 2011 SUMITOMO USD 46.15 M TEEKAY (TIL) DH/3 pumps DD 6/16 MAN/B+W 7S50MC SS 1/16 GREECE MOONLIGHT VENTURE 61.204 2006 SUMITOMO USD 22.5 M DH/3 pumps DD 1/16 (trading in Heidmar pool) 4 X CERES MR KOREA MAN/B+W USD 38 M (Hull : S1154, 50.300 2014 SPP - (5yrs TC incl.
    [Show full text]
  • Biography President Masoud Barzani
    Biography President Masoud Barzani His Excellency Masoud Barzani was elected the first President of the Kurdistan Region by the Kurdistan National Assembly. He was sworn into office on 12 June 2005. In the July 2009 elections, he was re-elected to serve another term, winning around 70% of the popular vote. In his long political career, Mr Barzani has earned a reputation for upholding the principles of democracy and respect for the rights of all of Iraq’s diverse peoples. Since the liberation of Iraq, he has been a stabilising force in the Kurdistan Region’s and Iraqi politics, helping to maintain Iraq’s unity through the federal system and working to build consensus in the federal government. In his presidency Mr Barzani has established several institutions in the Kurdistan Region to develop its emerging democracy, strengthen alliances and improve the decision-making process. In January 2007 he established the Kurdistan Presidency Council, which includes the Deputy President (Mr Kosrat Rasul Ali), the Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Kurdistan National Assembly, the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister and the Chief of Staff of the Presidency of the Kurdistan Region. Mr Barzani also helped to form the Council of Kurdistan Political Parties which he chairs and includes the figureheads of the following political parties in Kurdistan: Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), Kurdistan Toilers Party, Kurdistan Democratic Socialist Party, Kurdistan Islamic Union, and Islamic Group of Kurdistan. As President of the Kurdistan Region, Masoud Barzani has made official visits to several countries including: meeting with US President George Bush at the White House (25 October 2005), UK Prime Minister Tony Blair at Downing Street (31 October 2005), The Pope at the Vatican (14 November 2005), Italian Prime Minister Berlusconi in Rome (13 November 2005), King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia in Riyadh (13 March 2007) and King Abdullah of Jordan in Amman (19 March 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • Trail of a Terrorist
    THE A MAGAZINE FOR ALUMNI AND FRIENDS OF POINT PARK UNIVERSITY POINTSPRING 2009 Revisiting the TRAIL OF A TERRORIST Business Ethics in Uncertain Times Pioneers share stage with NBA’s elite Dear alumni and friends, Amid these challenging times, many people are faced with difficult decisions and uncertainty about the future as a result of the economy. While no one knows what the future may hold, we remain focused on implementing our strategic plan at Point Park University. Over the next year, our Office of Institutional Research will be conducting a study with the purpose of identifying the attributes of our successful students at Point Park and focusing our efforts on seeking out potential students who would also be a good fit for our University. Our goal is to help students thrive and to provide a positive educational experience despite the economic downturn. Quality student experience is one of our guiding principles and to ensure students’ needs are met, we recently launched a new initiative titled STARS or Striving to Achieve Remark- able Service. This initiative was developed by a committee comprised of staff from offices and departments throughout the University. As we strive for continuous improvement in all of our processes, our focus on service will distinguish us with new and prospective students and better position us to meet the challenges of our current economic environment. Photo by Ric Evans Point Park is currently meeting our projections for enrollment and we are paying very close attention to our revenues and expenditures, as well as the financial aid needs of our students.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern Iraq S Mergasur Area
    12 N W E NORTHERN IRAQ S MERGASUR AREA Map prepared by JHIC EHS03 United Nations Joint Humanitarian Information Centre UNOHCI, Erbil, Northern Iraq August 2002 ?Chamtu ? ? Shateen ?Bire ?Artees ? Kie Lower? Kiye Upper ? Bedar TURKEY ?Rindela ? Chey ? ?Stune ? Nawchali ?Gre Himbe ?Titim ?Zewa ? Dasht Dudan ? Harki ? Nerwak ? Maydane ? ? ? Dire [1] ? Dre [2] ? Jarmanda ? Ardawel ? ?Khware ?Piravdal Mez ?Beda ?Mirwanis ? Hish Lata Isa ? Khaluna ? ? Pir Hasin Tolakh ? ? Sra ? ? Mamisa Zahna ? ? Pira Chama ? Shamke Balasina ? ? ? Sinje Banistan ? ? ?Hol ? ? Baziyan ? ? Chamar ? Tuya ? Awke ? Hinish ? Zilan ? Barana ? Gilan ? Diheek Upper ?Biyari Bizena ? ? ? ? ? Artika ?Zewka Upper Heel Rze ? Khalka ? ? ?Hora Rawiyan 0 4 8 ? Mawatan ? Silura ?Maze Upper ?Maze Lower ? Sume Kilometers ? Warakhal DHS03 ?Hiriyash ? ? Suiryan ? Guze ? Argush Bargali ? ?Baghala Sina ? Shive Miruz ? ?Bawa ? Krana ? ? ?Shaja ?Chame Ji Bizhiyan ?Banan ? Hadisva? ? Buse ? Diheek Lower ?Peparkha ?Beku ? Heza ? Palana ? ? ? ? Hizan ?Gund Upper ? Spindare TURKEY ?Besape Muka ? ? ? Dizu Nahishk ? Navgrka Bnavi ? ? Hadni ?Pendro ?Tile ? ? Sita Avadur ? ? ? Guze ? Daryasor Karapich Babsefa ? Zete ? Sare Pirsurnd ? Kani But? ? Selke ? Edlbi ? Chama liwa ? Stupe ?Suirya Upper Sefiya ? ? Daryasor Rekul ? ? Shine Dawudka ? ? Sardasht ?Suriya Lower Shinkil ?Hupe ? ? Gali Rash ? Hure ?Lere ? Avbara ? Gamadi EHS06 ?Hilora ?Safra ? Sherwan Mazn ?Beshun Chnara ? Heshi ? Zargata Beshu? Kanita ? ? Kula EHS03 Sardore? ? Sarkr? Tatke? Dudamara ? Bardari ? ? Hayat ? Khaluta ? ? ?Shini
    [Show full text]
  • The Kurds As Parties to and Victims of Conflicts in Iraq Inga Rogg and Hans Rimscha Inga Rogg Is Iraq Correspondent for the Neue Zu¨Rcher Zeitung and NZZ Am Sonntag
    Volume 89 Number 868 December 2007 The Kurds as parties to and victims of conflicts in Iraq Inga Rogg and Hans Rimscha Inga Rogg is Iraq correspondent for the Neue Zu¨rcher Zeitung and NZZ am Sonntag. She graduated in cultural anthropology and Ottoman history and has done extensive research in the Kurdish region. Hans Rimscha graduated in Islamic studies and anthropology, worked with humanitarian assistance operations in Iraq in the 1990s and is the author of various publications on Middle East issues. Abstract After decades of fighting and suffering, the Kurds in Iraq have achieved far-reaching self-rule. Looking at the history of conflicts and alliances between the Kurds and their counterparts inside Iraq and beyond its borders, the authors find that the region faces an uncertain future because major issues like the future status of Kirkuk remain unsolved. A federal and democratic Iraq offers a rare opportunity for a peaceful settlement of the Kurdish question in Iraq – and for national reconciliation. While certain groups and currents in Iraq and the wider Arab world have to overcome the notion that federalism equals partition, the Kurds can only dispel fears about their drive for independence if they fully reintegrate into Iraq and show greater commitment to democratic reforms in the Kurdistan Region. ‘‘This is the other Iraq’’, says a promotion TV spot regularly broadcast on Al Arrabiyeh TV, ‘‘The people of Iraqi Kurdistan invite you to discover their peaceful region, a place that has practised democracy for over a decade, a place where universities, markets, cafe´s and fairgrounds buzz with progress and prosperity and where people are already sowing the seeds of a brighter future.’’1 A regional government After decades of internal and regional conflict, the large-scale destruction and persecution of the Kurdish population, and periods of bitter infighting between 823 I.
    [Show full text]
  • Mayor 'Gratified' with Support of His Public Prayer Movement
    THE MIDDLESEX COUNTY Serving Woodbridge Township, Cartcrct and Edison •ntrntf u M (1u IU| Puhll<h«1 Wecklf *< P. 0. Woodbrid**, N. J. Woodbridge, New Jersey, Wednesday, October 22,1969 On Wednesdii* TEN CENT3 Wolff for Second Ward Some Water- at WOODBRIDGE, N. .]., August 4, 191,5. (All Editorial) in Fords. His knowledge of the neighborhood — its people and their problems — is unmatched. Residents of the, Woodbridge Second Ward deserve a Throughout the years he has forcefully and effectively youthful, capable, energetic, problem solving Council- demonstrated his concern for civic betterment by his out- man as their representative in the Municipal Council, standing record as a leader. Some of his community ac- Democratic candidate John A. (Jack) Wolff possesses tivities include: these qualifications — in abundance! Tire Commissioner Fire District =7; president, John In the brief period since he was appointed to fill the un- Board of Fire Commissioners of Woodbridge Township; fxpired term of John It. Kgan, he has demonstrated an Fords Fire Company p\\ St Joseph's High School Father's unusual talent lor sparking activity and interest in here- Club; P.T.A., Our Lady of Peace School, Fords; Greater to fore Second Ward "progress-doldrum areas." Second Ward Democratic Club; Joseph >'emyo Associa- tion; John F. Kennedy Democratic Club; Our Lady -of Today, prospers appear bright for a new Fords branch Peace Holy Name Society; William J. Warren Association; library. A new Second Ward municipal swimming pool is Fords Clara Barton Baseball League, and the Fords Youth now closer than ever before i<f becoming a reality.
    [Show full text]