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Fatty Acid Composition of Seed Oil from Pachira Aquatica Grown in Nigeria

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Fatty Acid Composition of Seed Oil from Pachira Aquatica Grown in Nigeria Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 18(4): 1-9, 2019; Article no.JAERI.49305 ISSN: 2394-1073 Fatty Acid Composition of Seed Oil from Pachira aquatica Grown in Nigeria Afolayan S. Sunday1*, Igbum O. Gillian2 and Igoli O. John3 1Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Km 3, Asa Dam Road P.M.B. 1489, Ilorin Kwara State, Nigeria. 2Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria. 3Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author ASS designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors IOG and IOJ managed the analyses of the study. Author IOJ managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JAERI/2019/v18i430065 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Daniele De Wrachien, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Milan, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Daniela Benedec, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania. (2) J. A. Boutin, France. (3) Yongchun Zhu, Shenyang Normal University,China. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/49305 Received 10 March 2019 Accepted 25 May2019 Original Research Article Published 01 June 2019 ABSTRACT The relative composition of the fatty acids in Pachira aquatica seed oil were determined using GC- MS and 1H NMR. The results obtained from GC-MS and 1H NMR show that the oil contained saturated fatty acids (>67%), oleic acid (>18%), linoleic (>3%) and linolenic acid (≤0.01%). 1H NMR gave more reliable and reproducible results. Keywords: Pachira aquatic; seed oil; fatty acids; GC-MS; NMR; Nigeria. 1. INTRODUCTION the Bombacaceae family is one of such underutilized fruits in Nigeria. It is commonly There is presently a global interest in the known as Malabar chestnut, Brazil nut, Brown nutritional composition of underutilized tropical nut, Wild cocoa, French peanut, Guinea peanut, fruits and seeds. Pachira aquatica, a member of Money tree, Lucky tree and Epa igi (Yoruba). _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Sunday et al.; JAERI, 18(4): 1-9, 2019; Article no.JAERI.49305 The plant is believed to originate from Brazil 2. EXPERIMENTAL but has extended to almost all parts of the tropics and subtropics while in the 2.1 Sample Collection temperate regions it is a component urban forests [1-6]. It can be found frequently in marshy Pachira aquatica seeds were collected from lands and riparian forests, however, it easily Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria. The pods dried and adapts to diverse soils and climatic conditions the seeds removed. Seeds were then dried and [7,8]. ground into powder using an analytical mill (IKA® A 10 basic Analytical mill). The plant is adaptable and produces a large quantity of fruits and seeds with desirable 2.2 Extraction Procedure organoleptic properties and they are eaten by some Amazonian populations [9], however, it is The seed powder (100 g) was extracted with of little use in other parts of Brazil and Nigeria 500 mL of hexane for seven hours using a where it is only cultivated and grown as an Soxhlet extractor. The extract was filtered and ornamental plant. the solvent removed using a rotary evaporator at 40°C to yield a golden yellow oil [28]. The plant has a wide range of uses, being valued especially for its edible seeds, use in 2.3 GC-MS Analysis traditional medicine [10,11], as fibre and dyestuff, wood etc. The seeds are delicious and the roast The method of Thoss et al. 2012 [29] was used seed flavor is similar to that of peanuts. Roast with modifications. The fatty acid methyl esters seeds can also be ground to make a hot drink (FAME) of the seed oil were determined with a similar to chocolate. The young leaves and gas chromatograph (6890N, Agilent technologies flowers are also edible. The seeds are reported network) coupled to an Agilent technologies inert to contain 16% protein, 40-50% fat and 25% XL EI/CI Mass Selective Detector (MSD) (5975B, carbohydrate. The bark is used to treat stomach Agilent technologies Inc., Palo Alto, CA) at the problems and headaches, and also taken to Central Analytical facilities Stellenbosh “purify blood” [12, 13]. Even though the seeds University, South Africa. The GC-MS system was are rich in oil, they are extracted only in a few coupled to a CTC Analytics PAL autosampler. A communities as cooking oil [9,12-15]. Edible oils non-polar ZB-Semivolatiles (30 m, 0.25 mm ID, are made up of triacylglycerols (TG) and 0.25 µm film thickness) capillary column was defining the triglyceride composition of an oil is a used for the GC. Helium was used as the carrier very challenging task [16]. The triglyceride gas at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The injector composition determines the quality, nature, temperature was maintained at 250°C. 1µL of the physicochemical and nutritional properties of the sample was injected undiluted in 100:1 split ratio. oil. Gas chromatography (GC) is used FAME content of the oil sample were identified commonly to determine the fatty acid against a standard Supelco 37 Component composition [17-20]. This method involves FAME Mix. conversion of the lipids into methyl esters before analysis. This is however a destructive method 2.4 NMR Analysis because it involves hydrolysis of the triacylglycerols and methylation of the free fatty 1H and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded on a acids before analysis [21]. It is a labor intensive Bruker AV400 spectrophotometer with CDCl3 as and time consuming. Nuclear magnetic solvent and TMS as internal standard. resonance (NMR) on the other hand, allows The spectra were processed using MNova determination of compounds without software. 1 derivatization [22,23]. H nuclear magnetic 1 resonance ( H-NMR) offers many 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION advantages over methods in the study edible oils because it allows a rapid, simultaneous, The GC spectrum of the seed oil and FAME noninvasive, and nondestructive study of oils and standard is given in Fig. 1 while the percentage also provides information about the acyl composition of the fatty acids from GC analysis is distribution of the triglycerides [24-27]. This given in Table 1. 1 study describes the use of H-NMR spectroscopy to quantify the fatty acids in Pachira aquatica The fatty acid composition of the seed oil seed oil. indicated that the fatty acid range was from 12:0 2 Sunday et al.; JAERI, 18(4): 1-9, 2019; Article no.JAERI.49305 Fig. 1. Fatty acid methyl ester chromatogram against FAME standard Table 1. Fatty acid methyl ester composition of Pachira aquatica seed oil Lipid number Systematic name Trivial name Relative amount (%) C – 12:0 Dodecanoic acid Lauric acid 0.02 C – 14:0 Tetradecanoic acid Myristic acid 0.79 C – 15:0 Pentadecanoic acid Pentadecylic acid 0.17 C – 16:0 Hexadecanoic acid Palmitic acid 49.30 C – 16:1 Cis-9-hexadecenenoic acid Palmitoleic acid 1.04 C – 17:0 Heptadecanoic acid Margaric acid 0.39 C – 18:0 Octadecanoic acid Stearic acid 8.68 C – 18:1 Cis-9-octadecenoic acid Oleic acid 18.17 C – 18:1 Tr-9-octadecenoic acid Elaidic acid 2.17 C – 18:2 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid Linoleic acid 11.19 C – 20:0 Eicosanoic acid Arachidic acid 8.08 MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acids 21.38 PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids 11.19 SFA Saturated fatty acids 67.43 to 20:0 (Table 1). Overall, 11 fatty acids were (15:0), palmitic (16:0), margaric (17:0), stearic identified, including saturated, monounsaturated (18:0) and arachidic (20:0) acids and they and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Saturated acids accounted for 67.43% with palmitic acid being were lauric (12:0), myristic (14:0), pentadecanoic the highest (49.03%). The monounsaturated 3 Sunday et al.; JAERI, 18(4): 1-9, 2019; Article no.JAERI.49305 acids were palmitoleic (16:1), oleic (18:1) and acids might be due to locations, agronomic elaidic (18:1) acids, accounting for 21.4 % with practices and environmental factors. oleic acid as the highest among these (18.17%). The only polyunsaturated fatty acid identified, The 1H NMR spectrum is shown in Fig. 2. The linoleic acid (18:2) accounted for 11.19%. proton resonances of the major triacylglycerols (TG) present in the oil were assigned according The percentage saturated fatty acids (67.43%) to literature [24-26,34-38] and are given in Table recorded in this study was higher than the value 2. 57.44%, reported by Chaves et al. [30] for Bombacopsis glabra (Pachira glabra), but similar The qualitative analysis as presented in Table 2 to 63.70% reported by Bohannon and Kleiman, showed functional groups that indicate the [31] for baobab seed. The palmitic acid content presence of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and saturated (49.03 %) was lower (53.06%) to that of fatty acid in the oil sample. To determine the Bombacopsis glabra (Pachira glabra) as reported quantity of these fatty acids in the oil sample, by Chaves et al. [30], but higher than 10.42% some selected peaks were measured and reported by Mukhtar [32] for peanut (SP-96) integrated as shown in Fig. 2. seed. The vinylic protons ( ) have a characteristic For the unsaturated fatty acids, the value 32.57% Hv obtained in this study was lower than the 51.08% chemical shift, and were used to determine the reported by Jorge and Luzia [33] for Pachira ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. The aquatica seeds. The monounsaturated fatty acid bisallylic protons (Hd, Ht) were used to value (21.38%) recorded in this study was also, differentiate the nature of the polyunsaturated lower (39.27%) to that reported by Jorge and fatty acids while the tertiary proton in the glycerol Luzia [33].
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