Table S1: Inventory of the introduced plants of Madagascar. “Introduced plants" are here defined as non-native plants presumably introduced by humans (directly or indirectly). Codes explained at end of table. Tropicos Madcat categorization (*'cultivated' usually comes from Perrier's Family notes to genus or binomial name Alien/ Known (following Genus / species (Tropicos family; not species [if blank not in Perrier's native invasive Note / comment for publication (e.g. Tropicos) or best we can determine) entry) Perrier] category status status Source issue with identification and classification)

Acanthaceae indigenous non- Asystasia Juss. Asystasia gangetica T. And. endemic gangetica T. And. 4 X- P, T Acanthaceae indigenous non- Barleria prionitis Juss. Barleria prionitis L. endemic L. 3 X- P, T Acanthaceae Brachystephanus africanus In Tropicos MadCat status unsure: Juss. S. Moore possible naturalised X T 'naturalized or indigenous or introduced?' We indicate as 'N', for most sources indicate this plant as native to Asia, and Tropicos MadCat herbaria specimens include one in protected area and one on Ile Ste. Marie. Acanthaceae indigenous non- Justicia Unclear on what basis Tropicos MadCat Juss. Justicia gendarussa L. endemic gendarussa L 1 N P, T designates as indigenous. Acanthaceae indigenous non- Nelsonia Juss. Nelsonia canescens Nees. endemic canescens Nees. 4 X- P, T Confusion on Tropicos (general vs. MadCat) on whether synonym is T. convulvifolia (which is endemic). In any case T. fragrans Acanthaceae is from Asia and widely cultivated and Juss. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. endemic N D* naturalised according to ARS-GRIN

Acanthaceae Thunbergia grandiflora Thunbergia Juss. Roxb. not listed grandiflora Roxb. 2 N P Acanthaceae Thunbergia mysorensis Juss. (Wight) T. Anderson not listed C JT Aceraceae Juss. Acer negundo L. not listed C S Chose 'N' for our category due to Binggeli reference (over Decary); Samyn cites Agave rigida as spontaneous (but this name is Agavaceae ambiguous according to ARS-GRIN). Binggeli Dumort. Agave sisalana Perrine not listed N inv. B*, D, Sa cites as invasive. Synonym from Illustrated handbook of Agavaceae succulent plants: Monocotyledons by Urs Dumort. Agave vivipara L. not listed Agave ixtli Kaw. 2 N inv. P, B Eggli, p73. Binggeli cites as invasive. Tropicos MadCat: "Probably more widespread Aizoaceae Tetragonia tetragonoides that the single known specimen would Martinov (Pall.) Kuntze naturalised N T, D suggest" Aizoaceae Trianthema Martinov Trianthema monogyna L. not listed monogyna 3 N P Altingiaceae Lindl. Liquidambar styraciflua L. not listed C S, CK Amaranthaceae Achyranthe Juss. Achyranthes aspera L. naturalised aspera L. 5 N inv. P, T, D, H Invasive: H; pers. obs. JT Amaranthaceae indigenous non- Aerva javanica Juss. Aerva javanica Juss. endemic Juss. 3 X- P, T Amaranthaceae indigenous non- Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. endemic Juss. 3 X- P, T Amaranthaceae Alternanthera littoralis P. Juss. Beauv. naturalised N T We've designated as 'N' for most sources consider this plant native to Asia and it is a common cultivar; Tropicos MadCat specimen sites include two protected areas as well as Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis (L.) indigenous non- Alternanthera urban garden. Unclear on what basis Juss. R. Br. ex DC. endemic sessilis R. Br. 3 N P, T, D, S a Tropicos MadCat designated as indigenous. Note that Tropicos MadCat has inconsistent treatment of A. viridis L. which it considers synonym of A. blitum subsp. emarginatus (which it designates as indig non endem) but A. blitum is designated naturalised. GRIN Amaranthaceae Amaranthus accepts A. viridis L. and has a synonym with Juss. Amaranthus blitum L. naturalised viridis Moq 3 N P, T Moq. as author. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus dubius Mart. Juss. ex Thell. naturalised N T Amaranthus Amaranthaceae Amaranthus hypochondriacus Juss. hypochondriacus L. not listed L. 3 N P Amaranthaceae Amaranthus Juss. Amaranthus spinosus L. naturalised spinosus L. 3 N inv. P, T, D Invasive: pers. obs. JT A. tristis L. is "not in project" Tropicos MadCat, but A. tristis Wild. is synonym A. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus tricolor L. GRIN has no A. tristis. Assume Juss. Amaranthus tricolor L. naturalised tristis L. 3 N P, T, D that Perrier had wrong authority. Amaranthaceae Juss. Celosia argentea L. naturalised N T Amaranthaceae Juss. Celosia trigyna L. naturalised Celosia trignya L. 4 4 N P, T, D Amaranthaceae Centrostachys aquatica (R. Juss. Br.) Wall. naturalised N T Amaranthaceae Chenopodium Juss. Chenopodium album L. naturalised album L. 3 N P, T, D Amaranthaceae Chenopodium ambrosioides Chenopodium Juss. L. naturalised ambrosioides L. 3 N P, T, D Chenopodium Amaranthaceae Chenopodium giganteum amaranticolor Juss. D. Don naturalised Cost & Reyn 3 N P, T, D Amaranthaceae Chenopodium Juss. Chenopodium murale L. naturalised murale L. 3 N P, T, D Amaranthaceae indigenous non- Cyathula Juss. Cyathula cylindrica Moq. endemic cylindrica Moq. 5 X- P, T Amaranthaceae Cyathula prostrata (L.) Cyathula Juss. Blume naturalised prostrata Blume 5 N P, T Amaranthaceae Cyathula uncinulata Juss. (Schrad.) Schinz naturalised N T Amaranthaceae Digera arvensis Juss. Digera muricata Mart. naturalised Forsk 4 N P*, T Amaranthaceae Juss. Spinacia oleracea L. not listed C Boiteau Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. Allium cepa L. not listed Allium cepa L. 1 C P, D Amaryllidaceae J. Allium St.-Hil. Allium escalonicum L. not listed escalonicum L. 1 C P, D Amaryllidaceae J. Allium sativum St.-Hil. Allium sativum Linn not listed Linn 1 C P, D Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil. Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. naturalised N T Amaryllidaceae J. Fourcroya St.-Hil. Furcraea gigantea Vent not listed gigantea Vent 2 N P, D, S a Anacardiaceae R. Anacardium P*, C, D, Br. Anacardium occidentale L. not listed occidentale L 5 N M Tropicos MadCat: "This sp is endemic to NW Madagascar. It was planted by the Water and Forestry Department at forestry stations and elsewhere along the E coast, where it has Anacardiaceae R. now become naturalized. Its presence in Br. Gluta tourtour Marchand endemic E T Toliara Prov. requires confirmation" Anacardiaceae R. Br. Juglans nigra L. not listed C G Anacardiaceae R. Br. Juglans regia L. not listed C F Anacardiaceae R. Mangifera indica Br. Mangifera indica L. not listed L 5 N P*, D, M Anacardiaceae R. Schinus terebinthifolia Br. Raddi not listed N inv. JT, Sa Invasive: pers. obs. JT Sclerocarya birrea (A. Anacardiaceae R. Rich.) Hochst. subsp. caffra Br. (Sond.) Kokwaro not listed C F, D Anacardiaceae R. Searsia pentaphylla (Jacq.) Br. F. A . B a r k l e y not listed C S Anacardiaceae R. Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Spondias dulcis Br. Parkinson not listed Forsk 1 C P, F, D, M Anacardiaceae R. Br. Spondias mombin L. not listed N Inv. F, M Invasive at Ivoloina according to M Anacardiaceae R. Toxicodendron Br. succedaneum (L.) Kuntze not listed C S

Annonaceae Juss Annona cherimola Mill. not listed C M

Annonaceae Juss Annona glabra L. not listed C F, M

Annonaceae Juss Annona mucosa Jacq. not listed C F, M

Annonaceae Juss Annona muricata L. not listed C F, M Anona reticulata Annonaceae Juss Annona reticulata L. not listed L. 5 N P, D, M Anona senegalensis Annonaceae Juss Annona senegalensis Pers. naturalised Poiret. 5 N P, T, D Anona squamosa Annonaceae Juss Annona squamosa L. not listed L. 5 N P, D, M Cananga odorata (Lam.) Annonaceae Juss Hook.f. & Thomson not listed Cananga odorata 1 C P, D Monodora myristica Annonaceae Juss (Gaertn.) Dunal not listed C S Apiaceae Lindl. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. naturalised N inv. T, S a , H invasive: H Known to naturalize widely elsewhere (ARS- Apiaceae Lindl. Daucus carota L. not listed C CK GRIN) Tropicos MadCat: 'widely cultivated and Apocynaceae probably more widely naturalized than the Juss. Allamanda cathartica L. naturalised N T single record would suggest' Apocynaceae indigenous non- Aselepias Juss. Asclepias curassavica L. endemic curassavica L 5 X- P, T Apocynaceae Calotropis procera (Aiton) indigenous non- Calotropis Juss. W.T. Aiton endemic procera R.Br 2 X+ P, T, D Apocynaceae Catharanthus pusillus Juss. (Murray) G. Don naturalised N T Perrier surprisingly considered the rosy periwinkle introduced. P. Phillipson notes (pers. comm. 2010): This species "is essentially native to a quite restricted area in SE Madagascar, but is widely distributed throughout as a weed – probably from re- Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus (L.) introduced cultivated material". Invasive Juss. G. Don Endemic Vinca rosea L. 3 I&I inv. P, T, S a , H behaviour: H Apocynaceae Funtumia elastica (P. Juss. Preuss) Stapf not listed C S Apocynaceae Gomphocarpus fruticosus Gomphocarpus Juss. (L.) W.T. Aiton naturalised fruticosus R Br 5 N P, T, D, S a Apocynaceae Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Juss. R. Br. ex Schult. naturalised N T Apocynaceae Holarrhena pubescens Wall. Juss. ex G. Don not listed C G Apocynaceae Juss. Microloma incanum Decne. naturalised N T Apocynaceae Juss. Nerium oleander L. not listed C G Apocynaceae Juss. Plumeria rubra L. naturalised Plumeria rubra L. 1 N P, T Tropicos MadCat: "the introduced Asian sp T. cordata has been grown in Madagascar as an Apocynaceae Telosma cordata (Burm.f.) ornamental, but it is not known whether it Juss. Merr. cultivated C T has persisted" No species listed is marked as naturalized in Apocynaceae Tylophora R. Br. un-named Tropicos MadCat, but one naturalized on Juss. species naturalised N T accepted tally at genus level Apocynaceae Juss. Wrightia pubescens R. Br. not listed C S Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) Colocasia indica Araceae Juss. G. Don not listed Sum. 1 C P*, D Colocasia Colocasia esculenta (L.) antiquorum Araceae Juss. Schott naturalised Schott. 2 N P*, T, D Araucariaceae Henkel & W. Agathis dammara (Lamb.) Hochstetter Rich. not listed C S Araucariaceae Henkel & W. Agathis robusta (C. Moore Hochstetter ex F. Muell.) F. M. Bailey not listed C S Araucariaceae Henkel & W. Araucaria angustifolia Hochstetter (Bertol.) Kuntze not listed C S Araucariaceae Henkel & W. Araucaria columnaris (G. Hochstetter Forst.) Hook. not listed C S

Arecaceae Bismarckia nobilis Bercht. & J. Presl Hildebrandt & H. Wendl. not listed C C Not found in Tropicos MadCat, but note that this species is listed as present in Madagascar Arecaceae under overall Tropicos database. Also would Bercht. & J. Presl Cocos nucifera L. not listed Cocos nucifera L. 1 C P, F, D, M seem likely to have naturalised.

Arecaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Elaeis guineensis Jacq. naturalised N T, D

Arecaceae Bercht. & J. Presl Phoenix dactylifera L. not listed C M Note that Binggeli considers this species Arecaceae indigenous non- introduced, but most sources disagree. Bercht. & J. Presl Phoenix reclinata Jacq. endemic X- inv. B, T Binggeli lists as highly invasive.

Arecaceae Raphia farinifera (Gaertn.) Bercht. & J. Presl Hyl. naturalised N P Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia L. (several un- Tropicos MadCat: "several additional species Juss. named species) cultivated C T widely grown as ornamentals" Tropicos MadCat: "naturalized and abundant on the beaches of Nosy Be; also recently Asparagaceae Sansevieria canaliculata been collected on the northern tip of Juss. Carrière naturalised N inv. T Madagascar". Invasive: pers. obs. SC Asparagaceae Sansevieria zeylanica (L.) Juss. Willd. not listed C D* Asteraceae Acanthospermum australe Bercht. & J. Presl (Loefl.) Kuntze not listed N inv. H invasive: H

Asteraceae Acanthospermum hispidum indigenous non- Acanthospermum Bercht. & J. Presl DC. endemic hispidum DC 4 X- inv. P, T, S a , H Invasive: B, H

Asteraceae indigenous non- Spilanthes Tropicos MadCat says 'material may represent Bercht. & J. Presl Acmella caulirhiza Delile endemic acmella L. 5 X P, T, D different species'

Asteraceae Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Spilanthes Bercht. & J. Presl Jansen naturalised oleracea Jacq 1 N P, T, D

Asteraceae Adenostemma viscosum indigenous non- Adenostemma Bercht. & J. Presl J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. endemic viscosum Forst 5 X- P, T

Asteraceae Ageratina riparia (Regel) Bercht. & J. Presl R.M. King & H. Rob. naturalised N T

Asteraceae Ageratum P, T, D, Bercht. & J. Presl Ageratum conyzoides L. naturalised conizoides L. 4 N inv. Sa, H Invasive: H, pers. obs. JT, SC, Pf

Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Ambrosia maritima L. naturalised N T

Asteraceae Ayapana triplinervis (Vahl) Bercht. & J. Presl R. M. King & H. Rob. not listed N D*

Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Bidens bipinnata L. naturalised Bidens bipinnata 4 N P, T Centipeda orbicularis Lour. Asteraceae indigenous non- and Bidens Two species from Perrier have currently same Bercht. & J. Presl Bidens pilosa L. endemic leucantha Wild both 4 X- inv. P, T, S a , H synonym (varieties?). Invasive: H

Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Bidens pinnata Noronha naturalised N T, D

Asteraceae Blainvillea acmella (L.) Blainvillea Bercht. & J. Presl Philipson naturalised latifolia DC. 3 N P, T

Asteraceae Blumea crispata (Vahl) Laggera alata Bercht. & J. Presl Merxm. naturalised Sch. Bip. 3 N P, T, S a Asteraceae Blumea dregeanoides Sch. Blumea Bercht. & J. Presl Bip. ex A. Rich. naturalised wightiana DC 4 N P, T

Asteraceae Chromolaena odorata (L.) inv. (see Bercht. & J. Presl R. M. King & H. Rob. not listed N note) D, H H: rare in Madagascar but colonises fallows

Asteraceae Chrysanthellum indicum Chrysantellum Bercht. & J. Presl DC. naturalised indicum DC 5 N P, T

Asteraceae Cichorium Bercht. & J. Presl Cichorium intybus L. naturalised intybus L. 2 N P, T

Asteraceae Conyza aegyptiaca (L.) indigenous non- Coniza Bercht. & J. Presl Aiton endemic acegyptiaca Art. 4 X- P, T, D

Asteraceae Conyza bonariensis (L.) Bercht. & J. Presl Cronquist naturalised N T, S a Samyn calls it "Erigenon naudinii E. Bonnett"

Asteraceae indigenous non- Nidorella Bercht. & J. Presl Conyza stricta Willd. endemic chrysocoma DC 4 X- P, T Synonymy from various sites not confirmed, Asteraceae Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) Erigeron albidus but certain not listed Tropicos MadCat. Bercht. & J. Presl E. Walker not listed A. Gray 3 N inv. P, B Invasive: pers. obs. JT Identification of species unknown; Ulmifolia suggested by Asteraceae Conyza ulmifolia (Burm.f.) plants.jstor.org/flora/floc005643. Neither Bercht. & J. Presl Kuntze not listed Coniza incisa Ait. 5 N P incisa nor ulmifolia listed on Tropicos MadCat

Asteraceae Cosmos Bercht. & J. Presl Cosmos caudatus Kunth naturalised caudatus Kunth 3 N inv. P, T, H invasive: H

Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Cosmos sulphureus Cav. not listed N inv. H invasive: H

Asteraceae Cotula australis (Sieber ex Bercht. & J. Presl Spreng.) Hook. f. naturalised Cotula villosa DC 4 N P, T H lists three species of Crassocephalum as fallow field invaders, all indigenous non- Gynura rubens endemic following Tropicos Madcat. P's G. Mueschler and sarcobasis is now variety of C. rubens Asteraceae Crassocephalum rubens indigenous non- Gynura (Crassocephalum rubens var. sarcobasis Bercht. & J. Presl (Juss. ex Jacq.) S. endemic sarcobasis DC 4 X- inv. P, T, H (DC.) C. Jeffrey & Beentje) Dichrocephala integrifolia Asteraceae (L.f.) Kuntze subsp. indigenous non- Dichrocephala Bercht. & J. Presl integrifolia endemic latifolia DC 4 X- P, T Blumea Asteraceae natalensis Sch. Bercht. & J. Presl Doellia cafra (DC.) Anderb. naturalised Bip. 4 N P, T

Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. naturalised Eclipta erecta L. 4 N inv. P, T, H invasive: H (which uses the synonym E. alba)

Asteraceae Elephantopus carolinianus H lists as E. mollis; new combination from Bercht. & J. Presl var. mollis (Kunth) Beurlin not listed N inv. H Tropicos Madcat.

Asteraceae Elephantepus P, T, S a , Bercht. & J. Presl Elephantopus scaber L. naturalised scaber L. 5 N inv. H, Pf invasive: H, Pf in Tropicos MadCat Emilia citrina DC. is listed as 'Endemic to Madagascar, Naturalised in Asteraceae Madagascar' and is a synonym of Emilia Bercht. & J. Presl Emilia infralignosa Humbert endemic E T infralignosa

Asteraceae indigenous non- Emilia sonchifolia Bercht. & J. Presl Emilia sonchifolia DC. endemic DC 4 X- P, T

Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Enydra sessilis (Sw.) DC. naturalised N T

Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Ethulia conyzoides L. f. naturalised N T

Asteraceae Galinsoga Bercht. & J. Presl Galinsoga parviflora Cav. naturalised parviflora Cav. 3 N inv. P, T, H invasive: H

Asteraceae Gamochaeta purpurea (L.) indigenous non- Gnaphalium Bercht. & J. Presl Cabrera endemic purpureum L. 4 X- P, T

Asteraceae Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Gerbera Bercht. & J. Presl Cass. naturalised piloseloides Cass 5 N P, T

Asteraceae Gnaphalium polycaulon Gnaphalium Bercht. & J. Presl Pers. naturalised indicum L. 4 N P, T Grangea Asteraceae Grangea maderaspatana maderaspatana Bercht. & J. Presl (L.) Poir. naturalised Poir. 4 N P, T Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Hypochaeris radicata L. naturalised N T

Asteraceae Considered naturalized in Madagascar by ARS- Bercht. & J. Presl Lactuca indica L. not listed N inv. Pf* GRIN; Pf found in fallow fields

Asteraceae indigenous non- Lactuca capensis Considered native to Madagascar by ARS- Bercht. & J. Presl Lactuca inermis Forssk. endemic Thumb. 5 X- P, T, D GRIN

Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Lactuca sativa L. not listed C CK* Cultivated only according to ARS-GRIN Lactuca Asteraceae Launaea intybacea (Jacq.) indigenous non- goreensis Sel. Bercht. & J. Presl Beauverd endemic Bg. 5 X- P, T

Asteraceae Launaea rarifolia (Oliv. & indigenous non- Lactuca Bercht. & J. Presl Hiern) Boulos endemic welwitschii Sc Ell 5 X- P, T Siegesbeckia Asteraceae indigenous non- abyssinica Olv et Bercht. & J. Presl Micractis bojeri DC. endemic Hiem 4 X- P, T

Asteraceae Parthenium hysterophorus Parthenium inv. (see Bercht. & J. Presl L. naturalised hysterophorus L. 3 N note) P, T, H Invasive: H (but not widespread) Pegolettia Asteraceae Pegolettia senegalensis indigenous non- senegalensis Bercht. & J. Presl Cass. endemic Cass. 5 X- P, T

Asteraceae Pseudoconyza viscosa Blumea aurita Bercht. & J. Presl (Mill.) D'Arcy naturalised DC 5 N P, T Pseudognaphalium Asteraceae luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & Gnaphalium Bercht. & J. Presl B.L. Burtt naturalised luteo-album L. 4 N P, T Strange note in Tropicos MadCat: "Much Pseudognaphalium confused with P. undulatum (or Gnaphalium Asteraceae oligandrum (DC.) Hilliard & indigenous non- Gnaphalium undulatum) but this African sp is not known Bercht. & J. Presl B.L. Burtt endemic undulatum L. 4 X- P, T from Madagascar."

Asteraceae Pterocypsela indica (L.) C. Bercht. & J. Presl Shih naturalised Lactuca indica L. 4 N P, T

Asteraceae Siegesbeckia Bercht. & J. Presl Sigesbeckia orientalis L. naturalised orientalis L 4 N P, T, S a Soliva Asteraceae Soliva anthemidifolia Ruiz anthemidifolia Bercht. & J. Presl & Pav. naturalised Ruiz & Pav. 3 N P, T

Asteraceae indigenous non- Sonchus asper Bercht. & J. Presl Sonchus asper Wild. endemic Wild. 4 X- P, T, D

Asteraceae indigenous non- Sonchus Bercht. & J. Presl Sonchus dregeanus DC. endemic dregeanus DC 5 X- P, T

Asteraceae Sonchus Bercht. & J. Presl Sonchus oleraceus L. naturalised oleraceus 4 N inv. P, T, D, H invasive: H

Asteraceae indigenous non- Sphaeranthus Bercht. & J. Presl Sphaeranthus africanus L. endemic africanus DE 4 X- P, T

Asteraceae Sphaeranthus angustifolius indigenous non- Sphaeranthus Bercht. & J. Presl DC. endemic angustifolius DC 4 X- P, T Struchium Asteraceae sparganophorum (L.) Sparganophorus Bercht. & J. Presl Kuntze naturalised vaillantii Crantz 5 N P, T

Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Tagetes erecta L. naturalised Tajetes erecta L 4 N inv. P, T, S a Invasive: pers. obs. JT

Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Tagetes minuta L. naturalised N T

Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale F.H. Taraxacum Bercht. & J. Presl Wigg naturalised officinale Web. 3 N P, T, D

Asteraceae Tithonia diversifolia Bercht. & J. Presl (Hemsl.) A. Gray not listed N inv. Sa, H Invasive: H, Pf, pers. obs. JT

Asteraceae Tolpis capensis (L.) Sch. indigenous non- Hieracium Bercht. & J. Presl Bip. endemic capense DC 5 X- P, T

Asteraceae Tridax Bercht. & J. Presl Tridax procumbens L. naturalised procumbens L 4 N inv. P, T, H Invasive: H

Asteraceae indigenous non- Vernonia Bercht. & J. Presl Vernonia aemulans Vatke endemic aemulans Vatke 4 X- P, T Asteraceae Vernonia cinerea Bercht. & J. Presl Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. naturalised Less. 5 N P, T

Asteraceae Vernonia obconica Oliv. & Bercht. & J. Presl Hiern naturalised N T

Asteraceae Crepis japonica Bercht. & J. Presl Youngia japonica (L.) DC. naturalised Benth 4 N P, T

Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl Zinnia elegans L. not listed Zinnia elegans L. 2 N P Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Basellaceae Raf. Steenis naturalised N T, D Basellaceae Raf. Basella alba L. not listed Baselia alba L. 5 N P Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Betulaceae Gray Duby not listed C S

Betulaceae Gray Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. not listed C S Betulaceae Gray Betula papyrifera Marshall not listed C S Betulaceae Gray Betula pendula Roth not listed C S Betulaceae Gray Betula populifolia Marshall not listed C S Bignoniaceae Catalpa bignonioides Juss. Walter not listed C S Bignoniaceae Kigelia africana (Lam.) Juss. Benth. not listed C S Bignoniaceae Markhamia lutea (Benth.) Juss. K. Schum. not listed C S Bignoniaceae Pyrostegia venusta (Ker Juss. Gawl.) Miers not listed C JT Bignoniaceae Spathodea campanulata P. Juss. Beauv. not listed C S Bignoniaceae Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Juss. Kunth not listed C S Bixaceae Kunth Bixa orellana L. naturalised Bixa orellana L. 1 N P, T Boraginaceae Juss. Cordia africana Lam. naturalised N T Boraginaceae Juss. Cordia dentata Poir. cultivated C T Single cultivated specimen (Tropicos MadCat) Boraginaceae indigenous non- Heliotropium Juss. Heliotropium indicum L. endemic indicum L. 4 X- inv. P, T, D, H Invasive: H Heliotropium Boraginaceae Heliotropium ovalifolium indigenous non- ovalifolium Juss. Forsk. endemic Forsk. 4 X- P, T Note that Perrier and Decary consider Boraginaceae Trichodesma zeylanicum indigenous non- Trichodesma introduced, but Tropicos MadCat and ARS- Juss. R.Br endemic zeylanicum R.Br 3 X- inv. P, T, D, H GRIN indigenous. Invasive: H Boraginaceae Juss. Varronia curassavica Jacq. naturalised N T Brassicaceae Brassica Burnett Brassica campestris L. not listed campestris L 1 C P Brassicaceae Burnett Brassica carinata A. Braun naturalised N T Tropicos MadCat: "Also possible that B. Brassicaceae juncea also naturalized"; Perrier's S. juncea Burnett Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. possible naturalised Sinapis juncea L. 1 N P*, T, D is Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. subsp. Juncea Tropicos MadCat: "and many forms of B. Brassicaceae oleracea and other spp. are cultivated as Burnett Brassica oleracea L. cultivated C T vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower etc.)" Brassicaceae Capsella bursa- Burnett Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) not listed pastoris (L.) 2 N P, D Brassicaceae Burnett Cardamine hirsuta L. naturalised N T Brassicaceae Coronopus didymus (L.) Senebiera GRIN says Coronopus didymus = Lepidium Burnett Sm. naturalised didyma Pers. 3 N P, T didymum L. Brassicaceae Burnett Lepidium virginicum L. naturalised N T Brassicaceae Nasturtium Burnett Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern. not listed indicum D. C. 4 N P*, D Brassicaceae Rorippa nasturtium- Nasturtium Burnett aquaticum (L.) Hayek naturalised officinale RBr 5 N P, T, D Bromeliaceae Ananas sativa Juss. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. not listed Lindl. 2 N P, D, M Burseraceae Kunth Aucoumea klaineana Pierre not listed C S Called C. commune by M. Tropicos (general) Burseraceae calls name invalid; ARS-GRIN accepts. Kunth Canarium indicum L. not listed C M* Perhaps Canarium harveyi Seem. Burseraceae Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) Kunth H. J. Lam not listed C F, M Carnegiea gigantea Cactaceae Juss. (Engelm.) Britton & Rose not listed C M M listed two species: Cereus chalybaeus, Cereus coerulescens that are now considered Cactaceae Juss. Cereus aethiops Haw. not listed C M under same species. Cactaceae Juss. Cereus caracore Gosselin not listed C M M listed two species: Cereus forbesii, Cereus Cereus hankeanus F. A. C. validus that are now most like considered Cactaceae Juss. Weber ex K. Schum. not listed C M* under same species.

Cactaceae Juss. Cereus hexagonus (L.) Mill. naturalised N T, M Cereus hildmannianus K. Schum. subsp. uruguayanus (R. Kiesling) Cactaceae Juss. N. P. Taylor not listed C M M listed two species Cereus jamacaru, Cereus lividus that are now considered under same Cactaceae Juss. Cereus jamacaru DC. not listed C M species. Nom. cons. Cactaceae Juss. Cereus repandus (L.) Mill. not listed C M Was called Subpilocereus repandus by M. In Tropicos MadCat genus notes for Opuntia Cylindropuntia leptocaulis as Opuntia leptocaulis. Synonymy from ARS- Cactaceae Juss. (DC.) F. M. Knuth cultivated C T* GRIN Echinocactus ingens Zucc. Cactaceae Juss. ex Pfeiff. not listed C M Was called Echinocereus cineracens by M.; Echinocereus cinerascens perhaps synonym of Echinocereus Cactaceae Juss. Lem. not listed C M pentalophus (DC.) Haage Echinopsis spachiana (Lem.) Friedrich & G. D. Cactaceae Juss. Rowley not listed C M Was called Trichocereus spachianus by M. Escontria chiotilla (F. A. C. Cactaceae Juss. Weber) Rose not listed C M Was called Scontria chiotilla by M. Ferocactus haematacanthus (Salm- Dyck) Bravo ex Backeb. & Was called Hamatocactus haematacanthus by Cactaceae Juss. F. M . K n u not listed C M M.

Ferocactus hamatacanthus Cactaceae Juss. (Muehlenpf.) Britton & Rose not listed C M Was called Hamatocactus longihamatus by M. Harrisia guelichii (Speg.) Was called Harrissia guelechii by M. (note Cactaceae Juss. Britton & Rose not listed C M spelling errors) Harrisia pomanensis (F. A. Cactaceae Juss. C. Weber) Britton & Rose not listed C M Was called Harrissia bomplandii by M. Was called Hylocereus canariensis by M.; this Cactaceae Juss. Hylocereus canariensis not listed C M name not found in Tropicos or ARS-GRIN Hylocereus ocamponis Cactaceae Juss. (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose not listed C M Hylocereus triangularis (L.) M had two entries (Hylocereus tricostatus = Cactaceae Juss. Britton & Rose not listed C M Cereus triangularis and H. triangularis) Hylocereus trigonus (Haw.) Cactaceae Juss. Saff. not listed N Sa, M Mammillaria magnimamma Cactaceae Juss. Haw. not listed C M Mammillaria meiacantha Cactaceae Juss. Engelm. not listed C M

Myrtillocactus geometrizans Cactaceae Juss. (Mart.) Console not listed C M Cactaceae Juss. Opuntia aurantiaca Lindl. cultivated C T In Tropicos MadCat genus notes for Opuntia Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Cactaceae Juss. Mill. cultivated C T In Tropicos MadCat genus notes for Opuntia Note that B suggests this species was not Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) found on the island, and was confused for O. Cactaceae Juss. Haw. naturalised N T, D monacantha Cactaceae Juss. Opuntia exaltata A. Berger cultivated C T In Tropicos MadCat genus notes for Opuntia B says this was previously often called O. inermis (which for example M called Figuier de Barbarie and which was introduced 1930, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) according to B from 1900 onwards). B lists as Cactaceae Juss. Mill. naturalised N inv. T, B , M invasive. Opuntia imbricata (Haw.) Cactaceae Juss. DC. cultivated C T In Tropicos MadCat genus notes for Opuntia Cactaceae Juss. Opuntia leucotricha DC. cultivated C M ,T Opuntia linguiformis Cactaceae Juss. Griffiths naturalised N T Opuntia Samyn uses "Opuntia vulgaris J. Miller". M Cactaceae Juss. Opuntia monacantha Haw. naturalised monacantha 5 N inv. T, B , S a calls Opuntia dillenii. Listed as invasive by B. Opuntia robusta H. L. Cactaceae Juss. Wendl. ex Pfeiff. cultivated C M ,T Opuntia streptacantha Cactaceae Juss. Lem. not listed C M Called Opuntia cardona by M. M has two contradictory entries for this species, one (O. dillenii) introduced ~1768 and highly invasive until 1920s introduction of Coccus cacti, the other (O. inermis) introduced 1930, not naturalized. Following B, the entries of M would be reassigned to O. monacantha and O. ficus-indica, respectively. Opuntia stricta (Haw.) The status of O. stricta we use here is based Cactaceae Juss. Haw. naturalised N T, D, M on Tropicos MadCat. Opuntia tomentosa Salm- Cactaceae Juss. Dyck cultivated C T In Tropicos MadCat genus notes for Opuntia Cactaceae Juss. Opuntia tuna (L.) Mill. not listed C M Opuntia tunicata (Lehm.) Cactaceae Juss. Pfeiff. naturalised N T Opuntia ursina F.A.C. Cactaceae Juss. Weber cultivated C T In Tropicos MadCat genus notes for Opuntia Pachycereus pringlei (S. Cactaceae Juss. Watson) Britton & Rose not listed C M Cactaceae Juss. Pereskia aculeata Mill. not listed N Sa, D, M Was called Pereskia guamaco by M. New Pereskia guamacho F.A.C. combination published as Rhodocactus Cactaceae Juss. Weber not listed C M guamacho (F.A.C. Weber) F.M. Knuth Polaskia chende (Rol.- Goss.) A. C. Gibson & K. E. Cactaceae Juss. Horak not listed C M Was called Lemaireocereus chende by M. Polaskia chichipe (Rol.- Cactaceae Juss. Goss.) Backeb. not listed C M Was called Lemaireocereus chichipee by M. Stenocereus griseus (Haw.) Cactaceae Juss. Buxb. not listed C M Was called Lemaireocereus pruinosus by M. Stenocereus gummosus (Engelm.) A. C. Gibson & Cactaceae Juss. K. E. Horak not listed C M Was called Machaerocereus gummosus by M.

Stenocereus queretaroensis Was called Lemaireocereus querateroensis by Cactaceae Juss. (F. A. C. Weber) Buxb. not listed C M M. Stenocereus stellatus Cactaceae Juss. (Pfeiff.) Riccob. not listed C M Was called Lemaireocereus stellatus by M. Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxb. subsp. Cactaceae Juss. Thurberi not listed C M Was called Lemaireocereus thurberi by M. Thelocactus bicolor Cactaceae Juss. (Galeotti) Britton & Rose not listed C M Trichocereus schickendantzii (F.A.C. Cactaceae Juss. Weber) Britton & Rose not listed C M Calophyllaceae J. Agardh Mammea americana L. not listed C M Campanulaceae Gunillaea emirnensis (A. indigenous non- Walhenbergia Juss. DC.) Thulin endemic haillana DC 4 X- P, T Cannabaceae Cannabis indica Martinov Cannabis indica Lam. not listed L. 1 C P, D Cannabaceae Martinov Cannabis sativa L. possible naturalised N T Cannabaceae indigenous non- Trema orientalis Martinov Trema orientalis Blume. endemic Blume. 5 X- P, T, S a Cannaceae Juss. Canna indica L. not listed Canna indica L. 2 N inv. P, D Invasive: pers. obs. JT Caricaceae Dumort. Carica papaya L. not listed Carica papaya L. 2 N inv. P, B , D B lists as invasive. Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Juss. Thuill. naturalised N T Caryophyllaceae indigenous non- Drymaria cordata ARS-GRIN: 'probably native to New World' Juss. Drymaria cordata Wild endemic Wild 5 X P, T but 'native to tropics and subtropics' Polycarpaea Caryophyllaceae Polycarpaea corymbosa indigenous non- corymbosa Juss. (L.) Lam. endemic Lamk. 4 X- P, T Synonymy not confirmed. Could also be subsumed within P. corymbosa (which has var. effusa). According to Tropicos General, Caryophyllaceae Polycarpaea eriantha Polycarpaea P. eriantha var. effusa found in Madagascar Juss. Hochst. ex A. Rich. not listed effusa Oliv. 4 N P by Rutenberg 1880 Polycarpon Caryophyllaceae Polycarpon loeflingii Wight læflingle Benth. Tropicos MadCat lists no species under genus Juss. & Arn. ex Benth. not listed et Hook 4 N P but estimates 1 indig non-end Caryophyllaceae Sagina muscosa Juss. Sagina procumbens L. naturalised L. 3 N P, T Caryophyllaceae indigenous non- Stellaria media Juss. Stellaria media L. endemic L. 3 X- P, T Casuarinaceae R. Allocasuarina littoralis Br. (Salisb.) L. A. S. Johnson not listed C S Casuarinaceae R. Allocasuarina torulosa Br. (Aiton) L. A. S. Johnson not listed C S Casuarina Casuarinaceae R. Casuarina cunninghamiana cunninghiana This is not filao (coastal) as Perrier says Br. Miq. naturalised [sic] 1 N P, T introduced by Agr Service in center of island Coastal distributions likely indigenous to Madagascar; however substantial forestry plantations of this species were nearly Casuarinaceae R. indigenous non- certainly undertaken with with seed from Br. Casuarina equisetifolia L. endemic I&I S, T, D elsewhere Casuarinaceae R. Casuarina glauca Sieber ex Br. Spreng. not listed C S Cleomaceae Bercht. & J. Polanisia viscoa Presl. Arivela viscosa (L.) Raf. not listed D. C. 4 N P* Cleomaceae Bercht. & J. Gynandropsis Presl. Cleome gynandra L. not listed pentaphylla L. 2 N P* Cleomaceae Bercht. & J. Cleome hirta (Klotzsch) Presl. Oliv. naturalised N inv. T, H Invasive: H Cleomaceae Bercht. & J. Tropicos MadCat: cultivated in gardens, may Presl. Cleome speciosa Raf. naturalised N T be locally naturalized Clusiaceae Lindl. Garcinia mangostana L. not listed C F, M Garcinia spicata (Wight & Clusiaceae Lindl. Arn.) Hook. f. not listed C F, D Garcinia xanthochymus Clusiaceae Lindl. Hook. f. not listed C F, D Pentadesma butyracea Clusiaceae Lindl. Sabine not listed C S Combretaceae R. Conocarpus lancifolius Br. Engl. ex Engl. & Diels not listed C S Combretaceae R. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. Br. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. not listed C S Combretaceae R. Terminalia bellirica Br. (Gaertn.) Roxb. not listed C S Combretaceae R. Terminalia bentzoe (L.) L. Br. f. not listed C S Combretaceae R. Br. Terminalia catappa L. not listed N F, D Combretaceae R. Br. Terminalia elliptica Willd. not listed C S Combretaceae R. Terminalia ivorensis A. Br. Chev. not listed C G Combretaceae R. Terminalia platiphylla Br. F. M u e l l . not listed C S Combretaceae R. Terminalia superba Engl. & Br. Diels. not listed C S Commelinaceae Belosynapsis ciliata Mirb. (Blume) R.S. Rao naturalised N T Tropicos MadCat: Justicia spp. as synonym Commelinaceae Commelina Mirb. Commelina benghalensis L. naturalised benghalensis L. 4 N inv. P, T, H Highly invasive: H, pers. obs. JT Invasive: from thesis of J. A. Randriamampianina (http://www.prpv.org/index.php/en/documen tation/bibliographie/malherbologie/caracteris ation_des_communautes_des_mauvaises_her bes_dans_les_systemes_de_culture_en_zone Commelinaceae _de_savane_dans_le_sud_ouest_de_madaga Mirb. Commelina diffusa Burm. f. naturalised N inv. T scar) Based on note under Commelina ramulosa H. Perrier in Tropicos MadCat, the species mentioned by Perrier is likely to be native (independent of whether taxonomists eventually separate a local endemic from the Commelinaceae Commelina African variety). GRIN considers C. forskaolii Mirb. Commelina forskaolii Vahl not listed forskahlei Vahl. 5 X- P indigenous to Madagascar. Commelinaceae Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Commelina Mirb. Brenan naturalised nudiflora L. 4 N P, T Commelinaceae Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Mirb. Brenan naturalised N T Convolvulaceae Aniseia martinicensis Juss. (Jacq.) Choisy naturalised N T Convolvulaceae Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Tropicos MadCat: widely cultivated as a Juss. Bojer cultivated C T ornamental Convolvulaceae Bonamia semidigyna Juss. (Roxb.) Hallier f. naturalised N T note that Tropicos genus entry for Cuscuta says that Flora Mad had 5 naturalised Convolvulaceae Cuscuta, but Tropicos has categorised them Juss. Cuscuta chinensis Lam. not listed N Sa as indig. non-endemic (on what basis?) Convolvulaceae indigenous non- Evolvulus Juss. Evolvulus alsinoides L. endemic alsinoides L 5 X- P, T Ipomoea !leucantha Jacq. Convolvulaceae (= I. cordatotriloba ! I. Ipomoea Juss. lacunosa) not listed leucantha Jacq. 4 N P* Convolvulaceae Ipomoea inv. (see pers. obs. SC of invasive Ipomoea, but Juss. Ipomoea alba L. naturalised bonanox L 5 N note) P, T unsure which species Convolvulaceae indigenous non- Ipomoea reptans Juss. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. endemic Poir. 5 X+ P, T, D Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas Juss. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. naturalised L. 1 N P, T, D Convolvulaceae indigenous non- Ipomoea Juss. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet endemic palmata Forsk 5 X P, T, D exact native range obscure': ARS-GRIN Convolvulaceae Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Juss. Choisy naturalised N T Convolvulaceae Juss. Ipomoea hederifolia L. naturalised N T Convolvulaceae Ipomoea indica (Burm.) Juss. Merr. naturalised N T Convolvulaceae Ipomoea nil Juss. Ipomoea nil Roth. naturalised Roth. 4 N P, T Convolvulaceae Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Juss. Gawl. naturalised Ipomoea obscura 4 N P, T Convolvulaceae Juss. Ipomoea pileata Roxb. naturalised N T Convolvulaceae Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Ipomoea Juss. Roth naturalised purpurea Both 3 N P, T Convolvulaceae Ipomoea Juss. Ipomoea quamoclit L. naturalised quamoclit L. 4 N P, T Convolvulaceae indigenous non- Ipomoea lindleyi Juss. Ipomoea rubens Choisy endemic Choisy 5 X- P, T Convolvulaceae Juss. Ipomoea tricolor Cav. naturalised N T Convolvulaceae Ipomoea trifida (Kunth) G. Juss. Don naturalised N T Convolvulaceae Jacquemontia tamnifolia indigenous non- Jacquemontia Juss. (L.) Griseb. endemic capitata D Dun 4 X- P, T Ipomoea Convolvulaceae Merremia aegyptia (L.) indigenous non- penthaphylla Juss. Urb. endemic Jacq. 2 X P, T Convolvulaceae Operculina turpethum (L.) indigenous non- Ipomoea Juss. Silva Manso endemic turpethum R. Br. 4 X- P*, T Crassulaceae J. Kalanchoe delagoensis Tropicos MadCat: "Native to Toliara Province, St.-Hil. Eckl. & Zeyh. endemic E T but naturalized elsewhere" Cucurbitaceae Benincasa Juss. Benincasa cerifera Savi not listed cerifera Savi 1 C P, D Cucurbitaceae Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Juss. Schrad. naturalised N T Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Citrullus vulgaris Juss. Matsum. & Nakai naturalised Schrad. 5 N P, T, D Cucurbitaceae Cucumis L. un-named In Tropicos MadCat all indigenous non- Juss. species naturalised Cucumis sp 2 N P, T endemic (but Fl. mad had 5 naturalised) Unclear why Tropicos MadCat considers this cultivar indigenous (includes specimen in Cucurbitaceae indigenous non- Cucumis sativus protected area, which would indicate Juss. Cucumis sativus L. endemic L. 1 C P, T, D naturalised) Cucurbita maxima Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Juss. Duchesne ex Lam. naturalised Lam. 1 N P, T, D Cucurbitaceae Boiteau notes two varieties, C. pepo and C. Juss. Cucurbita pepo L. not listed C Boiteau ovifera (now considered a variety) Cucurbitaceae Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Juss. C. Jeffrey naturalised N T Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Lagenaria Juss. Standl. naturalised vulgaris L. 2 N P, T, D Sphaerosicyos Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria sphaerica indigenous non- meyeri Hook. Juss. (Sond.) Naudin endemic fils. 4 X- P, T Cucurbitaceae indigenous non Luffa acutangula Juss. Luffa acutangula Roxb. endemic Roxb. 2 X+ P, T, D Cucurbitaceae indigenous non- Luffa aegyptiaca Juss. Luffa cylindrica M. Roem. endemic Milt. 5 X- P, T Cucurbitaceae indigenous non- Momordica Juss. Momordica charantia L. endemic charantia L 5 X+ P, T, D Cucurbitaceae Sechium edule Juss. Sechium edule Lw not listed Lw 1 C P, T, D Tropicos MadCat says synonom to Ampelosycios scandens Thouars but we Telfairia pedata believe Perrier meant the oyster nut Cucurbitaceae Telfairia pedata (Sm. ex (Sm. ex Sims) (chataigne d'Inhambane) - see ICRAF Juss. Sims) Hook not listed Hook 1 C P, T, D database Perrier considered it a recent introduction from Oceania; GRIN considers this species to be synonym to Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. anguina (L.) Haines, which is only Cucurbitaceae indigenous non- Trichosanthes cultivated. Unclear why Tropicos MadCat Juss. Trichosanthes anguina L. endemic anguina L. 1 C P, T considers indigenous. Melothria Cucurbitaceae Zehneria thwaitesii indigenous non- tridactyla Hook Juss. (Schweinf.) C. Jeffrey endemic fils. 4 X- P, T Cupressaceae Bartlett Callitris preissii Miq. not listed C S Cupressaceae Callitris rhomboidea R. Br. Bartlett ex Rich. not listed C S Cupressaceae Callitris verrucosa (A. Bartlett Cunn. ex Endl.) F. Muell. not listed C S Cupressaceae Calocedrus decurrens Bartlett (Torr.) Florin not listed C S Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Bartlett (A. Murray) Parl. not listed C S Cupressaceae Chamaecyparis thyoides Bartlett (L.) Britton et al. not listed C S Cupressaceae Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) Bartlett D. Don not listed C S Cupressaceae Cunninghamia lanceolata Bartlett (Lamb.) Hook. not listed C S Cupressaceae Bartlett Cupressus arizonica Greene not listed C S Cupressaceae Bartlett Cupressus lusitanica Mill. not listed C S Sutter also mentions separately Cupressus Cupressaceae sempervirens L. var. atlantica (Gaussen) Bartlett Cupressus sempervirens L. not listed C S, C Silba Cupressaceae Bartlett Cupressus torulosa D. Don not listed C S Cupressaceae Dacrydium cupressinum Bartlett Sol. ex Lamb. not listed C S Cupressaceae Juniperus procera Hochst. Bartlett ex Endl. not listed C S Cupressaceae Bartlett Juniperus virginiana L. not listed C S Cupressaceae Platycladus orientalis (L.) Bartlett Franco not listed C S Cupressaceae Sequoia sempervirens (D. Bartlett Don) Endl. not listed C S Cupressaceae Taxodium distichum (L.) Bartlett Rich. not listed C S Cupressaceae Taxodium mucronatum Bartlett Ten. not listed C S Cupressaceae Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Bartlett Mast. not listed C S Cupressaceae Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Bartlett Don not listed C S Cupressaceae Widdringtonia Bartlett cedarbergensis J. A. Marsh not listed C S* Sutter lists as W. juniperoides Cupressaceae Widdringtonia schwarzii Bartlett (Marloth) Mast. not listed C S Cupressaceae Widdringtonia whytei Bartlett Rendle not listed C S In species list of Brown et al. 2009; Cyatheaceae Cyathea arborescens presumed naturalised for found within Kaulf. Copel. not listed N see note National Park

Courtoisina cyperoides indigenous non- Courtoisia Cyperaceae Juss. (Roxb.) Soják endemic cyperoides Nees. 4 X- P, T indigenous non- Cyperus amabilis Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus amabilis Vahl. endemic Vahl. 4 X- P, T indigenous non- Cyperus Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus compressus L. endemic compressus L. 4 X- P, T Cyperus Cyperus conglomeratus indigenous non- conglomeratus Cyperaceae Juss. Rottb. endemic Rottb. 4 X- P, T Cyperus May not be same species, as Perrier's is indigenous non- cuspidatus "close to the sea" and Tropicos MadCat is at Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth endemic H.B.K. 5 X- P, T altitude Mariscus Cyperus cyperoides (L.) indigenous non- sieberianus Cyperaceae Juss. Kuntze subsp. cyperoides endemic Nees. 5 X- P, T Invasive: H. Note that in H entry for Cyperus spp. numerous species are mentioned without distinction (C. ferax [=C. odoratus], indigenous non- Cyperus inv. (see C. obtusifolius, C. difformis, C. latifolius, C. Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus difformis L. endemic difformis L. 4 X- note) P, T, H nudicaulis, C. eliator) indigenous non- Cyperus distans Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus distans L. endemic L. 4 X- P, T Highly invasive: H (note that entry for C. indigenous non- Cyperus esculentus in H is separate from Cyperus Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus esculentus L. endemic esculentus L. 5 X+ inv. P, T, D, H spp.) indigenous non- Cyperus haspan Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus haspan L. endemic L. 4 X- P, T indigenous non- Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus iria L. endemic Cyperus iria L 4 X- P, T indigenous non- Cyperus inv. (see Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus obtusiflorus Vahl endemic compactus L. 5 X- note) P, T, H Invasive: H (see note for C. difformis) indigenous non- Cyperus Highly invasive: H (note that entry for C. Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus rotundus L. endemic rotundus L. 4 X- inv. P, T rotundus in H is separate from Cyperus spp.) Cyperus indigenous non- squamosus Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus squarrosus L. endemic Clarke 4 X- P, T indigenous non- Cyperus Cyperaceae Juss. Cyperus tuberosus Rottb. endemic tuberosus Rottb. 4 X- P, T Fimbristylis diphylla Vahl. & Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) indigenous non- Fimbristylis Perrier had two species; synonymy to single Cyperaceae Juss. Vahl endemic dichotoma Vahl. both 4 X- P, T species; perhaps varieties? indigenous non- Kyllingia Cyperaceae Juss. Kyllinga odorata Vahl. endemic cylindrica Nees. 5 X- P, T

Kyllingia Cyperaceae Juss. Kyllinga squamulata Vahl. naturalised squamulata Vahl. 4 N P, T Lipocarpha mexicana Cyperaceae Juss. Liebm. possible naturalised N T

Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T. indigenous non- Pycreus globusus Cyperaceae Juss. Koyama endemic ReichB. 4 X- P*, T Pycreus albomarginatus Pycreus macrostachyos indigenous non- Nees. & Pycreus Perrier had two species; synonymy to single Cyperaceae Juss. (Lam.) J. Raynal endemic tremulus Clark. both 4 X- P, T species; perhaps varieties? indigenous non- Pycreus nitens Cyperaceae Juss. Pycreus pumilus (L.) Nees endemic Nees. 4 X- P, T Dilleniaceae Salisb. Dillenia indica L. not listed C S, M

Includes many cultivars. Perrier considered Dioscoreaceae R. indigenous non- Dioscorea alata introduced; Tropicos MadCat considers Br. Dioscorea alata L. endemic L. 1 X P, T, D indigenous. Enigma requires further research

Dioscoreaceae R. Dioscorea Br. Dioscorea cayenensis Lam. naturalised cayenensis Lamk 1 N P, T, D Perrier considered introduced; Tropicos Dioscoreaceae R. Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) indigenous non- Dioscorea MadCat considers indigenous. Enigma Br. Burkill endemic fasciculata Roxb 1 X P, T, D requires further research Dioscoreaceae R. Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Br. Kuntze naturalised N T Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. Blume ex G. Don not listed C S

Ebenaceae Gürke Diospyros blancoi A. DC. not listed C F, M Ebenaceae Gürke Diospyros digyna Jacq. not listed C F, M , D

Ebenaceae Gürke Diospyros ebenaster Retz. not listed C M

Ebenaceae Gürke Diospyros kaki Thunb. not listed C F, D, M

Ebenaceae Gürke Diospyros sapota Roxb. not listed C M

Ebenaceae Gürke Diospyros virginiana L. not listed C M Euphorbiaceae indigenous non- Acalypha indica Juss. Acalypha indica L. endemic L. 4 X- P, T Euphorbiaceae Juss. Aleurites fordii Hemsl. not listed Aleurites fordii 1 C P, D Euphorbiaceae Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Juss. Willd. naturalised N T, D Euphorbiaceae Aleurites triloba Juss. Aleurites triloba Forst not listed Forst 1 C P Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta Juss. Euphorbia hirta L. not listed L. 3 N P, S a Euphorbia Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hypericifolia L. hypericifolia L. Juss. (Eindica Lamk.) not listed (Eindica Lamk.) 5 N P* Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia Juss. Euphorbia prostrata Ait. not listed prostrata Ait. 3 N P Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pulcherrima Juss. Willd. ex Klotzsch not listed C JT Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia Juss. Euphorbia segetalis L. not listed segetalis L. 4 N P* Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia sometimes also Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Juss. Euphorbia thymiflora L. not listed thymiflora L. 3 N P* Millsp. Euphorbiaceae Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. Juss. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg. not listed C S, D Euphorbiaceae Juss. Hura crepitans L. not listed C G Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas Juss. Jatropha curcas L. naturalised L. 5 N inv. P, T, D Invasive: pers. obs. JT Euphorbiaceae Juss. Jatropha gossypiifolia L. naturalised N T Euphorbiaceae Juss. Jatropha integerrima Jacq. not listed C JT Tropicos MadCat: some exotic species of Euphorbiaceae Jatropha, commonly J. multifida are Juss. Jatropha multifida L. cultivated C T cultivated as ornamentals Manihot carthagenensis Euphorbiaceae (Jacq.) Müll. Arg. subsp. Juss. glaziovii (Müll. Arg.) Allem not listed C D Euphorbiaceae Manihot Juss. Manihot esculenta Crantz not listed utillissima Pohl 1 C P, D Euphorbiaceae Juss. Phyllanthus emblica L. not listed C G Euphorbiaceae Ricinus Juss. Ricinus communis L. naturalised communis L. 5 N inv. P, T, D, S a Invasive: pers. obs. JT Abrus indigenous non- psrecatorius L P, T, S a , Du Puy also considers indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Abrus precatorius L. endemic [sic] 5 X- DP endemic Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia !giraffae Willd. not listed C S Acacia aulacocarpa A. Fabaceae Lindl. Cunn. ex Benth. not listed C C, K, DP Acacia auriculiformis A. Fabaceae Lindl. Cunn. ex Benth. not listed N inv. S, K, DP invasive: K Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia baileyana F. Muell. not listed C S, K Acacia cambagei R. T. Fabaceae Lindl. Baker not listed C S

Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. not listed C S Assume status "N" because profiled in DP ("Only once collected in Madagascar, Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC not listed N DP introduced".) Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn. Fabaceae Lindl. ex Benth. not listed N inv. C, K, DP invasive: K Acacia cultriformis A. Cunn. Fabaceae Lindl. ex G. Don not listed C S, K Acacia cyclops A. Cunn. ex Fabaceae Lindl. G. Don not listed C S, K P*, T, B, Acacia decurrens D, Sa, K, Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia dealbata Link naturalised var.dealbata 2 N inv. DP Invasive: B; K; DP Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia decurrens Willd. not listed N K, DP Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia falcata Willd. not listed C K Acacia farnesiana Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia farnesiana Willd. not listed Willd. 2 N inv. P, B , D, D P Invasive: B, DP, pers. obs. CK Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia galpinii Burtt Davy not listed C C, S, DP Acacia Perrier says "origin Hawaii"(!); did he mean heterophylla A. koa? DP "Cultivated and perhaps Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia heterophylla Willd. naturalised Willd. 1 N P, T, D P naturalized in a few restricted localities" Acacia holosericea A. Cunn. Fabaceae Lindl. ex G. Don not listed C C, K Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia horrida (L.) Willd. not listed C S Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia karroo Hayne not listed C S Acacia laeta R. Br. ex Note however that not listed present in Fabaceae Lindl. Benth. not listed C DP Madagascar on www.ildis.org Acacia leptocarpa A. Cunn. Fabaceae Lindl. ex Benth. not listed C C, K Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Fabaceae Lindl. Willd. not listed C S, K Acacia macrostachya Rchb. Fabaceae Lindl. ex DC. not listed C S Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia mangium Willd. not listed N inv. C, K, DP Invasive: K Acacia decurrens P*, T, D, Invasive: K, pers. obs. JT (but DP just notes Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia mearnsii De Wild. naturalised var. mollissima 1 N inv. K, DP as naturalized) Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. not listed N S, K Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia microbotrya Benth. not listed C S, K Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia modesta Wall. not listed C S Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia nigrescens Oliv. not listed C S Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Fabaceae Lindl. Delile naturalised N T, D P Acacia omalophylla A. Fabaceae Lindl. Cunn. ex Benth. not listed C K Listed by DP as Acacia pendulata (non- Acacia pendula A. Cunn. ex existent name); presume this is species he Fabaceae Lindl. G. Don not listed C DP referred to Acacia pennatula (Schltdl. Note however that not listed present in Fabaceae Lindl. & Cham.) Benth. not listed C DP Madagascar on www.ildis.org Acacia podalyriifolia A. Fabaceae Lindl. Cunn. ex G. Don not listed C S, K, DP Acacia polyacantha Willd. subsp. campylacantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Fabaceae Lindl. Brenan not listed C S Acacia pubescens (Vent.) Fabaceae Lindl. R. Br. not listed C G, K Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia pycnantha Benth. not listed C S, K Acacia saligna (Labill.) H. Fabaceae Lindl. L. Wendl. not listed C S, K, DP DP: "This species now perhaps becoming naturalized"; not listed as present in Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. not listed N DP Madagascar on www.ildis.org Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia seyal Delile not listed C S, DP Fabaceae Lindl. Acacia sieberiana DC. not listed C S, DP Acacia suaveolens (Sm.) Fabaceae Lindl. Willd. not listed C S, K Sutter specifies subsp. raddiana (Savi) Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Brenan and subsp. spirocarpa (Hochst. ex A. Fabaceae Lindl. Hayne naturalised N inv. T, B , S , D P Rich.) Brenan. B lists as invasive. Acacia verticillata (L'Hér.) Fabaceae Lindl. Willd. not listed C DP Acacia visco Lorentz ex Fabaceae Lindl. Griseb. not listed C S Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Fabaceae Lindl. Wight ex Arn. not listed C S Adenanthera Fabaceae Lindl. Adenanthera pavonina L. not listed pavonina L. 2 N P, D P Aeschynomene americana Invasive: H. DP: only known from Nosy Be Fabaceae Lindl. L. naturalised N inv. T, H , D P and Ankarafantsika Fabaceae Lindl. Aeschynomene aspera L. not listed N D* Aeschynomene elaphroxylon (Guill. & Perr.) Fabaceae Lindl. Taub. naturalised N T, D P DP: probably introduced Aeschynomene Fabaceae Lindl. Aeschynomene falcata DC. not listed falcata DC 4 N P* indigenous non- Aeschynomene Fabaceae Lindl. Aeschynomene indica L. endemic indica L. 4 X- P, T, D P DP also as indigenous non-endemic Aeschynomene schimperi Fabaceae Lindl. Hochst. ex A. Rich. naturalised N T, D P DP: "occasional and probably introduced" Aeschynomene sensitiva indigenous non- Aeschynomene Fabaceae Lindl. Sw. endemic sensitiva Sw. 4 X- P, T, D P DP also considers indigenous non-endemic Afzelia africana Sm. ex Fabaceae Lindl. Pers. not listed C S Afzelia rhomboidea Fabaceae Lindl. (Blanco) S. Vidal not listed C S Albizia acle (Blanco) Merr. Fabaceae Lindl. not listed C G Albizia adianthifolia Fabaceae Lindl. (Schumach.) W. Wight not listed C S, D Invasive: pers. obs. JT; "sub-spontaneous" in Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) cultivated zones according to Pf; frequently Fabaceae Lindl. Merr. naturalised N inv. T, D P naturalised according to DP Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Fabaceae Lindl. Oliv. not listed C S C details forestry trials with exotics including A. gummifera; the species is however Albizia gummifera (J. F. indigenous non- indigenous non-endemic (Tropicos, ILDIS, Fabaceae Lindl. Gmel.) C. A. Sm. endemic I&I C, Sa, DP ARS-GRIN) B lists as invasive. DP: "Common and Albizzia lebbeck P, T, B , D, widespread from Antsiranana to Taolanaro. Fabaceae Lindl. Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. naturalised Benth 5 N inv. DP Widely naturalised" Albizia odoratissima (L. f.) Fabaceae Lindl. Benth. not listed C S Albizia procera (Roxb.) Fabaceae Lindl. Benth. not listed C S

Fabaceae Lindl. Albizia stipulata (DC.) Boiv. not listed C G

Alysicarpus bupleurifolius Alysicarpus Fabaceae Lindl. (L.) DC. naturalised bupleurifolius DC 4 N P, T, D P DP: probably accidentally introduced Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) Alysicarpus Fabaceae Lindl. DC. naturalised monilifer DC 4 N P, T, D P DP: possibly introduced indigenous non- Alysicarpus Fabaceae Lindl. Alysicarpus vaginalis DC. endemic vaginalis DC 4 X- P, T, D P DP also considers indigenous non-endemic Alysicarpus Alysicarpus violaceus indigenous non- violaceus Fabaceae Lindl. Schindl. endemic Schindl. 4 X- P, T Amblygonocarpus andongensis (Welw. ex Fabaceae Lindl. Oliv.) Exell & Torre not listed C S Other Arachis have likely been introduced at agricultural stations, such as Arachis pintoi Arachis hypogea Krapov. & W.C. Greg. at Lac Alaotra (JT, pers. Fabaceae Lindl. Arachis hypogea L. not listed L. 1 C P, D obs.) Fabaceae Lindl. Baikiaea plurijuga Harms not listed C G DP does not list, but notes that a range of Bauhinia aculeata L. subsp. species have been recorded as purely grandiflora (Juss.) cultivated, particularly at the Parc Zool. & Fabaceae Lindl. Wunderlin not listed C S Bot. de Tsimbazaza in Tana Labat & Moat (2003, in Natural History of Madagascar, p. 351) write that the "origin of B. monandra has long remained a mystery; it had been thought to originate either from Burma or South America, but recent collections have indicated that it is native to Madagascar". DP write "extremely unlikely indigenous non- that it could have become naturalised from Fabaceae Lindl. Bauhinia monandra Kurz endemic I&I DP introduced plants". Butea monosperma (Lam.) Fabaceae Lindl. Taub. not listed C S Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Fabaceae Lindl. Willd. not listed C S Aesalpinia sepiaria Roxb Invasive: pers. obs. JT. DP writes Caesalpinia decapetala [sic = P, T, D, naturalized in many areas of the central Fabaceae Lindl. (Roth) Alston naturalised Caesalpinia] 2 N inv. Sa, DP plateau DP: "Widely cultivated throughout much of Madagascar… Sometimes escaping and Caesalpinia persisting around settlements especially in Fabaceae Lindl. Caesalpinia pulcherrima L. not listed pulcherrima L. 1 N P, D P lowland areas". Cajanus indicus Fabaceae Lindl. Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth naturalised Spreng. 2 N P, T, D, D P DP: "Escaped from cultivation in S and SW" Naturalised according to GRIN; DP considers possibly introduced; Tropicos MadCat and DP note that species widespread and was Atylosia collected by Boivin on Nosy Be in 1847 and Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) indigenous non- scarabaecoides thus suspect indigenous (at that point 1000 Fabaceae Lindl. Thouars endemic Benth. 4 X+ P, T, D P years of boat traffic so this conclusion weak). Calliandra calothyrsus Fabaceae Lindl. Meisn. not listed C C

Calopogonium mucunoides DP: introduced, naturalised around villages Fabaceae Lindl. Desv. not listed N DP and beneath coffee plantations on sandy soils Canavalia ensiformis (L.) Fabaceae Lindl. DC. not listed C DP Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) Canavalia DP: occasionally cultivated, naturalised Fabaceae Lindl. DC. naturalised gladiata DC. 2 N P, T, D, D P around villages Fabaceae Lindl. Cassia fistula L. not listed C S, DP Fabaceae Lindl. Cassia grandis L. f. not listed C G, DP Cassia javanica L. subsp. nodosa (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) K. Larsen & S. S. Fabaceae Lindl. Larsen not listed C S, DP Fabaceae Lindl. Cassia leiandra Benth. not listed C C Castanospermum australe A. Cunn. & C. Fraser ex Fabaceae Lindl. Hook. not listed C S, F Centrosema pubescens Fabaceae Lindl. Benth. naturalised N T Fabaceae Lindl. Ceratonia siliqua L. not listed C S, F Chamaecrista absus (L.) H. indigenous non- T considers indigenous non-endemic, but DP Fabaceae Lindl. S. Irwin & Barneby endemic Cassia absus L. 4 X+ P, T, D P states introduced in W and NW Madagascar

Fabaceae Lindl. Cicer arietinum L. not listed Cicer arietinum L 1 C P, D Crotalaria alata Buch.-Ham. Fabaceae Lindl. ex D. Don naturalised N T, D P DP: becoming naturalised T, D, S a , Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria berteroana DC. naturalised N DP DP: naturalised Crotalaria goreensis Guill. Fabaceae Lindl. & Perr. naturalised N T, D P DP: naturalised around Lac Alaotra Crotalaria grahamiana Fabaceae Lindl. Wight & Arn. naturalised N T, S a , D P DP: commonly naturalised Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria hirta Willd. naturalised N T, D P DP: naturalised Perrier and Decary say naturalised; Tropicos indigenous non- Crotalaria incana declares indigenous non-endemic (ARS-GRIN Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria incana L. endemic L. 4 X- P, T, D, D P supports); DP unsure. Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria juncea L. naturalised N T, D P DP: scarcely naturalised Also cited, according to www.ildis.org, in Polhill, R.M. (1982) A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria micans Link. not listed C DP 389pp Crotalaria in Africa & Madagascar Crotalaria Crotalaria mysorensis mysorensis Fabaceae Lindl. Roxb. not listed Roxb. 3 N P Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Fabaceae Lindl. Don naturalised N T, D P DP: naturalised indigenous non- Crotalaria striata DP, Tropicos MadCat state possibly native; Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria pallida Aiton endemic D. C. 4 X- P, T, D, D P ARS-GRIN lists as native indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria retusa L. endemic Crotalaria retusa 4 X P, T, D Crotalaria sericea Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria spectabilis Roth. not listed Retz. 3 N P*, DP DP: introduced and sporadic Crotalaria Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria spinosa Hochst. not listed spinosa Hochst. 4 N P, S a Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria trichotoma Bojer naturalised N T, D P DP: naturalised around Lac Alaotra Fabaceae Lindl. Crotalaria verrucosa L. not listed C DP DP: introduced Cullen corylifolium (L.) Psoralaea Fabaceae Lindl. Medik. not listed corylifolia 4 N P Cytisus multiflorus (L’Hér.) DP: collected once as escape from cultivation. Fabaceae Lindl. Sweet not listed C DP No evidence that naturalised. Fabaceae Lindl. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link naturalised N T Dalbergia cochinchinensis Fabaceae Lindl. Laness. not listed C S Fabaceae Lindl. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. not listed C S Derris microphylla (Miq.) B. Fabaceae Lindl. D. Jacks. not listed C S, DP DP: introduced, not naturalised Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Fabaceae Lindl. Willd. not listed C DP DP: introduced in W Madagascar, uncommon Desmodium adscendens indigenous non- Desmodium DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non Fabaceae Lindl. DC. endemic adscendens DC 5 X- P, T, D, D P endemic Desmodium barbatum (L.) indigenous non- Nicolsonia DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non Fabaceae Lindl. Benth. endemic barbata Schindl. 5 X- P, T, D P endemic Meibomia Desmodium cajanifolium cajanifolia Synonymy from various sites not confirmed, Fabaceae Lindl. (Kunth) DC. not listed Schindl. 3 N P but certain not listed Tropicos MadCat Desmodium dichotomum Fabaceae Lindl. (Willd.) DC. not listed C DP DP: uncommon, probably introduced Desmodium gangeticum Desmodium Fabaceae Lindl. DC. not listed gangeticum DC 5 N P*, DP DP: probably introduced Desmodium Desmodium heterophyllum indigenous non- heterophyllum DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non Fabaceae Lindl. DC. endemic DC 5 X- P, T, D P endemic indigenous non- Desmodium Fabaceae Lindl. Desmodium hirtum G&P endemic hirtum G&P 5 X- P, T, D, D P DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous Desmodium mauritianum DC & Desmodium 4 & 5, frutsescens respective Two species from Perrier with same synonym. Fabaceae Lindl. Desmodium incanum DC. not listed Schind. ly N P*, D, DP DP: introduced Desmodium Fabaceae Lindl. Desmodium laxiflorum DC. not listed diffusum DC 5 N P* Desmodium leiocarpum Fabaceae Lindl. (Spreng.) G. Don naturalised N T, D P DP: introduced and naturalised Meibomia Synonym from Desmodium ospriostreblum abyssinica www.eol.org/search?page=12&q=Meibomia. Fabaceae Lindl. Chiov. not listed Schindl 5 N P, D P DP: introduced Desmodium Desmodium repandum indigenous non- repandum (Vahl) DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. (Vahl) DC. endemic DC 5 X- P, T, D P endemic Desmodium salicifolium indigenous non- Desmodium Fabaceae Lindl. DC. endemic salicifolium DC 5 X- P, T, D P DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous Desmodium tortuosum Meibomia Fabaceae Lindl. (Sw.) DC. naturalised purpurea Vail. 4 N P, T, D P DP: introduced and naturalised indigenous non- Desmodium DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non Fabaceae Lindl. Desmodium triflorum DC. endemic triflorum DC 5 X- P, T, D, D P endemic GRIN actually says indigenous non-endemic Desmodium to Madagascar. DP: introduced and now Fabaceae Lindl. Desmodium velutinum DC. not listed velutinum DC 5 N P*, DP widespread Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) indigenous non- Tropicos MadCat considers indigenous; DP Fabaceae Lindl. Wight & Arn. endemic X T, D P considers introduced Entada abyssinica Steud. Fabaceae Lindl. ex A. Rich. not listed N S, Sa Enterolobium cyclocarpum Fabaceae Lindl. (Jacq.) Griseb. not listed C S Eriosema Eriosema parviflorum E indigenous non- parviflorum E DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Meyer endemic Meyer 5 X- P, T, D P endemic Eriosema psoraloides indigenous non- Eriosema DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. (Lam.) G. Don endemic cajanoides Hook 5 X- P, T, D P endemic Erythrina corallodendrum Fabaceae Lindl. L. not listed C S DP: cultivated at Tsimbazaza (Tana) or Fabaceae Lindl. Erythrina crista-galli L. not listed C DP Ambanja Agric. Station Fabaceae Lindl. Erythrina fusca Lour. naturalised N T, D P DP: probably introduced, naturalised DP: cultivated at Tsimbazaza (Tana) or Fabaceae Lindl. Erythrina lysistemon Hutch. not listed C DP Ambanja Agric. Station DP: cultivated at Tsimbazaza (Tana) or Fabaceae Lindl. Erythrina senegalensis DC. not listed C DP Ambanja Agric. Station indigenous non- DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Erythrina variegata L. endemic X- S, DP endemic Fabaceae Lindl. Faba vulgaris Moench. not listed Faba vulgaris 1 C P, T Faidherbia albida (Delile) Fabaceae Lindl. A. Chev. not listed C S

Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) DP: introduced, cultivated, and possibly Fabaceae Lindl. Barneby & J.W. Grimes naturalised N T, D P naturalised. Tropicos Madcat: naturalised Flemingia macrophylla Fabaceae Lindl. (Willd.) Kuntze ex Merr. naturalised N inv. T, D P Invasive: pers. obs. JT (E of Lac Alaotra) Fabaceae Lindl. Gleditsia triacanthos L. not listed C S Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Fabaceae Lindl. Kunth not listed C S Fabaceae Lindl. Glycine max (L.) Merr. not listed C D indigenous non- Caesalpinia Fabaceae Lindl. Guilandina bonduc L. endemic bonducella L 5 X- P*, T Haematoxylon Haematoxylum campechianum Fabaceae Lindl. campechianum L. naturalised L. 2 N P, T, D P DP: naturalised in N and W Madagascar Fabaceae Lindl. Hymenaea courbaril L. not listed C S, DP DP: introduced indigenous non- Indigofera DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Indigofera arrecta Hochst. endemic arrecta Hochst. 3 X- P, T, D, D P endemic Indigofera cryptantha indigenous non- Indigofera DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Benth. endemic cryptantha 4 X- P, T, D P endemic

Fabaceae Lindl. Indigofera glabra L. not listed Indigofera glabra 4 N P Indigofera Indigofera hendecaphylla indigenous non- endecaphylla P, T, S a , Fabaceae Lindl. Jacq. endemic Jacq. 4 X- DP DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous DP and Tropicos Madcat consider native. H lists as frequent cropfield weed and fallow indigenous non- Indigofera inv. (see pioneer, but specifies "generally not Fabaceae Lindl. Indigofera hirsuta L. endemic hirsuta L. 4 X- note) P, T, H , D P considered invasive" Indigofera rhytidocarpa subsp. angolensis J. B. Indigofera Fabaceae Lindl. Gillett not listed anabaptista 4 N P* Indigofera Fabaceae Lindl. Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. not listed suffruticosa Mill. 3 N P, D, D P DP: introduced Indigofera P, D, S a , DP: probably introduced, now widespread, Fabaceae Lindl. Indigofera tinctoria L. not listed tinctoria L. 3 N DP cultivated, and naturalised around villages Fabaceae Lindl. Intsia palembanica Miq. not listed C S Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Fabaceae Lindl. Don not listed C S, CK Street tree in highland cities Note from Tropicos MadCat that in addition to wild variety (subsp. uncinatus), another is widely cultivated (subsp. purpureus). ARS- GRIN notes that subsp. purpureus has no Lablab purpureus (L.) indigenous non Lablad vulgaris natural distribution and is only found in Fabaceae Lindl. Sweet endemic Savi. 2 I&I P, T, D, D P cultivation. Leucaena collinsii Britton & Chaix (2003) also specifies in some cases Fabaceae Lindl. Rose not listed C C subsp. zacapana C. E. Hughes Leucaena diversifolia Fabaceae Lindl. (Schltdl.) Benth. not listed C C Leucaena esculenta (DC.) Fabaceae Lindl. Benth. not listed C C Leucaena lanceolata S. Fabaceae Lindl. Watson not listed C C Leucaena lempirana C. E. Fabaceae Lindl. Hughes not listed C C Chaix (2003) specifies subsp. glabrata (Rose) Leucaena leucocephala Leucaena glauca Zárate. DP: naturalised. Invasive: pers. obs. Fabaceae Lindl. (Lam.) de Wit naturalised Benth. 3 N inv. P, T, C , D P JT Leucaena macrophylla Fabaceae Lindl. Benth. subsp. Macrophylla not listed C C Leucaena magnifica (C. E. Fabaceae Lindl. Hughes) C. E. Hughes not listed C C Leucaena multicapitula Fabaceae Lindl. Schery not listed C C Leucaena pallida Britton & Fabaceae Lindl. Rose not listed C C Leucaena pulverulenta Fabaceae Lindl. (Schltdl.) Benth. not listed C C Leucaena salvadorensis Fabaceae Lindl. Standl. ex Britton & Rose not listed C C Leucaena trichodes (Jacq.) Fabaceae Lindl. Benth. not listed C C Lonchocarpus sericeus DP: introduced, probably naturalised in some Fabaceae Lindl. (Poir.) Kunth ex DC. not listed N S, DP areas Macroptilium atropurpureum (Moc. & Fabaceae Lindl. Sessé ex DC.) Urb. naturalised N T, D P DP: cultivated, sometimes spontaneous Fabaceae Lindl. Medicago sativa L. not listed C D Millettia pinnata (L.) Fabaceae Lindl. Panigrahi not listed C S Mimosa diplotricha C. Fabaceae Lindl. Wright not listed C G Note that Binggeli was likely mistaken about non-native status. Present in humid soils all over Madagascar; Tropicos MadCat and DP indigenous non- Mimosa asperata call indigenous non-endemic. B calls it highly Fabaceae Lindl. Mimosa pigra L. endemic L 5 X- inv. P, T, B , D P invasive. Tropicos MadCat considers indigenous, Perrier considers introduced (but present already in 1638), B considers introduced and highly invasive, DP considers introduced. H considers highly invasive. Found in humid indigenous non- P, T, B , regions only, where it is common. We Fabaceae Lindl. Mimosa pudica L. endemic Mimosa pudica L 5 X+ inv. Sa, DP consider likely introduced. Fabaceae Lindl. Mimosa scabrella Benth. not listed C C indigenous non- Mucuna pruriens DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Mucuna pruriens DC. endemic DC 5 X- P, T, D P endemic Ormosia sumatrana (Miq.) Fabaceae Lindl. Prain not listed C S Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) DP: cultivated, occasionally recorded as an Fabaceae Lindl. Urb. not listed C DP escape. Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I. C. Nielsen subsp. Fabaceae Lindl. lophantha not listed C S Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Fabaceae Lindl. Br. ex G. Don not listed C S, F, M Parkinsonia DP: introduced and naturalised in N, SW, and Fabaceae Lindl. Parkinsonia aculeata L. naturalised aculeata L. 2 N P, T, D P S, especially common around Toliara Peltophorum pterocarpum Fabaceae Lindl. (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne not listed C S Pericopsis elata (Harms) Fabaceae Lindl. Meeuwen not listed C S Phaseolus acutifolius A. Fabaceae Lindl. Gray var. acutifolius not listed C D Phaseolus aureus Fabaceae Lindl. Phaseolus aureus Roxb. not listed Roxb 1 C P, D Phaseolus Fabaceae Lindl. Phaseolus calcaratus L. not listed calcaratus L 1 C P, D Fabaceae Lindl. Phaseolus coccineus L. not listed C DP DP: not recorded but probably cultivated Phaseolus Fabaceae Lindl. Phaseolus lunatus L. not listed lunatus L. 2 N P, D, D P DP: cultivated Phaseolus Fabaceae Lindl. Phaseolus vulgaris L. not listed vulgaris L. 1 C P, D, D P DP: cultivated

Fabaceae Lindl. Pisum sativum L. not listed Pisum sativum L. 1 C P Invasive: B, Roger Edmond (pers. comm. Pithecellobium dulce Pithecolobium JT). DP: commonly naturalised; cultivated as Fabaceae Lindl. (Roxb.) Benth. naturalised dulce Benth. 2 N inv. P, T, D, D P ornamental and as hedges around villages. Fabaceae Lindl. Prosopis alba Griseb. not listed C S Prosopis cineraria (L.) Fabaceae Lindl. Druce not listed C S Fabaceae Lindl. Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. naturalised N T, D P DP: introduced, cultivated, and naturalised Pseudarthria Pseudarthria hookeri indigenous non- hookeri Wright et DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Wright et Arn endemic Arn 5 X- P, T, D P endemic Psophocarpus Fabaceae Lindl. Psophocarpus palustris L. not listed palustris L. 5 N P*, D Fabaceae Lindl. Pterocarpus angolensis DC. not listed C S DP: Introduced, mainly recorded during 19th Pterocarpus dalbergioides century, occasionally cultivated in gardens, Fabaceae Lindl. DC. not listed N G, DP semi-naturalised in Maroantsetra Sutter also separately mentions P. indicus Fabaceae Lindl. Pterocarpus indicus Willd. not listed C S forma echinatus (Pers.) Rojo DP: introduced: cultivated in E and SE Pterocarpus marsupium Madagascar in gardens. Not collected since Fabaceae Lindl. Roxb. not listed C DP 1850. Fabaceae Lindl. Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub. not listed C S Rhynchosia minima (L.) indigenous non- Rhynchotia DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. DC. endemic minima D. C. 4 X- P, T, D P endemic Fabaceae Lindl. Robinia pseudoacacia L. not listed C S Rothia hirsuta (Guill. & Fabaceae Lindl. Perr.) Baker not listed C DP DP: uncommon, possibly introduced Samanea saman (Jacq.) G, F, M, Fabaceae Lindl. Merr. not listed C DP DP: "Widely cultivated in lowlands" Schizolobium parahyba Fabaceae Lindl. (Vell.) S. F. Blake not listed C S Senna !floribunda (Cav.) Fabaceae Lindl. H. S. Irwin & Barneby not listed C S DP: Introduced, confined Sambirano region Fabaceae Lindl. Senna alata (L.) Roxb. naturalised Cassia alata L. 2 N P, T, D P and villages N Madagascar

Fabaceae Lindl. Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. not listed C S Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H.S. Irwin & DP: introduced and now widely naturalised. Fabaceae Lindl. Barneby naturalised N inv. T, D P Invasive: pers. obs. JT Senna multijuga (Rich.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby subsp. Fabaceae Lindl. multijuga var. multijuga not listed C S Senna obtusifolia (L.) H.S. DP: widespread and occurring in many Fabaceae Lindl. Irwin & Barneby naturalised N T, D P regions DP: Native distribution uncertain; common Cassia weedy species occuring almost all over indigenous non- occidentalis inv. (see Madagascar [we note as invasive following Fabaceae Lindl. Senna occidentalis (L.) Link endemic Sond. 3 X note) P, T, D, S a this description]

Senna petersiana (Bolle) Cassia DP: probably introduced, and now widely Fabaceae Lindl. Lock naturalised petersianan Bolle 5 N P, T, D P naturalised Senna septemtrionalis Cassia laevigata P, T, D, Fabaceae Lindl. (Viv.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby naturalised Wild 5 N Sa, DP DP: introduced, widespread in central plateau Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Fabaceae Lindl. Irwin & Barneby not listed C S, DP DP: cultivated Fabaceae Lindl. Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. naturalised N T, D P DP: introduced, but uncommon Senna spectabilis (DC.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby var. Fabaceae Lindl. spectabilis not listed C S Senna surattensis (Burm. f.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Noted by DP in introductory notes to Senna subsp. sulfurea (DC. ex as cultivated (under name Senna sulfurea Fabaceae Lindl. Collad.) Randell not listed C S, DP (Collad.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby) indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Senna tora (L.) Roxb. endemic Cassia tora L. 3 X P, T, D, D P DP: introduced, may possibly be native. Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) indigenous non- Sesbania DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. W. Wight endemic aculeata Pers. 4 X- P*, T, DP endemic Sesbania Fabaceae Lindl. Sesbania grandiflora Pers. not listed grandiflora Pers. 2 N P, D Sesbania sericea (Willd.) Sesbania Fabaceae Lindl. Link not listed pubescens D. C. 4 N P* Sesbania punctata D. C. Perrier lists two species; S. aegyptiaca is now and Sesbania S. sesban subsp. sesban var. sesban. DP: Fabaceae Lindl. Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. naturalised aegyptiaca Pers. 4 N P*, T, DP naturalised Sindora siamensis Miq. var. Fabaceae Lindl. siamensis not listed C S Smithia sensitiva Fabaceae Lindl. Smithia sensitiva Ait. not listed Ait. 4 N P*, DP DP: probably introduced Stylosanthes guianensis Fabaceae Lindl. (Aubl.) Sw. naturalised N T, D P DP: introduced DP says that Boiteau (no reference given) notes that it has been cultivated with success but no specimen has been seen. Other stylo species have certainly been tried in agricultural stations as cover-crops and Stylosanthes humilis forage, including Stylosanthes hamata (L.) Fabaceae Lindl. Kunth. not listed C DP Taub. (JT, pers. obs.) Tropicos MadCat status changed from "naturalised" to "indigenous non-endemic" Feb. 2011 (no explanation). Origins of this species famously difficult to determine particularly given long human interest in this indigenous non- T, D, M , tree. Even if native, certainly seeds have Fabaceae Lindl. Tamarindus indica L. endemic X DP been introduced. DP: introduced, cultivated, sometimes Fabaceae Lindl. Tephrosia candida DC. naturalised N inv. T, D P naturalised. Invasive: pers. obs. JT indigenous non- Tephrosia DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Tephrosia linearis Pers. endemic linearis Pers. 4 X- P, T, D P endemic indigenous non- Tephrosia DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Tephrosia purpurea Pers. endemic purpurea Pers. 4 X- P, T, D P endemic Tephrosia Fabaceae Lindl. Tephrosia vicioides Rich. not listed vicioides Rich. 4 N P* indigenous non- Tephrosia incana DP: no comment on native vs. introduced Fabaceae Lindl. Tephrosia villosa (L.) pers. endemic Graham. 3 X- P*, T, DP status Tephrosia vogelii DP: cultivated and often naturalised. Fabaceae Lindl. Tephrosia vogelii Hook. f. naturalised Hook. f. 1 N inv. P, T, D P Invasive: pers. obs. JT indigenous non- Teramnus labialis DP and Tropicos Madcat: indigenous non- Fabaceae Lindl. Teramnus labialis Spring endemic Spring 5 X- P, T, D P endemic Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Fabaceae Lindl. Kuntze not listed C S Synonymy assumes that Trifolium minus L. Trifolium minus (as this species is listed in P and DP) is same Fabaceae Lindl. Trifolium dubium Sibth. not listed L. 4 N P*, D, DP as Trifolium minus Sm. Fabaceae Lindl. Trifolium repens L. not listed C DP DP: grows in lawns, not naturalised DP: naturalised. Tropicos MadCat: locally naturalized NW of Antsirabe towards Fabaceae Lindl. Ulex europaeus L. naturalised N T, D P Faratsiho DP: cultivated. Also cited, according to www.ildis.org, by Gillett, J.B. et al. (1971) Vigna adenantha (G. Mey.) Papilionoideae. In: Fl. Trop.E. Africa, Milne- Fabaceae Lindl. Maréchal et al. not listed C DP Redhead & Polhill Vigna longifolia (Benth.) Fabaceae Lindl. Verdc. not listed C DP DP: probably introduced Vigna luteola (Jacq.) indigenous non- DP unsure native or naturalised; Tropicos Fabaceae Lindl. Benth. endemic X DP, T MadCat considers indigenous non-endemic Fabaceae Lindl. Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper not listed C DP DP: cultivated DP: probably relatively recently introduced, Fabaceae Lindl. Vigna oblongifolia A. Rich. naturalised N T, D P becoming naturalised Vigna radiata (L.) R. Fabaceae Lindl. Wilczek not listed C DP DP: cultivated Fabaceae Lindl. Vigna reticulata Hook. f. naturalised N T, D P DP: introduced and perhaps naturalised Tropicos MadCat mentions as type species Vigna subterranea (L.) Voandzeia with synonymy. DP: frequently cultivated but Fabaceae Lindl. Verdc. not listed subterranea DC 1 C P, D, D P apparently not naturalised DP: relatively recently introduced; become Fabaceae Lindl. Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. naturalised N T, D P naturalised Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) DP: introduced in distant past, cultivated, Fabaceae Lindl. Ohwi & H. Ohashi not listed C DP sometimes escaping from cultivation Vigna unguiculata (L.) Vigna sinensis DP: widely cultivated; also escaped and Fabaceae Lindl. Walp. not listed (Endl) 1 N P*, D, DP subspontaneous in all parts of the island

Zapoteca formosa (Kunth) Fabaceae Lindl. H. M. Hern. subsp. Formosa not listed C S DP states that Z. diphylla does not occur in Madagascar and that the name Z. diphylla Zornia diphylla has frequently been used to refer to many Fabaceae Lindl. Zornia diphylla Pers. not listed Pers. 5 X- P*, DP species in this genus. DP: introduced, recorded only once at Fabaceae Lindl. Zornia gibbosa Span. not listed C DP Mahajanga Fagaceae Dumortier Castanea sativa Mill. not listed C G, F, M Nothofagus solandri (Hook. Fagaceae f.) Oerst. var. cliffortioides Dumortier (Hook. f.) Poole not listed C G Fagaceae Dumortier Quercus ilex L. not listed C S Fagaceae Dumortier Quercus nigra L. not listed C D Fagaceae Dumortier Quercus robur L. not listed C S Canscora Canscora alata (Roth ex indigenous non- decussata Geraniaceae Juss Roem. & Schult.) Wall. endemic Schult. 4 X- P, T Pelargonium capitatum Pelargonium Geraniaceae Juss (Ait) not listed capitatum (Ait) 1 C P, D Sebaea brachyphylla Geraniaceae Juss Griseb. naturalised N T Hamamelidaceae R. Br. Liriodendron tulipifera L. not listed C G Hydroleaceae R. Hydrolea glabra Tropicos MadCat says this is a synonym, but Br. ex Edwards Hydrolea glabra Schum. no category Schum. 5 N P, T does not indicate to what Hydroleaceae R. Hydrolea Br. ex Edwards Hydrolea zeylanica Vahl. not listed zeylanica Vahl. 5 N P* Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora Iridaceae Juss. (Lemoine) N.E. Br. naturalised N T Sisyrinchium exile E.P. Iridaceae Juss. Bicknell naturalised N T Sisyrinchium rosulatum Iridaceae Juss. E.P. Bicknell naturalised N T Juglandaceae Carya illinoinensis DC. ex Perleb (Wangenh.) K. Koch not listed C M Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb Juglans regia L. not listed C M Moschosma Lamiaceae Basilicum polystachyon (L.) indigenous non- polystachyum Martinov Moench endemic Benth. 4 X- P*, T Lamiaceae Callicarpa macrophylla Martinov Vahl. cultivated C T Lamiaceae Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Martinov Kuntze naturalised N T Lamiaceae Martinov Gmelina arborea Roxb. not listed C S Lamiaceae Hyptis pectinata Martinov Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. naturalised Poit. 5 N P, T Lamiaceae Hyptis spicigera Martinov Hyptis spicigera Lam. naturalised Lamk. 4 N P, T Lamiaceae Martinov Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. not listed N inv. H Invasive: H

Lamiaceae Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Leonotis Invasive: H considers 'not very' invasive, but Martinov Br. naturalised nepetafolia R. Br. 4 N inv. P, T, S a , H we have observed invasion (pers. obs. JT) Leucas Lamiaceae Leucas martinicensis martinicensis R. Martinov (Jacq.) R. Br. naturalised Br. 4 N P, T Tropicos MadCat: "Leucas linifolia and L. indica were noted by Palacky for Madagascar but the status of these records has not been confirmed. A single specimen of a second sp. (Perrier 15410) at P matches material of L. stricta Benth. non Bak. collected in India (Wight 2161): L. stricta Bak. is from Africa and appears to be different. The status of this plant needs further study, it is assumed to be Lamiaceae a second naturalized species. In the Comoros Martinov Leucas stricta Baker naturalised N T other spp. of Leucas also occur." Lamiaceae Ocimum canum Martinov Ocimum americanum L. not listed Sims 5 N P* Lamiaceae Ocimum Martinov Ocimum basilicum L. not listed basilicum L. 3 N P, D Perrier has three entries which correspond to Ocimum suave this species (O. suave Wild., a synonym of O. Wild. and gratissimum, is repeated in two categories; Lamiaceae indigenous non- Ocimum 3, 5, and while O. gratissimum is mentioned Martinov Ocimum gratissimum L. endemic gratissimum L. 5 X- P*, T separately) Tropicos MadCat: in genus notes, mentions that there are four additional known Lamiaceae Plectranthus L'Hér. (un- cultivated species (only one of which is Martinov specified species 1) cultivated C T named) Tropicos MadCat: in genus notes, mentions that there are four additional known Lamiaceae Plectranthus L'Hér. (un- cultivated species (only one of which is Martinov specified species 2) cultivated C T named) Tropicos MadCat: in genus notes, mentions that there are four additional known Lamiaceae Plectranthus L'Hér. (un- cultivated species (only one of which is Martinov specified species 3) cultivated C T named) Plectranthus Lamiaceae madagascariensis (Pers.) Martinov Benth. cultivated C T Lamiaceae Plectranthus punctatus (L. Martinov f.) L'Hér. naturalised N T Synonym from GRIN. Tropicos MadCat: "Hedge et al. (1998), discussed several probable new species or inadequately known species; work is currently underway to delimit and publish several new species. Also mentioned was the widely cultivated P. rotundifolius (Poir.) Spreng. since it was supposedly introduced into cultivation in Mauritius from Madagascar. However, there Coleus are no specimens of this species known from Lamiaceae Plectranthus rotundifolius rotundifolia Madagascar, and no suggestion that it is Martinov (Poir.) Spreng. cultivated (Lamk) A.Chev 1 C P*, T, D either indigenous or naturalized there" Lamiaceae Pogostemon heyneanus Martinov Benth. not listed C D Lamiaceae Salvia coccinea Buc'hoz ex Salvia coccinea Martinov Etl. naturalised L. 3 N P, T, S a Lamiaceae Martinov Salvia farinacea Benth. naturalised N T Tropicos MadCat: T. grandis planted for its timber, mainly in the west, and is naturalized near plantations, probably much more widely Lamiaceae that the few available specimens would Martinov Tectona grandis L. f. naturalised N T suggest Cinnamomum Cinnamomum camphora camphora Nees Lauraceae Juss. (L.) J. Presl not listed et Eberhem 1 C P, S

Cinnamomum verum J. Cinnamomum Lauraceae Juss. Presl not listed zeylanicum Freyn 2 N P*, D Lauraceae Juss. Persea americana Mill. not listed C F, D, M Persea Lauraceae Juss. Persea gratissima Gaertn. not listed gratissima Gaert 1 C P Tetranthera Lauraceae Juss. Tetranthera laurifolia Jacq. not listed laurifolia Jacq. 1 C P Lecythidaceae A. Bertholletia excelsa Humb. Rich. & Bonpl. not listed C F, M Lilium L. (un-named Tropicos MadCat: mentioned in entry for Liliaceae Juss. species) naturalised N T Liliaceae Linaceae DC. ex Perleb Linum usitatissimum L. not listed C D Linderniaceae Borsch, K. Müll. Lindernia crustacea (L.) F. indigenous non- Vandellia bis & Eb. Fisch. Muell. endemic crustacea Benth 4 X- P, T Linderniaceae Borsch, K. Müll. Lindernia diffusa (L.) indigenous non- Vandellia diffusa bis & Eb. Fisch. Wettst. endemic L. 4 X- P, T Linderniaceae Lindernia Borsch, K. Müll. Lindernia pedunculata pedunculata bis & Eb. Fisch. Wettst. not listed Kettst. 4 N P Not in GRIN; from www.plantsystematics.org Linderniaceae Ilysanthes Borsch, K. Müll. Lindernia rotundifolia (L.) indigenous non- rotundifolia bis & Eb. Fisch. Alston endemic Benth. 4 X- P, T Linderniaceae Borsch, K. Müll. Torenia parviflora Hutch. & Torenia bis & Eb. Fisch. Dalziel not listed parviflora Hamilt. 4 N P Linderniaceae Borsch, K. Müll. Vandellia scabra bis & Eb. Fisch. Vandellia scabra Benth. not listed Benth 4 N P Hippobroma longiflora (L.) Lobeliaceae Juss. G. Don naturalised N T Loganiaceae R. indigenous non- Strychnos Said completely naturalized by Decary (1946 Br. ex Mart. Strychnos spinosa Lamk endemic spinosa Lamk 5 X P, T, D : p. 35) Correct authority from www.efloras.org and Lythraceae J. St.- Ammania florabase.calm.wa.gov.au (Perrier's may be a Hil. Ammannia multiflora Roxb. not listed multiflora Rosel. 4 N P transcription error) Lythraceae J. St.- Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Hil. Pers. not listed C S Perrier says Baron saw it, but he doesn't Lythraceae J. St.- Lawsonia alba believe it exists; Tropicos MadCat genus entry Hil. Lawsonia alba Lamk naturalised Lamk 5 N P, T says 'naturalised species only' Lythraceae J. St.- Lawsonia inernis Hil. Lawsonia inermis L. naturalised L 5 N P, T Lythraceae J. St.- Punica granatum Hil. Punica granatum L. not listed L. 1 C P, D, M Maesaceae Anderb., B. Ståhl & Källersjö Maesa lanceolata Forssk. naturalised N inv. T, S a invasive: pers. obs. SC Magnoliaceae Magnolia champaca (L.) Juss. Baill. ex Pierre naturalised N T, D, S Abelmoschus esculentus Hibiscus Malvaceae Juss. (L.) Moench naturalised esculentus L. 3 N P, T, D Abelmoschus ficulneus (Linn.) Wight & Arnott ex Malvaceae Juss. Wight naturalised N T Useful plant that was likely introduced. H Abelmoschus moschatus indigenous non- Hibiscus inv. (see notes as frequent cropfield weed but "hardly Malvaceae Juss. Medik. endemic abelmoschus L 5 X+ note) P, T, D, H invasive" indigenous non- Abutilon Malvaceae Juss. Abutilon angulatum Mast. endemic angulatum Mast. 4 X- P, T, D Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Juss. Abutilon indicum Don. not listed Don. 4 N P basionym is Sida indica [GRIN] Adansonia Malvaceae Juss. Adansonia digitata L. naturalised digitata L. 5 N P, T, F, D Malvaceae Juss. Bombax ceiba L. not listed C S Ceiba pentandra (L.) Malvaceae Juss. Gaertn. not listed C S, D Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Malvaceae Juss. Endl. not listed C F Corchorus indigenous non- acutangulus synonym from PIER (www.hear.org) and Malvaceae Juss. Corchorus aestuans L. endemic Lamk. 4 X- P, T www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au Malvaceae Juss. Corchorus capsularis L. naturalised N T indigenous non- Corchorus inv. (see According to H, frequent cropfield weed but Malvaceae Juss. Corchorus olitorius D. endemic olitorius D. 4 X+ note) P, T, D, H not very invasive indigenous non- Corchorus Malvaceae Juss. Corchorus tridens L. endemic tridens L. 4 X P, T Durio zibethinus Rumph. ex Malvaceae Juss. Murray not listed C M Eriodendron DC. (un- Malvaceae Juss. identified species) not listed Eriodendron sp 2 N P Gossypium Malvaceae Juss. Gossypium barbandense L. not listed barbandense L. 2 N P, D Malvaceae Juss. Gossypium herbaceum L. not listed N D Gossypium Malvaceae Juss. Gossypium hirsutum L. not listed purpurascens 3 N P* Malvaceae Juss. Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. not listed C S Heritiera utilis (Sprague) Malvaceae Juss. Sprague not listed C G indigenous non- Hibiscus Perrier listed this plant twice in different Malvaceae Juss. Hibiscus asper Hook. f. endemic cannabinus L. 4 & 5 X P, T, D categories

indigenous non- Hibiscus Malvaceae Juss. Hibiscus diversifolius Jacq. endemic diversifolius Jacq 5 X P, T, D, S a Hibiscus Perrier: "It doesn't look like a native shirensis Sp et species… perhaps an ancient introduction by Malvaceae Juss. Hibiscus ferrugineus Cav. endemic Hut 5 X- P, T natural agents" Hibiscus Hibiscus physaloides Guill. indigenous non- physaloides Guill Malvaceae Juss. et Perr. endemic et Perr 5 X- P, T Hibiscus platanifolius Malvaceae Juss. (Willd.) Sweet naturalised N T Malvaceae Juss. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. not listed C JT indigenous non- Hibiscus Malvaceae Juss. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. endemic sabdariffa L. 3 X+ P, T, D Hibiscus schizopetalus Malvaceae Juss. (Dyer) Hook. f. not listed C JT indigenous non- Hibiscus ternatus but www.malvaceae.info says Hibiscus Malvaceae Juss. Hibiscus sidiformis Baill. endemic Mast 5 X- P, T ternatus Mast. is an accepted taxon indigenous non- Malvaceae Juss. Malva verticillata L. endemic Malva crispa L. 3 X P*, T, D indigenous non- Melochia Malvaceae Juss. Melochia corchorifolia L. endemic corchorifolia L. 4 X- P, T Melochia Malvaceae Juss. Melochia pyramidata L. not listed pyramidata L. 4 N P Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. Malvaceae Juss. ex Lam.) Urb. not listed C S Malvaceae Juss. Pachira aquatica Aubl. not listed C F, M Malvaceae Juss. Pachira glabra Pasq. not listed C F indigenous non- Pavonia urens Malvaceae Juss. Pavonia urens Cav. endemic Cav. 3 X- P, T, S a Pterygota alata (Roxb.) R. Malvaceae Juss. Br. not listed C S indigenous non- Perrier recognizes that there is an endemic Malvaceae Juss. Sida acuta Burm. endemic Sida acuta Burm. 3 X- P, T form ('since its introduction') indigenous non- Malvaceae Juss. Sida cordifolia L. endemic Sida cordifolia L. 3 X- P, T Note that Perrier has an un-identified Sida spp. in his list (1931d 997; category 3 rudérales); perhaps this is it. We have not Malvaceae Juss. Sida micrantha A. St.-Hil. naturalised N T made a separate listing indigenous non- Sida rhombifolia Malvaceae Juss. Sida rhombifolia L. endemic L. 3 X P, T, D, S a indigenous non- Malvaceae Juss. Sida spinosa L. endemic Sida spinosa L. 3 X- P, T indigenous non- Malvaceae Juss. Sida urens L. endemic Sida urens L. 3 X- P, T Malvaceae Juss. Sterculia foetida L. not listed C S Talipariti elatum (Sw.) Malvaceae Juss. Fryxell not listed C S Malvaceae Juss. Theobroma cacao L. not listed C D indigenous non- Triumfetta annua Malvaceae Juss. Triumfetta annua L. endemic L. 4 X- P, T Triumfetta Triumfetta rhomboidea indigenous non- rhomboidea Malvaceae Juss. Jacq. endemic Jacq. 4 and 5 X- P, T, D, S a Perrier listed this plant twice Perrier lists U. lobata; Tropicos MadCat lists the species as indigenous non-endemic but Urena lobata var. sinuata P, T, D, the var. sinuata as naturalised. Invasive: H; Malvaceae Juss. (L.) Miq. naturalised Urena lobata L. 4 N inv. Sa, H Pf; pers. obs. JT indigenous non- Waltheria indica Malvaceae Juss. Waltheria indica L. endemic L. 5 X- inv. P, T, H Invasive: H Wissadula amplissima (L.) Malvaceae Juss. R.E. Fr. naturalised N T Marantaceae R. Maranta Br. Maranta arundinaceae L. not listed arundinaceae L. 2 N P, D Martyniaceae Horan. Martynia annua L. naturalised N T Perrier says introduced at Ivoloina; Pf says accidentally introduced 1914; Binggeli lists as invasive alien (also invasive behaviour: pers. Melastomataceae indigenous non- Clidemia hirta D obs. SC). Unclear why Tropicos MadCat Juss. Clidemia hirta D. Don. endemic Don 5 N inv. P, T, B considers indigenous. Melastoma Melastomataceae Melastoma polyanthum polyanthum Juss. Blume not listed Blume 2 N P Melastomataceae Tristemma mauritianum indigenous non- Decary refers to Tristemma virusanum Vent.; Juss. J.F. Gmel. endemic X- D synonymy from Tropicos Aphanamixis polystachya Meliaceae Juss. (Wall.) R. Parker not listed C S, D Meliaceae Juss. Azadirachta indica A. Juss. naturalised N T Meliaceae Juss. Cedrela odorata L. not listed C S Khaya anthotheca (Welw.) Meliaceae Juss. C. DC. not listed C S Meliaceae Juss. Khaya grandifoliola C. DC. not listed C S Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) Meliaceae Juss. A. Juss. not listed C S Lansium domesticum Meliaceae Juss. Corrêa not listed C M Melia azedarach Meliaceae Juss. Melia azedarach L. naturalised L. 2 N inv. P, T, D, S a Invasive: pers. obs. JT Meliaceae Juss. Swietenia humilis Zucc. not listed C S Meliaceae Juss. Swietenia macrophylla King not listed C S Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Meliaceae Juss. Jacq. not listed C S Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Meliaceae Juss. M. Roem. not listed C S Meliaceae Juss. Trichilia emetica Vahl not listed C D Molluginaceae indigenous non- Mollugo glinus A. Bartl. Glinus lotoides L. endemic Rich. 4 X- P, T Molluginaceae Glinus oppositifolius (L.) indigenous non- Mollugo spergula Bartl. Aug. DC. endemic L. 4 X- P, T Molluginaceae indigenous non- Mollugo Bartl. Mollugo nudicaulis Lamk. endemic nudicaulis Lamk. 4 X- P, T Moraceae Gaudich. Artocarpus camansi Blanco not listed C M Moraceae Gaudich. Ficus carica L. not listed C M Moraceae Artocarpus altilis Artocarpus incisa Perrier and many others called A. incisa Gaudich. (Parkinson) Fosberg not listed L. 1 C P*, F, D, M (incorrect form of A. incicus) Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Artocarpus Gaudich. Lam. not listed integrifolia L. 1 C P*, S, F, M Moraceae Gaudich. Castilla elastica Sessé not listed C D Moraceae Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. Gaudich. C. Berg not listed C G Moraceae Milicia regia (A. Chev.) C. Gaudich. C. Berg not listed C S Moraceae Gaudich. Morus alba L. not listed Morus alba L. 2 N P, D Moraceae Musanga cecropioides Gaudich. Tedlie not listed C S Moringaceae Martinov Moringa oleifera Lam. naturalised N T, D Moringa Moringaceae Moringa pterygosperma pterygosperma Martinov Goertnea. not listed Goertnea. 2 N P, D Ensete ventricosum Musaceae Juss. (Welw.) Cheesman cultivated C T Musaceae Juss. Musa acuminata Colla not listed C M Tropicos MadCat: A population of an as yet Musa L. unidentified unidentified fertile true banana (Musa sp.) Musaceae Juss. species naturalised N T has been collected near Andapa Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Juss. Musa paradisiaca L. not listed L. 1 C P, D, M Musa sapientium Musaceae Juss. Musa sapientium L. not listed L. 1 C P, D Myristicaceae R. Myristica Br. Myristica fragrans Houtt. not listed fragrans L. 1 C P, F Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Myrtaceae Juss. Burret not listed C M Corymbia bloxsomei (Maiden) K. D. Hill & L. A. Myrtaceae Juss. S. Johnson not listed C C Corymbia calophylla (Lindl.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Myrtaceae Juss. Johnson not listed C S Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Juss. L.A.S.Johnson not listed citriodora 1 N P, D, S C Synonym from APNI.

Corymbia eximia (Schauer) Myrtaceae Juss. K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson not listed C S Corymbia ficifolia (F. Muell.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Myrtaceae Juss. Johnson not listed C S Corymbia gummifera (Gaertn.) K. D. Hill & L. A. Myrtaceae Juss. S. Johnson not listed C S Corymbia intermedia (R. T. Baker) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Myrtaceae Juss. Johnson not listed C C

Corymbia maculata (Hook.) Myrtaceae Juss. K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Johnson not listed C S Corymbia torelliana (F. Muell.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Myrtaceae Juss. Johnson not listed C G Corymbia trachyfolia (F. Muell.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Myrtaceae Juss. Johnson not listed C C Corymbia watsoniana (F. Muell.) K. D. Hill & L. A. S. Myrtaceae Juss. Johnson not listed C C Eucalyptus !kirtoniana F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Eucalyptus accedens W. Myrtaceae Juss. Fitzg. not listed C S Eucalyptus acmenoides Myrtaceae Juss. Schauer not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus albens Benth. not listed C S Eucalyptus amplifolia Myrtaceae Juss. Naudin not listed C S

Eucalyptus andrewsii Maiden subsp. campanulata (R. T. Baker & H. G. Sm.) Myrtaceae Juss. L. A. S. Johnson & Blaxell not listed C C Eucalyptus astringens Myrtaceae Juss. (Maiden) Maiden not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus blakelyi Maiden not listed C S Eucalyptus blaxlandii Myrtaceae Juss. Maiden & Cambage not listed C S Eucalyptus bosistoana F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus botryoides Sm. not listed C S Eucalyptus brachycorys Myrtaceae Juss. Blakely not listed C S Eucalyptus brassiana S. T. Myrtaceae Juss. Blake not listed C C Eucalyptus bridgesiana R. Myrtaceae Juss. T. B a k e r not listed C S Eucalyptus brockwayi C. A. Myrtaceae Juss. Gardner not listed C S Eucalyptus camaldulensis Myrtaceae Juss. Dehnh. not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus capitellata Sm. not listed C S Eucalyptus cinerea F. Muell. Myrtaceae Juss. ex Benth. not listed N inv. S, SC invasive: pers. obs. SC Eucalyptus cladocalyx F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Eucalyptus clelandii Myrtaceae Juss. (Maiden) Maiden not listed C S Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus cornuta Labill. not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus crebra F. Muell. not listed C S Eucalyptus dalrympleana Myrtaceae Juss. Maiden not listed C G Eucalyptus dawsonii R. T. Myrtaceae Juss. Baker not listed C S Eucalyptus dealbata A. Myrtaceae Juss. Cunn. ex Schauer not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus deanei Maiden not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus deglupta Blume not listed C S Eucalyptus delegatensis R. Sutter also lists separately subsp. Myrtaceae Juss. T. B a k e r not listed C S tasmaniensis Boland Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus dives Schauer not listed C S Eucalyptus drepanophylla Myrtaceae Juss. F. Muell. ex Benth. not listed C S Eucalyptus dumosa A. Myrtaceae Juss. Cunn. ex J. Oxley not listed C G Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus dundasi Maiden not listed C S Eucalyptus dwyeri Maiden Myrtaceae Juss. & Blakely not listed C S Eucalyptus erythronema Myrtaceae Juss. Turcz. not listed C S Eucalyptus eugenioides Myrtaceae Juss. Sieber ex Spreng. not listed C S

Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus exserta F. M u e l l . not listed C S Eucalyptus fastigata H. Myrtaceae Juss. Deane & Maiden not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus fibrosa F. M u e l l . not listed C C Eucalyptus flocktoniae Myrtaceae Juss. (Maiden) Maiden not listed C S Eucalyptus foecunda Myrtaceae Juss. Schauer not listed C S Eucalyptus fraxinoides H. Myrtaceae Juss. Deane & Maiden not listed C S Eucalyptus P, G , D, Invasive: CR, pers. obs. SC, B mentions Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. not listed globulus 1 N inv. CR genus Eucalyptus gomphocephala Myrtaceae Juss. DC. not listed C S Eucalyptus goniocalyx F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. ex Miq. not listed C S

Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus gracilis F. Muell. not listed C S Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill Myrtaceae Juss. ex Maiden not listed C S Eucalyptus haemastoma Myrtaceae Juss. Sm. not listed C S Eucalyptus lehmannii Myrtaceae Juss. (Schauer) Benth. not listed C S Eucalyptus leucophylla Myrtaceae Juss. Domin. not listed C S Eucalyptus leucoxylon F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Eucalyptus longicornis (F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell.) F. Muell. ex Maiden not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus longifolia Link not listed C S Eucalyptus macarthurii H. Myrtaceae Juss. Deane & Maiden not listed C S Eucalyptus macrorhyncha Myrtaceae Juss. F. Muell. ex Benth. not listed C S Eucalyptus maidenii F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Eucalyptus marginata Donn Myrtaceae Juss. ex Sm. not listed C S Eucalyptus megacarpa F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Eucalyptus melliodora A. Myrtaceae Juss. Cunn. ex Schauer not listed C S Eucalyptus microcarpa Myrtaceae Juss. (Maiden) Maiden not listed C S Eucalyptus microcorys F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Eucalyptus microtheca F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Eucalyptus miniata A. Myrtaceae Juss. Cunn. ex Schauer not listed C S Eucalyptus moluccana Myrtaceae Juss. Roxb. not listed C S Eucalyptus muelleriana A. Myrtaceae Juss. W. Howitt not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hér. not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus obtusiflora DC. not listed C S Eucalyptus occidentalis Myrtaceae Juss. Endl. not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus odorata Behr not listed C S Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. Myrtaceae Juss. ex Miq. not listed C S Eucalyptus oreades R. T. Myrtaceae Juss. Baker not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus ovata Labill. not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus paniculata Sm. not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus patens Benth. not listed C S Eucalyptus pauciflora Myrtaceae Juss. Sieber ex Spreng. not listed C S Eucalyptus pilligaensis Myrtaceae Juss. Maiden not listed C C Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus piperita Sm. not listed C S Eucalyptus planchoniana F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C C Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus platypus Hook. not listed C S Eucalyptus pleurocarpa Myrtaceae Juss. Schauer not listed C S Eucalyptus polyanthemos Myrtaceae Juss. Schauer not listed C S Eucalyptus populnea F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C C Eucalyptus propinqua H. Myrtaceae Juss. Deane & Maiden not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus punctata DC. not listed C S Sutter also lists separately subsp. rossii (R. T. Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus racemosa Cav. not listed C S Baker & H. G. Sm.) B. E. Pfeil & Henwood Eucalyptus radiata Sieber Myrtaceae Juss. ex DC. not listed C S Eucalyptus redunca Myrtaceae Juss. Schauer not listed C S Eucalyptus regnans F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus resinifera Sn. not listed C S S, B, D, Invasive: CR, pers. obs. SC, B mentions Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus robusta Sm. not listed N inv. Sa genus Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus rostrata Schldl. not listed rostrata 1 C P Eucalyptus rubida H. Deane Myrtaceae Juss. & Maiden not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus rudis Endl. not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus salicifolia Cav. not listed C G Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus saligna Sm. not listed C S Eucalyptus salmonophloia Myrtaceae Juss. F. M u e l l . not listed C S Eucalyptus salubris F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Eucalyptus scabra Dum. Myrtaceae Juss. Cours. not listed C G Eucalyptus siderophloia Myrtaceae Juss. Benth. not listed C S Eucalyptus sideroxylon A. Myrtaceae Juss. Cunn. ex Woolls not listed C S Eucalyptus sieberi L. A. S. Myrtaceae Juss. Johnson not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus signata F. M u e l l not listed C C Eucalyptus smithii R. T. Myrtaceae Juss. Baker not listed C S Eucalyptus stellulata Sieber Myrtaceae Juss. ex DC. not listed C G Eucalyptus stricklandii Myrtaceae Juss. Maiden not listed C S

Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. not listed C S Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Myrtaceae Juss. Muell. not listed C S Naturalized in tapia woodland around Arivonimamo (source: Pinel R (2011) Etude des relations entre la flore et l'entomofaune au sein des forêts de tapia à Madagascar. Travail de fin d'études présenté en vue de l'obtention du Diplome de Masters Eucalyptus torquata Bioingenieur en Sciences Agronomiques, Myrtaceae Juss. Luehm. not listed N S Université de Liège, Liège) Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Juss. transcontinentalis Maiden not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus triantha Link not listed C G Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. not listed C S Eucalyptus viridis R. T. Myrtaceae Juss. Baker not listed C S Myrtaceae Juss. Eucalyptus wandoo Blakely not listed C S Eucalyptus woodwardii Myrtaceae Juss. Maiden not listed C S Eugenia Myrtaceae Juss. Eugenia aromatica L. not listed aromatica L. 1 C P Myrtaceae Juss. Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. not listed C F, M , D Myrtaceae Juss. Eugenia loretensis Diels naturalised N T Myrtaceae Juss. Eugenia uniflora L. naturalised N T, F, M Lophostemon confertus (R. Br.) Peter G. Wilson & J. T. Myrtaceae Juss. Waterh. not listed C S Melaleuca leucadendron Myrtaceae Juss. (L.) L. not listed C S, D Melaleuca Myrtaceae Juss. Melaleuca viridifolia Gaertn naturalised viridifolia Gaertn 1 N P, T Pimenta racemosa (Mill.) J. Myrtaceae Juss. W. Moore var. racemosa not listed C D invasive: B; pers. obs. SC; Carrière, S. M., E. Randranasolo, and J. Hennenfent. 2008. Aires protégées et lutte contre les bioinvasions: des objectifs antagonistes? Le cas de Psidium cattleianum Sabine Psidium (Myrtaceae) autour du parc national de cattleyanum P, T, B , F, Ranomafana à Madagascar. VertigO 8 (1):1- Myrtaceae Juss. Psidium cattleianum Sabine naturalised Sabine 5 N inv. D, Sa, M 14.

Psidium P*, T, B, F, Myrtaceae Juss. Psidium guajava L. naturalised pomiforum L 5 N inv. D, Sa, M invasive: B, pers. obs. authors Myrtaceae Juss. Psidium guineense Sw. naturalised N T Syncarpia glomulifera Myrtaceae Juss. (Sm.) Nied. not listed C S Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Myrtaceae Juss. Merr. & L. M. Perry C D Syzygium cumini (L.) Eugenia P, T, F, D, Myrtaceae Juss. Skeels naturalised jambolana L 5 N Sa, M Syzygium jambos (L.) Eugenia jambosa P*, B, D, Myrtaceae Juss. Alston not listed L 5 N inv. Sa, M invasive: B, pers. obs. JT Syzygium malaccense (L.) Myrtaceae Juss. Merr. & L. M. Perry not listed C F, M Boerhavia Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia adscendens adscendens Juss. Willd. not listed Willd. 3 N P Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa Juss. Boerhavia diffusa L. naturalised L. 3 N inv. P, T, H Invasive: H Nyctaginaceae Juss. Boerhavia repens L. naturalised N T Nyctaginaceae Juss. Boerhavia vulvarifolia Poir. naturalised N T Nyctaginaceae Juss. Mirabilis jalapa L. naturalised Mirabilis jalapa L. 3 N P, T, S a Assumption that Perrier's unspecified species Nyctaginaceae indigenous non- is the one pan-tropical species in Tropicos Juss. Pisonia aculeata L. endemic Pisonia sp. 4 X- P, T MadCat Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Link Lingelsh. not listed N inv. S naturalized and invasive: pers. obs. JT Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Fraxinus velutina Torr. not listed C S

Tropicos MadCat mentions that Perrier considered it naturalised, but that "only two collections from Madagascar are deposited at P and these date from 1930 or before. There Oleaceae are no collections in the Malagasy national Hoffmanns. & Jasminum sambac (L.) herbaria (TAN, TEF). For this reason, it is Link Aiton cultivated C T believed to not be naturalized in Madagascar." Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Olea europaea L. not listed C M Ludwigia (Jussiaea) villosa Onagraceae Juss. Jussiaea villosa Lam. not listed Lamk 5 N P Ludwigia Ludwigia erecta (L.) H. (Jussiaea) erecta Onagraceae Juss. Hara naturalised L. 5 N P, T Ludwigia indigenous non- jussiaeoides Onagraceae Juss. Ludwigia jussiaeoides Desr. endemic Lamk 5 X- P, T, S a Ludwigia Ludwigia palustris (L.) (Isnardia) Onagraceae Juss. Elliott not listed palustris Ell. 5 N P* Ludwigia Onagraceae Juss. Ludwigia prostrata Roxb not listed prostrata Roxb 5 N P name exists in IPNI Ludwigia (Jussiaea) Onagraceae Juss. Ludwigia repens J. R. Forst. not listed repens L. 5 N P, D Tropicos MadCat: weed of American origin, widely naturalized. In Madagascar, only recorded from Tsimbazaza in Antananarivo - Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex probably much more widely distributed, but Onagraceae Juss. Aiton naturalised N T not collected. Orchidaceae Non-native cultivars intoduced by garden Juss. Orchidaceae cultivars not listed C CK enthusiasts Orchidaceae Vanilla planifolia B.D.Jacks. Juss. ex Andrews cultivated C T, D Alectra melampyroides Benth. and Alectra Orobanchaceae Alectra sessiliflora (Vahl) indigenous non- senegalensis Perrier lists two species which both have Vent. Kuntze endemic Benth. 4 X- P, T same synonym Orobanchaceae Striga elegans Vent. Striga elegans Benth. not listed Benth. 4 N inv. P* Invasive: pers. obs. JT Synonymy based on Tropicos general Orobanchaceae indigenous non- Striga hirsuta catalogue (note that ARS-GRIN maintains S. Vent. Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze endemic Benth. 4 X- inv. P, T, H asiatica as separate). Highly invasive: H Oxalidaceae R. Br. Averrhoa carambola L. not listed C F Oxalidaceae R. Biophytum umbraculum Biophytum Perrier says 'very ancient, perhaps brought Br. Welw. naturalised sensitivum 5 N P, T, S a by birds' Oxalidaceae R. Oxalis Br. Oxalis corniculata L. naturalised corniculata L. 4 N P, T, D Oxalidaceae R. Br. Oxalis corymbosa DC. naturalised N T Oxalidaceae R. Br. Oxalis latifolia Kunth. naturalised N T, S a Papaveraceae Argemone Juss. Argemone mexicana L. naturalised mexicana L 5 N inv. T, H Invasive: H, pers. obs. JT Passifloraceae Passiflora caerula Juss. ex Roussel Passiflora caerula L. not listed L. 2 N P, D Passifloraceae Passiflora P, T, F, S a , Synonym based on Perrier's common name Juss. ex Roussel Passiflora edulis Sims naturalised stipulata Aublet. 5 N M grenadille (passionfruit). Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida Juss. ex Roussel Passiflora foetida L. naturalised L. 4 N inv. P, T, B invasive: B Tropicos MadCat MadCat entry erroneously Passifloraceae says 'synonym' but Tropicos general entry Juss. ex Roussel Passiflora incarnata L. not listed N inv. B*, D confirms. Invasive: B

Passifloraceae Passiflora Juss. ex Roussel Passiflora quadrangularis L. not listed quadrangularis L. 1 C P, F, D, M Passifloraceae Passiflora Juss. ex Roussel Passiflora suberosa L. naturalised suberosa L. 4 N inv. P, T, B invasive: B Passifloraceae Passiflora subpeltata Juss. ex Roussel Ortega naturalised N T Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel Turnera ulmifolia L. naturalised N T Pedaliaceae R. Dicerocaryum Br. zanguebarium (Lour.) Merr. naturalised N T Pedaliaceae R. Pedalium murex Br. Pedalium murex L. naturalised L. 3 N P, T Pedaliaceae R. Br. Sesamum alatum Thonn. naturalised N T Pedaliaceae R. Sesamum Br. Sesamum orientale L. naturalised indicum L. 2 N P, T, D Phrymaceae Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) indigenous non- Mazus rugosus Schauer Steenis endemic Lour. 4 X- P, T

Phrymaceae indigenous non- Peplidium Schauer Peplidium humifusum Delile endemic humifusum Delile 4 X- P, T Phyllanthaceae Flueggea virosa (Willd.) Martinov Voigt. naturalised N T Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus amarus Martinov Schumach. & Thonn. naturalised N inv. T, H Invasive: H Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus niruri Martinov Phyllanthus niruri L. not listed L. 4 N P* Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus Martinov Phyllanthus urinaria L. naturalised urinaria L. 4 N P, T

Phytolaccaceae indigenous non- Gisekia R. Br. Gisekia pharnaceoides L. endemic pharnaceoides L. 4 X- P, T Tropicos MadCat: a tree from S America, is cultivated as an ornamental in Madagascar. In many countries it has escaped from cultivation and has become naturalised, and Phytolaccaceae this is likely the case in Madagascar although R. Br. Phytolacca dioica L. possible naturalised N T there are no herbarium records to confirm"

Pinaceae Spreng. Abies numidica de Lannoy ex Rudolphi ex Carrière not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex ex Rudolphi D. Don) G. Don not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. not listed C S Pinaceae Spreng. Picea smithiana (Wall.) ex Rudolphi Boiss. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. Pinus ayacahuite C. ex Rudolphi Ehrenb. ex Schltdl. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus brutia Ten. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus canariensis C. Sm. not listed C S Pinus caribaea Morelet var. Pinaceae Spreng. hondurensis (Sénéclauze) ex Rudolphi W. H. G. Barrett & Golfari not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus cembroides Zucc. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus coulteri D. Don not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus durangensis Martínez not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus echinata Mill. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus elliottii Engelm. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus glabra Walter not listed C G

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus halepensis Mill. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus jeffreyi Balf. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. Pinus kesiya Royle ex ex Rudolphi Gordon not listed N inv. S, CK invasive: pers. obs. authors Pinaceae Spreng. Pinus leiophylla Schltdl. & ex Rudolphi Cham. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus massoniana Lamb. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de ex Rudolphi Vriese not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus montezumae Lamb. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold not listed C G, S Sutter specifies subsp. laricio Maire

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus occidentalis Sw. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex ex Rudolphi Schltdl. not listed C C

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus palustris Mill. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. Pinus patula Schiede ex ex Rudolphi Schltdl. & Cham. not listed N inv. S, B invasive: B, pers. obs. authors

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus peuce Griseb. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus pinaster Aiton not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus pinea L. not listed C G

Pinaceae Spreng. Pinus ponderosa P. Lawson ex Rudolphi & C. Lawson not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. Pinus ponderosa P. Lawson ex Rudolphi & C. Lawson not listed C S Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus radiata D. Don not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus rigida Mill. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus roxburghii Sarg. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus sabiniana Douglas not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus strobus L. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus sylvestris L. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus tabuliformis Carrière not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. ex Rudolphi Pinus taeda L. not listed C S

Pinaceae Spreng. Pinus torreyana Parry ex ex Rudolphi Carrière not listed C S Piperaceae Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. un- Tropicos MadCat lists dozens of species, many Giseke specified species no category Peperomia sp. 4 N P endemic… no naturalized Piperaceae Tropicos MadCat: "Cultivated but not Giseke Piper betle L. cultivated C T naturalised" Tropicos MadCat genus entry estimates 4 Piperaceae Piper L. un-specified naturalised species, but does not list or name Giseke species 1 naturalised N T them. Tropicos MadCat genus entry estimates 4 Piperaceae Piper L. un-specified naturalised species, but does not list or name Giseke species 2 naturalised N T them. Tropicos MadCat genus entry estimates 4 Piperaceae Piper L. un-specified naturalised species, but does not list or name Giseke species 3 naturalised N T them. Tropicos MadCat genus entry estimates 4 Piperaceae Piper L. un-specified naturalised species, but does not list or name Giseke species 4 naturalised N T them. Piperaceae Tropicos MadCat: "Cultivated but not Giseke Piper nigrum L. cultivated C T, D naturalised" Plantaginaceae Juss. Angelonia gardneri Hook. naturalised N T Plantaginaceae Bacopa monnieri (L.) indigenous non- Herpestis Juss. Wettst. endemic monnieria DC 5 X- P, T Plantaginaceae Callitriche L. unspecified Juss. species not listed Callitriche spp. 4 N P Plantaginaceae Lophospermum erubescens Juss. D. Don naturalised N T Maurandia Plantaginaceae Maurandya scandens (Cav.) semperflorens Juss. Pers. naturalised Ort.Char. 2 N P, T Plantaginaceae Misopates orontium (L.) Juss. Raf. naturalised N T Plantaginaceae Otacanthus azureus Juss. (Linden) Ronse naturalised N T Plantaginaceae Juss. Otacanthus caeruleus Lindl. naturalised N T Plantaginaceae Plantago Juss. Plantago lanceolata L. naturalised lanceolata L. 2 N P, T Plantaginaceae Juss. Plantago major L. naturalised Plantago major 2 N inv. P, T invasive: pers. obs. JT Plantaginaceae Russelia equisetiformis Juss. Schlecht. & Cham. naturalised N T Plantaginaceae indigenous non- Scoparia dulcis Juss. Scoparia dulcis L. endemic L. 4 X inv. P, T, D, H Invasive: H Plantaginaceae Juss. Veronica arvensis L. naturalised N T Platanaceae T. Platanus L. un-specified Lestib. species not listed C CK Street tree in Antsirabe Poaceae Barnhart Andropogon eucomus Nees naturalised N T Poaceae Barnhart Anthoxanthum odoratum L. naturalised N T Poaceae Barnhart Arundo donax L. naturalised N T Poaceae Barnhart Avena byzantina K. Koch naturalised N T Poaceae Barnhart Avena sativa L. not listed Avena sativa 1 C P Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Poaceae Raeusch. ex Schult. & Barnhart Schult. f. naturalised N T Poaceae Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. inv. (see invasive: pers. obs. SC of invasive Bambusa, Barnhart ex J.C. Wendl. naturalised N note) T, S a but species not known Poaceae Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) indigenous non- Andropogon Barnhart S.T. Blake endemic intermedius L. 5 X- P*, T The variety is naturalised, the species is listed as indigenous non-endemic. A number of other Brachiaria have certainly been Poaceae Brachiaria arrecta var. introduced at agricultural stations as ground- Barnhart madecassa A. Camus naturalised N T cover and fodder (JT, pers. obs.) Poaceae indigenous non- Chloris barbata Barnhart Chloris barbata SW endemic SW 4 X+ P, T, D Poaceae Chrysopogon fulvus Chrysopogon Barnhart (Spreng.) Chiov. not listed montanus Trin. 5 N P* Poaceae Chrysopogon zizanioides Barnhart (L.) Roberty C D Poaceae Barnhart Coix lacryma-jobi L. naturalised Coix lacryma L. 5 N P, T Poaceae Barnhart Ctenium concinnum Nees. naturalised N T

Poaceae Cymbopogon caesius (Nees Barnhart ex Hook. & Arn.) Stapf naturalised N T, D Poaceae indigenous non- Cymbopogon Barnhart Cymbopogon nardus L. endemic nardus L. 1 X P, T, D Cymbopogon Poaceae Cymbopogon schoenanthus schaenanthus Barnhart (L.) Spreng. not listed (L.) 5 N P* Poaceae indigenous non- Cynodon P, T, D, Barnhart Cynodon dactylon Pers. endemic dactylon Pers. 5 X- inv. Sa, H Highly invasive: H Poaceae Cynodon plectostachyus indigenous non- Barnhart (K. Schum.) Pilg. endemic X Bo Bosser considers introduced Dactyloctenium Poaceae Dactyloctenium indigenous non- aegyptiacum Barnhart aegyptiacum Wild. endemic Wild. 4 X- inv. P, T, H Weakly invasive: H Poaceae Dendrocalamus giganteus Barnhart Wall. ex Munro naturalised N T, D Poaceae Dendrocalamus strictus Barnhart (Roxb.) Nees naturalised N T, D Poaceae Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) indigenous non- Barnhart Pers. endemic X- D Poaceae Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Digitaria Barnhart Scop. not listed sanguinalis 4 N P*, D Poaceae Echinochloa colona (L.) indigenous non- Panicum Barnhart Link endemic colonum L. 4 X- P*, T, D Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) indigenous non- Panicum crus- Barnhart P. B e a u v. endemic galli L. 4 X- P*, T, D

Poaceae indigenous non- Eleusine Barnhart Eleusine coracana Gaertn. endemic coracana Gaertn. 2 X+ P, T Poaceae indigenous non- Eleusine indica P, T, D, Barnhart Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. endemic Goertn. 4 X- inv. Sa, H Invasive: H Poaceae Eragrostis amabilis (L.) indigenous non- Eragrostis tenella Barnhart Wight & Arn. endemic PB 4 X- P, T, D Decary also calls it E. tenella Poaceae indigenous non- Eragrostis ciliaris Barnhart Eragrostis ciliaris L. endemic L. 4 X- P, T, D Poaceae Eragrostis curvula Barnhart (Schrad.) Nees naturalised N T Poaceae Eragrostis japonica Barnhart (Thunb.) Trin. naturalised N T Poaceae indigenous non- Eragrostis Barnhart Eragrostis minor Host endemic poaeoides PB 4 X- P, T, D Poaceae indigenous non- Eragrostis pilosa Barnhart Eragrostis pilosa PB endemic PB 4 X- P, T, D Poaceae Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) indigenous non- Eragrostis Status 'X' because while the grass may be Barnhart Trotter endemic abyssinica 2 I&I P*, T, D native, the cultivar was likely introduced. Poaceae indigenous non- Eulalia villosa Barnhart Eulalia villosa Nees. endemic Nees. 5 X- P, T Poaceae Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Barnhart Stapf & C.E. Hubb. naturalised N T Heteropogon Poaceae Heteropogon contortus R. indigenous non- contortus R. et Barnhart et S. endemic S. 5 X- inv. P, T, D, H Invasive: H, B (text, p. 260) Poaceae Barnhart Hordeum vulgare L. not listed Hordeum vulgare 1 C P Perrier doesn't list, just mentions Poaceae Hyparrhenia cymbaria (L.) indigenous non- Cymbopogon Barnhart Stapf endemic cymbarius (L.) 5 X- P, T Poaceae Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) indigenous non- Andropogon Barnhart Stapf endemic hirtus L. 5 X P, T, D Poaceae Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) indigenous non- Cymbopogon Barnhart Stapf endemic rufus (Kunth.) 5 X- inv. P*, T Invasive: B (text, p. 260) Poaceae Barnhart Hyparrhenia variabilis Stapf naturalised N T Poaceae Imperata cylindrica (L.) Imperata Invasive: H (highly), B (text, p. 260); Pf; Barnhart Raeusch. naturalised arundinacea Cyr. 5 N inv. P*, T, D, H pers. obs. SC Poaceae indigenous non- Ischaemum Barnhart Ischaemum rugosum Sal. endemic rugosum Sal. 4 X inv. P, T, D, H Highly invasive: H Kikuyuochloa clandestina Decary calls it Pennisetum clandestinum Poaceae (Hochst. ex Chiov.) H. indigenous non- Hochst. ex Chiov. (synonym via Tropicos Barnhart Scholz endemic X D MadCat) Poaceae Barnhart Lolium temulentum L. naturalised N T Megathyrsus maximus Poaceae (Jacq.) B. K. Simon & S. W. Barnhart L. Jacobs not listed N D Melinis Poaceae Melinis minutiflora P. indigenous non- minutifolia Barnhart Beauv. endemic Benth. 5 X- P, T Poaceae Melinis repens (Willd.) indigenous non- Tricholaena Invasive: H (which uses the synonym Barnhart Zizka endemic rosea Nees. 5 X- inv. P*, T, H Rhynchelytrum repens (Willd.) C.E. Hubb.) Poaceae Barnhart Olyra latifolia L. naturalised N T Poaceae Oplismenus burmanii Pal. indigenous non- Oplismenus Barnhart B. endemic burmanii Pal. B. 4 X- P, T Poaceae Barnhart Oryza sativa L. naturalised Oryza sativa L. 1 N P, T, D While the name P. jumentorum exists, Perrier calls it 'Para grass' for which the most Panicum common equivalent is Brachiaria mutica Poaceae jumentarum (Forssk.) Stapf (which would be indigenous Barnhart Panicum jumentorum Pers. not listed Pers. 5 N P non-endemic) Poaceae indigenous non- Panicum Barnhart Panicum miliaceum L. endemic miliaceum L. 1 I&I P, T, D Poaceae Paspalum conjugatum P.J. Barnhart Bergius naturalised N inv. T, H Invasive: H; Pf Poaceae Paspalum Barnhart Paspalum dilatatum Poir. naturalised dilatatum L. 2 N P, T, D Poaceae Barnhart Paspalum distichum L. not listed N D Poaceae Paspalum notatum Alain ex Barnhart Flüggé naturalised N T Poaceae Barnhart Paspalum nutans Lam. naturalised N T Poaceae Paspalum Barnhart Paspalum paniculatum L. naturalised paniculatum L. 4 N P, T, D Poaceae indigenous non- Paspalum Barnhart Paspalum scrobiculatum L. endemic scrobiculatum L. 4 X- P, T, D Poaceae indigenous non- Barnhart Paspalum urvillei Steud. endemic X Bo Bosser considers introduced Poaceae Barnhart Paspalum virgatum L. not listed C Bo Bosser considers introduced Setaria glauca PB. and Poaceae Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Pennisetum Perrier had two entries (both of which are Barnhart R. Br. naturalised spicatum Wild 4 and 1 N P, T, D synonyms to P. glaucum). Pennisetum Poaceae Pennisetum hohenackeri indigenous non- alopercuros Barnhart Hochst. ex Steud. endemic Steud. 5 X- P, T Poaceae Pennisetum pedicellatum indigenous non- Barnhart Trin. endemic X Bo Bosser considers introduced Poaceae Pennisetum purpureum Barnhart Schumach. naturalised N T Poaceae Pennisetum setosum (Sw.) Pennisetum Barnhart Rich. not listed setosum Rich. 5 N P*, D Synonymy from Poaceae Pterotis latifolia plants.jstor.org/flora/fwta9112. Naturalised Barnhart Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze no category Ait. 5 N P, T status from ARS-GRIN Poaceae Barnhart Perotis patens Gand. naturalised N T Poaceae Barnhart Phalaris canariensis L. naturalised N T Poaceae Phragmites australis (Cav.) Barnhart Trin. ex Steud. naturalised N T Phyllostachys aurea Poaceae Carrière ex Rivière & C. Barnhart Rivière naturalised N T Poaceae Barnhart Poa annua L. naturalised Poa annua L. 3 N P, T, D Poaceae Rottboellia cochinchinensis indigenous non- Rottboellia Barnhart (Lour.) Clayton endemic exaltata L. 5 X- inv. P, T, D, H Highly invasive: H Poaceae Saccharum Barnhart Saccharum officinarum L. naturalised officinarum L. 2 N P, T, D Poaceae Barnhart Saccharum spontaneum L. naturalised N T Poaceae Schizachyrium sanguineum Barnhart (Retz.) Alston naturalised N T Poaceae Schoenefeldia gracilis indigenous non- Schoenefeldia Barnhart Kunth endemic gracilis Kunth 3 X- P, T Poaceae Barnhart Secale cereale L. not listed Secale cereale 1 C P Perrier doesn't list, just mentions Poaceae Setaria barbata (Lam.) Barnhart Kunth naturalised N T Poaceae Barnhart Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. naturalised N T Setaria sphacelata Poaceae (Schumach.) Stapf & C. E. indigenous non- Barnhart Hubb. endemic X Bo Bosser considers introduced Poaceae Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Barnhart Beauv. naturalised N T Bosser considers introduced; Tropicos MadCat Poaceae indigenous non- lists non-hybrid S. almum as indigenous non- Barnhart Sorghum !almum Parodi endemic X+ Bo endemic Perrier lists two species which are now synonyms of S. bicolor: the cultivated A. sorghum (he calls a 'neighbour of the crop sorghum) and a prairie grass 'bakako' (S. vulgare). Tropicos MadCat lists S. bicolor as indigenous yet certainly sorghum cultivars Sorghum vulgare have been introduced as well so 'C' status Pers. var. and warranted. Bosser considers Sorghum bicolor Poaceae Sorghum bicolor (L.) indigenous non- Andropogon P*, T, D, (L.) Moench nothosubsp. drummondii Barnhart Moench endemic sorghum L. 5 and 1 C Bo (Steud.) de Wet ex Davidse introduced Poaceae indigenous non- Sporobolus Barnhart Sporobolus indicus L. endemic indicus L 4 X+ P, T, D Neotropical origins according to PIER Sporobolus mauritianus Poaceae (Steud.) T. Durand & Barnhart Schinz naturalised N T Poaceae Sporobolus paniculatus Barnhart (Trin.) T. Durand & Schinz naturalised N T Poaceae Sporobolus pyramidalis P. Barnhart Beauv. naturalised N T Poaceae Sporobolus stapfianus Barnhart Gand. naturalised N T Poaceae Barnhart Sporobolus subtilis Kunth naturalised N T Poaceae Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Barnhart Kunth naturalised N T Stenotaphrum Poaceae Stenotaphrum dimidiatum indigenous non- complanatum inv. (see H considers invasive and synonym of S. Barnhart (L.) Brongn endemic Schoen. 5 X- note) P, T * secundatum. But see note for S. secundatum Tropicos general catalogue notes that Stenotaphrum dimidiatum var. secundatum (Walter) Domin is another combination for this species; Tropicos Madcat maintains separate entry for S. dimidiatum and does not list S. secundatum. ARS-GRIN maintains the two as separate, and confirms S. dimidiatum as indigenous to Madagascar and Poaceae Stenotaphrum secundatum S. secundatum as indigenous to Americas Barnhart (Walter) Kuntze not listed N inv. H* and West Africa only. Invasive: H. H lists synonym Andropogon princeps A. Poaceae Rich.; this also not in Tropicos Madcat. Barnhart Thelepogon elegans Roth not listed N inv. H* Invasive: H Poaceae Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) indigenous non- Themeda ciliata Barnhart Kuntze endemic Hack 4 X- inv. P*, T Invasive: B (text, p. 260) Poaceae Barnhart Themeda triandra Forssk. naturalised N T Trachypogon Poaceae Trachypogon spicatus (L. indigenous non- polymorphus Barnhart f.) Kuntze endemic Hackel. 5 X- P*, T Poaceae Tripsacum andersonii J.R. Barnhart Gray naturalised N T Perrier doesn't list, just mentions Triticum spp.; Decary specifies Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum but says no longer cultivated Poaceae Triticum aestivum L. (and in 1946. Certainly cultivated in highlands Barnhart related species) not listed Triticum spp 1 C P, D today. Poaceae Urochloa mollis (Sw.) Barnhart Morrone & Zuloaga not listed N D Poaceae Urochloa mosambicensis Barnhart (Hack.) Dandy naturalised N T Poaceae Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Vetiveria Decary lists as Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Barnhart Nash naturalised zizanioides L. 1 N P, T, D Roberty (synonym via Tropicos MadCat) Poaceae Barnhart Zea mays L. naturalised Zea mays L. 1 N P, T, D Podocarpaceae Afrocarpus gracilior (Pilg.) Endl. C. N. Page not listed C S Podocarpaceae Afrocarpus usambarensis Endl. (Pilg.) C. N. Page not listed C S Polygalaceae Samyn notes "Polygala sp." as useful, but Hoffmanns. & this could be any of long list of indigenous, Link Polygala virgata Thunb. naturalised N T, S a endemic, or this naturalised species. Polygonaceae Fagopyrum esculentum Juss. Moench not listed C Boiteau Homalocladium Polygonaceae platycladum (F.J. Müll.) Juss. L.H. Bailey naturalised N T Polygonaceae Oxygonum atriplicifolium Juss. (Meisn.) Martelli naturalised N T Polygonaceae Persicaria acuminata Juss. (Kunth) M. Gómez naturalised N T Polygonaceae Persicaria barbata (L.) H. Polygonum Juss. Hara naturalised barbatum L. 4 N P, T, D Polygonaceae Persicaria decipiens (R. Br.) Juss. K.L. Wilson naturalised N T

Polygonaceae Persicaria dichotoma Polygonum Juss. (Blume) Masam. naturalised pedunculare Wall 4 N P, T Polygonaceae Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M. Polygonum Juss. Gómez naturalised glabrum Wild. 4 N P, T, D Polygonum tomentosum Wild and Polygonaceae Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Polygonum Perrier had two separate species which Juss. Gray naturalised lanigerum R. Br. 4 N P, T, D synonym to one Polygonaceae Persicaria minor (Huds.) Polygonum Juss. Opiz naturalised minus Huds 4 N P, T Polygonaceae Persicaria mitis (Schrank) Juss. Assenov naturalised N T Polygonaceae Persicaria senegalensis Samyn refers to "Polygonum senegalense Juss. (Meisn.) Soják naturalised N T, S a Meisn" Polygonaceae Persicaria strigosa (R. Br.) Juss. Nakai naturalised N T Polygonaceae Polygonum Juss. Polygonum aviculare L. not listed aviculare L 4 N P* Polygonaceae Polygonum Juss. Polygonum plebium R. Br. naturalised dryandri Spreng. 4 N P, T Polygonaceae Juss. Rumex crispus L. naturalised N T Rumex Polygonaceae indigenous non- nepalensis Juss. Rumex nepalensis Spreng. endemic Spreng. 3 X+ P, T, D ARS-GRIN native zone not near Madagascar Tropicos MadCat entries confused: at genus says one naturalised; at species both are Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes indig non-endemic. Invasive: B, pers. obs. Kunth. (Mart.) Solms naturalised N inv. T, B , S a SC, JT Portulacaceae Portulaca P, D, S a , Considered as worldwide weed by GRIN; Juss. Portulaca oleracea L. not listed oleracea L. 3 N inv. H invasive: H Primulaceae Batsch ex Borkh. Ardisia crenata Sims naturalised N T Proteaceae Juss. Grevillea banksii R. Br. naturalised N inv. T, B invasive: B, Pf, pers. obs. JT Proteaceae Juss. Grevillea pteridifolia Knight not listed C S Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. Proteaceae Juss. ex R. Br. not listed C S, D Rhamnaceae Juss. Gouania mauritiana Lam. not listed N Sa Rhamnaceae Juss. Hovenia dulcis Thunb. not listed C S, M Rhamnaceae Juss. Maesopsis eminii Engl. not listed C S Rhamnaceae Zizyphus jujuba P, T, B , D, Juss. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. naturalised Lamk. 5 N inv. M invasive: B Rhamnaceae Juss. Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. not listed C S Rhamnaceae Juss. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. naturalised N inv. T, F invasive: pers. obs. JT Rhamnaceae Juss. Ziziphus mucronata Willd. not listed C S Rhamnaceae Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) indigenous non- Zizyphus spina- P, T, S , B , Juss. Desf. endemic christi L. 5 X inv. D, M invasive: B Amygdalus Rosaceae Juss. Amygdalus persica L. not listed persica L. 2 N P, D Rosaceae Juss. Cotoneaster franchetii Bois not listed C C Rosaceae Juss. Cydonia oblonga Mill. not listed Cydonia vulgaris 1 C P, M Eriobotrya japonica Eriobotrya P, T, F, D, Rosaceae Juss. (Thunb.) Lindl. naturalised japonica Lindl 1 N Sa, M Fragaria !ananassa Rosaceae Juss. Duchesne ex Rozier not listed C M

Rosaceae Juss. Fragaria vesca L. naturalised Fragaria vesca L. 2 N P, T Rosaceae Juss. Malus domestica Borkh. not listed Pyrus malus 1 C P, F, M Armeniaca Rosaceae Juss. Prunus armeniaca L. not listed vulgaris L 1 C P, F, M Rosaceae Juss. Prunus avium (L.) L. not listed C M Prunus Rosaceae Juss. Prunus domestica L. not listed domestica L. 1 C P, F, M Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Rosaceae Juss. Webb not listed C M Rosaceae Juss. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch not listed N F, M Rosaceae Juss. Prunus salicina Lindl. not listed C M Prunus serotina Ehrh. subsp. capuli (Cav.) Rosaceae Juss. McVaugh not listed C M Pyracantha M. Roem. Rosaceae Juss. unspecified species cultivated C T Rosaceae Juss. Pyrus communis L. not listed C F, M Tropicos MadCat family entry mentions plants from this genus cultivated and likely Rosaceae Juss. Rosa L. unspecified species cultivated C T naturalised Tropicos MadCat: "Rarely collected, only recorded between Antananarivo and the East coast, this rampant and potentially invasive sp is probably much more widely distributed that records suggest.". Invasive: M; pers. Rosaceae Juss. Rubus alceifolius Poir. naturalised N inv. T, M obs. JT Rosaceae Juss. Rubus idaeus L. not listed C M Rubus loganobaccus L. H. Rosaceae Juss. Bailey not listed C M Rosaceae Juss. Rubus moluccanus L. not listed N inv. B invasive: B Rubus P, T, B , F, Rosaceae Juss. Rubus rosifolius Sm. naturalised rosaefolius Sm 5 N inv. D, M invasive: B Tropicos MadCat family entry mentions plants Spiraea L. unspecified from this genus cultivated and likely Rosaceae Juss. species cultivated C T naturalised Rubiaceae Juss. Coffea arabica L. not listed Coffea arabica L. 1 C P, D Coffea canephora Pierre ex indigenous non- Rubiaceae Juss. A.Froehner endemic Coffea canephora 1 I&I P, T, D Coffea congensis A. Rubiaceae Juss. Froehner not listed Coffea congensis 1 C P, D Coffea liberica W. Bull ex Rubiaceae Juss. Hiern not listed Coffea liberica 1 C P, D Diodella sarmentosa (Sw.) Diodia breviseta Rubiaceae Juss. Bacigalupo & E.L. Cabral naturalised Benth. 4 N P, T Hedyotis trinervia (Retz.) Oldenlandia Rubiaceae Juss. Roem. & Schult. not listed trinervia Reiz. 4 N P Rubiaceae Juss. Ixora pavetta Andrews naturalised N T Oldenlandia virgata DC and Kohautia virgata (Willd.) indigenous non- Oldenlandia 4 (both Perrier had two different species both are syn Rubiaceae Juss. Bremek. endemic caffra E. et Z. entries) X- P, T of K. virtata; perhaps varieties

Invasive: H. Tropicos Madcat "This species is native to the Neotropics, but widely adventive and naturalized in warm regions world wide as an annual weed of open disturbed areas and other ruderal habitats. It has been collected infrequently in Madagascar but is no doubt widespread along roads and in towns, Rubiaceae Juss. Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. naturalised N inv. T, H probably throughout the island." Oldenlandia Oldenlandia affinis (Roem. indigenous non- decumbens Rubiaceae Juss. & Schult.) DC. endemic Hiem. 4 X- P, T Oldenlandia Rubiaceae Juss. Oldenlandia biflora L. not listed paniculata L. 4 N P* Oldenlandia Rubiaceae Juss. Oldenlandia corymbosa L. not listed comymbosa L. 4 N P* Oldenlandia lancifolia indigenous non- Oldenlandia Rubiaceae Juss. Sehw. endemic lancifolia Sehw. 4 X P, T, D Pentodon pentandrus (Schumach. & Thonn.) indigenous non- Oldenlandia Rubiaceae Juss. Vatke endemic macrophylla DC 4 X- P, T Tropicos MadCat:"It is possible that P. multiflora Hiern, from Africa and the Comoros Polysphaeria multiflora and Seychelles (Aldabra) was once cultivated Rubiaceae Juss. Hiern cultivated C T in Madagascar" H lists with synonymy Richardsonia pilosa Rubiaceae Juss. Richardia scabra L. not listed N inv. H* and as invasive. Serissa japonica (Thunb.) Rubiaceae Juss. Thunb. naturalised N T H uses synonym Borreria alata. Highly Rubiaceae Juss. Spermacoce alata Aubl. not listed N inv. H invasive: H Tropicos MadCat record for Spermacoce scabra Willd. lists 'naturalised' and no synonymy, but at record for genus, synonymy indigenous non- indicated for Spermacoce articularis L. f. Rubiaceae Juss. Spermacoce articularis L. f. endemic X T (indig. non-endemic) Spermacoce exilis (L.O. Williams) C.D. Adams ex Rubiaceae Juss. W.C. Burger & C.M. Taylor naturalised N T Spermacoce Rubiaceae Juss. Spermacoce glabra Mich. not listed glabra Mich. 4 N P* Rubiaceae Juss. Spermacoce laevis Lam. naturalised N T Spermacoce ramisparsa Spermacoce Rubiaceae Juss. (DC.) Hiern not listed ramisparsa DC 4 N P indigenous non- Spermacoce Rubiaceae Juss. Spermacoce verticillata L. endemic stricta L. 4 X- P, T Perrier wrote "in opposition to the dominant view, I don't consider this plant indigenous". Vangueria Binggeli follows Perrier. We follow Tropicos madagascariensis J. F. indigenous non- Vangueria edulis MadCat and GRIN. Bingelli considers Rubiaceae Juss. Gmel. endemic Vahl. 5 X- inv. P*, T, B, D invasive.

Rutaceae Juss Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa not listed C M Rutaceae Juss Citrus ! jambhiri Lush. not listed C M Citrus ! tangelo J. W. Rutaceae Juss Ingram & H. E. Moore not listed C M Citrus aurantiifolia Rutaceae Juss (Christm.) Swingle cultivated N inv. T, B , M invasive: B Citrus aurantium Rutaceae Juss Citrus aurantium L. naturalised L. 1 N inv. P, T, B , D invasive: B

Rutaceae Juss Citrus hystrix DC. not listed Citrus hystrix DC 5 C P, M , D Citrus limonum Rutaceae Juss Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. naturalised Risso. 5 N P, T, M , D Citrus maxima (Burm.) Citrus decumana Rutaceae Juss Merr. not listed L. 1 C P*, F, D, M Citrus medica Rutaceae Juss Citrus medica L. naturalised Risso 5 N inv. P, T, B Note that authorities don't match. Invasive: B Citrus nobilis L. Citrus nobilis L. (var. (var. Voangasay Rutaceae Juss Voangasay Bory) not listed Bory) 5 N P, D Rutaceae Juss Citrus paradisi Macfad. not listed N F, M Tropicos MadCat: apparently naturalized far from habitation in forested habitats, it is a wild form of the widely cultivated Mandarin or Rutaceae Juss Citrus reticulata Blanco naturalised N T, F, M , D Tangerine. Rutaceae Juss Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cultivated C T, F, M , D

Rutaceae Juss Clausena excavata Burm. f. naturalised N T Fortunella japonica Rutaceae Juss (Thunb.) Swingle not listed C M* Murraya exotica Rutaceae Juss Murraya exotica L. not listed L. 2 N P Rutaceae Juss Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl not listed C S Dovyalis hebecarpa Salicaceae Mirb. (Gardner) Warb. not listed C F, M Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Salicaceae Mirb. Raeusch. naturalised N T, F, M , D Populus L. unspecified Salicaceae Mirb. species not listed C S Tropicos MadCat mentions var. babylonica as naturalised (but note that record for Salix Salicaceae Mirb. Salix babylonica L. naturalised N G, T babylonica missing at genus or species level) Salviniaceae Martinov Salvinia molesta D. Mitch. not listed N inv. B* invasive: B Sapindaceae Juss. Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig not listed C S, F Sapindaceae Camptolepis ramiflora Juss. (Taub.) Radlk. naturalised N T Sapindaceae Juss. Dimocarpus longan Lour. not listed C F, M Sapindaceae Juss. Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. naturalised N T Sapindaceae Litchi chinensis Sonn. Nephelium litchi Juss. not listed Camb 1 C P, F, D, M Sapindaceae Juss. Nephelium lappaceum L. not listed C F, M Sapindaceae Nephelium ramboutan-ake Juss. (Labill.) Leenh. not listed C M Sapindaceae Juss. Paullinia pinnata L. naturalised N T Tropicos MadCat note on family page: "In addition to the naturally occuring taxa, Sapindus saponaria... and possibly other Sapindaceae species of this genus have been introduced Juss. Sapindus saponaria L. cultivated C T, S into cultivation"

Sapotaceae Juss. Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels not listed C S

Sapotaceae Juss. Chrysophyllum cainito L. not listed C F, M Manilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright) Dubard subsp. Sapotaceae Juss. emarginata (L.) Cronquist not listed C F Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Sapotaceae Juss. Royen not listed C F, M

Sapotaceae Juss. Mimusops elengi L. not listed C S Pouteria campechiana Sapotaceae Juss. (Kunth) Baehni not listed C F, M Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) DC. Swingle not listed C S Simaroubaceae DC. Simarouba amara Aubl. not listed C S Solanaceae Juss. Brugmansia candida Pers. naturalised N T Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Solanaceae Juss. Bercht. & C. Presl naturalised N T

Solanaceae Juss. Brugmansia x candida Pers. naturalised N T Capsicum fastigiatum Blume. (C. frutescens L. p. Solanaceae Juss. Capsicum annuum L. naturalised p.) 5 N P, T, D Solanaceae Juss. Cestrum cultum Francey naturalised N T Solanaceae Juss. Cestrum nocturnum L. naturalised N T Solanaceae Juss. Datura inoxia Mill. naturalised N T Tropicos MadCat genus record says: According to D'Arcy, D. metel is known from a single old collection from Mahajanga. It is not known if this species was naturalized or not, Datura alba nor whether it still persists. Perrier mentions Solanaceae Juss. Datura metel (L.) mentioned Nees. 2 & 3 N P, D, T species twice. Solanaceae Juss. Datura stramonium L. naturalised Datura tatula L. 3 N inv. P*, T, Sa invasive: pers. obs. JT Lycopersicum Lycopersicon esculentum esculentum Solanaceae Juss. Mill. not listed Miller 2 N P, D Nicandra Nicandra physalodes (L.) physalodes (L.) Solanaceae Juss. Gaertn. naturalised Gaertn. 3 N P, T, D, S a Nicotiana Solanaceae Juss. Nicotiana tabacum L. not listed tabacum L. 2 N P Physalis angulata Solanaceae Juss. Physalis angulata L. naturalised L. 3 N P, T Solanaceae Juss. Physalis cordata Mill. naturalised N T Solanaceae Juss. Physalis minima L. naturalised N T Physalis Solanaceae Juss. Physalis peruviana L. naturalised peruviana L. 3 N P, T, D, S a Solanaceae Juss. Solanum aethiopicum L. naturalised N T Solanum nigrum Decary listed both S. nigrum and S. Solanaceae Juss. Solanum americanum Mill. naturalised L. 3 N P, T, D, S a americanum; recolonizer of tavy fallows: Pf Solanum indicum Solanaceae Juss. Solanum anguivi Lam. naturalised L. 3 N P, T S a Solanaceae Juss. Solanum betaceum Cav. not listed N F, S a , M Solanaceae Juss. Solanum incanum L. naturalised N T Solanum lasiocarpum Solanaceae Juss. Dunal not listed C D Solanum lycopersicoides Solanaceae Juss. Dunal naturalised N T Solanum Solanaceae Juss. Solanum macrocarpon L. naturalised macrocarpum L. 3 N inv. P, T, D invasive: pers. obs. SC Solanum mauritianum Solanum Solanaceae Juss. Scop. naturalised auriculatum Ait. 5 N inv. P, T, B , S a invasive: B; Pf Solanum Solanaceae Juss. Solanum melongena L. cultivated melongena L. 2 N P, T, D Solanum pseudocapsicum Solanaceae Juss. L. naturalised N T indigenous non- Solanum Solanaceae Juss. Solanum richardii Dunal. endemic richardii Dunal. 3 X- P, T Solanaceae Juss. Solanum scabrum Mill. naturalised N T Solanum seaforthianum Solanaceae Juss. Andr. cultivated N T, S a Solanaceae Juss. Solanum torvum Sw. naturalised N inv. T invasive: Pf; pers. obs. JT Solanum Solanaceae Juss. Solanum tuberosum L. cultivated tuberosum L. 2 N P, T, D Solanaceae Juss. Solanum violaceum Ortega naturalised N T Capsicum Solanaceae Juss. Capsicum annuum L. naturalised annuum L. 1 N P, T Sphenocleaceae Sphenoclea zeilanica indigenous non- Sphenoclea Baskerville Gaertn endemic zeilanica Gaertn 4 X- P, T Theaceae Mirb. Thea sinensis L. not listed Thea sinensis L. 1 C P, D Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC. Tropaeolum majus L. not listed C D Ulmaceae Mirb Celtis australis L. not listed C S Ulmaceae Mirb Ulmus minor Mill. not listed C S Invasive: Ralainasolo, F. B., J. H. Ratsimbazafy, and N. J. Stevens. 2008. Behavior and diet of the critically endangered Eulemur ciniereiceps in Manombo forest, southeast Madagascar. Madagascar Urticaceae Juss. Cecropia peltata L. naturalised N inv. T Conservation and Development 3 (1):38-43. Debregeasia longifolia Urticaceae Juss. (Burm. f.) Wedd. naturalised N T Binggeli 2003 says Lantana camara var. Verbenaceae J. Lantana camara P, T, B , aculeata (L.) Moldeneke. Invasive: B, Pf, H, St.-Hil. Lantana camara L. naturalised L. 5 N inv. Sa, H pers. obs. authors Verbenaceae J. Lantana lilacina St.-Hil. Lantana lilacina Desf. not listed Defs 5 N P Verbenaceae J. Tropicos MadCat: introduced to Mada, but not St.-Hil. Lantana trifolia L. possible naturalised N T clear whether it has become naturalized Verbenaceae J. Stachytarpheta St.-Hil. cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl naturalised N T Verbenaceae J. Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Stachytarpheta St.-Hil. Vahl not listed indica (L.) Vahl 3 N inv. P, H Invasive: H Verbenaceae J. Stachytarpheta jamaicensis St.-Hil. (L.) Vahl naturalised N T, S a Verbenaceae J. Stachytarpheta mutabilis Stachytarpheta St.-Hil. (Jacq.) Vahl naturalised mutabilis Vahl. 2 N P, T Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Verbena bonariensis L. naturalised N T Verbenaceae J. St.-Hil. Verbena brasiliensis Vell. naturalised N T Tropicos MadCat: other species cultivated as Verbena hybrida Groenl. & ornamentals, incl V. hybrida which is known Verbenaceae J. Rumpler (and other to reproduce spontaneously in gardens, but is St.-Hil. cultivars) cultivated C T not known to be naturalized in the wild. Perrier's combination does not appear to exist; perhaps typographical error for V. cayenensis = Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl, or Verbena caniuensis Moldenke (listed in GRIN, not Tropicos) or V. canescens Verbenaceae J. Verbena L. unidentified Verbena Kunth. In each case, these would be St.-Hil. species naturalised canariensis L. 2 N P naturalised. Ionidium Hybanthus heterophyllus indigenous non- eneaspermum Violaceae Batsch (Vent.) Baill. endemic Vent. 4 X- P, T Note that Binggeli considers African invasive; Tropicos considers indigenous non-endemic probably due to wide distribution in Africa; indigenous non- GRIN does not mention Madagascar but wide Vitaceae Juss Cissus quadrangularis L. endemic X B, T distribution in Africa and Asia. indigenous non- Vitaceae Juss Leea guineensis G. Don endemic X- D Vitaceae Juss Vitex glabrata R. Br. not listed C S Vitaceae Juss Vitex negundo L. not listed C G Vitaceae Juss Vitis labrusca L. not listed Vitis labrusca 1 C P, D, M Vitaceae Juss Vitis vinifera L. not listed Vitis vinifera L. 1 C P, F, D, M Xanthorrhoeacea e Dumort. Aloe massawana Reynolds naturalised N T Zingiberaceae Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. Martinov L. Burtt & R. M. Sm. not listed C JT Note that Tropicos genus entry mentions one Zingiberaceae naturalised from Fl. madag. but lists Martinov Curcuma longa L. not listed Curcuma longa L 5 N P, T, D none);synonym C. domestica. Zingiberaceae Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. Martinov M. Sm. not listed C JT Hedychium Zingiberaceae Hedychium coronarium coronarium Martinov Koen. not listed Koen. 5 N P*, D, Sa Tropicos confused: under genus, says estimated total one naturalised; however single species listed (H. peregrinum) is listed Zingiberaceae Hedychium J. Koenig as endemic. Perrier noted this one as an Martinov unspecified species naturalised Hedychium sp. 5 N P, T introduced ornamental. Tropicos genus entry mentions existence of 2 naturalised species (from Fl. Madag.) but does not name. Given that Perrier names Z. Zingiberaceae Zingiber Mill. unspecified zerumbet we add one additional Zingiber spp. Martinov species naturalised N T entry Zingiberaceae Zingiber Martinov Zingiber zerumbet L. not listed zerumbet L. 1 C P, D Zygophyllaceae indigenous non- Tribulus R. Br. Tribulus terrestris L. endemic terrestris L. 3 X- P, T

Sources: B Binggeli (2003) Bo Bosser (1969) Boiteau Boiteau et al. (1999) C Chaix (2001): Forestry species planted in 1990s and 2000s CR Carrière and Randriambanona (2007) D Decary (1946) DP Du Puy et al. (2002) F Articles in journal "Fruits": Lefèbvre (1965); Moreuil (1971) G Forestry species planted in arboreta or plantations, observed as successful by Gachet (1966), but not observed by Sutter (1990) who only looked at arboreta H Husson et al. (2010). By definition species included in this inventory of fallow field colonizers and cropfield weeds were considered "invasive" K Kull et al. (2008): we do not include unsuccessful introductions M Montagnac (1960) P Perrier (1931-32) Pf Pfund (2000) S Forestry species planted in arboreta (generally 1950s) and presence confirmed by Sutter (1990) Sa Samyn (2001) spontaneous useful plants of central Imerina T Tropicos Madagascar catalogue [‘MadCat’] database JT, CK, SC Personal observations, authors * Synonymy confirmed via GRIN (www.ars-grin.gov) rather than Tropicos

Perrier's categories: Perrier lists and discusses 528 species he calls introduced, using five categories: 1 Cultivated species, never escapes. 2 Species (whether cultivated or not), sometimes weedy (“adventice”), perhaps in the process of naturalising 3 Ruderal species in the classic sense (ie., pioneer species) 4 “Messicoles”, ie. annual plants growing in cropfields, road edges. 5 Other plants found mainly in anthropogenic landscapes and therefore (following Perrier's pre- human forest hypothesis) not native

These categories, particularly 2 through 4, can be overlapping. Since Perrier (erroneously) considered the original vegetation cover of the island to be purely forest, his Category 5 presumes that plants found mainly outside forests must be introduced. Cross-checking with Tropicos indicates that many of these species are actually indigenous non-endemic species hence our category X-. We enumerate 528 species from Perrier; his own count (1932, page 540) is 524. Several factors contribute to a cumulative difference. First, Perrier listed numerous species twice, in separate entries under the different categories, without comment. Second, Perrier occasionally lists more than one species per entry (which we entered separately). Third, Perrier sometimes just mentions a species in passing, without a separate entry. Finally, due to taxonomic determinations, we sometimes reduced two separate entries in Perrier's list to one entry in ours.

Our category (alien/native status) represents a re-evaluation of each species' status (cultivated, naturalized, indigenous, etc.) based on best-available information. Approach summarized in Methods of main paper; categories defined in Table 2 and repeated here. C Cultivated (ie., introduced, but not known to reproduce by itself) N Naturalised (reproduces by itself) I&I Both introduced and indigenous: Plant is native, but highly likely that cultivars or varieties introduced from elsewhere E Endemic plant but noted in Tropicos as introduced and naturalised outside native range in Madagascar X+ Status unconfirmed, but likely introduced (in many cases we disagree with Tropicos’ judgement that this plant is indigenous non-endemic) X Status unconfirmed X- Status unconfirmed, but likely native (in many cases doubtful assumption by Perrier (1931- 1932) that non-forest vegetation must be introduced)