Walter Reichenau
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Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and the Racial and Ideological War of Annihilation on the Eastern Front
Student Publications Student Scholarship Spring 2021 Clash of Totalitarian Titans: Nazi Germany, The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and the Racial and Ideological War of Annihilation on the Eastern Front John M. Zak Gettysburg College Follow this and additional works at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship Part of the European History Commons, Military History Commons, and the Race and Ethnicity Commons Share feedback about the accessibility of this item. Recommended Citation Zak, John M., "Clash of Totalitarian Titans: Nazi Germany, The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and the Racial and Ideological War of Annihilation on the Eastern Front" (2021). Student Publications. 918. https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/918 This is the author's version of the work. This publication appears in Gettysburg College's institutional repository by permission of the copyright owner for personal use, not for redistribution. Cupola permanent link: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/918 This open access student research paper is brought to you by The Cupola: Scholarship at Gettysburg College. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of The Cupola. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Clash of Totalitarian Titans: Nazi Germany, The Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and the Racial and Ideological War of Annihilation on the Eastern Front Abstract The eastern front in the Second World War was one of unparalleled ferocity and brutality unseen on any other front during civilization’s largest and most destructive war. This work contends that in order to understand how the eastern front was such can only be understood through the lens of Nazi ideology and its long-terms goals for Lebensraum and the Greater Germany it sought to secure. -
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THE NAZI BLOOD PURGE OF 1934 APPRCWBD": \r H M^jor Professor 7 lOLi Minor Professor •n p-Kairman of the DeparCTieflat. of History / cr^LtxJ~<2^ Dean oiTKe Graduate School IV Burkholder, Vaughn, The Nazi Blood Purge of 1934. Master of Arts, History, August, 1972, 147 pp., appendix, bibliography, 160 titles. This thesis deals with the problem of determining the reasons behind the purge conducted by various high officials in the Nazi regime on June 30-July 2, 1934. Adolf Hitler, Hermann Goring, SS leader Heinrich Himmler, and others used the purge to eliminate a sizable and influential segment of the SA leadership, under the pretext that this group was planning a coup against the Hitler regime. Also eliminated during the purge were sundry political opponents and personal rivals. Therefore, to explain Hitler's actions, one must determine whether or not there was a planned putsch against him at that time. Although party and official government documents relating to the purge were ordered destroyed by Hermann GcTring, certain materials in this category were used. Especially helpful were the Nuremberg trial records; Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939; Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945; and Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1934. Also, first-hand accounts, contem- porary reports and essays, and analytical reports of a /1J-14 secondary nature were used in researching this topic. Many memoirs, written by people in a position to observe these events, were used as well as the reports of the American, British, and French ambassadors in the German capital. -
Tremors in the Shatterzone of Empires EASTERN GALICIA in SUMMER 1941
25 Tremors in the Shatterzone of Empires EASTERN GALICIA IN SUMMER 1941 K S During the rst days and weeks aer the German attack on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 a wave of violence against Jews swept those territories that had been occupied by the Soviet Union since September 1939 or summer 1940 and now were invaded by the German armed forces and its Romanian and Hungarian allies. e violence consisted mostly of mass execu- tions by the German Security Police’s infamous Einsatzgruppen and pogrom-like excesses by the local Christian population. Oen both forms of violence were closely connected. 1 e anti-Jewish violence in the region sprung from both external and internal sources. Both sources of violence characterized the region as a borderland in the sense of a contested space where competing claims of states, nations, religions, and ideologies clashed with one another. us, the violent events of summer 1941 epitomize greater conicts that arose from the relations of the powers in the region and from the fundamental political and socioeco- nomic changes of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Local anti-Jewish violence was one expression of larger structural tensions that characterized the region. is chapter will focus on Eastern Galicia. It does not aspire to a comprehensive presentation of all anti-Jewish violence or all pogroms, but is intended as an analysis of cer- tain motifs and contexts and, therefore, refers to specic cases as exemplary. 2 As a starting point, we look at the central violent event in the region, i.e., in Lwów (L 'viv). -
World War II: People, Politics, and Power / Edited by William L Hosch
Published in 2010 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2010 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2010 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition William L. Hosch: Associate Editor, Science and Technology Rosen Educational Services Hope Lourie Killcoyne: Senior Editor and Project Manager Joanne Randolph: Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Matthew Cauli: Designer Introduction by Therese Shea Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II: people, politics, and power / edited by William L Hosch. p. cm.—(America at war) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes index. ISBN 978-1-61530-046-4 (eBook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Juvenile literature. I. Hosch, William L. II. Title: -
The Home Front and War in the Twentieth Century
THE HOME FRONT AND WAR IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THE AMERICAN EXPERIENCE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE Proceedings of the Tenth Military History Symposium October 20-22. 1982 Edited by James Titus United States Air Force Acdemy and Office of Air Force History Headquarters USAF 1984 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Military History Symposium (U.S.) (10th : 1982) (United States Air Force Academy) The home front and war in the twentieth century Sponsored by: The Department of History and The Association of Graduates. Includes index. 1. Military history, Modem-20th century-Congresses. 2. War and society-History-20th century4ongresses. 3. War--Economic aspects-Congresses. 4. War-Economic aspects-United States4ongresses. 5. United States-Social conditions-Congresses. I. Titus, James. 11. United States Air Force Academy. Dept. of History. 111. United States Air Force Academy. Assocation of Graduates. IV. Title. D431.M54 1982 303.6'6 83-600203 ISBN 0-912799-01-3 For sale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 11 THE TENTH MILITARY HISTORY SYMPOSIUM October 20-22, 1982 United States Air Force Academy Sponsored by The Department of History and The Association of Graduates ******* Executive Director, Tenth Military History Symposium: Lieutenant Colonel James Titus Deputy Director, Tenth Military History Symposium: Major Sidney F. Baker, USA Professor and Head, Department of History: Colonel Carl W. Reddel President, Association of Graduates: Lieutenant Colonel Thomas J. Eller, USAF. Retired Symposium Committee Members: Captain John G. Albert Captain Mark L. Dues Captain Bernard E. Harvey Captain Vernon K. Lane Captain Robert C. Owen Captain Michael W. -
General Ohne Eigenschaften?
Kirstin A. Schäfer. Werner von Blomberg: Hitlers erster Feldmarschall: Eine Biographie. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2006. 291 pp. Illustrations. EUR 32.90, cloth, ISBN 978-3-506-71391-9. Reviewed by Katrin Paehler Published on H-German (June, 2009) Commissioned by Susan R. Boettcher Kirstin Schäfer has written a fascinating biog‐ sailles Treaty--embraced a new military philoso‐ raphy of General Werner von Blomberg that is, at phy, defined more by Carl von Clausewitz than by once, an embarrassment of riches and slightly un‐ Alfred von Schlieffen. Blomberg and others of his satisfactory. In three substantial sections, the au‐ cohort envisioned the coming war as a "war of thor diligently follows her subject's life from his liberation," conducted by a people's army earliest experiences to the pinnacles of his career equipped with the most modern weaponry and as Adolf Hitler's minister of defense (as of 1935, led by a strong, psychologically influential leader. minister of war) and commander-in-chief of the It is easy to see why Blomberg was comparatively German army to his eventual dismissal from this open to National Socialism. position, "banishment," and death in March 1946. Blomberg achieved the frst pinnacle of his Strengths of the book are found in the rich‐ career as the head of the Troop Ofce and de facto ness of the sources exploited and the author's leader of the secret Great General Staff. In this ca‐ ability to evaluate and contextualize them. Her pacity, one of Blomberg's main concerns was the first section focuses on Blomberg's strategic think‐ modernization of the German military, the restric‐ ing and writing in historical context and in rela‐ tions of the Versailles Treaty notwithstanding. -
Command & Commanders in Modern Warfare
COMMAND AND COMMANDERS , \ .“‘,“3,w) .br .br “Z ,+( ’> , . I ..M IN MODERN WARFARE The Proceedings of the Second Military History Symposium U.S. Air Force Academy 23 May 1968 Edited by William Geffen, Lt. Colonel, USAF, Air Force Academy O5ce of Air Force History, Headquarters USAF and United States Air Force Academy 1971 2nd edilion, enlarged let edition, United States Air Force Academy, 1969 Views or opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the authors and are not to be construed as carrying official sanction of the Department of the Air Force or of the United States Air Force Academy. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.65 Stock Number 0874-0003 ii PREFACE The essays and commentaries which comprise this book re- sulted from the Second Annual Military History Symposium, held at the Air Force Academy on 2-3 May 1968. The Military History Symposium is an annual event sponsored jointly by the Department of History and the Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy. The theme of the first symposium, held on 4-5May 1967 at the Air Force Academy, was “Current Concepts in Military History.” Several factors inspired the inauguration of the symposium series, the foremost being the expanding interest in the field of military history demonstrated at recent meetings of the American Historical Association and similar professional organizations. A professional meeting devoted solely to the subject of military his- tory seemed appropriate. The Air Force Academy’s Department of History has been particularly concerned with the history of military affairs and warfare since the founding of the institution. -
Generalleutnant Hans Graf Von Sponeck (1888–1944) Und Das Schicksal Der Juden in Der Ukraine, Juni–Dezember 1941*
Aufsatz Erik Grimmer-Solem »Selbständiges verantwortliches Handeln«. Generalleutnant Hans Graf von Sponeck (1888–1944) und das Schicksal der Juden in der Ukraine, Juni–Dezember 1941* Generalleutnant Hans Graf von Sponeck ist durch den eigenmächtigen Rückzug seiner Truppen von der Halbinsel Kertsch auf der Krim am 29. Dezember 1941 be- rühmt geworden. Er befahl den Rückzug ohne Rücksprache mit dem Oberbefehls- haber der 11. Armee und dem Führerhauptquartier, um die drohende Einkreisung der 46. Infanterie-Division zu verhindern. Am 31. Dezember 1941 wurde Sponeck seines Amtes enthoben und am 23. Januar 1942 in einem Kriegsgerichtverfahren wegen »fahrlässigen Ungehorsams im Felde« zum Tode verurteilt. Hitler wandelte die Todesstrafe in sechs Jahre Festungshaft um1. Im Zuge der Vergeltung nach dem missglückten Attentat auf Hitler am 20. Juli 1944 wurde Sponeck auf Befehl Hein- rich Himmlers in der Festung Germersheim am 23. Juli 1944 ohne standrechtliches Urteil erschossen2. In der Nachkriegszeit wurde von Sponeck posthum geehrt. So in Germersheim wo die General-Hans-Graf-Sponeck-Kaserne bereits 1966 seinen Namen erhielt; in Neustrelitz, Parkstraße 3, hängt seit 1992 eine Gedenktafel am Zaun der Villa, in der Sponeck von 1935 bis 1937 lebte. In Bremen, Germersheim, München und in Sasbach-Jechtingen bei Freiburg wurden Straßen und Plätze nach ihm benannt. Im Jahr 2007 verlegte man im Rahmen eines Erinnerungsprojektes an die Opfer der NS-Gewaltherrschaft einen Stolperstein vor seiner alten Dienstwohnung in Bremen Horn-Lehe, Horner Heerstraße -
Lars Westerlund, the Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities
LARS WESTERLUND The Finnish SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES 1941–1943 SKS The Finnish SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES 1941–1943 LARS WESTERLUND THE FINNISH SS-VOLUNTEERS AND ATROCITIES against Jews, Civilians and Prisoners of War in Ukraine and the Caucasus Region 1941–1943 An Archival Survey Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura – Finnish Literature Society Kansallisarkisto – The National Archives of Finland Helsinki 2019 Steering Group Permanent State Under-Secretary Timo Lankinen, Prime Minister’s Office / Chair Research Director Päivi Happonen, The National Archives of Finland Director General Jussi Nuorteva, The National Archives of Finland Legal Adviser Päivi Pietarinen, Office of the President of the Republic of Finland Production Manager, Tiina-Kaisa Laakso-Liukkonen, Prime Minister’s Office / Secretary Project Group Director General Jussi Nuorteva, The National Archives of Finland / Chair Research Director Päivi Happonen, The National Archives of Finland / Vice-Chair Associate Professor Antero Holmila, University of Jyväskylä Dean of the Faculty of Law, Professor Pia Letto-Vanamo, University of Helsinki Professor Kimmo Rentola, University of Helsinki Academy Research Fellow Oula Silvennoinen, University of Helsinki Docent André Swanström, Åbo Akademi University Professor, Major General Vesa Tynkkynen, The National Defence University Professor Lars Westerlund Researcher Ville-Pekka Kääriäinen, The National Archives of Finland / Secretary Publisher’s Editor Katri Maasalo, Finnish Literature Society (SKS) Proofreading and translations William Moore Maps Spatio Oy Graphic designer Anne Kaikkonen, Timangi Cover: Finnish Waffen-SS troops ready to start the march to the East in May or early June 1941. OW Coll. © 2019 The National Archives of Finland and Finnish Literature Society (SKS) Kirjokansi 222 ISBN 978-951-858-111-9 ISSN 2323-7392 Kansallisarkiston toimituksia 22 ISSN 0355-1768 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International License. -
A[Edit] Gunter D'alquen
A[edit] Gunter d'Alquen - Chief Editor of the SS official newspaper, Das Schwarze Korps ("The Black Corps"), and commander of the SS-Standarte Kurt Eggers. Ludolf von Alvensleben - commander of the SS and police in Crimea and commander of the Selbstschutz (self-defense) of the Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia. Max Amann - Head of Nazi publishing house Eher-Verlag Benno von Arent - Responsible for art, theatres, and movies in the Third Reich. Heinz Auerswald - Commissioner for the Jewish residential district inWarsaw from April 1941 to November 1942. Hans Aumeier - deputy commandant at Auschwitz Artur Axmann - Chief of the Social Office of the Reich Youth Leadership. Leader of the Hitler Youth from 1940, through war's end in 1945. B[edit] Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski - Commander of the "Bandenkämpfverbände" SS units responsible for the mass murder of 35,000 civilians in Riga and more than 200,000 in Belarus and eastern Poland. Herbert Backe - Minister of Food (appointed 1942) and Minister of Agriculture (appointed 1943). Richard Baer - Commander of the Auschwitz I concentration camp from May 1944 to February 1945. Alfred Baeumler - Philosopher who interpreted the works of Friedrich Nietzschein order to legitimize Nazism. Klaus Barbie - Head of the Gestapo in Lyon. Nicknamed "the Butcher of Lyon" for his use of torture on prisoners. Josef Bauer SS officer and politician Josef Berchtold - Very early Party member, and the second Reichsführer-SSfrom 1926-27. Gottlob Berger - Chief of Staff for Waffen-SS and head of the SS's main leadership office. Werner Best - SS-Obergruppenführer and Civilian administrator of Nazi occupied France and Denmark. -
Richard Walther Darré, National Socialism, and Bauernpolitik
University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Dissertations and Theses @ UNI Student Work 5-2020 Richard Walther Darré, National Socialism, and Bauernpolitik Andrew P. Harnois University of Northern Iowa Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©2020 Andrew P. Harnois Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Harnois, Andrew P., "Richard Walther Darré, National Socialism, and Bauernpolitik" (2020). Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 1017. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/1017 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses @ UNI by an authorized administrator of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Copyright by ANDREW HARNOIS 2020 All Rights Reserved RICHARD WALTHER DARRÉ, NATIONAL SOCIALISM, AND BAUERNPOLITIK An Abstract of a Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Andrew P. Harnois University of Northern Iowa May 2020 ABSTRACT Richard Walther Darré joined the National Socialist German Workers Party in 1930 at the behest of Adolf Hitler and was Germany’s Reichsminister of Agriculture from 1933 to 1942. Darré was recruited by Hitler because of his Blood and Soil ideology. This ideology was peasant-centric and argued that the German peasant embodied the ideal racial form and pushed for a rebirth of German agriculture. This thesis examines the career of Richard Walther Darré and focuses on two questions: first, what role did Darré’s Blood and Soil ideology play in his rise and removal from power; and, second, does Darré’s fall from power inform us about any policies Hitler and NSDAP might have had about official’s removal from power? I argue that Darré’s Blood and Soil ideology was responsible for both his rise and fall from power. -
The Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad: The Turning Point on the Eastern Front in WWII F. Courtney Lockwood Senior Thesis 1 Contents List of Maps 3 Introduction: Setting The Stage 5 The Battle Part 1: September-November 1942 13 The Battle Part 2: November 1942-late January 1943 21 Surrender and the March into Captivity 42 National Myth: Propaganda, Vergeltung, Total War 50 The Shockwave of Stalingrad: Psychological Shift, German Morale, Shortcomings of German High Command 60 Conclusion: Russian Agency and the Legacy of Stalingrad 74 2 List of Maps German Invasion of Soviet Union 1941-1942 4 Operation Blau 9 German Advance on Stalingrad, Autumn 1942 14 Operation Uranus 21 Manstein’s Breakout Attempt/Operation Winter Storm 31 Operation Ring 38 3 ‘German Invasion of Soviet Union 1941-1942’ Source: after map in Showalter, D. (2009) Hitler’s Panzers, p. 2 4 Introduction: Setting the Stage The rise and fall of the Third Reich continues to fascinate and confuse historians today. In particular the war against Russia not only was a monumental undertaking for the Nazi State in terms of economic and military resources, but also the invasion included an inherent all or nothing attitude for the future of National Socialism. Russia tempted Germany with land, natural resources, and possibly an end to Bolshevism and Judaism. Southern Russia looked particularly ripe for Hitler as he focused on gaining control of the lucrative grain and oilfields in the Caucuses. A total victory in Russia also spelled out the demise of the Jews and Communists, as Hitler believed Judaism and Bolshevism were intertwined and the extermination of both would allow the Aryan race and ethnic Germans to assert their supremacy.