Neosilba Mcalpine (Tephritoidea: Lonchaeidae): Revisão

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Neosilba Mcalpine (Tephritoidea: Lonchaeidae): Revisão LAURA JANE GISLOTI O gênero Neosilba McAlpine (Tephritoidea: Lonchaeidae): revisão, ocorrência e diversidade Campinas 2014 i ii iii iv v vi RESUMO As moscas da família Lonchaeidae (Diptera), juntamente com as da família Tephritidae formam um grupo conhecido como moscas-das-frutas, já que suas larvas utilizam como recurso alimentar frutos de interesse comercial. Espécies de Tephritidae são comumente relatadas como pragas importantes para a fruticultura e têm sua biologia e ecologia profundamente estudadas. Já as espécies de Lonchaeidae, mesmo estando associadas a diversos frutos de interesse agrícola, são pouco estudadas. Isto pode estar relacionado ao fato de que não há estudos distinguindo taxonomicamente esse grupo no nível de gênero e espécies. Paralelamente, esta inconsistência taxonômica dificulta e desencoraja estudos com o grupo, fazendo com que a história natural dessas moscas permaneça desconhecida. Em Neosilba, o gênero de Lonchaeidae alvo deste estudo, a taxonomia tradicional é baseada unicamente na análise da morfologia genital masculina e assim todos os trabalhos a respeito deste grupo excluem grande parte do material obtido: as fêmeas. Alguns estudos já foram desenvolvidos no intuito de facilitar a identificação destas moscas, envolvendo técnicas eletroforéticas de sistemas enzimáticos e análises empregando métodos morfométricos. Porém nenhuma técnica se mostrou específica o bastante para distinguir as espécies neste gênero. Dentro desse contexto, a tese foi estruturada em três capítulos. No capítulo 1 fazemos uma revisão da biologia, ecologia e taxonomia da família Lonchaeidae. Dentro desse capítulo disponibilizamos um mapa da distribuição mundial dos oito gêneros, além de uma chave taxonômica dicotômica ilustrada, adaptada de McAlpine, para todos os gêneros de Lonchaeidae. No capítulo 2 realizamos uma revisão centrada em diversidade, distribuição e plantas hospedeiras de moscas do gênero Neotropical Neosilba. Listamos a vii distribuição e as plantas hospedeiras das 40 espécies de Neosilba. Por fim, no capítulo 3 estudamos a diversidade de espécies frugívoras do gênero Neosilba em 35 espécies de frutíferas cultivadas, de duas localidades do estado de São Paulo e concluímos que Neosilba zadolicha é a espécie que apresenta o maior número de plantas hospedeiras e é a mais abundante entre as sete espécies de Neosilba encontradas. Este trabalho acrescenta informações inéditas ao gênero Neosilba e a compilação de dados a respeito deste grupo pretende estimular o ingresso de novos pesquisadores a fim de preencher as lacunas existentes no âmbito da taxonomia, sistemática, biologia e ecologia desse táxon. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Acalyptratae, Diptera, moscas frugívoras, lonchaeids, taxonomia alfa. viii ABSTRACT The flies of the Lonchaeidae family, alongside with the Tephritidae, form a group known as fruit-flies, since their larvae feed on fruits of huge economical interest in their diet. Species of Tephritidae are generally reported as important pests to the horticulture, with their biology and ecology deeply studied in detail. However the Lonchaeidae species, despite being associated to many fruits of agricultural interest, are not as studied. This can be related to the fact that there aren’t many studies distinguishing taxonomically this group at the genus or species level. In parallel, this taxonomic inconsistency complicates and discourages studies of the group, keeping the natural history of those flies unknown. In Neosilba, the traditional taxonomy is based only on the analysis of the male genitalia morphology, and so, this method excludes great part of the material collected: the females. Some studies were done on the purpose of facilitating the identification of these flies, involving electrophoresis techniques of enzymatic systems and analysis employing morph metric methods. However, no technique demonstrated to be specific enough to distinguish the species of this genus. Inside this context, this work was structured in four chapters. In chapter 1 a revision of the biology, ecology, and taxonomy of the Lonchaeidae family is made. Inside this chapter, we make available a map containing the global distribution of all genus, in addition to an illustrated dichotomic taxonomic key, adapted from McAlpine, to all Lonchaeidae genus. In chapter 2 we realize a revision centered in the diversity, distribution and hosting plants of the Neotropical genus Neosilba. We listed a distribution of hosting plants of 40 Neosilba species. In chapter 3, we study the diversity of frugivorous species in the Neosilba genus in 35 fruit species cultivated from 2 locations in the state of São Paulo and we ix conclude that Neosilba zadolicha is the species that contains the biggest number of hosting plants, and is also the most abundant compared to the 7 species of Neosilba that were found. This work adds unpublished information of the Neosilba genus and the compilation of data concerning this group aims to stimulate the entrance of new researchers for the purpose of fill the existing lacunae in the scope of taxonomy, systematics, biology, and ecology of this taxon. KEYWORDS: Acalyptratae, alfa taxonomy, Diptera, frugivorous flies, lonchaeids. x SUMÁRIO RESUMO..............................................................................................................................vii ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................ix LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES.................................................................................................xv LISTA DE TABELAS........................................................................................................xvii INTRODUÇÃO GERAL......................................................................................................01 REFERÊNCIAS....................................................................................................................04 CAPÍTULO 1. REVIEW OF THE TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF LONCHAEIDAE (DIPTERA), FRUIT FLIES OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE IN THE NEOTROPICAL REGION Abstract...............................................................................................................................9 Introduction......................................................................................................................10 Methodology………..……………………………...........................................................12 Results……………………………..................................................................................13 Discussion.........................................................................................................................27 References........................................................................................................................44 CAPÍTULO 2 ESPÉCIES DE Neosilba (DIPTERA, LONCHAEIDAE, LONCHAEINAE): DISTRIBUIÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA E PLANTAS HOSPEDEIRAS Resumo.............................................................................................................................67 Introdução.........................................................................................................................68 Material e Métodos ………..….....…………......…….....................................................70 Resultados e Discussão …………....................................................................................71 Referências.......................................................................................................................95 CAPÍTULO 3. Neosilba McAlpine (Diptera, Lonchaeidae) Diversity on Cultivated Host Plants from Brazilian Cerrado and Atlantic Tropical Forest Biomes Abstract...........................................................................................................................107 Introduction....................................................................................................................108 Material and Methods………..…………….…………..................................................109 Results and Discussion………………...........................................................................111 References......................................................................................................................118 xi CONCLUSÃO………………………..........…………………………….....……………130 xii Agradecimentos "Aqueles que passam por nós, não vão sós, não nos deixam sós. Deixam um pouco de si, levam um pouco de nós (Antoine de Saint-Exupéry). Estes 4 anos de pesquisa foram uma árdua jornada de desafio, construção e amadurecimento. De fato, nenhum empreendimento é realizado de forma fácil e sem esforço. José Saramago discorreu sobre a importância da jornada rumo à vitória: "Nem as derrotas nem as vitórias são definitivas. Isso dá uma esperança aos derrotados, e deveria dar uma lição de humildade aos vitoriosos.” Assim, neste período aprendi que uma tese ou qualquer outro trabalho é uma extensão da vida do autor. Então, para que algo de valor seja produzido, o indivíduo deve primeiramente criar algo de valor em si. Indivíduo e obra são consistentes com o resultado. Por estes motivos, agradeço sincera e profundamente todas as pessoas que me ajudaram e me incentivaram a produzir algo de valor em minha vida. Primeiramente agradeço ao meu grande mestre, Prof. Dr. Angelo Pires do Prado. É uma grande honra tê-lo tido como orientador por 6 anos (desde o mestrado). Jamais me esquecerei de seus ensinamentos, de seus preciosos conselhos e de sua inestimável confiança. Muito Obrigado, Angelo! Agradeço
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