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Grid Integration Requirements for Variable Renewable Energy.” ESMAP Technical Guide, World Bank, Washington, DC July 2019 © 2019 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, , 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Furthermore, the ESMAP Program Manager would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care of the address above, or to [email protected]. Cover Image—42:366 The Power Grid. © Joe Strupek/Flickr. CC BY-ND 2.0. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program) 2019. “Grid Integration Requirements for Variable Renewable Energy.” ESMAP Technical Guide, World Bank, Washington, DC. Acknowledgments—The financial and technical support by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is gratefully acknowledged. ESMAP―a global knowledge and technical assistance program administered by the World Bank―assists low- and middle-income countries to increase their know-how and institutional capacity to achieve environmentally sustainable energy solutions for poverty reduction and economic growth. ESMAP is funded by Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, the Rockefeller Foundation, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the World Bank. TECHNICAL GUIDES ON VRE GRID INTEGRATION: PREFACE ................................................................ vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... xii 1 | INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 2 | VRE POWER PLANTS .....................................................................................................................3 SOLAR POWER .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Photovoltaic Generation Technology ................................................................................................... 3 Essential Considerations for Technical Specification ............................................................................ 8 PV Power Plant Testing ....................................................................................................................... 11 WIND POWER ......................................................................................................................................... 15 Onshore and Offshore Generation Technology .................................................................................. 15 Wind Turbine Main Components ....................................................................................................... 15 Wind Turbine Generator Types .......................................................................................................... 16 Essential Considerations for Technical Specification .......................................................................... 19 Wind Power Plant Testing ................................................................................................................... 22 3 | VRE INTEGRATION INTO THE POWER SYSTEM ............................................................................. 26 INTERCONNECTION OF RESOURCES ...................................................................................................... 26 INTERCONNECTION STAGES .................................................................................................................. 26 Steady-State Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 27 Short-Circuit Study .............................................................................................................................. 28 Dynamic and Transient Stability Analysis ........................................................................................... 28 Facilities Study .................................................................................................................................... 28 VRE INTEGRATION CHALLENGES ............................................................................................................ 29 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR VRE INTERCONNECTION ................................................................... 33 GRID CODE COMPLIANCE ....................................................................................................................... 40 General Requirements ........................................................................................................................ 40 System Operation Requirements ........................................................................................................ 44 Ancillary Services ................................................................................................................................ 45 Frequency Ride-Through..................................................................................................................... 47 Voltage Ride-Through ......................................................................................................................... 47 Dynamic Overvoltages ........................................................................................................................ 49 G R I D I NTEGRATION R EQUIREMENTS FOR V A R I A B L E R E N E W A B L E E NERGY | i Short-Circuit Current Contribution ..................................................................................................... 50 Power Quality ..................................................................................................................................... 51 DEVELOPMENT OF VRE-RELATED GRID CODE ....................................................................................... 52 4 | CONCLUSION: ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR VRE GRID INTEGRATION ..................................... 54 APPENDIX A: APPLICABLE STANDARDS ............................................................................................. 57 APPENDIX B: ADVANCED VRE INTERCONNECTION REQUIREMENTS ................................................... 61 BLACK-START CAPABILITY ...................................................................................................................... 61 FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND CONTROL ................................................................................................. 61 Synthetic Inertia .................................................................................................................................. 61 Over-Frequency Control ..................................................................................................................... 62 Under-Frequency Control ................................................................................................................... 62 Automatic Generation Control ........................................................................................................... 63 REACTIVE POWER CAPABILITIES FOR VOLTAGE CONTROL .................................................................... 64 CONGESTION MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................ 65 DEMAND RESPONSE .............................................................................................................................. 65 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 67 ii | ESMAP . ORG Box 3.1: Case Studies: Brazil and Texas ...................................................................................................... 39 Box 3.2: Example 1: VRE Interconnection in Germany ............................................................................... 40 Box 3.3: Example 2: VRE Interconnection in Barbados - Small-Scale System ........................................... 410 Box 3.4: Case Study: Wind Farm Integration .............................................................................................
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