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CORRELATIONS a Thesis Submitted in Partial Satisfaction O CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE NOMADIC AND EARLY CHINESE ART: I' CORRELATIONS A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Art by Geraldine Celine Russman June 1976 The Thesis of Geraldine Celine Bussman is approved: Earle Field, Ph.D Birgitta Wohl, Ph.D. Jenne L. Trabold, Ph.D.,_ Chairman California State University, Northridge ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT I take this ~pportunity to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Earle Field, Dr. Jeanne L. Trabold, and Dr. Birgitta Wohl for the generous donation of their time and talents to aid me in the production of this thesis. An additional word of appreciation goes to Dr. Trabold, my committee chairman, my graduate advisor, and my first Art History professor. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii LIST OF PLATES AND SOURCES v ABSTRACT XV Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 2. HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND . 27 3. THE SHANG DYNASTY (c. 1550-1027 B.C.) 54 4. THE CHOU DYNASTY, WESTERN PERIOD (c. 1027-771 B.C.) .... 100 5. CHOU DYNASTY, EASTERN PERIOD (770-256 B.C.) ..... 119 6. CH'IN DYNASTY (220-207 B.C.) HAN DYNASTY (202 B.C.-220 A.D.) .. 141 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .. 164 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 172 APPENDIXES • . 178 MAPS • 179 MAP SOURCES. 186 ·'· : ~;;· iv Plates and Sources Plate Page 1. Painted pottery from the Tripolye Culture (c. 3500-1900 ? B.C.) found at Er5sd. Source: E. D. Phillips, The Royal Hordes: Nomad Peoples of the Steppes, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965, Illustra- tion 7 . • . • . • 4 2. Prehistoric pottery from Kansu Province. Source: Walter A. Fairservis, Jr., The Origins of Oriental Civilization, New York, Vantage Books, 1959, Figure 10 . .. 5 3. Cast gold belt buckle from the Siberian collection of Peter the Great. Hermitage I-1useum. Date unknown. About 4-1/2 in. wide. Source: Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians, London, Thames and Hudson, 1961, Plate 2 14 4. Chased gold leopard from Kelermes in the Kuban. Hermitage Museum. 7th-6th century B.C. Length, about 12 in. Source: Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians, London, Thames and Hudson, 1961, Plate 9 . 15 5. Chased gold recumbent stag, shield plaque from Kostromskaya kurgan. Hermitage Museum 7th-6th century B.C. Length 12-1/2 in., height 7-1/2 in. Source: Gregory Borovka, Scythian Art, trans. by V. G. Childe, New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corporation, 1967, Plate 1 17 6. Bronze bridle plaque in shape of bird's head from the Nymphaeum necropolis, Crimea. Hermitage Museum. Mid-5th century B.C. Length 1-5/8 in. Source: "From the Lands of the Scythians," The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, No. 5, 1973/1974, Cat. no. 56. 18 v Plates and Sources (continued) Plate Page 7. Carved bone objects from Orenburg. Top object dates .from the 6th-5th century B.C.; date for bottom object is uncertain. Moscow Historical Museum. Source: Gregory Borovka, Scythian Art, trans. by V. G. Childe, New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corporation, 1967, Plate 31. 19 8. Gold cup with handles in the form of predatory animals, Siberian collection of Peter the Great, Hermitage, 5th-4th century B.C. Source: "From the Lands of the Scythians," The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, No. 5, 1973/1974, Plate 22. 21 9. Cast bronze and gold-leaf ornament from the Golden Barrow, Crimea. 7th-6th century B.C. Source: Gregory Borovka, Scythian Art, trans. by V. G. Childe, New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corporation, 1967, Plate 15 A. 22 10. Cast gold ornament from the Siberian collec~ tion of Peter the Great. Hermitage Museum. 7th-6th century B.C. Source: Gregory Borovka, Scythian Art, trans. by v.- G; Childe, New York, Paragon Book Reprint CorpoFation, 1967, Plate 45~ ~. 23 11. Bronze bridle ornament formed by two felines in a heraldic pose. Chance find from the Black Sea area. Hermitage Museum. Early 6th century B.C. Length 1-11/16 in. Source: "From the Lands of the Scythians, '' The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, No. 5, 1973/1974, Cat. no. 39. 24 12. Gold shield ornament from Kul Oba, Crimea. Hermitage Museum. 5th-4th century B.C. Length, about 12 in. Source: Tamara Talbot Rice, The Scythians~ London, Thames and Hudson, 1961, Plate 24. 26 vi Plates and Sources (continued) Plate Page 13. Drawing of figures on the gold calathos from the Great Bliznitsa tomb, c. 4th century B.C. Source: Ellis H. Minns, Scythians and Greeks, New York, Biblo and Tannen, 1965, Fig. 315. 43 14. Felt wall-hanging from Pazyryk, barrow 5. 5th century B.C. Source: Sergei I. Rudenko, Frozen Tombs of Siberia, trans. and with a preface by M. W. Thompson, Los Angeles, University of Califor- nia Press, 1970, Plate 154. 44 15.. Shang Dynasty bronze ritual vessel from the 12th century B.C. showing the t'ao t'ieh mask. Source: John Hay, Ancient China, New York, Henry z. Walck, Inc., 1973, p. 67. 67 16. Drawing of t'ao t'ieh mask and k'uei dragon. Source: Walter A. Fairservis, Jr., The Origins of Oriental Civilization, New York, Vantage Books, 1959, Fig. 15. 69 17. Earthenware bottle decorated with cut-out leather cocks from barrow 2, Pazyryk c. 5th century B.C. Source: Sergei I. Rudenko, Frozen Tombs of Siberia, trans. and with a preface by M. W. Thompson, Los Angeles, University of Califor- nia Press, 1970, Plate 55. 71 18. Bronze ting from An-yang, 11th century B.C., Shang Dynasty. Source: "The Chinese Exhibition. A pictorial record of the Exhibition of Archaeological Finds of the People's Republic of China,'' Kansas City, Missouri, The Nelson Gallery- Atkins Museum, 1975, Plate 83. 72 vii Plates and Sources (continued) Plate Page 19. Bronze kuang with superimposed dragon design from An-yang, .11th Century B.C., Shang Dynasty. Source: "The Chinese Exhibition. A pictorial record of the Exhibition of Archaeological Finds of the People's Republic of China, Kansas City, Missouri, The Nelson Gallery- Atkins Museum, 1975, Plate 88 C. 73 20. White marble owl from tomb at An-yang, Shang Dynasty. Source: Courtland Canby and others, eds., The Epic of Man, New York, Time Incorportated, 1961, p. 202. 74 21. Bronze knives dated from 1300 B.C. and later. In each group the first is from Shang China, the second from the Ordos region, and the third (right and left groups) is from the Minusinsk region of Southern Siberia. Source: E. D. Phillips, The Royal Hordes: Nomad Peoples of the Steppes, New York, NcGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965, Illustra- tion 19. 85 22. Horn carving on plate from upper girth-strap found at Pazyryk, barrow 3, c. 5th century B.C. Source: Sergei I. Rudenko, Frozen Tombs of Siberia, trans. and with a preface by M.W. Thompson, Los Angeles, University of Califor- nia Press, 1970, Plate 96 B. • . 87 23. Carved wooden saddle pendant from Pazyryk, barrow 3, c. 5th century B.C. Source: Sergei I. Rudenko, Frozen Tombs of Siberia, trans. and with a preface by M. W. Thompson, Los Angeles, University of Califor- nia Press, 1970, Plate 104 d. 88 viii Plates and Sources (continued) Plate Page 24. Carved wooden bridle decorations from Pazyryk* barrow 4, c. ~th century B.C. Source: Sergei I. Rudenko, Frozen Tombs of Siberia, trans. and with a preface by M. W. Thompson, Los Angeles, University of Califor- nia Press, 1970, Plate 111 . 89 25. Bronze tsun, 12th-11th century B.C. Shang Dynasty. Source: "The Chinese Exhibition. A pictorial record of the Exhibition of Archaeological Finds of the People's Republic of China," Kansas City, Missouri, The Nelson Gallery- Atkins Museum, 1975, Plate 89 90 26. Carved horn frontal plate from Pazyryk, barrow 2, c. 5th century B.C. Source: Sergei I. Rudenko, Frozen Tombs of Siberia, trans. and with a preface by M. W. Thompson, Los Angeles, University of Califor- nia Press, 1970, Plate 111 . 92 27. Carved wooden pendants from Pazyryk, barrow 1, c. 5th century B.C. Source: Sergei I. Rudenko, Frozen Tombs of Siberia, trans. and with a preface by M. W. Thompson, Los Angeles, University of Califor- nia Press, 197Q, Plate 83 E and F 93 28. Bronze ting, 11th century B.C. Shang Dynasty. Source: "The Chinese Exhibition. A Pictorial record of the Exhibition of Archaeological Finds of the People's Republic of China," Kansas--City,- fvlissouri;; --The Nelson· Gallery- Atkins Museum, 1975, Plate 91 99 ix Plates and Sources (continued) Plate Page 29. Wooden bridle decorations from Pazyryk, barrow 1, c. ·5th century B.C. Source: Sergei I. Rudenko, Frozen Tombs of Siberia, trans. and with a preface by M. W. Thompson, Los Angeles, University of Califor- nia Press,· 1970, Plate 92. 96 30. Drawings of tattoos on the body in barrow 2, Pazyryk, c. 5th century B.C. Source: Sergei I. Rudenko, Frozen Tombs of Siberia, trans. and with a preface by M. W. Thompson, Los Angeles, University of Califor- nia Press, 1970, Figs. 51, 52. 97 31. Human figure carved in marble found at An-yang. Shang Dynasty. Source: Li Chi, The Beginnings of Chinese Civilization, Seattle, University of Washing­ ton Press, 1957, Fig. 6 98 32. Kuei from the Western Chou period, 11th century B.C. Source: William Watson, Ancient Chinese Bronzes, ed. by Basil Gray, Rutland, Vermont, Char~es E. Tutt·le- Company.,·-1962, Plate -32. 112 33. Tina from the Western Chou period. --~~ - Source: George Kuwayama, Ancient Ritual Bronzes of China, Los Angeles, Far Eastern Art Council of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1976, Plate 32. • . 114 34. Horse's head gear from Chang-chia-p'o, 8th century B.C.
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