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Hydrochemical and Isotopic Study of Groundwater in the Yinchuan Plain, China

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Hydrochemical and Isotopic Study of Groundwater in the Yinchuan Plain, China Environ Earth Sci (2013) 69:2037–2057 DOI 10.1007/s12665-012-2040-1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Hydrochemical and isotopic study of groundwater in the Yinchuan plain, China Lingfen Wang • Fusheng Hu • Lihe Yin • Li Wan • Qiusheng Yu Received: 22 February 2012 / Accepted: 2 October 2012 / Published online: 20 October 2012 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 Abstract The Yinchuan plain is located in the arid and discharge to surface water. According to the EW iso- climate zone of NW China. The western margin of the topic profile, the groundwater flow system (GFS) in the plain is the Helan mountain connecting a series of normal Yinchuan plain can be divided into local flow systems slip faults. The eastern margin of the plain connects with (LFS) and regional flow systems (RFS). Groundwater has the Yellow River and adjacents with the Ordos platform. lower TDS and higher tritium in the southern Yellow River The south of the plain is bordered by the EN fault of the alluvial plain and groundwater age ranges from 6 to Niushou mountain. The bottom of the plain is the Car- 25 years. The range of groundwater renewal rates is from boniferous, Permian, or Ordovician rocks. Based on the 11 to 15 % a-1. The depth of the water cycle is small, and analysis of groundwater hydrochemical and isotopic indi- groundwater circulates fast and has high renewal rates. cators, this study aims to identify the groundwater recharge Groundwater has higher TDS and lower tritium in the and discharge in the Yinchuan plain, China. The hydro- northern Yellow River alluvial plain. The range of chemical types of the groundwater are HCO3–SO4 in the groundwater age is from 45 to 57 years, and renewal rate is -1 west, HCO3–Cl in the middle, and Cl–SO4 in the east. The from 6 to 0.1 % a . The depth of the water cycle is larger. hydrochemical types are HCO3–SO4 in the south, HCO3– Groundwater circulates slowly and has low renewal rates. Cl and SO4–HCO3 in the middle. The hydrochemical types are complex in the north, mainly SO4–HCO3 and Cl–SO4. Keywords Hydrochemistry Á Isotopic Á Quaternary Á Deuterium, 18O, and tritium values of groundwater indicate Groundwater flow system that groundwater recharge sources include precipitation, bedrock fissure water, and irrigation return water. Groundwater discharges include evaporation, abstraction, Introduction The Yinchuan plain is located in NW China. It is an L. Wang Á F. Hu Á L. Wan important industrial and agricultural base in NW China. School of Water Resources and Environment, The Yinchuan plain uses surface water from the Yellow China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Xueyuan Road 29, River for irrigation, while groundwater is the main water 100083 Beijing, China resource for industry and urban domestic usage. According L. Wang (&) to the statistics, groundwater provides up to 95 % of BGI Engineering Consultants Ltd., YangFangdian Road 15, industrial and domestic water supply. The Yinchuan plain 100038 Beijing, China is one of the driest regions in the world, and the climate is e-mail: [email protected] characterized by high temperatures and evaporation, low L. Yin rainfall, and notable drought periods (Ma et al. 2005). In Xi’an Geology Investigation Institute, Xi’an, Shanxi, China such arid and semi-arid environments, groundwater usually plays an important role for social and economic develop- Q. Yu Ningxia Institute of Geo-engineering and Reconnaissance, ment. It is suggested that a long-term, rational water usage Yinchuan, Ningxia, China guide should be set up for the Yinchuan plain as 123 2038 Environ Earth Sci (2013) 69:2037–2057 groundwater is vital for maintaining the ecosystem’s bal- ance and economic development. Groundwater acts as a receptor and information carrier in changeable ambient environments, and thus hydrochemical information can be used to characterize the behavior of groundwater systems (Han et al. 2009). There have been many studies on hydrochemical characteristics of ground- water (Fryar and Mullican 2001; Hem 1989; Garcia et al. 2001; Acheampong and Hess 1998; Sun et al. 2006; Eckardt et al. 2008; Edmunds 2009; Yin et al. 2011a). Isotopes have been widely used in the past three decades (Fritz and Fontes 1980). Isotopic techniques have proved to be an attractive tool for the identification of paleogroundwater and the origin of groundwater (Zuhair 2001; Yin et al. 2010). The ‘‘flow- systems concept’’ was first introduced by To´th (1963). Groundwater flow system (GFS) analysis has developed into a powerful tool in the field of hydrogeology. According to the hierarchy of GFS, basin scale groundwater systems can be divided into local (LFS), intermediate (IFS), and regional (RFS) flow systems (Han et al. 2009). Many researchers (Stuyfzand 1999; Winter 1999;To´th and Corbet 1986) have used the groundwater flow system theory to solving problems in hydrogeology. In order to effectively develop and manage groundwater resources, a better understanding is required of the hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics of ground- water, as well as the origin and the age (Su et al. 2009). This study examines groundwater in the Yinchuan plain and uses hydrochemistry and isotopes to study flow systems at dif- ferent scales. It puts forward an integrated method for simultaneously using the isotopic and hydrochemical indi- cators. The specific objects of this study are to (1) identify sources of recharge; (2) identify ways of discharge; and Fig. 1 Sketch map of landscape, the Yinchuan plain (3) determine groundwater age and renewal rates using iso- topes. The results of this study are helpful for aiding local meteorological date from 1959 to 2004 collected from ten governments to develop suitable water resource utilization weather stations, the mean annual temperature is 9.5 °C, strategies and policies for northwestern China. the lowest average temperature is -7.3 °C in January, and the highest average temperature is 23.5 °C in July. The annual average rainfall is 171 mm, and most rainfall con- Study area centrates in June, July, August, and September, accounting for 77 % of the annual precipitation. The maximum rainfall The Yinchuan plain is confined by the Helan mountain in is in August, and the minimum rainfall occurs in January, the west, the Niushou mountain in the south, and the Ordos February, or December. The annual potential evaporation plateau in the east. It is mainly composed of the alluvium is 1,689 mm. Most evaporation concentrates during March of the Yellow River and the pluvial deposits of the Helan to September, accounting for 81 % of the annual evapo- mountain (Fig. 1). The altitude of the Yinchuan plain ration. The annual average humidity is 55 %. According to ranges from 1,090 m to 1,400 m above sea level. In the the weight and volume method, the density of groundwater west of the Yellow River, the terrain declines from west to is approximately 1.051 g/cm3. east and from south to north. The gradient along the EW direction is large, whereas it is small along the SN direc- tion. The Yinchuan plain can be divided into a pluvial Geology and hydrogeology plain, an alluvial flood, and an alluvial plain. The Yinchuan plain is located in an arid temperate The Yinchuan plain is mainly constituted by Quaternary zone and is of a continental climate. According to the sediments of over 1,000 m. The Center locates in Pingluo, 123 Environ Earth Sci (2013) 69:2037–2057 2039 Helan, Yinchuan, and Yongning. The deepest part is located in the west of Pingluo and Yinchun. In the Pingluo– Yinchuan area, the thickness of the Quaternary is more than 1,400 m. In the middle of Yongning and Wuzhong it becomes thinner towards the margin of the plain. Groundwater occurs in the Quaternary aquifers. The Yinchuan plain aquifer system can be divided into two types: the single unconfined aquifer, and the unconfined- confined aquifer (Fig. 2). This study focuses on the shallow unconfined groundwater (Fig. 3). Materials and methods Groundwater samples were collected from the shallow unconfined aquifer in April 2005. The following parame- ters were analyzed, including the total dissolved solid 2? 2? ? ? 2- - (TDS), pH, Ca ,Mg ,Na ,K ,SO4 , HCO3 , and Cl- (Table 1). Water samples were filtered through 0.45 lm membranes on site and collected in high-density polypropylene (HDPP) bottles. Water temperature, elec- trical conductivity (EC), and pH were measured in situ using a portable instrument (HACH). The concentrations of - - 2- ? major anions (Cl ,NO3 and SO4 ) and cations (Na , K?,Ca2? and Mg2?) were measured in the laboratory (Table 1). Sulfate (SO4) analyses of water samples were carried out using spectrophotometer, and carbonate (CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were determined by the volumetric method. Sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were determined using a flame pho- tometer. The accuracy and precision of analyses were tested through running duplicate analyses on selected Fig. 2 Sketch of hydrogeology, the Yinchuan plain samples. The location of the samples was determined with Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the Quaternary, the Yinchuan plain 1. Clay 2. Sand 3. Gravel 4. Tertiary 5. Pre-Tertiary 6. Fault 7. Terrace 123 2040 Environ Earth Sci (2013) 69:2037–2057 Table 1 Chemical analysis of the shallow groundwater samples in the Yinchuan plain ? ? 2? 2? - 2- - Sample XY pH K Na Ca Mg Cl SO4 HCO3 TDS label (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) QPN001 635989 4318898 8.0 4.5 551.9 171.4 185.8 576.6 967.3 686.3 3,166.1 S57 621145 4313251 8.1 1.0 56.0 31.2 15.4 34.6 27.3 222.7 401.5 S60 619917 4322687 8.0 3.0 76.0 85.9
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