Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire

Home , Nuneham Courtenay

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

Hills Quarry Products

by Heather Hopkins

Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd

Site Code ARC 08/38

November 2008 Summary

Site name: Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire

Grid reference: SU 535 945

Site activity: Desk-based assessment

Project manager: Steve Ford

Site supervisor: Heather Hopkins

Site code: ARC 08/38

Area of site: 1.2km2

Summary of results: The site lies in an area of archaeological potential and is already known to contain archaeological deposits as demonstrated by aerial photography and small scale evaluation trenching. The presence of archaeology on a site of this size in this region is entirely anticipated. It will be necessary to provide further information about the potential of the site from field observations in order to draw up a scheme to mitigate the impact of quarrying on any below-ground archaeological deposits as necessary.

This report may be copied for bona fide research or planning purposes without the explicit permission of the copyright holder

Report edited/checked by: Steve Ford9 24.11.08 Steve Preston9 01.12.08

Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd, 47–49 De Beauvoir Road, Reading RG1 5NR Tel. (0118) 926 0552; Fax (0118) 926 0553; email [email protected]; website : www.tvas.co.uk

Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

by Heather Hopkins

Report 08/38 Introduction

This desk-based study is an assessment of the archaeological potential of a large parcel of land located at

Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, SU 5350 9450 (Fig. 1). The project was commissioned by Mr John

Salmon of Land and Mineral Management Ltd, the Roundhouse Cottages, Bridge Street, Frome, Somerset,

BA11 1BE for Hills Quarry Products, Ailesbury Court, High Street, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 1AA and comprises the first stage of a process to determine the presence/absence, extent, character, quality and date of any archaeological remains which may be affected by mineral extraction within the area.

Site description, location and geology

The site is located on the north bank of the River Thames between Dorchester and Abingdon, more specifically between Long Wittenham and Appleford. The site currently consists of gently rolling open farmland, comprising pasture and a variety of crops south of Abingdon Road, between the villages of Culham and Clifton Hampden.

The development area is centred on SU 535 945 and located on first floodplain terrace deposits (river gravels) and alluvium (BGS 1980). It covers approximately 1.2 sq km, basically flat, at a height of 49–50m above

Ordnance Datum.

Planning background and development proposals

Planning permission is to be sought from Oxfordshire County Council for quarrying the site for gravel and sand.

Archaeology and Planning (PPG 16 1990) provides guidance relating to archaeology within the planning process. It points out that where a desk-based assessment has shown that there is a strong possibility of significant archaeological deposits in a development area it is reasonable to provide more detailed information from a field evaluation so that an appropriate strategy to mitigate the effects of development on archaeology can be devised:

Paragraph 21 states:

‘Where early discussions with local planning authorities or the developer’s own research indicate

that important archaeological remains may exist, it is reasonable for the planning authority to

request the prospective developer to arrange for an archaeological field evaluation to be carried

out...’

Should the presence of archaeological deposits be confirmed further guidance is provided. Archaeology and

Planning stresses preservation in situ of archaeological deposits as a first consideration as in paragraphs 8 and

18.

Paragraph 8 states:

‘...Where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their

settings, are affected by proposed development there should be a presumption in favour of their

physical preservation...’

Paragraph 18 states:

‘The desirability of preserving an ancient monument and its setting is a material consideration in

determining planning applications whether that monument is scheduled or unscheduled...’

However, for archaeological deposits that are not of such significance it is appropriate for them to be ‘preserved by record’ (i.e., fully excavated and recorded by a competent archaeological contractor) prior to their destruction or damage.

Paragraph 25 states:

‘Where planning authorities decide that the physical preservation in situ of archaeological remains

is not justified in the circumstances of the development and that development resulting in the

destruction of the archaeological remains should proceed, it would be entirely reasonable for the

planning authority to satisfy itself ... that the developer has made appropriate and satisfactory

provision for the excavation and recording of remains.’

The South Oxfordshire District Local Plan (adopted in 2006) contains policies relating to heritage:

‘Policy CON11 ‘There will be a presumption in favour of physically preserving nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings. In some instances potential damage to archaeological remains or the setting of an archaeological monument, whether visible or not, will be sufficient to refuse the grant of planning permission.

‘Policy CON12 ‘Before the determination of an application for development which may affect a site of archaeological interest or potentially of archaeological importance, prospective developers will be required, where necessary, to make provision for an archaeological field evaluation, in order to enable an informed and reasoned planning decision to be made.

‘Policy CON13 ‘Wherever practicable and desirable, developments affecting sites of archaeological interest should be designed to achieve physical preservation in situ of archaeological deposits. Where this is not practicable or desirable, conditions will be imposed on planning permissions, or planning obligations sought, which will require the developer to provide an appropriate programme of archaeological investigation, recording and publication by a professionally-qualified body.’

Mineral Extraction is covered by the Oxfordshire Minerals and Waste Development Scheme 2007-2010,

Oxfordshire County Council. This states that:

4.25 PE8 Before determining an application for mineral extraction the County Council will normally require the applicant to carry out a preliminary archaeological assessment to determine the nature and significance of any archaeological remains. The County Council may, subject to the results of this initial assessment, require an archaeological field evaluation of the site to determine the appropriate means for mitigating the impact of extraction on the archaeological resource.

4.26 PE9 Scheduled Ancient Monuments, other archaeological remains of national importance and their settings should be preserved in situ. For all other remains of importance preservation in situ will be preferred. Where this is not appropriate and for all other remains, adequate provision should be made for their excavation and recording. This policy applies to all remains, including those not revealed by policy PE8.

Policies PE8 and PE9 will be applied in accordance with PPG16 Archaeology and Planning, Department of the Environment, 1990.

Methodology

The assessment of the site was carried out by the examination of pre-existing information from a number of sources recommended by the Institute of Field Archaeologists paper ‘Standards in British Archaeology’ covering desk-based studies. These sources include historic and modern maps, the Oxfordshire Historic

Environment Record, geological maps and any relevant publications or reports.

Archaeological background

General background

The site lies within the archaeologically rich Upper Thames with numerous sites and finds recorded (Booth et al.

2007). The gravel terraces of the Upper Thames are particularly suited to the formation of cropmarks visible from the air with large complexes of sites, sometimes covering square kilometres of ground, having been recorded (Benson and Miles 1974). Complexes of Neolithic monuments occur at 5-10km intervals, the most extensive being at Dorchester-on-Thames to the south east (Woodward 2000). Areas around Abingdon and

Dorchester have seen much archaeological excavation in advance of development, in particular mineral extraction and have revealed a wealth of previously unsuspected archaeology (Henig and Booth 2000).

Oxfordshire Historic Environment Record

A search was made on the Oxfordshire Historic Environment Record (HER) on 3rd April 2008 for a radius of

1km around the proposal site. This revealed 34 entries within the search radius. These are summarized as

Appendix 1 and their locations are plotted on Figure 1.

Prehistoric One of the most significant entries for the project come from the results of a small evaluation undertaken at

Fullamoor Farm, within the proposal area [Fig.1: 3]. This evaluation which comprised five trenches, each of 30 metres length revealed a Bronze Age occupation layer cut by an undated ditch, late Bronze Age or early Iron

Age pottery in a linear feature and a late Bronze Age pot in one of two pits with a animal bone (sheep/goat). The site also contains several cropmarks (see below), none of which have been dated by ground investigation.

However, several distinctive circular cropmarks are almost certain to comprise ring ditches which are usually the remains of levelled round barrows of Bronze Age date, but with the lesser possibility that they are burial monuments of Neolithic or Saxon date or ring gully houses of Iron Age date [28]. The grid reference listed in the HER for these appears to be too far north, these cropmarks are clearly well within the site boundary (Fig.

12). Of the other cropmark sites present, these could include prehistoric components [6, 7, 8, 9]. A ring ditch and other cropmarks are located just to the north east of the site [10] as are further ring ditches south of the river

[12].

A watching brief at Lammas Eyot to the south of the river revealed a ditch and a flint flake of Neolithic date [1] and Iron Age building foundations have been discovered at Long Wittenham [4] as has a pottery sherd and antler [5]. A fragment of a pedestal urn was found at Long Wittenham [27].

Roman A single sherd of residual Roman pottery was discovered during the evaluation on the proposal site at Fullamoor

Farm [3]. Several of the undated cropmarks present on the site [6, 7, 8, 9] and within the study area [11,12,13] are likely to include a Roman component.

Saxon Several Saxon entries lie within the study area but none are recorded on the site and all lie south of the river. At

Lammas Eyot a ditch of late Saxon or early Norman date has been recorded [1] and on a nearby site boundary ditches were discovered during a watching brief [15]. Three Saxon inhumation cemeteries have been found, two at Long Wittenham [16, 17] and another at Appleford [18]. Several stray finds are noted comprising a Saxon or

Medieval spearhead found in the river at Long Wittenham [19], a Saxon or Viking bracelet also at Long

Wittenham [15] and three sherds of Saxon pottery one described as early, two as late [1].

Medieval A modest number of medieval entries are recorded in the study area but none within the site itself. Medieval features were found at Long Wittenham, including a boundary ditch [15] and a ditch at Lammas Eyot High

Street is described as Saxo-Norman [1]. Fragments of a pottery pitcher were discovered at Appleford on the edge of the site [20]. The earlier site of the village of Clifton Hampden lies to the north east [21].

Post Medieval Two post-medieval pots and a token have been found at Appleford [22]. Clifton Lock was constructed in the

19th century to aid navigation of the Thames [23]. A milepost is situated on the Abingdon Road at Clifton

Hampden [24].

Modern, undated, negative Pits and enclosures of unknown date are located north of the site at Fullamoor Farm [30]. Human remains of an unknown date and state were discovered at Appleford [26]. A number of earthworks described (erroneously?) as strip lynchets, are recorded within the centre of the site [29]. Strip lynchets are artificial terraces found on steeply sloping ground and a more plausible explanation is that these earthworks are headlands formed as a part of medieval ridge and furrow field systems. Anti-tank obstacles were constructed at Clifton Lock during

World War II [25]. Two pillboxes dating to the Second World War, constructed to guard the Thames and railway, are located in the field adjacent to the western site boundary [31, 32]. These are listed on the National

Monuments Record Defence of Britain database and were identified during the site visit.

No features of archaeological interest were observed during watching briefs at Manor Farm in Appleford

[17, 33], the excavation of a pipe trench at Fullamoor Farm, north of the site [31] and at Elm Close, High Street,

Long Wittenham [34].

Scheduled Ancient Monuments

There are no Scheduled Ancient Monuments on the site or in immediate proximity. Two scheduled monuments lie in the broader study area but are located at some distance and to the south of the river. A third is located north of the river but to the west of the railway line and will not be affected by the propsoed extraction on this site.

Cartographic and documentary sources

The site lies within Clifton Hampden parish, in the Hundred of Dorchester (VCH 1962). The parish boundary between Clifton Hampden and Culham, the western boundary of the site, does not appear to have changed since

Culham was surveyed in 940 AD (VCH 1962, Blair 1990), although the beating of the boundary caused legal

disputes including the Vicar of Culham being shot at by John of Clifton Hampden in 1416 while marking the boundary (VCH, 1962). The village name of Clifton means ‘farmstead on or near a cliff or bank’ and is of Saxon origin (Mills, 1998). Hampden may have been added when Miles Hampden was Lord of the Manor during the

1530s. It may have been added to distinguish between Clifton Hampden and Clifton Ferry on the opposite side of the river which was then in Berkshire.

Clifton was not specifically mentioned in Domesday Book (AD 1086) but was included under Dorchester

Hundred. (Williams and Martin 2002). The bishopric of Dorchester was transferred to the Bishop of Lincoln in

1070. Clifton was not recognized as a parish but as a chapelry of Dorchester Abbey. It was first mentioned in

1146 when Pope Eugenius III confirmed the possessions of Dorchester Abbey. During the medieval period

Clifton was divided amongst three of the bishop's knights. An early 13th-century record shows that Clifton was a typical open-field village. In the 14th century Clifton supported only a moderately prosperous community.

Clifton was recognized as a parish from the mid 16th century though the church did not gain full parochial rights until 1819. Culham and Clifton were of strategic importance during the Civil War due to their proximity to

Abingdon. In 1643 the royalists had an encampment on Culham Hill, west of the site. In 1645 some

Parliamentary soldiers were quartered at Clifton. Early in 1646 a minor engagement took place near Clifton when a Parliamentary force from Abingdon clashed with part of the royalist garrison of Wallingford. Some 50 cavaliers are said to have been captured in what was one of the last engagements of the war.

Fullamoor Farm dates to the late 18th century. Clifton Hampden was inclosed by Robert Hucks about 1770, creating four very large farms, Fullamoor being one. In the 19th century the Hundred of Dorchester was almost entirely devoted to agriculture. Parish records show migration from the village from 1830s due to unemployment

(VCH 1962). During the 20th century mixed farming characterized Clifton. In 1941 a Royal Naval Air Station was commissioned as H.M.S. Hornbill. It was re-opened as an Admiralty Storage Depot in 1956 and is now government offices and a HGV test centre, extending into Culham and Nuneham Courtenay to the north. This covers a large area to the north of the site.

A range of Ordnance Survey and other historical maps of the area were consulted at the Centre for

Oxfordshire Studies in order to ascertain what activity had been taking place throughout the site’s later history and whether this may have affected any possible archaeological deposits within the proposal area (see Appendix

2).

The earliest map available of the area is Saxton’s map of Oxfordshire, Berkshire and Buckinghamshire dated 1574 (Fig. 2). This shows Clifton, Wittenham, Appleford, Nuneham, Dorchester and the location of the

river Thames. The site can be located only very generally on this map. Plot’s map, taken from his Natural

History of Oxfordshire, 1677, shows the area in more detail (Fig. 3). Culham, Long Wittenham and Little

Wittenham are shown in addition to the previous settlements, allowing the location of the site to be more clearly identified. Culham is shown to be the same size and importance as the Wittenhams while Appleford is not depicted. The Thames is named Isis on this map, changing to Thames (Thameisis) only when it reaches Burford.

Morden’s map of Oxfordshire of 1695 shows the same settlements as Saxton’s earlier map, but with a more detailed geographic layout (Fig. 4). The only significant addition on this map is that Abingdon Road is shown.

The first map to show Fullamoor Farm is Davis’ map of Oxfordshire, 1797 (Fig. 5). The division of the land to the south of the farm into is now depicted but few of the fields on this map can be matched to the field pattern of today. The fields bordering the river Thames are shown to be marsh or perhaps water meadow, while the rest of the farm is arable. The stream draining a pond to the north-west of Fullamoor Farm is first shown on this map. There is a ferry at Clifton, although no road is shown leading to it.

The preliminary Ordnance Survey map of 1810 does not name Fullamoor Farm but shows the fields to be of a more regular shape, more similar to those of today, at least in the north and west (Fig. 6). The Clifton cut of the Thames has not yet been established to the south, so field boundaries there are different. Bryant’s map of

1824 presents Fullamoor Farm but which is named as Clifton Farm (Fig. 7). There were four farms in the Parish at this time, none called Clifton (VCH 1962). Zouch (Zoutz) Farm is depicted to the west of Fullamoor Farm.

The field and farm boundaries are not shown. What appears to be the parish boundary follows the little stream along the western border of the site. Within the site, there appears to be an avenue leading south from the farm to another building.

The First Edition Ordnance Survey map of 1875 shows field boundaries similar to today, with several changes from the previous map (Fig. 8). Fullamoor plantation in the south-west of the site, Sandy Bury near the centre and Grasshill covert in the north have all been planted. Clifton Cut, the canal that forms part of the site boundary, is now shown, as is the Oxford - Reading railway line to the west of the site. The building at the end of the ?avenue shown on the previous map is now seen to be cruciform, and has an attached enclosure, while the track now extends past it to the south. Between 1875 and 1912 field boundaries internal to the site simplified slightly (Fig. 9). The building is depicted differently, although it is unclear if this is a change in mapping accuracy or an actual alteration to the building. Between 1912 and 1960 the large field at the north of the site was divided into three smaller fields and either field drains or field boundaries were constructed leading from

Fullamoor Plantation (Fig. 10). The building north of the plantation is still shown. The naval establishment to the north of Abingdon Road is not depicted: Ordnance Survey mapping of military establishments can be quite sensitive, and the complete blank in this area is typical of such sensitivity. Between 1960 and 1975 the fields to

the north of the site were extensively developed as government offices and laboratories, but the site itself remained largely unchanged (Fig. 11) apart from additional drainage. Other than the marking of footpaths, the site and its surroundings appear to have not changed significantly between 1975 and today (Fig. 1).

Geotechnical test pits

A series of 54 exploratory boreholes has been drilled on the site (Simon 2008). Each borehole was between 3–

8m in depth and ended with clay deposits except for 10 that ended on sandstone. The majority had sandy gravelly deposits below the topsoil, at least 45 of these over a metre deep. Full results are shown in Appendix 3.

Listed buildings

There are no listed buildings on or in the vicinity of the site.

Registered Parks and Gardens; Registered Battlefields

There are no registered parks and gardens or registered battlefields within close proximity of the site.

Aerial Photographs

Aerial photographs of the site were included in the survey that formed part of the National Mapping Program.

Cropmarks identified from these photographs were included in the overall map. This map is continually updated.

The part of the survey that covers the site is shown in Figure 12 with some of the cropmarks in surrounding areas, especially south of the river also shown. There are a number of cropmarks on the site itself. The cropmarks on the site (none of which have been investigated by trenching) include at least eight circular marks, which are probably levelled round barrows of Bronze Age date and located in the western portion of the site. In the south east portion of the site are three clusters of rectilinear cropmarks that are, by analogy with other excavated sites, likely to include Iron Age and Roman components. A miscellany of linear features are also recorded perhaps with a trackway in the centre of the site.

Discussion

In considering the archaeological potential of the study area, various factors must be taken into account, including previously recorded archaeological sites, previous land-use and disturbance, and future land-use including the proposed development. Mineral extraction will necessarily be entirely destructive of any

archaeological remains encountered, and the only mitigation possible would be preservation by record, that is, full excavation by a competent archaeological contractor.

The site has not been extensively developed other than its use as farmland over many centuries. It is anticipated that the state of preservation of archaeological deposits present will almost certainly be typical of farmed dryland locations in southern Britain. It is possible that some cut features, especially those located nearer to the river, would have been cut deep enough to reach the level of the permanent water table thus perhaps allowing for the preservation of organic materials.

The desktop study has highlighted a wealth of archaeological deposits in the study area with nationally important remains (Scheduled Ancient Monuments) to be found beyond the southern limit of the proposal site boundary (and across the river), and to the west. The site is already known to contain archaeological deposits with both aerial photography and small scale evaluation trenching having recorded such remains. In the archaeological context of the upper Thames Valley the range of sites and finds already recorded for the proposal site can be considered as fairly typical. The favourable soil conditions for aerial photography, particularly for the river gravels but also for adjacent geological outcrops, has led to a wealth of data providing a landscape perspective of archaeological deposits (Benson and Miles 1974; Cunliffe 1984; Darvill 1987; Haselgrove et al.

2001). In this context, almost every sizeable portion of land is expected to contain some archaeological deposits and their presence here is not necessarily of greater or lesser significance than elsewhere.

It will be necessary to provide further information about the extent and preservation of the archaeological remains on the site from field observations in order to draw up a scheme to mitigate the impact of development on any below-ground archaeological deposits if necessary. A scheme for this evaluation will need to be drawn up and approved by the archaeological advisers to the mineral planning authority and implemented by a competent archaeological contractor, such as an organization registered with the Institute of Field Archaeologists.

References

Benson, D and Miles, D, 1974, The Upper Thames Valley; An Archaeological Survey of the River Gravels, Oxford Archaeological Unit Survey 2, Oxford BGS, 1980, British Geological Survey, Sheet 254, Drift/Solid Edition, Scale 1:50,000 Blair, J, 1998. Anglo Saxon Oxfordshire Sutton Publishing, Stroud Booth, P, Dodd, A, Robinson, M and Smith, A, 2007, The Thames through Time: The Archaeology of the Gravel Terraces of the Upper and Middle Thames: The early historical period AD1–1000, Oxford Archaeology Thames Valley Landscapes monogr 27, Oxford Cunliffe, B, 1984, ‘Iron Age Wessex; continuity and change’, in B Cunliffe and D Miles, (eds) Aspects of the Iron Age in Central Southern Britain, Oxford Univ Comm Archaeol Monogr 2, 12–45 Darvill, T, 1987, Prehistoric Gloucestershire, Gloucester Haselgrove, C, Armit, I, Champion, T C, Creighton, J, Gwilt, A, Hill, J D, Hunter, F and Woodward, A, 2001, Understanding the British Iron Age: an Agenda for Action, Salisbury

Henig, M and Booth, P. 2000. Roman Oxfordshire. Sutton Publishing, Stroud Mills, A D, 1998, Dictionary of English Place-Names, Oxford PPG16, 1990, Dept of the Environment Planning Policy Guidance 16, Archaeology and Planning, HMSO Simon, R M, 2008, Report on the results of exploratory drilling on land at Culham, Oxfordshire, Geoplan Ltd VCH, 1962, Victoria History of the Counties of England: Oxfordshire, vii, London Williams, A and Martin, G H, 2002, Domesday Book, A complete Translation, London Woodward, A, 2000, British Barrows A Matter of Life and Death, Tempus, Stroud

APPENDIX 1: Historic Environment Records within a 1km search radius of the development site

No HER Ref Grid Ref (SU) Type Period Comment 1 EOX 976 54270 93640 Watching Brief Neolithic Lammas Eyot. 1 Neolithic flint flake, 3 Saxon 16548 54270 93640 Monument Saxon pottery sherds, 1 early-mid, 2 late. Saxon – Norman Saxo-Norman ditch 2 15317 5380 9365 Aerial photos Bronze Age Ring ditches, Round barrow enclosure. 3 EOX 247 531 943 Evaluation Bronze Age Late Bronze Age occupation layer cut by undated Iron Age ditch, late Bronze Age /early Iron Age pottery in Prehistoric linear feature, 2 pits including sheep/goat with late Roman Bronze Age pot. Residual Roman sherd. 8500 531 943 Aerial photos Possible Barrow cemetery 4 2845 5463 9394 Findspot Iron Age Iron Age building 5 2864 5447 9388 Findspot Iron Age Iron Age pottery and antlers 6 8513 538 941 Aerial photos Prehistoric Late prehistoric field boundary, rectangular enclosure, pit. 7 8514 540 942 Aerial photos Prehistoric Late prehistoric Rectangular enclosure 8 8515 542 944 Aerial photos Prehistoric Late prehistoric Rectangular enclosure. 9 9216 5375 9441 Aerial photos Prehistoric Prehistoric trackway at Sandy Bury 10 8523 540 952 Aerial photos Prehistoric Later prehistoric enclosures, linear features, pits, trackway, ring ditch 11 15311.03 548 938 Photographic Prehistoric Cropmarked rectilinear enclosures 12 15310.02 533 937 Monument, aerial Prehistoric Rectangular enclosure, Ring ditch, Barrow 15310.05 5305 9361 photos Cemetery, SAM 243 15310.06 5296 9351 13 15310.05 534 936 Aerial photos Prehistoric Northern Settlement Cluster at Appleford. Trackway, enclosure, circular enclosure, pit 14 OX147 52450 94516 Monument Prehistoric Trackway, enclosures, field system, pits, settlement, ditches, at least two phases SAM 147 15 EOX 1835, 54330 93610 Watching Brief Saxon , Saxon boundary ditches, medieval features. 17140 Medieval 2865 5430 9363 Findspot Saxon Saxon/ Viking bracelet. 16 2383 5425 9350 Cemetery Saxon Saxon inhumation cemetery, Long Wittenham 17 2850 5459 9360 Cemetery Saxon Saxon inhumation cemetery. Long Wittenham 18 9114 528 938 Findspot Saxon Saxon cemetery, beads EOX 681 5282 9378 Watching Brief Undated Watching Brief. Manor Farm. Finds unrecorded 19 7668 5472 9445 Findspot Saxon/Viking Saxon or Viking spearhead. Long Wittenham 20 7670 5290 9401 Findspot Medieval Medieval Fragments of pitcher, Appleford 21 9713 544 954 Cartographic Medieval Shrunken Village, Clifton Hampden 22 11098 5289 9369 Findspot Post Medieval 2 pots and token from thatched cottage. Appleford 23 12657 5470 9470 Canal lock Post medieval Clifton Lock. River Lock, Clifton Hampden 24 11251 5427 9543 Milepost Post medieval Milepost. Clifton Hampden 25 15799 548 947 Defences Modern Anti-tank obstacles (Clifton Lock). Long Wittenham 26 2841 5295 9378 Findspot Undated Human Remains 27 7667 5473 9474 Findspot Undated Pedestal Urn fragment. Undated. Long Wittenham 28 5118 531 949 Aerial photos Undated Barrows. Culham, South Oxfordshire. (NB: Grid reference as listed in HER is too far north) 29 5640 5365 9455 Earthwork Undated Strip lynchets. Clifton Hampden 30 5641 5359 9511 Aerial photos Undated enclosures and pits. Clifton Hampden 31 Monument Modern Pill Box, Second World War EOX 1257 5293 9433 Excavation Undated Pipe Trench 32 Monument Modern Pill Box, Second World War 33 EOX 369 5282 9378 Watching Brief Negative Manor Farm, church street. No archaeology 34 EOX 983 5445 9373 Watching Brief Negative Elm Close House, High Street, Long Wittenham

APPENDIX 2: Historic and modern maps consulted c1575 Christopher Saxton’s map of Oxfordshire (Fig. 2) 1677 Plot’s map of Oxfordshire, from Plot’s Natural History of Oxfordshire (Fig. 3) 1695 Robert Morden’s map of Oxfordshire (Fig. 4) 1704 Robert Modern’s map of Oxfordshire 1768 Jeffrys map of Oxfordshire 1797 Davis map of Oxfordshire (Fig. 5) 1810 Preliminary Ordnance Survey (Fig. 6) 1824 Bryant’s map of Oxfordshire (Fig. 7) 1875 First Edition Ordnance Survey (Fig. 8) 1912 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 9) 1960 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 10) 1975 Ordnance Survey (Fig. 11) 1983 Ordnance Survey 1992 Ordnance Survey 2003 Ordnance Survey 2006 Ordnance Survey Explorer 170, 1:25,000 (Fig. 1)

APPENDIX 3: Geotechnical data

Taken from Simon, 2008, Report on the results of exploratory drilling on land at Culham, Oxfordshire.

APPENDIX A

BOREHOLE LOGS BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH1/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 450905 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 195183 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 27th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 6” continuous hollow stem water at: Approx 3.2m. Piezometer Installed augering depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.5 0.5 TOPSOIL Dark grey brown, silty, clayey soil

0.5 2.2 1.7 SANDY CLAY Orange brown, firm, sandy clay. Dry

2.2 2.9 0.7 SAND Light brown, clean, medium to medium coarse grained sand. Damp

2.9 3.8 0.9 CLAYEY SAND 2.2 to 3.1 Light brown, slightly clayey becoming clayey, medium to medium coarse grained sand. Wet towards the base.

3.8 4.7 0.9+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY?)

Blue grey, stiff, clay. Dry. Very hard drilling.

Piezometer Installation

50mm piezometer pipe installed to 4.5 metres below ground level.

3.0 metres of slotted pipe, with geososck at the base, 2.2 metres of plain pipe above. Backfilled with 10mm gravel to 0.9 metres below ground level, bentonite 0.9 to 0.3 metres below ground level, concrete foundations 0.3 to 0 metres below ground level. Removable sniffer and solid cap 1 metre high with padlock.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH2/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 452144 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 195279 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 28th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 4.0m. Piezometer Installed depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.5 0.5 TOPSOIL Brown and orange brown, sandy, silty soil

0.5 1.0 0.5 SANDY CLAY Orange brown, sandy clay. Dry

1.0 1.5 0.5 SAND AND GRAVEL Light orange brown, slightly silty, medium grained sand with a low % of grit. Approx. 20 to 30% fine to medium gravel, predominantly -10mm. Dry

1.5 3.0 1.5 SAND WITH GRAVEL (+ clay lenses) Orange brown, slightly silty, medium grained sand. Approx. 10 to 1.0 to 4.5m 20% fine gravel, predominantly -10mm. Some lenses of sandy clay with fine gravel from 2.5m. Dry

3.0 4.5 1.5 SAND Light brown, slightly silty, medium to medium coarse grained sand with occasional fine gravel, <5%. Wet from 4.0m

4.5 6.7 2.2 SAND Light brown, slightly silty, medium grained sand, becoming slightly silty to silty with depth. Wet 4.5 to 7.5 6.7 7.5 0.8 SAND Light brown, silty, medium grained sand. Wet

7.5 7.8 0.3 SILTY SAND Light brown, very silty, fine medium to medium grained sand. Wet

7.8 8.0 0.2+ SANDY CLAY (GAULT CLAY/LOWER GREENSAND?) Light grey, silty / sandy, stiff clay. Very hard bedrock, unable to drill any deeper.

Piezometer Installation Re-drilled with hollow stem augers. 50mm piezometer pipe installed to 7.5 metres below ground level.

6.0 metres of slotted pipe, with geososck at the base, 2.0 metres of plain pipe above. Backfilled with 10mm gravel to 0.9 metres below ground level, bentonite 0.9 to 0.3 metres below ground level, concrete foundations 0.3 to 0 metres below ground level. Removable sniffer and solid cap 1 metre high with padlock.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH3/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 452086 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194584 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 27th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. Piezometer Installed depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.3 0.3 TOPSOIL Dark brown, silty, clayey soil

0.3 2.0 1.7 CLAY Mid brown, silty, sticky, clay becoming sandy clay / very clayey

sand with depth. Wet from 1.5m.

2.0 2.6 0.6 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, slightly silty, medium to medium coarse grained sand. 2.0 to 2.6 Approx 30% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly -40mm. Wet

2.6 3.0 0.4 CLAY Brown, silty, firm to stiff clay with occasional fine gravel. Wet.

3.0 4.0 1.0+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY)

Dark blue grey, very stiff clay.

Piezometer Installation

50mm piezometer pipe installed to 2.5 metres below ground level.

1.5 metres of slotted pipe, with geososck at the base, 1.7 metres of plain pipe above. Backfilled with 10mm gravel to 0.9 metres below ground level, bentonite 0.9 to 0.3 metres below ground level, concrete foundations 0.3 to 0 metres below ground level. Removable sniffer and solid cap 1 metre high with padlock.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH4/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 453901 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194449 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 27th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 2.3m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.3 0.3 TOPSOIL Mid to dark brown, clayey soil

0.3 1.5 1.2 SANDY CLAY Light brown occasionally mottled grey, sandy to silty, firm clay,

becoming sticky with depth. Damp

1.5 2.3 0.8 PEATY CLAY Dark grey / black, soft, peaty clay. Wet.

2.3 2.5 0.2 SAND AND GRAVEL Reddish brown, slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx 30% fine to medium gravel, predominantly -20mm. Wet

2.5 2.8 0.3 PEATY CLAY Dark grey / black, soft, peaty clay. Wet.

2.8 4.0 1.2 CLAY (GAULT CLAY?) Orange brown, silty clay with thin shards of flint in the matrix. Dry

4.0 4.5 0.5+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY)

Dark blue grey, stiff clay. Dry. Hard drilling

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH5/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 453064 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 195122 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 28th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 4.5m. Piezometer Installed depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.3 0.3 TOPSOIL Grey, silty, clayey soil

0.3 1.5 1.2 CLAY Mid brown, firm to friable clay becoming green / grey, silty clay at

the base. Dry

1.5 4.7 3.2 BOULDER CLAY Mid brown, silty, firm to stiff clay with fine gravel. Wet near the

base.

4.7 5.3 0.6 CLAYEY SAND Mid brown, clayey, medium grained sand. Wet. Possible clay

contamination from above.

5.3 6.0 0.7+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY/LOWER GREENSAND?) Mid to reddish brown, gritty, stiff clay with occasional fine gravel. Hard bedrock, unable to drill any deeper.

Piezometer Installation . 50mm piezometer pipe installed to 5.8 metres below ground level.

4.0 metres of slotted pipe, with geososck at the base, 2.5 metres of

plain pipe above. Backfilled with 10mm gravel to 0.9 metres below ground level, bentonite 0.9 to 0.3 metres below ground level, concrete foundations 0.3 to 0 metres below ground level. Removable sniffer and solid cap 1 metre high with padlock.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH6/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 452695 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194345 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 27th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. Piezometer Installed depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.3 0.3 TOPSOIL Dark brown, clayey soil

0.3 2.0 1.7 CLAY Mid brown, silty, firm, clay. Wet from 1.5m.

2.0 2.5 0.5 GRAVEL AND SAND Light brown, slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx 50 to 60% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly - 20mm. Wet

2.5 3.0 0.5 CLAY Mid brown, silty clay. Wet.

3.0 4.5 2.5+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY/GREENSAND?) Mixture of brown, friable clay and dark blue grey, stiff, plastic clay.

Piezometer Installation

50mm piezometer pipe installed to 2.5 metres below ground level.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH7/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 454287 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194559 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 27th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.5 0.5 TOPSOIL Dark to mid brown, silty, clayey soil

0.5 1.4 0.9 CLAY Blue grey, plastic clay. Dry.

1.4 1.8 0.4 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, clean to slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx. 40 to 50% fine to coarse gravel, 1.4 to 1.8 predominantly -40mm. Wet

1.8 3.0 1.2 CLAY Brown, silty, firm clay. Wet

3.0 4.5 1.5+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY) Dark blue grey, stiff, plastic clay. Dry. Unable to drill deeper due hardness of the deposit.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH8/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 453614 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 195167 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 26th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. Piezometer Installed depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.3 0.3 TOPSOIL Dark brown, silty, soil

0.3 2.4 2.1 SAND AND GRAVEL Orange brown, slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx 30 to 40% fine to medium gravel, 0.3 to 1.5 predominantly -20mm. Wet

2.4 4.5 2.1+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY?) Dark grey, to grey brown, stiff, plastic clay. Dry. Very hard drilling at the base.

Piezometer Installation

50mm piezometer pipe installed to 2.4 metres below ground level.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH9/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 454106 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 195084 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 26th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 2.5m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.5 0.5 TOPSOIL Mid brown, clayey, silty soil

0.5 1.5 1.0 CLAY Brown and grey, silty clay becoming blue grey, very stiff clay from

1.3m. Dry.

1.5 3.0 1.5 PEATY CLAY Dark blue grey, soft, peaty clay. Wet.

3.0 3.2 0.2+ SAND (LOWER GREENSAND?) Green grey, very compacted, silty sand. Unable to drill deeper due to the hardness of the deposit.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH10/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 454517 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194857 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 26th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.2m. Piezometer Installed depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.2 0.2 TOPSOIL Dark brown, silty, soil

0.2 1.0 0.8 SANDY CLAY Mid brown, sandy, firm, clay. Dry

1.0 2.4 1.4 SAND AND GRAVEL Reddish brown, slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx 30% fine to medium gravel, predominantly 1.0 to 2.4 -20mm. Wet

2.4 2.5 0.1+ SANDY CLAY (GAULT CLAY/LOWER GREENSAND) Grey brown, silty, sandy clay. Dry. Very hard, unable to drill deeper.

Piezometer Installation

Hole re-drilled with hollow stem augers. 50mm piezometer pipe installed to 2.3 metres below ground level.

1.5 metres of slotted pipe, with geososck at the base, 1.5 metres of plain pipe above. Backfilled with 10mm gravel to 0.9 metres below ground level, bentonite 0.9 to 0.3 metres below ground level, concrete foundations 0.3 to 0 metres below ground level. Removable sniffer and solid cap 1 metre high with padlock.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH11/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 454078 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194177 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 27th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.0m. Piezometer installed depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.5 0.5 TOPSOIL Dark to mid brown, silty, clayey soil

0.5 1.0 0.5 CLAY Mid brown, sandy, firm, clay. Dry

1.0 3.0 2.0 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, clean to slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx 50% fine to coarse gravel, 1.0 to 3.0 predominantly -20mm. Wet

2.4 4.5 2.1+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY)

Dark blue grey, very stiff, plastic clay. Dry. Very hard drilling.

Piezometer Installation

Re-drilled with hollow stem augers. 50mm piezometer pipe installed to 2.9 metres below ground level.

1.9 metres of slotted pipe, with geososck at the base, 1.7 metres of plain pipe above. Backfilled with 10mm gravel to 0.9 metres below ground level, bentonite 0.9 to 0.3 metres below ground level, concrete foundations 0.3 to 0 metres below ground level. Removable sniffer and solid cap 1 metre high with padlock.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH12/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 452106 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194813 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 28th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Dry. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.1 0.1 TOPSOIL Mid brown, very gravelly soil

0.1 0.8 0.7 CLAY (GAULT CLAY?) Light and dark grey, stiff, plastic clay. Dry.

0.8 3.0 2.2 CLAY (GAULT CLAY?) Blue grey, stiff, firm to plastic clay. Dry.

3.0 4.5 1.5+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY) Light and dark blue grey, firm to stiff, plastic clay. Dry. Harder drilling at depth.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH13/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 452659 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194810 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 27th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.3 0.3 TOPSOIL Dark brown, silty, clayey soil

0.3 1.3 1.0 SANDY CLAY Light brown, sandy clay. Damp

1.3 1.5 0.2 SAND Light brown, slightly silty, medium to medium coarse grained sand with occasional fine gravel, <5%. Wet

1.3 to 3.3m 1.5 3.3 1.8 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand. Approx. 40 to 50% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly -40mm. Wet

3.3 3.9 0.6+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY/LOWER GREENSAND?) Mid brown, sandy, friable clay. Very hard bedrock, unable to drill any deeper.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH14/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 452436 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194469 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 27th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.3 0.3 TOPSOIL Dark brown, silty, clayey soil

0.3 1.0 0.7 SANDY CLAY Light brown, sandy clay. Damp

1.0 2.9 1.9 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx. 50% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly 1.0 to 2.9 -40mm. Wet. Some clay contamination of sample from above.

2.9 3.0 0.1 SANDY CLAY Dark brown, sandy clay. Hard drilling

3.0 4.5. 1.5+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY)

Blue grey, stiff, plastic clay. Dry. Hard drilling.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH15/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 453311 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194938 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 26th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 2.0m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.5 0.5 TOPSOIL Mid orange brown, silty, clayey soil

0.5 2.0 1.5 CLAY Mid brown, slightly orange, silty, firm clay. Slightly damp.

2.0 2.4 0.4 SAND Mid brown, silty, medium grained sand. Wet

2.4 2.9 0.5 CLAY Mid brown, slightly orange, silty, firm clay. Wet

2.9 3.0 0.1+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY/LOWER GREENSAND?) Blue grey, stiff, plastic clay, becoming sandy near the base. Dry. Unable to drill any deeper due hardness of the deposit.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH16/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 453309 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194610 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 26th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.5 0.5 TOPSOIL Dark brown, silty soil

0.5 1.5 1.0 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx. 20 to 30% fine to medium gravel, predominantly -20mm. Wet

0.5 to 3.3m 1.5 3.3 1.8 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, clean to slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx. 30 to 40% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly -20mm. Wet

3.3 4.0 0.7+ SANDY CLAY (GAULT CLAY/LOWER GREENSAND?) Dark blue, green grey, sandy, gritty clay. Becoming very hard bedrock at 4.0 metres. Unable to drill any deeper.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH17/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 453391 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194099 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 26th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.5 0.5 TOPSOIL Dark brown, silty soil

0.5 1.3 0.8 CLAY Mid brown, sandy, firm clay. Dry

1.3 3.0 1.7 SAND AND GRAVEL Mid brown, slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx. 40 to 50% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly -20mm. Wet

1.3 to 3.6 3.0 3.6 0.6 GRAVEL AND SAND Mid brown, slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx. 50 to 60% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly -40mm. Wet

3.6 4.5 0.9+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY?) Blue blue, very stiff, plastic clay. Becoming very hard bedrock at 4.5 metres and unable to drill any deeper.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH18/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 453866 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194824 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 27th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 2.5m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.3 0.3 TOPSOIL Mid brown, silty soil

0.3 2.2 1.9 CLAY Mottled mid brown and grey, silty clay becoming stiff, plastic clay

from 0.7m. Dry.

2.2 2.9 0.7 PEAT / PEATY CLAY Dark blue grey / black, soft, peaty clay with lenses of peat. Wet.

2.9 3.0 0.1+ BEDROCK (LOWER GREENSAND?)

No sample returned (washed off augers?) but very hard drilling.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH19/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 453574 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194634 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 28th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.3 0.3 TOPSOIL Dark brown, silty, clayey soil

0.3 1.5 1.2 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, clean, medium grained sand with a moderate % of grit. Approx. 30 to 40% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly - 20mm. Damp/wet.

0.3 to 3.4m 1.5 3.4 1.9 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, clean, medium coarse grained sand with a moderate to high % of grit. Approx. 40 to 50% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly -20mm. Wet.

3.4 4.5 1.1+ SAND (LOWER GREENSAND?) Mid to light brown, very silty, thinly bedded, compacted sand. Dry. Hard drilling.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH20/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 453574 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194413 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 28th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 2.0m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.3 0.3 TOPSOIL Dark brown, clayey soil

0.3 1.9 1.6 CLAY Light to grey brown, soft to firm clay with very occasional fine

gravel. Dry.

1.9 2.9 1.0 GRAVEL AND SAND Light brown, slightly silty, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx. 50 to 60% fine to medium gravel, predominantly 1.9 to 2.9m -40mm. Wet

2.9 3.7 0.8 CLAY Reddish brown, silty, firm to stiff clay. Dry.

3.7 4.5 0.8+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY)

Dark blue grey, very stiff, plastic clay. Dry. Hard drilling.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH21/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 452909 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194305 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 28th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.5 0.5 TOPSOIL Dark brown, silty, clayey soil

0.5 1.0 0.5 CLAY Mid brown, sandy clay. Dry

1.0 1.5 0.5 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, clean to slightly silty, fine medium to medium grained sand. Approx. 30% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly -20mm. Damp

1.0 to 3.6 1.5 3.6 2.1 GRAVEL AND SAND Light brown, clean, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx. 50% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly -40mm, with a high % of -10mm. Wet

3.6 4.5 0.9+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY)

Dark blue grey, stiff, plastic clay. Hard drilling..

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH22/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 452969 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194495 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 28th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.5 0.5 TOPSOIL Reddish brown, sandy soil

0.5 1.0 0.5 SANDY CLAY Reddish brown, sandy clay. Dry

1.0 1.5 0.5 SAND WITH GRAVEL Light brown, clean, fine medium to medium grained sand. Approx. 20% fine to medium gravel, predominantly -10mm. Slightly damp.

1.5 3.0 1.5 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, clean, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx. 40% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly -20mm. 1.0 to 4.0 Wet

3.0 4.0 1.0 GRAVEL AND SAND Light brown, clean, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx. 50 to 60% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly -20mm. Wet

4.0 4.5 0.5+ CLAY (GAULT CLAY)

Dark blue grey, stiff, plastic clay. Hard drilling..

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: BH23/08 Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL site: Land at Culham tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 easting: 453026 (estimate, not surveyed) northing: 194746 (estimate, not surveyed) elevation: Not surveyed date drilled: 28th February 2008 drill contractor: Site Investigation Services logged by: C. Allen type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: Approx 1.5m. depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres) 0.0 0.5 0.5 TOPSOIL Mid brown, sandy soil

0.5 1.4 0.9 CLAY Dark brown, silty, firm to stiff clay. Dry

1.4 3.6 2.2 SAND AND GRAVEL Light brown, clean, medium coarse grained sand with a high % of grit. Approx. 40 to 50% fine to coarse gravel, predominantly 1.4 to 3.6 -20mm. Wet

3.6 4.5 0.9+ SANDY CLAY (GAULT CLAY/LOWER GREENSAND?)

Dark blue grey, sandy clay. Wet. Hard drilling.

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 24/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453057 (not surveyed) northing: 194930 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 2.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown, clayey loam

0.3 1.1 0.8 CLAY – brown, soft

1.1 2.1 1.0 GRAVELLY CLAY – brown clay, soft to firm with mixed

rounded gravel up to 20mm

2.1 4.8 2.7 SAND AND GRAVEL –brown, medium to medium-coarse grained, slightly silty sand with about 20% fine grained mixed 2.1 to 4.8 gravel, sub-rounded and mostly flaky, increasing to about 40% with depth

4.8 5.5 0.7 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark grey green, fine to

medium grained, hard

end of borehole 5.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 25/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453175 (not surveyed) northing: 194785 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown, clayey loam

0.3 0.7 0.4 CLAY – brown, soft, slightly gravelly

0.7 3.2 2.5 SAND AND GRAVEL –brown, medium grained, slightly silty sand with about 20% fine grained mixed gravel, sub-rounded and 0.7 to 3.2 mostly flaky, up to about 15 mm

3.2 3.5 0.3 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark grey green, fine to

medium grained, hard

end of borehole 3.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 26/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453134 (not surveyed) northing: 194622 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 2.5 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown, clayey loam

0.3 1.1 0.8 CLAY – red-brown, soft to firm, sandy at base

1.1 4.0 2.9 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale brown, fine to medium grained, slightly silty sand with about 10% very fine grained mixed gravel, 1.1 to 4.0 sub-rounded and mostly flaky, increasing to 20% below 2.5 m

4.0 4.5 0.5 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark grey green, fine to

medium grained, slightly clayey, hard

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 27/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453320 (not surveyed) northing: 194469 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 2.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown, clayey loam

0.3 0.7 0.4 CLAY – medium brown, soft to firm

0.7 4.8 4.1 SAND AND GRAVEL –brown, medium to medium-coarse grained, clean sand with about 30% fine to medium grained mixed 0.7 to 4.8 gravel, sub-rounded and mostly flaky, increasing to 30% with depth, occasional 20-40 mm pebble recovered

4.8 6.0 1.2 CLAYEY SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark grey

green, fine to medium grained, clayey, hard

end of borehole 6.0 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 28/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453067 (not surveyed) northing: 194332 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.7 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown, clayey loam

0.3 0.5 0.2 CLAY – brown, soft to firm, slightly gravelly

0.5 3.2 2.7 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale brown, medium grained, clean sand with about 20% fine grained mixed gravel, sub-rounded and mostly 0.5 to 3.2 flaky, increasing to 40% with depth, generally below 20 mm

3.2 4.5 1.3 CLAY (Gault?) – dark blue-grey green, mottled, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 29/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453254 (not surveyed) northing: 194255 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.6 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown, clayey loam

0.3 1.2 0.9 CLAY – red-brown, soft to firm

1.2 3.9 2.7 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale brown, medium grained, slightly silty sand with about 20% fine grained mixed gravel, sub-rounded 1.2 to 3.9 and mostly flaky, becoming medium to medium-coarse grained sand with 40% fine to medium grained below 2.0 metres

3.9 4.5 0.6 CLAY (Gault?) – dark blue-grey green, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 30/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 452893 (not surveyed) northing: 194169 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 0.9 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – dark brown, peaty loam

0.3 1.8 1.5 CLAY – pale grey-brown becoming very pale yellow-brown

1.2 3.9 2.7 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale orange-brown, medium grained, very clayey at top becoming clean below 2.3 metres with about 1.8 to 3.9 30% medium grained mixed gravel, sub-rounded and mostly flaky

3.9 4.5 0.6 CLAY (Gault?) - dark blue-grey green, stiff, slightly mottled

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 31/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453073 (not surveyed) northing: 194126 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 0.7 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – dark brown, slightly peaty

0.3 1.4 1.1 CLAY – pale grey-brown, firm to stiff, softer at base

1.4 3.2 1.8 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale yellow-brown, slightly silty, medium to coarse grained, sand with about 40% fine to medium 1.4 to 3.2 grained mixed gravel, sub-rounded and mostly flaky (possible loss of fines)

3.3 4.5 1.2 CLAY (Gault?) – dark blue-grey, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 32/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453170 (not surveyed) northing: 193988 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – dark brown, clayey, slightly peaty

0.3 1.5 1.2 CLAY – pale grey-brown, firm becoming soft and gravelly at base

1.5 3.8 1.3 SAND AND GRAVEL – dark grey, silty, fine to coarse grained sand with about 30% fine grained gravel, mixed, sub-rounded and 1.4 to 3.2 flakey

3.8 4.5 0.7 CLAY (Gault?) – dark blue-grey, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 33/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453364 (not surveyed) northing: 193936 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.5 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – dark brown, clayey loam

0.3 2.5 2.2 CLAY – pale grey-brown, plastic becoming firm with depth

2.5 4.5 2.0 CLAY (Gault?) – dark grey-blue, sandy at top below which is

very stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 34/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453511 (not surveyed) northing: 193268 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.5 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 1.4 1.1 CLAY – red-brown, firm, gravelly at base

1.4 3.2 1.8 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale brown, medium to medium coarse grained, clean sand with about 30% fine to medium grained gravel, 1.4 to 3.2 mixed, sub-rounded and flakey

3.2 4.5 1.3 CLAY (Gault?) – dark blue-grey, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 35/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453567 (not surveyed) northing: 193936 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 0.5 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 2.2 1.9 CLAY – mottled brown and grey, soft to firm, shell debris

2.2 3.2 1.0 GRAVELLY CLAY – drak grey sandy clay with about 20% fine to medium grained gravel, possibly alternating thin seams of clay and sand and gravel

3.2 4.0 0.8 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale brown, medium to coarse grained slightly silty sand with about 30% fine to medium grained mixed 3.2 to 4.0 gravel, sub-rounded and flaky, possible loss of fines

4.0 4.5 0.5 CLAY (Gault?) – dark grey-blue, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 36/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453627 (not surveyed) northing: 194108 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 0.8 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 1.3 1.0 CLAY – yellow-brown, soft to firm, gravelly at transitional base

1.3 2.5 1.2 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale brown, medium to medium coarse grained, slightly silty sand with about 30% fine to medium grained 1.3 to 2.5 gravel, sub-rounded, generally flaky

2.5 3.0 0.5 CLAY (Gault?) – dark grey-blue, stiff

end of borehole 3.0 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 37/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453797 (not surveyed) northing: 194005 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 0.5 0.2 CLAY – dark brown, soft to firm, gravelly at base

0.5 3.5 3.0 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale yellow-brown, fine to coarse grained, silty sand with about 20% fine grained gravel increasing to 0.5 to 3.5 about 40% towards base, sub-rounded, generally flaky, possible loss of fines

3.5 4.5 CLAY (Gault?) – dark grey-blue, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 38/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453854 (not surveyed) northing: 194155 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.5 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.4 0.4 SOIL – brown clayey loam including clayey sub-soil

0.4 3.3 2.9 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale brown, medium to coarse grained, slightly silty sand with about 40% fine to medium grained gravel 0.4 to 3.3 with occasional pebble to 40 mm, sub-rounded, occasionally flaky

3.3 4.5 1.2 CLAY (Gault?) – dark grey-blue, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 39/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453894 (not surveyed) northing: 194307 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.5 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 3.5 3.2 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale brown, medium to coarse grained, clean sand with about 30% fine grained gravel with occasional 0.3 to 3.5 pebble to 30 mm, sub-rounded, occasionally flaky

3.5 4.5 1.0 CLAY (Gault?) – dark grey-blue, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 40/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 454124 (not surveyed) northing: 194411 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 0.5 0.2 CLAY – medium brown, soft clayey loam

0.5 3.2 2.7 SAND AND GRAVEL – brown, medium to coarse grained, clean sand with about 50% fine to medium grained gravel, sub-rounded, 0.5 to 3.2 occasionally flaky, possible loss of fines

3.2 4.5 1.3 CLAY (Gault?) – dark grey-blue, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 41/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 454319 (not surveyed) northing: 194367 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 17 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.4 0.4 SOIL – brown clayey loam including clayey subsoil

0.4 3.2 2.8 SAND AND GRAVEL – pale brown, coarse grained, clean gritty sand with about 50% fine to medium grained gravel, occasional 0.4 to 3.2 pebble to 30 mm, sub-rounded, occasionally flaky

3.2 4.5 1.3 CLAY (Gault?) – dark grey-blue, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 42/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453956 (not surveyed) northing: 194576 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.5 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 1.4 1.1 CLAY – red-brown, soft

1.4 3.5 2.1 SAND AND GRAVEL –brown, medium grained, slightly silty sand with about 10% fine grained gravel increasing to 30% fine to 1.4 to 3.5 medium grained gravel with depth, sub-rounded, occasionally flaky

3.5 4.5 1.0 CLAY (Gault?) – dark grey-blue, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 43/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 454179 (not surveyed) northing: 194656 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 2.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 1.3 1.0 CLAY – red-brown becoming medium brown, soft, sandy at

transitional base

1.3 3.8 2.5 SAND AND GRAVEL –brown, medium grained, slightly silty sand with about 10% fine grained gravel increasing to 30% 1.3 to 3.8 medium to coarse grained gravel with depth, sub-rounded, occasionally flaky

3.8 4.3 0.5 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark grey-blue, fine to

medium grained, very hard

end of borehole 4.3 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 44/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 454400 (not surveyed) northing: 194712 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.5 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.5 0.5 SOIL – brown clayey loam including clayey subsoil

0.5 2.8 2.3 SAND AND GRAVEL – brown, medium grained, clean sand with about 40% fine to medium grained mixed gravel, sub- 0.5 to 2.8 rounded, flaky

2.8 3.0 0.2 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark grey-blue, fine to

medium grained, very hard

end of borehole 3.0 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 45/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 454326 (not surveyed) northing: 194990 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 2.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 1.3 1.0 CLAY – brown, soft to firm

1.3 1.5 0.2 SANDY CLAY – pale brown, medium grained sand with brown

clay

1.5 2.9 1.4 SAND AND GRAVEL – brown, medium to coarse grained, clean sand with about 30% fine to medium grained mixed gravel, sub- 1.5 to 2.9 rounded, flaky

2.9 3.2 0.3 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark grey-blue, fine to

medium grained, very hard

end of borehole 3.2 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 46/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 454179 (not surveyed) northing: 194939 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.8 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 1.5 1.2 CLAY – brown, soft to firm, sandy below 1.3 metres

1.5 2.3 0.8 SAND – brown, fine to medium grained with less than 10% very 1.5 to 2.3 fine grained gravel

2.3 4.2 1.9 SAND AND GRAVEL – brown, medium to medium-coarse grained, slightly silty sand with 30 to 40% fine to medium grained 2.3 to 4.2 mixed gravel, sub-rounded, flaky

4.2 4.5 0.3 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark brown, fine to

medium grained, silty, very hard

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 47/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 454018 (not surveyed) northing: 194838 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 2.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.5 0.5 SOIL – brown clayey loam including subsoil

0.5 3.2 2.7 SAND AND GRAVEL – brown, medium grained, clean sand 0.5 to 3.2 with about 20% fine grained mixed gravel, sub-rounded, flaky

3.2 3.5 0.3 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark brown, fine to

medium grained, silty, very hard

end of borehole 3.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 48/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453745 (not surveyed) northing: 194539 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: damp at 2.0 metres bgl

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 1.2 0.9 CLAY – brown, soft to firm, sandy at base

1.2 2.0 0.8 GRAVELLY SAND – brown, fine to medium grained, slightly 1.2 to 2.0 silty sand with about 10% very fine grained mixed gravel, sub- poor recovery rounded, flaky

2.0 3.0 1.0 CLAY (Gault?) – dark blue-grey mottled brown, firm to stiff

end of borehole 3.0 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 49/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453705 (not surveyed) northing: 194289 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 1.4 1.1 CLAY – brown, soft, sandy at base

1.4 3.5 2.1 SAND AND GRAVEL – brown, medium grained, clean sand 1.4 to 3.5 with about 30% fine grained mixed gravel, sub-rounded, flaky

3.5 4.5 1.0 CLAY (Gault?) – dark blue-grey, stiff

end of borehole 4.5 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 50/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453755 (not surveyed) northing: 194765 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.5 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.5 0.5 SOIL – brown clayey loam including clayey subsoil

0.5 2.5 2.0 SAND AND GRAVEL – brown, medium grained, clean sand 0.5 to 2.0 with about 30% fine grained mixed gravel, sub-rounded, flaky

2.5 3.0 0.5 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark blue-grey, fine to

medium grained, very hard

end of borehole 3.0 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 51/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453804 (not surveyed) northing: 194960 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.0 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.5 0.5 SOIL – brown clayey loam including clayey subsoil

0.5 1.5 1.0 SAND – medium to medium-coarse grained, gritty, slightly silty

sand with less than 10% very fine grained mixed gravel 0.5 to 2.6 1.5 2.6 1.1 SAND AND GRAVEL – brown, medium to coarse grained, clean

sand with 20 to 30% fine grained mixed gravel, sub-rounded, flaky

2.6 3.0 0.4 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark grey, fine to medium

grained, very hard

end of borehole 3.0 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 52/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453600 (not surveyed) northing: 194841 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.5 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 1.3 1.0 CLAY – brown, soft to firm

1.3 2.8 1.5 SAND AND GRAVEL – brown, medium to medium-coarse grained, clean sand with 20% fine grained mixed gravel, sub- 1.3 to 2.8 rounded, flaky

2.8 3.0 0.2 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark blue-grey, fine to

medium grained, very hard

end of borehole 3.0 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 53/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453440 (not surveyed) northing: 194728 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.7 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 1.4 0.9 CLAY – red-brown, soft to firm, sandy at base

1.4 3.2 1.8 SAND AND GRAVEL – brown, medium to medium-coarse grained, clean sand with 10 to 20% fine grained mixed gravel, 1.4 to 3.2 increasing to about 40% with depth, sub-rounded, flaky

3.2 4.0 0.8 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark brown, fine to

medium grained, gritty with small iron rich debris, very hard

end of borehole 4.0 metres

BOREHOLE LOG

borehole number: 54/08

Geological, Planning and Development Consultants 60 Bank Road, Matlock, Derbyshire DE4 3GL tel: +44 (0)1629 57174 fax: +44 (0)1629 57770 site: Culham www.geoplanlimited.com easting: 453378 (not surveyed) northing: 194860 (not surveyed) elevation: not surveyed date drilled: 18 September 2008 drill contractor: Hughes Exploration logged by: R M Simon type of drilling: 7” intermittent flight augering water at: 1.5 metre below surface

depth (metres) thickness visual description sample depth from to (metres) (metres)

0.0 0.3 0.3 SOIL – brown clayey loam

0.3 1.4 0.9 CLAY – medium orange-brown, soft, sandy at base

1.4 2.9 1.5 SAND AND GRAVEL – brown, medium to medium-coarse grained, clean sand with about 20% fine grained mixed gravel, 1.4 to 2.9 increasing with depth to about 40% fine to medium grained gravel, sub-rounded, flaky

2.9 3.0 0.1 SANDSTONE (Lower Greensand?) – dark blue-grey, fine to

medium grained, very hard

end of borehole 3.0 metres

97000

Site

96000

21 24 10 30 Site 95000 28 27 23 25 14 29 9 19 32 31 3 7 8 6 94000 20 4 18 33 5 26 11 22 2 34 13 1 15 17 12 16

93000

SU52000 53000 54000 55000 ARC 08/38 Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 1. Location of the site in Culham and Oxfordshire, showing locations of HER entries.

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey Explorer 144 at 1:25000 Ordnance Survey Licence 100025880 Site

ARC 08/38 Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 10. Location of the site on Ordnance Survey, 1960 Site

ARC 08/38 Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 11. Location of the site on Ordnance Survey, 1975 95000

Site 94000

93000 SU 53000 54000 ARC 08/38 Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 12. RCHM(E) (English Heritage) National Mapping Programme Plot of cropmarks on aerial photos overlaid on Ordnance Survey map (not to scale) Crown Copyright reserved Approximate location of Site

ARC 08/38 Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 2. Saxton, 1574 Approximate location of Site

ARC 08/38 Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 3. Plot’s map of Oxfordshire, 1677 Approximate location of Site

ARC 08/38 Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 4. Morden’s map of Oxfordshire, 1695 Approximate location of Site

ARC 08/38 Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 5. Davis’map of Oxfordshire, 1797 N

Approximate location of Site

ARC 08/38 Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 6. Preliminary Ordnance Survey, 1810 Approximate location of Site

ARC 08/38 Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment

Figure 7. Bryant’s map of Oxfordshire, 1824 Site

ARC 08/38 Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 8. Location of the site on First Edition Ordnance Survey, 1875 Site

ARC 08/38

Land at Abingdon Road, Culham, Oxfordshire, 2008 Archaeological Desk-based Assessment Figure 9. Location of the site on Second Edition Ordnance Survey, 1912