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Animal Diversity Animal Diversity Diana R. Kershaw Formerly lecturer in anatomy, St Mary's Hospital Medical School With illustrations by Brian Price Thomas CHAPMAN & HALL London· Glasgow· New York· Tokyo· Melbourne· Madras Published by Cbapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEt 8HN Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEI 8HN, UK Blackie Academic & Professional, Wester Cleddens Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow G64 2NZ, UK Chapman & Hall, 29 West 35th Street, New York NY10001, USA Chapman & Hall Japan, Thomson Publishing Japan, Hirakawacho Nemoto Building, 6F, 1-7-11 Hirakawa-cho, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, Thomas Nelson Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Chapman & Hall India, R. Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras 600 035, India First published in 1983 by University Tutorial Press Ltd This edition 1988 Reprinted 1991, 1992 © 1983 D. R. Kershaw ISBN-13: 978-0-412-53200-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6035-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-011-6035-3 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms ofthe licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library To my parents Preface This book has been written with two main purposes in mind, page. At the same time animals show immense variation the first being to give a general review of the entire animal and none is truly typical. Some idea of the immense variety kingdom, and the second to give more detailed functional of animals is given in the diversity sections, with a synopsis accounts of the anatomy of a representative of each major of the classification of each major phylum. animal group. It is intended to be used by those who are Zoology has a language of its own, which appears highly interested in animals and does not start with the assumption complicated but in most cases can, in fact, be derived simply of any great zoological knowledge. It is hoped that it will from either Latin or Greek. Translations and derivations prove particularly helpful to those studying biology or have been given of a selection of zoological terms; these zoology at 'A' level, or in the early stages of a university should be regarded as examples. The interested zoologist course. may find the use of a Greek and Latin dictionary rewarding. Most modern zoological anatomical and physiological Finally, zoology is a subject with a long history stretching research concentrates on 'bits' of animals. This text is back to the ancient world. In many modern texts the designed to help the reader to see the animal as a complete important contribution of earlier workers is forgotten in living being within its environment. For this reason both favour of concentration on more recent achievement. It is detailed description and illustrations are restricted to a few hoped that sufficient historical background has been given representative animals and where possible the structure of to remind the reader of the great value of earlier work. an animal is illustrated by a series of drawings on a single Diana R. Kershaw The use of this book Animal Diversity has been planned to be read in three ways, of the variation within each phylum. These sections are apart from as a unit, with the intention of providing three intended to be used together to give a more overall look at text books in one. the animal kingdom. Thirdly, major functions and organ Firstly, each major phylum includes a detailed description systems are discussed within each section under the same of one representative. These have been chosen with regard headings and in the same order. Used together, these to their availability and use in school and university syllabi provide a comparative account of the functional anatomy of and can be used together or separately to give a full account the animal kingdom. of a limited number of animals. Secondly, a review is given Acknowledgements In the preparation of this book I have benefited from Carthy, G. Causey, G. Chapman, M. Chinery, A. M. suggestions and ideas from many fellow zoologists, Clark, R. B. Clarke, J. A. Clegg, E. H. Colbert, J. L. colleagues, and students. Among my colleagues special Corliss, R. P. Dales, C. Darwin, B. Dawes, R. Denison, E. mention must be made of Drs A. D. Hoyes and R. A. J. Denton, T. Dobzhansky, F. H. Edgeworth, R. Fange, D. Travers, also Professor A. d'A Bellairs. My students at Fawcett, W. Fisher, E. A. Fraser, W. H. Freeman, V. Queen Mary College (University of London) helped me to Fretter, K. von Frisch, W. G. Fry, G. Fryer, C. Gans, W. create the undergraduate courses on which the book was Garstang, R. Gibson, T. Gilson, E. S. Goodrich, A. based. Some read parts of the book and convinced me it was Graham, P. P. Grasse, H. Gray, J. Gray, J. Green, P. H. worth continuing to write it; in this context I am particularly Greenwood, W. K. Gregory, A. J. Grove, J. Hadzi, H. J. grateful to N. M. A. Horn, with J. R. Clague and R. A. Hansen, E. D. Hanson, R. H. Harrison, B. Hatschek, J. W. Matthews. Hedgepeth, W. N. Hess, G. Huff, L. H. Hyman, A. D. My husband, Dr P. J. Edwards, read the entire book in Imms, H. Isseroff, A. V. Ivanov, J. B. Jennings, C. John, manuscript and ensured that the English was M. Jollie, R. P. S. Jefferies, D. Kennedy, G. A. Kerkut, M. comprehensible, also adding some ecological information. S. Laverack, W. E. LeGros Clark, C. H. Lewis, J. A. Mrs L. A. Wheatley turned my scrawled handwriting into a Mcleod, K. F. Liem, H. W. Lissman, E. E. Lund, K. H. tidy typescript. Brian Price-Thomas drew the illustrations Mann, S. M. Manton, A. J. Marshall, N. B. Marshall, L. H. and went to great pains to find adequate source material to Matthews, E. Mayr, P. A. Meglitsch, E. Meyer, R. S. this end, and Mrs A. L. Price Thomas and the Zoology Miles, H. M. Miller, J. E. Morton, J. A. Moy-Thomas, O. Department of Westfield College provided innumerable Nelsen, T. C. Nelson, G. Newell, P. F. Newell, D. Nichols, specimens and references. G. K. Noble, R. T. Orr, R. Owen, T. S. Parsons, W. P. I should like to thank the staff of University Tutorial Pycraft, W. J. Rees, F. S. Russell, W. D. Russell-Hunter, Press, particularly C. J. Baker, who encouraged me to write O. W. Richards, A. S. Romer, K. Schmidt Nielsen, A. the book, and Anne Hollifield and David Blogg for endless Sedgewick, G. C. Simpson, M. A. Sleigh, J. E. Smith, J. C. help in its editorial and artwork aspects. Smyth, R. E. Snodgrass, W. Stephenson, M. F. Sutton, It is impossible in a book of this type to credit every piece D'A W. Thompson, C. A. Villee, W. F. Walker, R. of information to its original source; indeed in many cases Warwick, T. H. Waterman, D. M. S. Watson, J. E. Webb, the original source has been lost. I am deeply indebted to P. S. Welch, T. S. Westoll, P. J. Whitehead, V. B. many zoologists, without whom the book could not have Wigglesworth, P. H. Williams, D. M. Wilson, H. V. been written, and particularly to: A. J. Alexander, R. McN Wilson, C. M. Yonge, J. Z. Young. Alexander, D. AIkins, R. D. Allen, E. P. Allis, D. T. I should like to thank Faber for permission to quote from Anderson, S. B. Barber, E. J. W. Barrington, R. D. 'Archy and Mehitabel' by Don Marquis, Methuen for Barnes, G. R. de Beer, A. d'A Bellairs, N. J. Berrill, Q. permission to quote from 'Now we are six' by A. A. Milne, Berry, A. Bidder, W. Bloom, Q. Bone, B. Bracegirdle, A. and Unwin for permission to quote 'The Fly' and 'The Brodal, T. H. Bullock, R. M. Cable, A. C. Campbell, J. D. Termite' by Ogden Nash. Contents Introduction 1 Order Monogenea: Polystomum 66 Order Digenea: Fasciola 67 The characteristics of living things 1 Class Cestoda 72 The differences between animals and plants 1 Subclass Eucestoda: Taenia 72 The cell 2 Synopsis of phylum Platyhelminthes 76 Cell division 5 Phylum Nemertinea 76 Animal classification 8 Phylum Mesozoa 81 The origins and interrelationships of animals 9 Phylum Gnathostomulida 82 Animals and their environment 11 Animal body cavities 84 Phylum Protozoa 14 Amoeba: a protozoan of simple structure 14 The pseudocoelomate phyla 85 A general consideration of protozoan structure 17 Euglena: a 'plant-like' protozoan 18 Super phylum Aschelminthes 85 Paramecium: a complex protozoan 20 Phylum Nematoda: Ascaris 85 Monocystis and Plasmodium: parasitic Protozoa 25 Minor pseudocoelomate phyla 90 The classification of the Protozoa 28 Phylum Rotifera 90 Protozoan diversity 28 Phylum Gastrotricha 92 Synopsis of the Protozoa 33 Phylum Kinorhyncha 93 Phylum Nematomorpha 94 Phylum Acanthocephala 95 Phylum Porifera 34 Phylum Annelida 97 The Radiata 38 Introduction to the coelomate animals and metamerism 97 Phylum Cnidaria 38 Class Polychaeta: Nereis 98 Hydra: an example of a polyp 38 Arenicola marina
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