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The Illegal Pet Trade Is Driving Madagascar's Ploughshare Tortoise to Extinction

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The Illegal Pet Trade Is Driving Madagascar's Ploughshare Tortoise to Extinction The illegal pet trade is driving Madagascar's ploughshare tortoise to extinction A NGELO R. MANDIMBIHASINA,LANCE G. WOOLAVER,LIANNE E. CONCANNON E. J. MILNER-GULLAND,RICHARD E. LEWIS,ANDREW M.R. TERRY N IARAHA F ILAZAHA,LYDIA L. RABETAFIKA and R ICHARD P. YOUNG Abstract The illegal wildlife trade is driving declines in Introduction populations of a number of large, charismatic animal llegal wildlife trade involves the collection, transporta- species but also many lesser known and restricted-range tion, and distribution of living or dead animals, animal species, some of which are now facing extinction as a I parts and derivatives, both domestically and internationally, result. The ploughshare tortoise Astrochelys yniphora, in contravention of foreign and domestic laws and treaties endemic to the Baly Bay National Park of north-western (Wyler & Sheikh, ). It is a major and growing challenge Madagascar, is affected by poaching for the international for conservation. Although the global volume of illegal wild- illegal pet trade. To quantify this, we estimated population life trade is difficult to quantify (Rosen & Smith, ), its trends during –, using distance sampling sur- value is estimated at USD – billion per annum veys along line transects, and recorded national and (Lawson & Vines, ). Illegal trade is pushing many high- international confiscations of trafficked tortoises for profile species such as the tiger Panthera tigris, African –. The results suggest the ploughshare tortoise elephant Loxodonta africana, and white and black rhinocer- population declined . % during this period, to c. oses Diceros bicornis and Ceratotherium simum, towards adults and subadults in –.Priorto very extinction (Bennett, ; Biggs et al., ; Underwood few tortoises were seized either in Madagascar or inter- et al., ; TRAFFIC, ). nationally but confiscations increased sharply from . Illegal trade also affects a wide range of lesser-known spe- Since poaching has intensified, with field reports sug- cies (Rosen & Smith, ) that often receive little inter- gesting that two of the four subpopulations are extinct, national attention. Reptiles, and chelonians in particular, leaving an unknown but almost certainly perilously low are trafficked in large numbers, accounting for and number of adult tortoises in the wild. This study has pro- %, respectively, of total seizures of live animals recorded duced the first reliable population estimate of the plough- in TRAFFIC Bulletins during – (Rosen & Smith, share tortoise and shows that the species has declined ). Collection of reptiles for illegal trade is rarely sustain- rapidly because of poaching for the international pet able and causes declines in wild populations (Zhou & Jiang, trade. There is an urgent need for increased action both ; Natusch & Lyons, ; Nijman et al., ), with tur- in Madagascar and along international trade routes if tles and tortoises being affected heavily (Jenkins, ; the extinction of the ploughshare tortoise in the wild is Cheung & Dudgeon, ; Horne et al., ). Linked to to be prevented. traditional rites, beliefs, food preferences and medicinal Keywords Anti-poaching, Astrochelys yniphora, chelonian, uses, tortoises have been trafficked primarily into distance sampling, illegal wildlife trade, line transect sur- South-east and eastern Asia, with a high number of exports veys, ploughshare tortoise, population monitoring originating from Africa (Jenkins, ; Nijman & Shepherd, , ). All four of Madagascar’s endemic tortoise species, the ra- diated tortoise Astrochelys radiata, ploughshare tortoise Astrochelys yniphora, spider tortoise Pyxis arachnoides and ANGELO MANDIMBIHASINA* (Corresponding author), LANCE WOOLAVER,RICHARD E. LEWIS and NIARAHA FILAZAHA Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, Lot IIY flat-tailed tortoise Pyxis planicauda, are listed on Appendix 49 J Ampasanimalo, BP 8511, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar I of CITES () and categorized as Critically Endangered E-mail [email protected] on the IUCN Red List (Leuteritz et al., ; Leuteritz & LIANNE CONCANNON,ANDREW R. M. TERRY and RICHARD YOUNG Durrell Wildlife Pedrono, ; Leuteritz & Rioux Paquette, ; Conservation Trust, Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands Leuteritz & Walker, ). All have been, or are currently, E. J. MILNER-GULLAND Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK affected by illegal collection from the wild for the inter- LYDIA L. RABETAFIKA Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, ’ University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar national pet trade (O Brien et al., ; Pedrono, ; Walker & Rafeliarisoa, ). *Also at: Department of Animal Biology, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar The ploughshare tortoise has long been considered one ’ Received September . Revision requested November . of the world s rarest tortoises (Juvik & Blanc, ; Curl Accepted December . First published online September . et al., ), perhaps in part because of a long history of Oryx, 2020, 54(2), 188–196 © 2018 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605317001880 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.14, on 01 Oct 2021 at 11:47:51, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317001880 Illegal trade in ploughshare tortoises 189 exploitation. Vaillant & Grandidier () describe a naval the ploughshare’s active season during which breeding oc- archive from the th century which notes that stores in curs and the latter with a long period of low activity and the region were full of tortoises, many of which were pur- aestivation. chased by Arab sailors. Although historically ploughshare Ploughshare tortoise habitat comprises dense patches tortoises were exploited for food, demand has shifted in of bamboo thicket Perrierbambus madagascariensis, scrub- the latter part of the th century to keeping them as pets, shrub, and palm savannah (Smith et al., a), with primarily in South-east Asia (Kiester et al., ; Raghavan bamboo thicket being the least accessible and most difficult et al., ). The ploughshare tortoise has been protected by to survey (Juvik et al., ). The suitable habitat patches are Malagasy law since (the law was revised in ), isolated, separated from each other by grass savannahs, which prohibits collection from the wild, transportation, seasonal rivers, lakes, mangroves, marshes, salt marshes keeping in captivity as pets, consumption, sale or export and the Bay of Baly (Fig. ). Two patches of habitat, of live individuals. Cap Sada ( ha) and Beheta ( ha) are located on the Currently found only in the bamboo scrub habitats eastern side of the bay and two, Betainalika (, ha) and around Baly Bay on the north-western coast of Madagascar, Ambatomainty (, ha), on the western side there is no evidence from the historical or sub-fossil record to (Mandimbihasina & Woolaver, ). suggest that the species was ever found outside of this highly restricted locality. All known ploughshare habitats are now legally protected as core zones of Baly Bay National Park Methods (Fig. ), established in . All entry, except for conservation and research purposes, is forbidden. Line transect population surveys and analyses A number of ploughshare tortoise population surveys have been carried out. In the mid s the population Distance sampling (Buckland et al., ) is widely used for was estimated to be – individuals (Curl, ) and monitoring land tortoises (Swann et al., ; Leuteritz an estimate of ± individuals was reported in et al., ; Young et al., ; Smith et al., ; Walker (Pedrono, ). The survey methods used to produce & Rafeliarisoa, ) and has been carried out by Durrell these estimates did not account for biases arising from Wildlife Conservation Trust periodically since (with imperfect detection, nor did they cover the species’ full a pilot study in –) to estimate ploughshare tortoise range; consequently there is no reliable information on densities. Line transects were surveyed in October–April in historical or current population sizes. –, – and –, between .–. A significant decline in numbers of the ploughshare tor- and .–., because tortoises were more active during toise is suspected to have occurred during –, but these cooler hours. For a given transect, a team of – sur- this has not been quantified. Here we present the results veyors walked in parallel lines m apart, with a team leader of surveys conducted during – covering the entire in the middle responsible for navigating and measuring the species range, with the first robust estimates of ploughshare length of the transect. The survey team consisted of a pro- tortoise population size and trend. We report data from fessional biologist acting as team leader and trained mem- anti-poaching patrols conducted since to understand bers of the local community. All team members walked more recent population changes and also examine data along the line transect at the same speed of .–. km/h from seizures of ploughshare tortoises over the same and in the same direction (either east–west or north– -year period as an indicator of the level of trafficking of south). The leader and the surveyors at the ends of the this species. line used global positioning system (GPS) units to record the travel distance and ensure the walked lines were as straight as possible. The transect length was then calculated Study area as the distance walked by the survey team multiplied by the number of people in that team. We carried out line transect surveys at Ambatomainty,
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