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La Domotica Possibile

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La Domotica Possibile POLITECNICO DI MILANO Facoltà di Architettura e Società LA DOMOTICA POSSIBILE Caratteristiche, esperienze e stato dell’arte dell’ultima fase evolutiva dell’abitare RELATORE: Prof. OLIVIERO TRONCONI Tesi di Laurea di : DANIELA MEROLLA Matricola : 170216 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2008-2009 «Quello che infonde coraggio ai nostri sogni è la convinzione di poterli realizzare […] Non si rivoluziona facendo rivoluzioni, si rivoluziona portando soluzioni» Le Corbusier, Urbanisme (1967) Ringraziamenti Desidero ringraziare tutti coloro che mi sono stati vicini nel percorso finale di studi e che mi hanno dato la forza e lo stimolo per raggiungere questo importante traguardo. In modo particolare desidero dedicare questo lavoro a Cinzia, per la sua costante e amorevole presenza, lo spirito, le idee e l’incoraggiamento, ingredienti che sono stati decisivi per non perdere mai di vista il mio obiettivo. Un ringraziamento sentito va al Prof. Oliviero Tronconi che, accompagnandomi nell’intero lavoro, è stato una guida paziente, disponibile e fonte di continue sagge riflessioni. Ringrazio, quindi, mia sorella Milena per il gran cuore e la disponibilità totale, i miei genitori e tutti gli amici che mi hanno sempre sostenuta moralmente nell’ultimo anno. Molti approfondimenti sono stati possibili grazie al confronto con referenti di diverse aziende, consulenti - system integrator e installatori specializzati; in particolare desidero citare la collaborazioni con Daniele Leonardi dello staff di Vividomotica™ (Easydom) e con Diego Marchente della AVD Consulting (Home innovation). Grazie anche al mio amico Fabrizio, che ha collaborato più volte, con acume e senso critico, a conversazioni amene, ma fondamentalmente preziose nella comprensione dei temi tecnici per me più gravosi; infine un grazie speciale a Roberta, amica e paziente lettrice del mio lavoro. 5 INDICE GENERALE Ringraziamenti pag. 5 Indici » 7 Abstract » 23 Introduzione » 25 333PRIMA PARTE INNOVAZIONE TECNOLOGICA E FORME DELL’ABITARE CAPITOLO 1 - EVOLUZIONE DEL SISTEMA URBANO pag. 29 1.1 La città fortificata » 29 1.2 La città pre-industriale e la casa-bottega » 31 1.3 La città industriale » 32 1.3.1 L’industrialismo e i nuovi valori » 33 1.3.2 Razionalizzazione e monetizzazione » 34 1.3.3 La casa industriale: consumo e riproduzione » 35 1.3.4 La metropoli industriale culla del Modernismo » 36 1.3.5 La crisi della metropoli » 38 1.4 La città post-industriale » 39 1.4.1 I trend del mutamento: globalizzazione e conflitto » 40 1.4.2 La condizione postmoderna » 41 1.5 La città informatizzata » 44 1.5.1 Paradigmi dell’abitare contemporaneo: ubiquità e mobilità » 44 1.5.2 La produzione attuale: economia leggera e indifferenza spaziale » 46 1.5.3 La percezione della città: sostenibilità e spettacolarizzazione » 47 1.5.4 Internet e la rivoluzione informatica » 51 1.5.5 La città cablata: rete di servizi per la flessibilità abitativa » 53 1.5.6 Il futuro dopo il PC: domotica, nanotecnologie e cibernetica » 54 Conclusioni » 57 7 Indice Generale CAPITOLO 2 - EVOLUZIONE DEL SISTEMA DOMESTICO pag. 58 2.1 Esordi della meccanizzazione domestica » 58 2.1.1 La fabbrica entra in casa: la cucina di Francoforte » 61 2.1.2 La casa elettrica » 63 2.2 Applicazioni sperimentali per la casa del domani » 66 2.2.1 Il cinema e il design nella visione del futuro » 73 2.3 L’intelligenza artificiale » 76 2.3.1 L’intelligenza artificiale nell’automazione domestica » 77 2.3.2 Da una tecnica intelligente a un’architettura intelligente » 80 2.3.3 Familiarizzare con la domotica: gli elettrodomestici intelligenti » 81 2.4 Prodromi domotici » 83 2.4.1 Stati Uniti: Casa Ahwatukee, Xanadu, Smart House e la villa di Bill Gates » 83 2.4.2 Francia: Habiter Demain 2000 » 88 2.4.3 Italia: la Casa Telematica » 90 2.4.4 Giappone: Tron House » 93 2.4.5 Olanda: House of the Future » 94 Conclusioni » 96 CAPITOLO 3 - EVOLUZIONE DELLE FORME ABITATIVE pag. 97 3.1 La famiglia nella società italiana » 97 3.1.1 Diffusione delle tecnologie ICT in Italia » 101 3.1.2 Cyberspace, e-family, digital living » 108 3.2 La percezione del pubblico e del privato negli spazi domestici » 112 3.3 Aspetti concettuali dell’abitare » 115 3.3.1 L’abitazione come complessità » 117 3.3.2 Il bagno intelligente » 119 3.3.3 Le smart kitchens » 121 3.3.4 L’intrattenimento in soggiorno » 123 3.4 La domotica per l’assistenza ad anziani e disabili » 124 3.4.1 Requisiti dei sistemi integrati per l’utenza ampliata » 125 3.4.2 Trento e Aosta: edilizia pubblica domotizzata per fasce deboli » 127 8 Indice Generale 3.5 Il telelavoro » 132 3.5.1 Forme di telelavoro » 132 3.5.2 Pro e contro del telelavoro » 133 3.5.3 Stime » 135 3.6 L’edificio, il progetto e i nuovi vincoli energetici » 137 3.6.1 L’Italia, il quadro energetico e i consumi civili » 141 3.6.2 Le energie rinnovabili: da opportunità a necessità » 144 Conclusioni » 149 CAPITOLO 4 - EVOLUZIONE DEL MERCATO pag. 150 4.1 Le tecnologie d’integrazione dei sistemi: dalla CIB alla Domotica » 151 4.1.1 Building Automation e Home Automation a confronto » 154 4.1.2 Sviluppo del mercato domotico: da impianto a sistema integrato » 155 4.1.3 Integrazione impiantistica e progettazione evoluta » 157 4.1.4 L’automazione domestica, l’automobile e il pubblico » 160 4.2 I cambiamenti nel mercato » 162 4.2.1 La filiera della domotica » 164 4.2.2 Una nuova figura professionale: il system integrator » 166 4.2.3 Caratteristiche ed evoluzione del mercato italiano della domotica » 169 4.3 Il ruolo della ricerca e delle Associazioni » 175 4.3.1 L’esperienza di Homevolution » 176 4.3.2 Percezione della domotica e sviluppi futuri della domanda » 177 4.4 La domotica per un nuovo mercato immobiliare a valore aggiunto » 179 4.5 Potenzialità evolutive della domotica » 181 Conclusioni » 182 SECONDA PARTE LA DOMOTICA: DEFINIZIONI, TECNOLOGIE, PROGETTI, NORME CAPITOLO 5 - L’AUTOMAZIONE DOMESTICA » 185 5.1 La domotica: definizione » 185 5.1.1 Caratteristiche di un sistema domotico » 187 5.1.2 Le aree applicative della Domotica » 189 9 Indice Generale 5.1.3 Personalizzare un sistema domotico: gli scenari » 193 5.2 La realizzazione di un impianto domotico » 195 5.2.1 La scelta di un impianto domotico: soggetti e criteri » 198 5.2.2 Architettura base di un sistema domotico » 198 5.2.3 Schema di un progetto domotico » 200 5.2.4 L’analisi comportamentale e l’offerta domotica » 202 5.2.5 L’importanza del precablaggio » 204 5.3 Prime realizzazioni domotiche in Italia. Alcuni esempi dal web » 205 5.3.1 Casa predimissioni di Sondalo » 206 5.3.2 La casa Automatica » 207 5.3.3 Internet Home » 209 5.3.4 Quartiere EuroMilano-Certosa » 212 5.3.5 Il Progetto Abrì » 215 5.4 Norme di riferimento » 219 5.4.1 Principali norme di riferimento per la domotica » 220 5.4.2 Principali norme per impianti elettrici » 222 5.4.3 La dichiarazione di conformità » 225 5.4.4 Domotica e certificazione energetica degli edifici » 227 Conclusioni » 231 CAPITOLO 6 - RETI, CABLAGGI E MEZZI TRASMISSIVI pag. 232 6.1 Reti locali di comunicazione (LAN) » 232 6.1.1 Concetti base nelle reti LAN » 235 6.2 Modalità di comunicazione e topologia delle reti LAN » 238 6.2.1 Classificazione delle topologie di rete » 240 6.2.2 L’automazione domestica: sistemi proprietari e sistemi aperti » 243 6.2.3 Architettura delle reti domestiche » 244 6.3 Caratteristiche e componenti dei sistemi BUS » 246 6.3.1 Logica di un sistema BUS » 249 6.3.2 Dimensionamenti e limiti topologici » 251 6.3.3 Il limite della coabitazione dei cavi » 252 6.4 Reti locali wireless (WLAN) » 253 10 Indice Generale 6.5 Cablaggio delle reti domotiche » 255 6.5.1 Il cablaggio a onde convogliate » 257 6.5.2 Il cablaggio strutturato » 258 6.6 Mezzi trasmissivi » 262 6.6.1 Cavi in rame non schermati » 263 6.6.2 Doppini (twisted pair) » 263 6.6.3 Cavi coassiali » 265 6.6.4 Fibre ottiche » 266 6.6.5 Onde radio » 268 Conclusioni » 269 CAPITOLO 7 - GLI STANDARD DI COMUNICAZIONE pag. 270 7.1 Standard americani » 272 7.1.1 X-10 » 272 7.1.2 Lontalk (Lonworks) » 273 7.2 Standard europei » 274 7.2.1 Batibus » 275 7.2.2 EIB (European Installation Bus) » 276 7.2.3 EHS (European Home System) » 278 7.2.4 KNX » 279 7.2.5 SCS » 282 7.2.6 EDS » 283 7.3 Standard giapponesi » 284 7.3.1 HBS » 284 7.4 Standard internazionali » 284 7.4.1 HES » 284 7.4.2 Bluetooth » 285 7.4.3 Wi-Fi e ZigBee » 286 7.4.4 HAVi » 288 7.4.5 OSGi » 289 7.4.6 UPnP » 289 7.4.7 No New Wires » 290 Conclusioni » 291 11 Indice Generale TERZA PARTE LE AREE APPLICATIVE DELLA PROGETTAZIONE INTEGRATA CAPITOLO 8 - SICUREZZA pag. 295 8.1 Security: la sicurezza antintrusione » 297 8.1.1 Gli apparati di un sistema antintrusione » 300 8.1.2 Rivelazione interna ed esterna » 303 8.1.3 Sistemi di videosorveglianza (TVCC) » 308 8.1.4 Sistemi di controllo accessi » 310 8.2 Safety: la sicurezza delle persone e dei beni materiali » 313 8.2.1 Sistemi antincendio » 314 8.2.2 Protezione da gas nocivi » 315 8.2.3 Protezione antiallagamento » 317 Conclusioni » 317 CAPITOLO 9 - CLIMATIZZAZIONE pag. 318 9.1 Sistemi di termoregolazione e climatizzazione domestica » 319 9.1.1 Sistemi domotici di termoregolazione » 321 9.1.2 Il controllo remoto dei sistemi di termoregolazione » 325 9.2 Sistemi di ventilazione per la qualità dell'aria » 325 9.3 Impianto solare termico » 326 9.4 La telelettura dei consumi domestici » 328 9.4.1 Consumi termici » 330 9.4.2 I vantaggi della telelettura » 332 9.5 Il controllo automatico di dispositivi antighiaccio-antineve per esterni » 334 Conclusioni » 336 CAPITOLO 10 - GESTIONE DEI CONSUMI E RISPARMIO ENERGETICO pag.
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