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Chapter 14 Imagining Clovis As a Cultural Revitalization Movement Bruce A Chapter 14 Imagining Clovis as a Cultural Revitalization Movement Bruce A. Bradley1 and Michael B. Collins2 ABSTRACT Clovis technology, as known in the durable record, consists of several distinctive flaked-stone reduction strategies as well as the manufacture of a range of bone, ivory, and antler tools. Stone was flaked to pro- duce large flakes from bifacial cores: blades from two core-reduction technologies, and bifaces for varying purposes including the distinctive points known as Clovis. All these were complex technologies, which demanded expert knowledge and significant skill to achieve, even at a basic level. Special characteristics such as the extraordinary selection of exotic raw materials, production of oversized bifaces for caching, controlled full-face and overshot biface flaking, and flat-backed blade core maintenance are some of the features that indicate "deep" technologies that must have had significant and distinguishable antecedents in the archaeological record. These specific technologies span multiple ecological zones from the sub-arctic to the tropics, indicating an astonishing consistency and a system imposed on environmental factors rather than controlled by them. These features and behaviors are used to propose that Clovis was the product of culture change known as a revitalization movement. This anthropological concept is introduced in detail and then used to suggest that Clovis may not have been a single culture but a disparate set of cultures uni- fied by a technologically coded belief system. KEY WORDS: Clovis, Revitalization movement, Prophet, Technology Introduction learning (see Lohse 2010 for example) we see massive flaking When we were invited to make a presentation at the Paleo- deposits associated with large raw-material sources, such as american Odyssey Conference, our book Clovis Technology the Gault Site in Central Texas (Collins 2002). Wherever Clovis (Bradley et al. 2010) had recently been published, which said technology originated and from whatever cultural origin, it is just about everything we knew about Clovis technology at clear that it was outstanding in its evidence of expertise and that point. So, what to do that wasn't simply a summary of the an unwavering consistency, whether it was being practiced in book? Over the years we have been struck by the amazing uni- boreal, littoral, desert, or tropical environments. formity in the way Clovis artifacts were produced as well as the Along with the basic production technologies, Clovis complexity of the various technologies. For most Clovis sites, flaking also exhibits other behavioral traits that indicate specifically kill locations, there is little evidence of anything a strong sense of aesthetics, such as flaking patterns, raw but skilled knappers represented. Where there is evidence of material selection and "caching." Altogether, Clovis technol- ogy stands out from what came before and what followed. It seems to us there is more of a human story to be told than is 1 University of Exeter, Archaeology, Laver Building, Exeter, EX4 usually envisioned when Clovis is seen simply as adaptation, 4QE UK 2 Department of Anthropology, Texas State University, 266 Evans cultural drift, or a random occurrence. This begs the ques- Liberal Arts, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666-4684 tion: How might we explain Clovis? What might its beautiful Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] complexity express as a distinctive cultural development? Copyright © 2014. Texas A&M University Press. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law. EBSCO Publishing : eBook Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 8/30/2016 11:24 AM via UNIV OF DENVER AN: 849811 ; Waters, Michael R., Ketron, Caroline V., Graf, Kelly E..; Paleoamerican Odyssey Account: s8859992 248 Bradley and Collins As anthropology students we were introduced to a con- cultural system, specifying new relationships as well as, in cept known as Cultural Revitalization. Much of what is in- some cases; new traits. (Wallace 1956:265). cluded in this work has been inspired by the works of the renowned anthropologist Anthony F. C. Wallace (1956), who Such instances are far from rare in the historic and ethno- documented and interpreted a range of North America Na- graphic records with “several hundred religious revitalization tive societies in relation to their reactions to the encroach- movements, among both western and non-western people” ing dominant Euro-American society as colonization spread (ibid:264) known on at least five continents. Wallace goes across the continent. From these studies he formulated the on to estimate that if all anthropological and historical re- concept of Revitalization Movement as a powerful and per- cords were evaluated, there would be thousands of cases. haps at times a dominant mechanism of culture change. This It is inconceivable that this phenomenon would only occur approach has since been applied worldwide in historical and in the ethnographic present. The concept of revitalization ethnographical studies and stands as a venerable theoretical movements is complex and relates not only to major soci- method. etal changes but also to its effects on individuals and their While Cultural Revitalization has been widely used in role within society. To describe and discuss these complexi- social anthropology, it has seldom been applied to archaeo- ties is beyond the scope of this work, but suffice it to say logical research with a few notable exceptions (e.g., Bradley that there is an extensive literature (for recent examples see 1996; Liebmann 2008). In both case studies the approach Harkin 2004). What is relevant is the structure devised by seemed to work as an explanation for major culture changes Wallace (1956:268–75). Revitalization movements, wherever in the Pueblo realm. If it seems like a useful approach in these and whenever they occurred, could be visualized as follow- prehistoric cases, why not apply it to Clovis studies? ing a set sequence of developments that may be used to cat- Another article that has inspired this avenue of investi- egorize and interpret. One important aspect of revitalization gation was published by another Anthony, this time Sinclair movements is that they can cause major culture change very (1995). In this article he argues that the process of flaking quickly, in as little as a few years. They are not evolution- stone as well as the finished forms can reflect strong symbolic ary, and their inception (and perhaps demise) would be dif- meanings and constitute a fundamental aspect of cultural ficult to identify in the archaeological record. Exceptions may identity. Interestingly, he used Upper Paleolithic complex be where detailed and extensive dating can relate remains Solutrean technology for his case study. As flintknappers, to small increments of time; such as some of the Ancestral we strongly relate to the "specialness" that can be exhibited Pueblo sites in the American Southwest. Unfortunately, this through the successful performance of complex and risky is not the case for Clovis. With dating as it now stands, a technological procedures. It would be difficult for us to ac- revitalization movement as the origin of Clovis would be ar- cept that this would not have been the case in the past. chaeologically instantaneous. This treatise is presented in the spirit of the 1999 Clo- Wallace (1956:268) identifies a consistent set of sequen- vis and Beyond Conference, in which new evidence, ideas, tial “behavioral units” that will occur in spite of local con- methods, theoretical approaches, and even speculation were ditions (Figure 14.1). The following are brief descriptions of presented; some of which have since been very beneficial, Wallace's stages considered by us to be relevant to our as- if not to finally answer questions but certainly to stimulate sessment of Clovis. For example, we omit discussion of the discussion, debate, and a renewed enthusiasm for a subject historic movements related to the interface between a domi- that had become intellectually stale. While stagnation is not nant, aggressive, technological colonial society and tribal the case today it may be time for an additional and new theo- societies. We have not included the characteristics of these retical approach to be suggested. The following should be contexts as we do not see them as applying to the develop- viewed as a concept piece, and we understand that we will ment of Clovis as an “archaeological culture.” be making unsupported assertions and interpretations, but trust that these will generate testable hypotheses that may Steady state Very simply stated, this is where a culture is op- not have been made without a new theoretical approach. erating in which most people are satisfied that their cultural organization is sustaining their physical, cognitive, and affec- Cultural Revitalization tive needs (Geertz 1973). There is no "need" for radical change. Cultural Revitalization is expressed through a social move- ment that is Period of individual stress Over a number of years, individual members of a popula- a deliberate, organized, conscious effort by members of a tion . experience increasingly severe stress as a result of society to construct a more satisfying culture. Revitalization the decreasing efficiency of certain stress-reduction tech- is thus, from a cultural standpoint, a special kind of culture niques. The culture may remain essentially unchanged or change phenomenon: The persons involved in the process it may undergo considerable changes, but in either case of revitalization must perceive their culture, or some major there is continuous diminution in its efficiency in satisfying areas of it, as a system (whether accurately or not); they needs. The agencies responsible for interference with the must feel that this cultural system is unsatisfactory; and efficiency of a cultural system are various: climatic, floral they must innovate not merely discrete items, but a new and faunal change; . and so on” (Wallace 1956:269).
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