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Foreclosing Futures: a Case Study of Urban Regeneration in Central Salford

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Foreclosing Futures: a Case Study of Urban Regeneration in Central Salford Foreclosing Futures: A Case Study of Urban Regeneration in Central Salford Alexandra Catherine Black PhD University of York Sociology September 2015 Abstract This thesis provides an exploration of urban regeneration in the City of Salford, Greater Manchester. It is a detailed empirical case study drawing on interviews with regeneration policy makers in Salford to provide an understanding of the decisions that were taken and the results that emerged. In particular this thesis highlights the entrepreneurial forms of governance enacted by Salford City Council to acquire private investment and development opportunities, and explores the Council’s method of reducing its statutory requirements and democratic controls and increasing its financial risk-taking in order to secure these opportunities. Drawing on the post-political literature, this thesis questions the ‘no alternative’ discourse that accompanies these measures. This thesis also explores the wider changes to urban regeneration policy by the Coalition Government under conditions of economic austerity, considering the ways in which regeneration can be said to have moved from attempting to alleviate social problems via focused policies targeted at spaces of deprivation towards an urban policy based on delivering incentivised economic growth. It raises questions about the potential impact of this change for those places in Salford that continue to suffer from high levels of deprivation and are therefore less likely to secure financial investment under the new policy regime. This thesis contributes to the urban studies literature through a discussion of the concept of foreclosure. Principally the thesis considers how the re-envisioning and reordering of the City forecloses it as a space of engagement for those residents who are ‘out of place’ within this newly designed space. It highlights how the designated vision for Salford’s future forecloses alternative ways of progressing, setting it on a singular linear trajectory. It also considers how the Council’s quest to regenerate means that it commits in the present to something which forecloses its ability to exercise change in the future. 2 List of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 2 List of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………3 List of Figures .................................................................................................................... 7 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 9 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 10 Author’s Declaration ....................................................................................................... 11 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 12 1.1 Situating Salford .................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Governance and Regeneration in Salford ............................................................. 20 1.3 Framing Foreclosure in Salford ............................................................................. 24 1.4 Contextualising the private/public landscape of Salford ...................................... 27 1.5 The aims and objectives of the thesis ................................................................... 32 1.6 Chapter outlines .................................................................................................... 33 2. Urban policy: a socio-historical account ..................................................................... 38 2.1 Post-war policy ...................................................................................................... 39 2.2 Thatcher era .......................................................................................................... 40 2.3 Housing and the Right to Buy ................................................................................ 42 2.4 Introducing Competition ....................................................................................... 44 2.5 New Labour and the Third-Way ............................................................................ 46 2.6 New deal for Communities ................................................................................... 47 2.7 Urban Renaissance ................................................................................................ 48 2.8 Increasing Privatisation ......................................................................................... 50 2.9 Creating a market for housing .............................................................................. 51 2.10 Gentrification? .................................................................................................... 53 2.12 ConDem Government and the end of regeneration? ......................................... 55 2.13 Post-political policy ............................................................................................. 58 2.14 Problematising consensus ................................................................................... 59 2.15 Post-political urban planning .............................................................................. 62 2.16 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 67 3 3. An urban history of Salford ......................................................................................... 70 3.1 Industrial beginnings ....................................................................................... 71 3.2 Demographics of Salford ................................................................................. 73 3.3 Uneven Salford ................................................................................................ 75 3.4 The move to entrepreneurialism ..................................................................... 78 3.5 Housing Renewal and New Deals .................................................................... 79 3.6 Development of Salford Quays ........................................................................ 82 3.7 MediaCityUK .................................................................................................... 84 3.8 Budget Priorities .............................................................................................. 86 3.9 Regional success .............................................................................................. 88 3.10 Conclusion...................................................................................................... 91 4. Research Methodology ............................................................................................... 93 4.1 Research focus ................................................................................................. 93 4.2 Selecting the study area .................................................................................. 95 4.3 Identifying ‘key players’ ................................................................................... 98 4.4 Making contact and gaining access ............................................................... 101 4.5 Semi-Structured interviews ........................................................................... 105 4.6 Secondary documents ................................................................................... 107 4.7 Data analysis .................................................................................................. 110 4.8 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 116 5. City on a journey: the ‘right to dwell’ in a changing Salford ..................................... 117 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 117 5.2 A Failing City .................................................................................................. 119 5.3 A time for change .......................................................................................... 122 5.3.1 Local stagnation .................................................................................. 122 5.3.2 Exposure .............................................................................................. 126 5.3.3 (Not) tolerating the locals ................................................................... 132 5.3.4 Inspiring the locals to aspire? ............................................................. 136 5.4 Benefitting the locals ..................................................................................... 137 5.4.1 Local and low-skilled ........................................................................... 137 5.4.2 Nobody said it was going to happen overnight .................................. 142 4 5.4.3 Divisions of labour ............................................................................... 148 5.5 The ‘good and bad’ of regeneration ................................................................... 152 5.5.1 Gentrification as a nexus of critique ................................................... 152 5.5.2 The economic value of people ...........................................................
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