Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14594-8 — Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America Edited by Steven Levitsky , James Loxton , Brandon Van Dyck , Jorge I. Domínguez Frontmatter More Information ii Challenges of Party- Building in Latin America Nearly four decades since the onset of the third wave, political parties remain weak in Latin America: parties have collapsed in much of the region, and most new party-building efforts have failed. Why do some new parties succeed while most fail? This book challenges the widespread belief that democracy and elections naturally give rise to strong parties and argues that successful party-building is more likely to occur under conditions of intense conlict than under routine democracy. Periods of revolution, civil war, populist mobilization, or authoritarian repression crystallize partisan attachments, create incentives for organization-building, and generate a “higher cause” that attracts committed activists. Empirically rich chapters cover diverse cases from across Latin America, including both successful and failed cases. STEVEN LEVITSKY is David Rockefeller Professor of Latin American Studies and Professor of Government at Harvard University. JAMES LOXTON is a Lecturer in Comparative Politics in the Department of Government and International Relations at the University of Sydney. BRANDON VAN DYCK is Assistant Professor of Government and Law at Lafayette College. JORGE I. DOMÍNGUEZ is Antonio Madero Professor for the Study of Mexico and Professor of Government at Harvard University. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14594-8 — Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America Edited by Steven Levitsky , James Loxton , Brandon Van Dyck , Jorge I. Domínguez Frontmatter More Information iii Challenges of Party- Building in Latin America Edited by STEVEN LEVITSKY Harvard University JAMES LOXTON University of Sydney BRANDON VAN DYCK Lafayette College JORGE I. DOMÍNGUEZ Harvard University © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14594-8 — Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America Edited by Steven Levitsky , James Loxton , Brandon Van Dyck , Jorge I. Domínguez Frontmatter More Information iv 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York NY 10013 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/ 9781107145948 © Cambridge University Press 2016 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2016 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Levitsky, Steven, editor. Title: Challenges of party-building in Latin America / edited by Steven Levitsky, Harvard University; James Loxton, University of Sydney; Brandon Van Dyck, Lafayette College; Jorge I. Dominguez, Harvard University. Description: New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identiiers: LCCN 2016026214 | ISBN 9781107145948 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Political parties–Latin America. | Party afiliation–Latin America. | Latin America–Politics and government–21st century. Classiication: LCC JL969.A45 C46 2016 | DDC 324.2/1098–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016026214 ISBN 978-1-107-14594-8 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third- party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Publication of this book has been supported in part through the generosity of the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies and the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14594-8 — Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America Edited by Steven Levitsky , James Loxton , Brandon Van Dyck , Jorge I. Domínguez Frontmatter More Information v Contents List of Figures page vii List of Tables viii List of Contributors x Acknowledgments xv List of Abbreviations xvi 1 Introduction: Challenges of Party- Building in Latin America 1 Steven Levitsky, James Loxton, and Brandon Van Dyck Part I Party– Voter Linkages and Challenges of Brand- Building 2 Historical Timing, Political Cleavages, and Party- Building in Latin America 51 Kenneth M. Roberts 3 Building Party Brands in Argentina and Brazil 76 Noam Lupu 4 Segmented Party– Voter Linkages: The Success of Chile’s Independent Democratic Union and Uruguay’s Broad Front 100 Juan Pablo Luna Part II Challenges of Organization- Building 5 The Paradox of Adversity: New Left Party Survival and Collapse in Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina 133 Brandon Van Dyck v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14594-8 — Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America Edited by Steven Levitsky , James Loxton , Brandon Van Dyck , Jorge I. Domínguez Frontmatter More Information vi vi Contents 6 The Niche Party: Authoritarian Regime Legacies and Party- Building in New Democracies 159 Kenneth F. Greene 7 Patronage, Subnational Linkages, and Party- Building: The Cases of Colombia and Peru 187 Paula Muñoz and Eduardo Dargent 8 Money for Nothing? Public Financing and Party- Building in Latin America 217 Kathleen Bruhn Part III Organizational Inheritance: Alternative Platforms for Party- Building 9 Authoritarian Successor Parties and the New Right in Latin America 245 James Loxton 10 Insurgent Successor Parties: Scaling Down to Build a Party after War 273 Alisha C. Holland 11 Obstacles to Ethnic Parties in Latin America 305 Raúl L. Madrid 12 Party- Building in Brazil: The Rise of the PT in Perspective 331 David Samuels and Cesar Zucco Jr. 13 The Organizational Foundations of Corporation- Based Parties 356 William T. Barndt Part IV Failed Cases (and a Future One) 14 Challenges of Party- Building in the Bolivian East 383 Kent Eaton 15 Why No Party- Building in Peru? 412 Steven Levitsky and Mauricio Zavaleta 16 Past the Poof Moment: Cuba’s Future Political Parties 440 Jorge I. Domínguez 17 Conclusions: Latin American Parties, Past and Present 457 Jorge I. Domínguez Bibliography 487 Index 531 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14594-8 — Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America Edited by Steven Levitsky , James Loxton , Brandon Van Dyck , Jorge I. Domínguez Frontmatter More Information vii Figures 1.1 Party- building outcomes in eighteen Latin American countries, 1978– 2005 page 7 1.2 Types of unsuccessful party, 1978– 2005 7 2.1 Average electoral volatility in Latin America, 1980– 2010 53 2.2 Electoral volatility in presidential elections, 1983– 2010 (Pedersen Index of Volatility) 71 2.3 Percentage of legislative seats held by parties formed after 1990 73 3.1 FREPASO partisanship in Argentina, 1994– 2003 84 3.2 PT partisanship in Brazil, 1989– 2011 91 3.3 Perceived polarization and PT partisanship in Brazil 94 3.4 Perceived polarization and PT partisanship in Brazil, panel survey 96 4.1 Electoral evolution of the UDI across social strata (lower chamber elections, 1997 is Base 100 for the index) 116 4.2 Electoral growth of the FA across socioeconomic and geographic segments 120 5.1 Conditions for organizational strength 137 5.2 PT vote share in lower house of Congress 144 5.3 PRD vote share in lower house of Congress 149 5.4 FREPASO seat share in lower house of Congress 155 6.1 Economic policy preferences of activists, leaders, and congressional candidates in Mexico’s PAN and PRD 173 6.2 Party- building preferences of activists, leaders, and candidates in Mexico’s PAN and PRD 177 8.1 Public inancing and party system institutionalization 230 12.1 Party identiication in Brazil, 1989– 2011 332 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-14594-8 — Challenges of Party-Building in Latin America Edited by Steven Levitsky , James Loxton , Brandon Van Dyck , Jorge I. Domínguez Frontmatter More Information viii Tables 1.1 Cases of successful party- building in Latin America since 1978 page 6 1.2 Cases of successful party- building: birth environment and organizational inheritance 24 1.3 Polarization and conlict and party- building outcomes in Latin America, 1978– 2005 25 4.1 Lower chamber (1989– 2009) and municipal election (2008) results per electoral pact and mainstream parties 111 4.2 Electoral results 1971– 2004 (percentages) 112 4.3 Socioeconomic linkage segmentation in the electoral strategy of the UDI 117 4.4 Socioeconomic linkage segmentation in the electoral strategy of the FA 122 4.5 A comparative analysis of the UDI and FA in terms of their brand, territorial organization, and sources of elite cohesion 124 4.6 Electoral segmentation in Chile and Uruguay: the UDI and FA in comparison to other parties in each party system 127 8.1 Public inancing for political parties in Latin America (presidential elections)