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Stimulating Investment in Community Energy: Broadening the Ownership of Renewables © Irena 2020 STIMULATING INVESTMENT IN COMMUNITY ENERGY: BROADENING THE OWNERSHIP OF RENEWABLES © IRENA 2020 Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given to IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material. ISBN: 978-92-9260-291-8 Citation: IRENA Coalition for Action (2020), Stimulating investment in community energy: Broadening the ownership of renewables, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. About the Coalition The IRENA Coalition for Action brings together leading renewable energy players from around the world with the common goal of advancing the uptake of renewable energy. The Coalition facilitates global dialogues between public and private sectors to develop actions to increase the share of renewables in the global energy mix and accelerate the global energy transition. About this paper This white paper has been developed jointly by members of the Coalition’s Working Group on Community Energy. Building on several case studies, the paper showcases policy measures and financing mechanisms that reflect best practices in community energy and offers recommendations to governments and financial institutions on how to accelerate community energy development. Acknowledgements Contributing authors: Hans-Josef Fell and Charlotte Hornung (Energy Watch Group), Rohit Sen (ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability), Shota Furuya (Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies), Monica Oliphant (International Solar Energy Society), Anna Skowron (World Future Council), Stefan Gsänger (World Wind Energy Association), and Stephanie Weckend, Emma Åberg, Kelly Tai and Anindya Bhagirath under the guidance of Rabia Ferroukhi (IRENA). Further acknowledgements: Malte Zieher (Bündnis Bürgerenergie); Erik Christiansen (EBO Consult); Johan Hamels (Ecopower); Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes (European Renewable Energies Federation); Vasilios Anatolitis and Jan George (Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research); Molly Walsh (Friends of the Earth Europe); Ana Amazo (Guidehouse); Eco Matser (Hivos); John Farrell (Institute for Local Self-Reliance); Namiz Musafer (Integrated Development Association); David Renné (International Solar Energy Society); Jan-Gerald Andreas (KfW Development Bank); Ousmane Ouattara and Ibrahim Togola (Mali-Folkecenter Nyetaa); Elizabeth Doris (National Renewable Energy Laboratory); Leire Gorroño-Albizu (Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy); Lea Ranalder (REN21); Harry Andrews (Renew); Josh Roberts and Dirk Vansintjan (REScoop.eu); Glen Estill (Sky Generation Inc.); Luke Wilkinson (Sustainability Victoria); Patrick Devine-Wright (University of Exeter); Paul Gipe (Wind-Works); Anna Leidreiter (World Future Council); Timo Karl (World Wind Energy Association); Sergio Oceransky (Yansa Group); Melani Furlan, Lin Herenčić, and Boris Pavlin (Zelena energetska zadruga); and Diala Hawila, Emanuele Bianco and Costanza Strinati (IRENA). Steven Kennedy edited and Myrto Petrou designed the report. Cover photographs are from the Hokkaido Green Fund, Christopher Holzem/Bürgerwerke and Mali-Folkecenter Nyetaa. Disclaimer This publication and the material herein are provided “as is”. All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA and the IRENA Coalition for Action to verify the reliability of the material in this publication. However, neither IRENA, the IRENA Coalition for Action, nor any of its officials, agents, data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the publication or material herein. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA or Members of the Coalition. Mentions of specific companies, projects or products do not imply any endorsement or recommendation. The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA or the IRENA Coalition for Action concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries. CONTENTS FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES .................................................................................................... 4 ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 5 1. COMMUNITY ENERGY: AN INVESTMENT WITH IMPACT .......................................................... 7 2. THE BENEFITS OF COMMUNITY ENERGY AND BARRIERS TO ITS FINANCING .......................... 9 2.1 Community energy supports an inclusive energy transition .............................................................................. 9 2.2 Barriers to mobilising investment still hinder community energy growth ..................................................... 11 3. ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS FOR COMMUNITY ENERGY INVESTMENT .................................. 13 3.1 Supportive legislation and government policies are key to community energy growth .......................... 13 3.2 Policy design can be tailored to community energy ........................................................................................... 15 4. FINANCING COMMUNITY ENERGY PROJECTS ..................................................................... 18 4.1 Ownership and financing of community energy are interrelated ....................................................................18 4.2 Public sources of financing can be leveraged for community energy investment .....................................21 4.3 Private financing must step up .................................................................................................................................. 22 5. KEY TAKEAWAYS FOR GOVERNMENTS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ................................ 24 ANNEX I. CASE STUDIES: ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS FOR COMMUNITY ENERGY INVESTMENT..... 26 Victoria, Australia .................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Denmark ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 28 Germany ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Japan ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Scotland, United Kingdom ................................................................................................................................................... 31 United States ............................................................................................................................................................................ 32 ANNEX II. CASE STUDIES: FINANCING COMMUNITY ENERGY PROJECTS ....................................... 33 Mindanao, Philippines ............................................................................................................................................................ 34 Guanacaste, Costa Rica ......................................................................................................................................................... 35 Department of Quiché, Guatemala .................................................................................................................................... 36 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 38 4 STIMULATING INVESTMENT IN COMMUNITY ENERGY: FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES Figure 1: Potential benefits of community energy ..............................................................................................................10 Figure 2: Potential barriers to mobilising investment in community energy ................................................................ 11 Figure 3: External financing options for community energy projects ..........................................................................20 Table 1: Government measures, past and present, that can enable community energy investment ................... 16 Table 2: Legal forms of community ownership .....................................................................................................................19 Box 1 : Community energy in European Union Renewable Energy Directive and Electricity Directive ................14 Box 2: Impact investing ............................................................................................................................................................... 22 Box 3: Crowdfunding in sub-Saharan Africa ........................................................................................................................ 23 BROADENING THE OWNERSHIP OF RENEWABLES 5 ABBREVIATIONS ASHDINQUI Asociación Hidroeléctrica de Desarrollo
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