DOCSLIB.ORG

Extreme Archaeology: the Resiilts of Investigations at High Elevation Regions in the Northwest

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Extreme Archaeology: the Resiilts of Investigations at High Elevation Regions in the Northwest Extreme Archaeology: The Resiilts of Investigations at High Elevation Regions in the Northwest. by Rudy Reimer BA, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C. 1997 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFLMENT OF TKE REQUIREhdENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Archaeology @Rudy Reimer 2000 Simon Fraser University August 2ûûû Ail Rights Rese~ved.This work may not be reproduced in whole in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. uisitions and Acquisitions et '3B' iographic Senrices senfices bibfkgraphiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accord6 une licence non exclusive licence aliowiag the exclusive mettant A la National Liiof Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, lom, distribute or seli reproduire, prêter, distriiuer ou copies of ibis thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous papa or electronic formats. la finme de microfiche/fbn, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts hmit Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwjse de ceîie-ci ne doivent être imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Review of ethnographie and ment archaeological studies suggest that past human use ofhigh elevation subalpine and alpine environments in northwestem North America was more intense than is currently believed. Archaeological survey high in coastai and interior mountain ranges resulted in iocating 21 archaeological sites ranging in age between 7,500-1,500 BP. Lithic analysis of materiai hmthese sites indicates that technological strategies used at high elevations were affkcted by raw materid availability, type and group mobility. The technological orientations of high elevation sites in coastal areas differed hmthose in the interior. Site distribution patterns at subalpine elevations indicate a focus on ridgelines and cirque basins. These areas were ideal for use as resowce procurement base camps behveen sumrner and fall. Data hmother archaeologicai studies throughout the Northwest indicate similar technological orientations and settlement strategies for high elevation areas. Fluctuations in the use of high elevation resources are believed to have contributed to the development of Northwest culhues by 1) affecting regional settlement patterns, 2) controlling the availability of lithic, faunal and floral resources and 3) contri'buthg to strong ideological ties to mountainous areas. This Thesis is Micated ta the Aaccstm of the Sqiiamisb and Similkameen Native Peoples. 1wish ta thank my inmediate family Bemice John, Rudy Reimei. (Sn.), hie John, Rose Reimer, Elanor Rekfor their support and trust in my abilities to nin away into the mountains without notice. Th* to my extended family the Squamish Nation, especially Donna Billy, Chris Billy, Richard Billy (Sn.), Anne BiUy, Richard Billy (Jr.), Chief Ian Campbell, Tony Moody, Chief Gibby Jacob, the late Chief Joe Mathias, Shirley Toman, Donna Mdy,Ed Moody, Aaron Nelson Moody (Splash), Sonny Lewis, the late Chuck Billy, and Joy McCailough. To Dixon Terbasket and the Similkameen people Tor allowing me and my crew to survey in your territory. This work represents a part of our past thaC I hope can be us& to help in the ducation of native peoples. Thanks to those who dard accompany me into the rnountains on various occasions during this research, Georùie Howe, Cameron Smith, Brain Pegg, Chris Jordan, Jennifer White, Jason Nesbitt and Ara Sodennan. Thanks to Stan Copp and his family Rena, Adrian, Tristian and the ferrets. Thanks to fdlow grad students Farid Rahemtulla, Zan Frank, Terry Spurgeon, Rob Short land, Mike Brand, Tom Arnold, ThChristensen, for encouraging discussions about archaeology while attending SFU. Thanks to my supervisory cornmittee Dr. Knut Fladmark and Dr. Roy Carlson fot their editorial comrnents, putting up with my questions, letters for financial research support, ideas, and having the time and understandimg for the need for this research. Also thanks to other SFU Archaeology faculty, Phi1 Hobler, Erle Nelson, Cathy D'andrea, Jon Driver, Jack Nance, and Dave Builey. Finally, thanks to the staff in the Archaeology Department, Andrew Barton, Lori White, Linda Pnybyla, Shannon Wood, Ann Sullivan, Robyn Banerjee, Chql Takabashi and Bah Winter for making every day life up on the hiIl easier, it would have been much more difficult to complete this thesis without these people. Specid appreciation to the mearchers of mountains far and wide, especially IB. Benedict, Greg Burtchard, Btiau Vivian, Bob Mierendorf and Cathie Hickson. Thanks also to those at Parks Canada, Archaeology, Marty Magne, Jack Porter, Rod Hietzmann and Gynne Langemam. To others in archaeoIogicai consulting, Arnoud Stryd, Richard BrolIy, Marianne Berkey, Bob Muir, Jim St&rd, Duncan McLearan, Jeff Bailey, Milce Rousseau, Peter Merchant, Rick Howard, Sandi Witt, Karen Preclde, Mary and Rick Quido, Coiin Grier, and Diana Alexander, working for you was both profitable and always enjoyable. To other people outside of archaeology, thanks to Man Hobler, Hugh Ackroyd, Brandin Schultz, James Gray and Chisiha Nick at hialdiPark. My stays in the park chalets were fabulous. Thanks to the peuple at the Arcbaeology Branch for accepting my reports, site foms and answering my inqhduring their busy scheddes. Thanks To AU. Table of Contents ... Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................ v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ...x List of Figures ................................................................................................................. xi11 1.O INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1 2.0 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN MOUNT AiNûUS AREAS .......5 2.0 PREVIQUSARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN MOUNTAMOUSAREAS ............................... 5 2.1 THEMRTHWEST COAST............................................................................................. 9 2.1 .1 Southem Cascades ..............................................................................................10 2.1.2 Mount Rainer ...................................................................................................... 12 2.1.3 U.S.A Northem Cascades ................................................................................... 14 2.1.4 Olvm~icRange ...................................................................................................15 2.1.5 Canadian North Cascades................................................................................... 16 2.1.6 Sauamish/GaribaIdi............................................................................................ 16 2.1.7 Vancouver Island ................................................................................................ 17 2.2 Sm-ARCTIC .............................................................................................................. 18 2.2.1 Edziza Range ... ................................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 S~atziziPlateau .................................................................................................. 19 2.2.3 Tatsenshini Park ................................................................................................. 19 2.2.4 Yukon ................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.5 Northwest Territories ......................................................................................... 21 2.3 THEPLATEAU ............................................................................................................ 21 2.3.1 South Columbia Plateau ..................................................................................... 22 2.3.2 Cathedra1 Provincial Park ........................................*..........................................23 2.3.3 Kootenavs ........................................................................................................... 24 2.3.4 Lillooet Region ................................................................................................... 24 2.3.5 Cavoosh Raqe................................................................................................... 25 2.3.6 Cornwall Hills ....................................................................................................26 2.3.7 Umer Hat Creek ................................................................................................. 26 2.3.8 Potato Mountain .................................................................................................27 2.3.9 Rainbow Ran~e.................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wildfire Consultation Report Appendix.Pdf
    Appendix Appendix Contents 50 Issues / Gaps - Partner Agencies 54 Statistics from Emergency Operations 54 Public Information (Communications) 61 EOC Activation Levels & Orders/Alerts Issued 71 Presentation and Interview with Robert Gray, Fire Ecologist 72 Climate Maps from Environment Canada 72 Documentaries & Interviews Reviewed 73 Cariboo Regional District Population Statistics 76 Consultation Meeting Overview 79 Top Five Topics by Meeting Location based on number of recorded comments Meeting Profiles: 81 100 Mile House 83 108 Mile Ranch 85 150 Mile House 87 Alexis Creek 89 Anahim Lake 91 Big Lake 93 Forest Grove 95 Horsefly 97 Interlakes 99 Kersley 101 Lac la Hache 103 Likely 105 McLeese Lake 107 Miocene 109 Nazko 113 Nimpo Lake 115 Quesnel 117 Riske Creek 119 Tatla Lake 121 Watch Lake 123 Wells 125 West Fraser 127 Wildwood 129 Williams Lake 131 Facebook Live 133 Comments from All Consultations By community meeting: 133 100 Mile House 136 108 Mile Ranch 144 150 Mile House 148 Alexis Creek 150 Anahim Lake 152 Big Lake 156 Forest Grove 159 Horsefly 161 Interlakes 167 Kersley 167 Lac la Hache 170 Likely 172 McLeese Lake 173 Miocene 177 Nazko 183 Nimpo Lake 186 Quesnel 189 Riske Creek 193 Tatla Lake 196 Watch Lake 199 Wells 200 West Fraser 203 Wildwood 206 Williams Lake 215 Facebook Live / Recording 218 Received Emails, Calls, and Facebook Messages/Comments 234 Survey Results 300 Information from Other Sources 301 Cellular Coverage Maps 302 Weather Forecasts - July 6 and 7 306 Seasonal Weather Forecast 317 Ranks of Fires 319 Canadian Wildland Fire Information System 321 Cariboo Fire Centre Prep July 6-7 326 Post-Wildfire Hazard Risk Assessment - C10784 Plateau 332 Alberta Wildfire Trend 334 Samples of Evacuation Communications 343 Community Descriptions 350 Glossary 351 Additional Citations Issues / Gaps - Partner Agencies Issues and gaps which are generally outside the jurisdiction of the Cariboo Regional District, along with suggested solutions (where applicable).
    [Show full text]
  • A Hundred Years of Natural History the Vancouver Natural History Society, 1918–2018
    A Hundred Years of Natural History The Vancouver Natural History Society, 1918–2018 Susan Fisher and Daphne Solecki A Hundred Years of Natural History The Vancouver Natural History Society 1918–2018 A Hundred Years of Natural History: The Vancouver Natural History Society, 1918–2018 © 2018 Vancouver Natural History Society Published by: Vancouver Natural History Society Nature Vancouver PO Box 3021, Stn. Terminal Vancouver, BC V6B 3X5 Printed by: Infigo www.infigo.ca Hundred Years Editorial Committee: Daphne Solecki, Susan Fisher, Bev Ramey, Cynthia Crampton, Marian Coope Book design: Laura Fauth Front cover: VNHS campers on Savary Island, 1918. Photo by John Davidson. City of Vancouver Archives CVA 660-297 Back cover: 2018 Camp at McGillivray Pass. Photos by Jorma Neuvonen (top) and Nigel Peck (bottom). ISBN 978-0-9693816-2-4 To the countless volunteers who have served and continue to serve our society and nature in so many ways. Table of Contents Acknowledgements.......................................... 5 Preface........................................................ 6 The.Past.of.Natural.History............................... 8 John.Davidson.............................................. 13 Indigenous.Connections.................................. 16 Objective.1:.To.promote.the.enjoyment.of.nature... 21 Objective.2:.To.foster.public.interest.and.education. in.the.appreciation.and.study.of.nature..............35 Objective.3:.To.encourage.the.wise.use.and. conservation.of.natural.resources.and Objective.4:.To.work.for.the.complete.protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Prehistoric Cultural Horizons on the Canadian Plateau
    LATE PREHISTORIC CULTURAL HORIZONS ON THE CANADIAN PLATEAU Department of Archaeology Thomas H. Richards Simon Fraser University Michael K. Rousseau Publication Number 16 1987 Archaeology Press Simon Fraser University Burnaby, B.C. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Roy L. Carlson (Chairman) Knut R. Fladmark Brian Hayden Philip M. Hobler Jack D. Nance Erie Nelson All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ISBN 0-86491-077-0 PRINTED IN CANADA The Department of Archaeology publishes papers and monographs which relate to its teaching and research interests. Communications concerning publications should be directed to the Chairman of the Publications Committee. © Copyright 1987 Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University Late Prehistoric Cultural Horizons on the Canadian Plateau by Thomas H. Richards and Michael K. Rousseau Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University Publication Number 16 1987 Burnaby, British Columbia We respectfully dedicate this volume to the memory of CHARLES E. BORDEN (1905-1978) the father of British Columbia archaeology. 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................vii List of Figures.....................................................................................................................................iv
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Volcanoes, Based on Recent Seismic Activity; There Are Over 200 Geological Young Volcanic Centres
    Volcanoes of Canada 1 V4 C.J. Hickson and M. Ulmi, Jan. 3, 2006 • Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics Where do volcanoes occur? Driving forces • Volcano chemistry and eruption types • Volcanic Hazards Pyroclastic flows and surges Lava flows Ash fall (tephra) Lahars/Debris Flows Debris Avalanches Volcanic Gases • Anatomy of an Eruption – Mt. St. Helens • Volcanoes of Canada Stikine volcanic belt Presentation Outline Anahim volcanic belt Wells Gray – Clearwater volcanic field 2 Garibaldi volcanic belt • USA volcanoes – Cascade Magmatic Arc V4 Volcanoes in Our Backyard Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics In Canada, British Columbia and Yukon are the host to a vast wealth of volcanic 3 landforms. V4 How many active volcanoes are there on Earth? • Erupting now about 20 • Each year 50-70 • Each decade about 160 • Historical eruptions about 550 Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics • Holocene eruptions (last 10,000 years) about 1500 Although none of Canada’s volcanoes are erupting now, they have been active as recently as a couple of 4 hundred years ago. V4 The Earth’s Beginning Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 5 V4 The Earth’s Beginning These global forces have created, mountain Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics ranges, continents and oceans. 6 V4 continental crust ic ocean crust mantle Where do volcanoes occur? Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 7 V4 Driving Forces: Moving Plates Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 8 V4 Driving Forces: Subduction Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 9 V4 Driving Forces: Hot Spots Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics 10 V4 Driving Forces: Rifting Global Volcanism and Plate tectonics Ocean plates moving apart create new crust.
    [Show full text]
  • About the Caa / À Propos De L'aca
    ABOUT THE CAA / À PROPOS DE L’ACA The Canadian Archaeological Association (caa) was founded in 1968. Membership includes professional, avocational and student archaeologists, as well as individuals of the general public of any country, who are interested in furthering the objectives of the Association. The objectives of the caa are as follows: § To promote the increase and the dissemination of archaeological knowledge in Canada; § To promote active discourse and cooperation among archaeological societies and agencies and encourage archaeological research and conservation efforts; § To foster cooperative endeavours with aboriginal groups and agencies concerned with First Peoples’ heritage of Canada; § To serve as the national association capable of promoting activities advantageous to archaeology and discouraging activities detrimental to archaeology; § To publish archaeological literature, and; § To stimulate the interest of the general public in archaeology. ——— L’Association canadienne d’archéologie (aca) a été fondée en 1968. Ses adhérents comptent des archéologues dont c’est la profession ou un violon d’Ingres et des étudiants, ainsi que des membres venant du grand public et de n’importe quel pays, qui ont en vue de favoriser les objectifs de l’Association. Les objectifs de l’aca sont les suivants: § promouvoir l’accroissement et la propagation de connaissances archéologiques au Canada; § promouvoir une coopération et des échanges actifs entre les sociétés et les organismes archéologiques, et favoriser le travail de recherche et de conservation; § stimuler les efforts de coopération avec les groupes autochtones et les organismes concernés par le patrimoine canadien des Premières nations; § servir d’association nationale pouvant promouvoir les activités avantageuses pour l’archéologie et décourager les activités nuisibles à l’archéologie; § publier de la documentation archéologique; § stimuler l’intérêt du grand public pour l’archéologie.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloadasset.Aspx?Id=2126, Accessed 24 November 2013
    Escape into Nature: the Ideology of Pacific Spirit Regional Park by Marina J. La Salle M.A., The University of British Columbia, 2008 B.A., Simon Fraser University, 2006 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Anthropology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) July 2014 © Marina La Salle, 2014 ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates the ideology of Pacific Spirit Regional Park, an urban forest adjacent to the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. Using the tools of archaeology and anthropology, I analyse the history, landscape, performance, and discourse of the park to understand Pacific Spirit as a culturally-constructed place that embodies an ideology of imperialism. Central in this dynamic is the carefully crafted illusion of Pacific Spirit as a site of “nature,” placed in opposition to “culture,” which naturalizes the values that created and are communicated through the park and thereby neutralizes their politics. They remain, however, very political. The park as nature erases the history and heritage of the Indigenous peoples of this region, transforming Pacific Spirit into a new terra nullius—a site to be discovered and explored, militaristic themes that consistently underlie park programs and propaganda. These cultural tropes connect to produce a nationalistic settler narrative wherein class ideals of nature and community are evoked in the celebration of Canada’s history of colonialism and capitalist expansion—paradoxically, the very processes that have caused the fragmentation of communities and ecosystems. The park as nature also feeds into the portrayal of this space as having been saved from development and, as such, an environmental triumph.
    [Show full text]
  • Dionisio Point Excavations
    1HE• Publication of the Archaeological Society of Vol. 31 , No. I - 1999 Dionisio Point Excavations ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF &MIDDEN BRITISH COLUMBIA Published four times a year by the Archaeological Society of British Columbia Dedicated to the protection of archaeological resot:Jrces and the spread of archaeological knowledge. Editorial Committee Editor: Heather Myles (274-4294) President Field Editor: Richard Brolly (689-1678) Helmi Braches (462-8942) arcas@istar. ca [email protected] News Editor: Heather Myles Publications Editor: Robbin Chatan (215-1746) Membership [email protected] Sean Nugent (685-9592) Assistant Editors: Erin Strutt [email protected] erins@intergate. be.ca Fred Braches Annual membership includes I year's subscription to [email protected] The Midden and the ASBC newsletter, SocNotes. Production & Subscriptions: Fred Braches ( 462-8942) Membership Fees I SuBSCRIPTION is included with ASBC membership. Individual: $25 Family: $30 . Seniors/Students: $I 8 Non-members: $14.50 per year ($1 7.00 USA and overseas), Send cheque or money order payable to the ASBC to: payable in Canadian funds to the ASBC. Remit to: ASBC Memberships Midden Subscriptions, ASBC P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station Vancouver BC V6C 2N3 Vancouver BC V6C 2N3 SuBMISSIONs: We welcome contributions on subjects germane ASBC on Internet to BC archaeology. Guidelines are available on request. Sub­ http://home.istar.ca/-glenchan/asbc/asbc.shtml missions and exchange publications should be directed to the appropriate editor at the ASBC address. Affiliated Chapters Copyright Nanaimo Contact: Rachael Sydenham Internet: http://www.geocities.com/rainforest/5433 Contents of The Midden are copyrighted by the ASBC.
    [Show full text]
  • Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, West-Central British Columbia
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2014-10-24 A Second North American Hot-spot: Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, west-central British Columbia Kuehn, Christian Kuehn, C. (2014). A Second North American Hot-spot: Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, west-central British Columbia (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/25002 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/1936 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY A Second North American Hot-spot: Pleistocene Volcanism in the Anahim Volcanic Belt, west-central British Columbia by Christian Kuehn A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS CALGARY, ALBERTA OCTOBER, 2014 © Christian Kuehn 2014 Abstract Alkaline and peralkaline magmatism occurred along the Anahim Volcanic Belt (AVB), a 330 km long linear feature in west-central British Columbia. The belt includes three felsic shield volcanoes, the Rainbow, Ilgachuz and Itcha ranges as its most notable features, as well as regionally extensive cone fields, lava flows, dyke swarms and a pluton. Volcanic activity took place periodically from the Late Miocene to the Holocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Ames, Kenneth M. and Herbert D.G. Maschner 1999 Peoples of BIBLIOGRAPHY the Northwest Coast: Their Archaeology and Prehistory. Thames and Hudson, London. Abbas, Rizwaan 2014 Monitoring of Bell-hole Tests at Amoss, Pamela T. 1993 Hair of the Dog: Unravelling Pre-contact Archaeological Site DhRs-1 (Marpole Midden), Vancouver, BC. Coast Salish Social Stratification. In American Indian Linguistics Report on file, British Columbia Archaeology Branch, Victoria. and Ethnography in Honor of Lawrence C. Thompson, edited by Acheson, Steven 2009 Marpole Archaeological Site (DhRs-1) Anthony Mattina and Timothy Montler, pp. 3-35. University of Management Plan—A Proposal. Report on file, British Columbia Montana Occasional Papers No. 10, Missoula. Archaeology Branch, Victoria. Andrefsky, William, Jr. 2005 Lithics: Macroscopic Approaches to Acheson, S. and S. Riley 1976 Gulf of Georgia Archaeological Analysis (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, New York. Survey: Powell River and Sechelt Regional Districts. Report on Angelbeck, Bill 2015 Survey and Excavation of Kwoiek Creek, file, British Columbia Archaeology Branch, Victoria. British Columbia. Report in preparation by Arrowstone Acheson, S. and S. Riley 1977 An Archaeological Resource Archaeology for Kanaka Bar Indian Band, and Innergex Inventory of the Northeast Gulf of Georgia Region. Report on file, Renewable Energy, Longueuil, Québec. British Columbia Archaeology Branch, Victoria. Angelbeck, Bill and Colin Grier 2012 Anarchism and the Adachi, Ken 1976 The Enemy That Never Was. McClelland & Archaeology of Anarchic Societies: Resistance to Centralization in Stewart, Toronto, Ontario. the Coast Salish Region of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Current Anthropology 53(5):547-587. Adams, Amanda 2003 Visions Cast on Stone: A Stylistic Analysis of the Petroglyphs of Gabriola Island, B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Sharing the Land and Resources Sharing the Land and Resources
    Great Bear Rainforest Sharing the Land and Resources Sharing the Land and Resources The First Nations of British Columbia were self-sufficient and used the resources of their territories to produce the goods they needed. However, they did not live in isolation. They traded with neighbouring villages and with more distant nations, exchanging surplus food and materials for items they could not obtain locally. Through trade, people were also able to interact culturally with their trading partners, exchanging knowledge and ideas. Often, trade was strengthened through marriage. This section looks at trade economies, the importance of the potlatch in sharing resources, and how First Nations education taught each generation the uses of the resources from the land. Trade Economies The First Nations of B.C. are believed to have been the most active and expert traders of their time in North America. A number of factors contributed to their highly developed trade economies, which have existed for thousands of years. The wealth created by the salmon harvest allowed many tribes to participate in trade. Because the resources available on the coast and in the interior were significantly different, demand for items unavailable locally led to trade. One of the most important trade items that was carried from the coast to the interior was oolichan grease, which was extracted from the fish in a lengthy process. Because of its importance, major trading routes were called Grease Trails. People travelled in large numbers over the trails to trade for the grease. In recognition of their importance, these trails were constantly maintained and were often two metres or more wide.
    [Show full text]
  • National Historic Sites of Canada System Plan Will Provide Even Greater Opportunities for Canadians to Understand and Celebrate Our National Heritage
    PROUDLY BRINGING YOU CANADA AT ITS BEST National Historic Sites of Canada S YSTEM P LAN Parks Parcs Canada Canada 2 6 5 Identification of images on the front cover photo montage: 1 1. Lower Fort Garry 4 2. Inuksuk 3. Portia White 3 4. John McCrae 5. Jeanne Mance 6. Old Town Lunenburg © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, (2000) ISBN: 0-662-29189-1 Cat: R64-234/2000E Cette publication est aussi disponible en français www.parkscanada.pch.gc.ca National Historic Sites of Canada S YSTEM P LAN Foreword Canadians take great pride in the people, places and events that shape our history and identify our country. We are inspired by the bravery of our soldiers at Normandy and moved by the words of John McCrae’s "In Flanders Fields." We are amazed at the vision of Louis-Joseph Papineau and Sir Wilfrid Laurier. We are enchanted by the paintings of Emily Carr and the writings of Lucy Maud Montgomery. We look back in awe at the wisdom of Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir George-Étienne Cartier. We are moved to tears of joy by the humour of Stephen Leacock and tears of gratitude for the courage of Tecumseh. We hold in high regard the determination of Emily Murphy and Rev. Josiah Henson to overcome obstacles which stood in the way of their dreams. We give thanks for the work of the Victorian Order of Nurses and those who organ- ized the Underground Railroad. We think of those who suffered and died at Grosse Île in the dream of reaching a new home.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciovolcanism at Volcán Sollipulli, Southern Chile: Lithofacies Analysis and Interpretation
    Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 303 (2015) 59–78 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jvolgeores Glaciovolcanism at Volcán Sollipulli, southern Chile: Lithofacies analysis and interpretation Stefan M. Lachowycz a,⁎, David M. Pyle a, Jennie S. Gilbert b, Tamsin A. Mather a,KatyMeec, José A. Naranjo d, Laura K. Hobbs b a Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom b Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom c British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom d Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Avenida Santa María 0104, Santiago, Chile article info abstract Article history: Magma–ice–meltwater interactions produce diverse landforms and lithofacies, reflecting the multitude of factors Received 18 December 2014 that influence glaciovolcanism, including both magmatic (e.g., composition, eruption rate) and glacial (e.g., ice Accepted 20 June 2015 thickness, thermal regime) conditions. This is exemplified by the walls of the partly ice-filled summit caldera Available online 3 July 2015 of Volcán Sollipulli, a stratovolcano in southern Chile, which include lithofacies from eruptions of a wide range of magma compositions beneath or in contact with ice. Here we analyse these lithofacies and hence propose Keywords: new interpretations of the eruptive and glacial history of Sollipulli. The facies include a thick, laterally extensive Volcano–ice interaction fi Glaciovolcanic lithofacies sequence of fragmental glaciovolcanic deposits, comprising massive, ma c lava pillow-bearing hyaloclastite Hyaloclastite overlain by sills and then hyaloclastic debris flow deposits (similar to Dalsheidi-type sequences).
    [Show full text]