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The Journal of the Royal National Life-Boat Institution

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The Journal of the Royal National Life-Boat Institution THE LIFE-BOAT The Journal of the Royal National Life-boat Institution VOL. XXXII MARCH, 1948 No. 345 THE LIFE-BOAT FLEET Motor Life-boats, 154 :: Pulling and Sailing Life-boats, 2 LIVES RESCUED from the foundation of the Life-boat Service in 1824 to March 31st, 1948 - - - - 75,819 Radio-Telephony in Life-boats By A. C. BUTCHEE. M.LMech.E., M.I.Mar.E., Superintendent-Engineer to the Institution. AN article by my predecessor on the use Protection Against the Sea of wireless in lite-boats appeared in Our first and greatest difficulty has the number of this journal for Decem- always been that wireless apparatus ber, 1937. It was then eleven years must be very carefully protected from since the Institution had begun its the water, and that a life-boat is a small experiments with wireless by installing boat which has to do her work in the a wireless-telegraphy receiving and worst weather, and has often to travel transmitting set in the life-boat at smothered in the seas, with her decks Bosslare Harbour, Co. Wexford. That awash and her cockpits filled. is the only wireless telegraphy set that Then there are very serious limita- has been put in a life-lxmt, and it con- tions in the size and weight and power tinued in use until June, 1948. Our of the apparatus that can be used, and Oext experiment Mras with radio-tele- the height of the aerial which can be phony in 1929, and when that article carried on a life-boat. The chief use was written in 1937 we had twenty-six of wireless in a life-boat is to keep boats with radio-telephony sets for her in touch with the shore when she is teceiving and sending messages, and at sea. She does it through the shore three with sets for receiving only. wireless stations of the General Post Ten more years have now passed. Office, and through certain lighthouses, Much has happened in those ten years; lightvessels and coastguard stations. * good deal has been learnt from the These stations have not powerful trans- experience of the war; many improve- mitters like the B.B.C.; most of them ments have been made in the design work on a fraction of one kilowatt, and construction of radio apparatus; where the B.B.C. is working on 50 to and many more life-boats have been 200; their messages have to be picked fitted with radio-telephony; but the- up on life-boats by aerials which, to be conditions under which wireless works really effective, require much higher in life-boats, .and the limitations on masts than any life-boat could carry; its use in them, have not greatly altered and they have to be heard in the midst in the past ten, or indeed in the past of the noise of wind and sea and engines. twenty years. Those who, in the silence and comfort A 122 THE LIFE-BOAT [MARCH, 1948 THE NEW SET Made by Coastal Radio. The complete installation, before being installed. Left to right: the remote control, or extension; the loud hailer; the receiver; the transmitter; the power pack. On top of the receiver are the ear-phones to be used when reception is difficult. Both the receiver and extension have loudspeakers built into them. THE OLD SET Made by Marconi. Left to right: receiver, loudspeaker and transmitter in the life-boat cabin, with the generator underneath. MARCH, 1948] THE LIFE-BOAT 123 IN THE CABIN The transmitter and receiver, with the power pack underneath, and the microphone in the mechanic's hand By courtesy of] [/. H. Clect, of South Shields UNDER THE SHELTER The remote control, or extension, beside the mechanic's head as he sits at his controls. The cable for his transmitting microphone can be seen. The microphone itself is tucked into a box beside him. On the extension itself arc the switches for passing from radio to loud haiier. 124 THE LIFE-BOAT [MARCH, 1948 of their own rooms can, through a were to be able to equip every life-boat powerful transmitter of the B.B.C., with complete radio-telephony, we hear with ease a programme from the must have a watertight receiving set of other side of the world, can hardly a size which could be used in open boats. begin to understand the difficulties During 1946 we examined a number of which a life-boat mechanic—sitting at existing sets, but found none with the his controls above the engine-room in a four essential requirements: that it howling gale—may have in taking a should be waterproof: of small size; msssage from a wireless station only able to give a sufficient range with the a few miles away. small aerial which was all that a life- boat could carry; and simple to work During the War by unskilled operators in any conditions That was the state of affairs at the of weather and noise. So the Institu- beginning of the war, in September, tion prepared a specification of its 1939. Immediately war was declared special needs. It wanted a set con- all transmitting sets, except in life- sisting of four small units: a ti-ans- boats on the coast of Eire, had to be mitter, a receiver, a power pack to put out of action and sealed. Life- convert the power from the life-boat's boats might listen but they must not electric battery into the ' different speak. Nor would the Government voltages needed by the transmitter and allow any more boats to be fitted with receiver, and a remote control, or ex- wireless. This continued for four tension. The extension must be for months. Then life-boats were allowed both transmitter and receiver, and the again to send out messages, but they receiver and the extension must have were warned that they must say nothing loud-speakers built into them. In the which could give information to lis- case of cabin life-boats, the transmitter tening German submarines. The Insti- and receiver would, as before, be put in tution was also allowed to equip more the cabin, where they would be effect- boats, and during the war twelve were ively protected from water. In the case so equipped. The Admiralty also fitted of boats without cabins, they would be seven of our boats, which had no wire- in water-tight cases either in one of the less, with receivers as used on motor end-boxes or under one of the side- cars, so that the coxswains might be benches in the cockpit. The remote kept in touch with the naval offieers- control, or extension, would be in the in-charge on shore. Some of these roof of the canopy, where the motor receivers are still in use. The position mechanic would have it close by his at the end of the war was that out of head as he sat at his engine-controls, the Institution's 151 motor life-boats, • and it must be proof against con- 70 had radio-telephony; 57 of the 70 tinuous drenching with sea-water. had sending and receiving sets; 13 had The Advantage of Crystal* receiving sets only. The specification also asked for sets Up to this time transmitting sets fitted with crystals to control the wave- could be used only in life-boats with lengths. There were to be four, and cabins, and they had now been installed one of them was to be set to the wave- .in nearly all the cabin boats. The 13 length of the international distress life-boats which had only receiving signal. They were chosen because a sets were open boats. We had found it crystal has the advantage of main- possible to put the receiving sets in taining a constant wave-length. By 'water-tight cases which could be fixed turning to it the operator gets at once, under the canopy covering the engine- without searching, the wave-length controls, but it was much harder to that he wants. make the transmitting set watertight. In the earlier sets the aerial was a It required a case larger than the canopy single wire running from a small mizzen- would take. mast to the top-mast, then down to an insulated lead-in trunk and so to the A New Specification set in the cabin. The new set was, The position now was that if we were where possible, to operate with a ver- to make any further advance, and if we tical rod aerial, though, in some boats, MARCH, 1948] THE LIFE-BOAT 125 THE OLD AERIAL Fitted by Marconi on the Watson cabin life-boat at Yarmouth, Isle of Wight. THE NEW ROD AERIAL On the light self-righting life-boat at Bridlington. The loud-hailer is in front of the mast. 126 THE LIFE-BOAT [MARCH, 1948 the normal aerial between the masts reventing it from spreading, carries it would still have to be used because of Eve times further. The loud-hailer is difficulties in transmission. The ad- a megaphone which, with the help of vantage of the rod aerial was that it electricity, carries it ten times further would be independent of the mast than the megaphone. A man speaking and its running gear and would not into it in his ordinary voice will be be affected when—as often must be heard 500 yards away. Even in the done in heavy seas—the mast is lowered noise of a gale it enables the coxswain before the life-boat goes alongside a to speak clearly to the men on the wreck.
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