Index

Page numbers in italic denote Figures. Page numbers in bold denote Tables.

Aalst, use of Lede stone 33 Bishop Rock 108 Aberdeen (Scotland), defined by its stone 1 Blackfriars Bridge (London) 108 acid rain 83 blistering 35 aesthetics as factor in stone choice 7 blue elvan 100, 109 Afflighem stone 32 blue stone 2 Alberese limestone 79–80, 81 Blueheart 124 alkyl-alkoxy silane 147 Moor Granite 106, 108 alveolization 79, 86, 87, 159 Bognor Rock 124, 131 Lecce stone 144, 145, 145 Bonchurch Stone 125 Lede stone 34, 35 Boscastle Formation 116 Pietra Gentile 60, 61 Bracklesham Group 133 Angkor (Cambodia) 159 Bracklesham Stone 124 surface recession rates 157, 158 Breccia of Agnano 82 Antwerp, use of Lede stone 32 Breccia of Caprona 82–83 aplite 104 Breda, use of Lede stone 32 Apuan marble 87 bricks of Tuscany, from Pliocene clays 86–87 Ardingly Sandstone 124, 126, 130, 133 Brindisi Arenisca Floresta stone 37 buildings surveyed 48–49, 50, 51, 52, 52 Arezzo 75 quarries surveyed 48, 49 Ashdown Sandstone 124 Bruges, use of Lede stone 32 ashlar (cladding) 7, 33, 83, 102–103, 132, 133, 135 Brussels, use of Lede stone 32 Pietra Serena 77 Brussels stone 32, 36, 38 sandstone disintegration study in Massif Formation 117 Central 159–161 Burano anhydrites 73 methods 162–164 Burlington House, Piccadilly 108 results 164–168 results discussed 169–171 Caen Stone 125, 127, 132, 135 Athens (Greece), building damage by pollution 2 calc-flinta 117 Augustinian Convent (Brindisi) 48–49, 52, 62, 63 Calcaire Grossier 37, 125 Azul Bateig 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 41,42 Calcare Cavernoso 81–82 Calcare Massicco 73 Balegem stone 32, 33 calcarenite see Pietra Gentile ballast stone 125 calcareous tufa Banc de roche 19 Tuscany 81 Banc de Saint-Leu limestone 18, 19, 19 124 experimental testing for restoration calcimetry, Pietra Gentile 53, 57, 58 methods 20–21 113 results 21–28 101, 122, 127 Banc franc 19, 19 capillary absorption coefficient, Belgian Bangor Slate Quarry 116 building stone 41 Bargate Stone 124, 125 capillary water uptake 145 basic igneous rocks, Cornish building methods of testing 20–21 stone 100–102 results 24, 25, 26 bastarda 140 Caranna Limestone Formation 48, 55 Bath Stone 125 Carbean quarry 96, 107 Lighthouse 108 carbonate building stones Bedruthan Formation 115 Tuscany 79–83 Beer Stone 125 see also Pietra Gentile (calcarenite) Belgium see Lede stone carbonatized ultrabasic intrusives 101 Bembridge Limestone 125, 132 Carmine 144, 148, 150, 151 Bentheimer sandstone 36 Carn Grey 96, 108 bianca 140, 142 Carnmenellis granite 107, 107 Binstead Stone 125, 135 Carnsew Quarry and Granite 107, 107, 117 biological colonization and biofilms 12, 83, Carovigno, buildings surveyed 50 86, 129, 130, 144 Carrara 87, 87 Lecce stone 147, 151 Carrara Marble 125 Lede stone 34, 35 Carstone 124 Pietra Gentile 60 Carthage 85

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carving, role in decay 146 ultrabasic rocks 100–102 Casciana Terme 83 veinstones 113 Castallack Quarry 96, 106 sedimentary Castiglione 75 limestones 117 Castle-an-Dinas Quarry 96, 106 sandrock 117–118 Cataclews Stone 94, 95, 99, 100 sandstones 116–117 Cathedral Quarry 96, 108 slates 114–118 Cefalu` 85 geological history 97–100 Ceglie, buildings surveyed 50, 51 granite distribution 98 Ceglie Messapica, buildings surveyed 50 heritage quarries 96 , problems of use 175 history of stone use 94–95 Certaldo 86 stone source quarries 96 Cervarola-Falterona Unit 75 variety of building stone 94 Chalk 124, 131 Cortona 75 Charlestown 101 Coulandon stone 162, 166 Charlwood Marble 124, 131 Coulmier-le-Sec limestone 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 41,42 Cheesewring Granite 96, 108 Courville stone 17, 19,21 chemical composition Crackington Formation 116 Massif Central sandstones 163, 166, 168 Cuckfield Stone 124, 126, 130, 132 Pietra Gentile 57, 58 cucuzzara 140, 142 Chemilly, St Denys’ church Culm Basin 99 experiment to monitor conservation work 159–161 methods 162–164 Dartnough Group 97, 114 results 164–168 De Lank Quarry 96, 108 results discussed 169–171 decay chert, Lower Greensand 122 experiment to measure in Massif cherts, Cornish 117 Central 159–161 Cherty limestone 73 methods 162–164 Chichester 125–126 results 164–168 Chichester Cathedral 122, 130, 132, 135 results discussed 169–171 Chichester Greensand 124 factors affecting 144–146 Chilmark Stone 125 morphologies 12, 60–62, 63, 65, 76–78, 79 chlorides, as decay cause 145 rates 157, 158, 159 Christchurch Cathedral (New Zealand) 101 deferruginization 105 Chysauster 95 Delabole slate 94, 95, 115 Cisternino, buildings surveyed 50, 51 Dender stone 32 cladding see ashlar density testing, Belgian building stone 41 clay mineral swelling damage 146 deterioration patterns (pathologies) 12, cleaning, effect on surface recession 159 60–62, 63, 65 Clerecı´a Church (Salamanca) 15 Pietra Panchina 78, 79 Colcerrow quarry 96, 107 Pietra Serena 76–77 compactness, Pietra Gentile 53, 57, 59 Pietraforte 77–78 compressive strength, Belgian building stone 41, 42 dimension stone 33, 95–96 conglomerate, opal-cemented (Salamanca Sandstone) 7, disaggregation 60, 61 8–9, 8, 13, 13 Ditrupa limestone 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 37 compared with Villamayor Sandstone 8 Ditrupa strangulata 37, 38 quarry distribution 11 dolce 140, 142 conservation issues dolerite 100, 102 experience with Lecce stone 139–140 Domesday Book, quarry record 130 monitoring 148–153 Doulting Stone 125 treatments 146–148 driving rain tests see water penetration French Massif Central Duporth Stone 101 monitoring 159–161 dura 140, 142 methods 162–164 Durlston Formation 131, 132 results 164–168 results discussed 169–171 Ebro Basin, surface recession rates 158 consolidation, surface treatment for 147 economics, as a limiting factor in stone use 2 contact sponge test 164, 166, 168, 170 108 Cornish hedges 96, 97 efflorescence 86 Elba granite 84–85 building stone use elvan 94, 95, 96, 99, 108–109 igneous form 109–110 elvans 108–113 genesis 109 granite 102–108 occurrence 111–113

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petrology 111 contribution to local economy 94 working 110 emplacement 104–105 energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS) 53 jointing 106 Entroquite Formation 37 metamorphic aureole 104 environmental scanning electron microscopy quarrying 106–108 (ESEM) 53, 61 weathering 105–106 erosion 60, 61,90 Elba 84–85 ethyl silicate 147 Salamanca Euville limestone 17, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 41,42 Los Santos Granite 9, 11–13, 13, 15 exfoliation 77, 78, 83 Martinamor Granite (Piedra Pajarilla) 7, 9–11, 12, 13, 15, 15–16 Falmouth 113 quarry distribution 11 surface recession rates 158 Villavieja Granite 12 Fasano, buildings surveyed 50, 51 Greensand 126 Featherbed Stone 135 greenstone 95, 96, 97, 100 Featherstone 125 greisening 104, 111 Ferricrete 124 Grey City 1 fieldstone 32 Gritty Chalk 124 Fiesole 75 grounders 96 Fiorentino 75 grout, effects of 188 Firestone 125 gypsum 88, 145 firing of bricks 86–87 as pollution product 34, 61, 63, 66 Fishbourne Roman Palace 123, 125–126, 132, 133 flagstone 122 halite 145 flaking 35, 86, 87, 165 hardness measurement 164, 166, 169, 170 flexural strength, Belgian building stone 41 Formation Stone 124 flint 124, 130–131 Hastings Sandstone 122 Florence 75, 77, 79, 83, 87, 88, 88,89 head 100 fluccan 106 100 foliation 103 heritage quarries, Cornwall 96 Fontenoille sandstone 37, 39, 40–41, 40, 41, 41,43 hornfels 104 foraminifera, Lede stone 38 Horsham Flagstone 131 Lecce stone 139 Horsham Stone 122, 124 Fort Perch Rock, surface recession rates 158 Horsham Stone Slate 121, 124, 127, 130, 131 107, 108, 112, 113 Houndgate Stone 124 surface recession rates 158 Hounds Stone 124 fracturing 60, 61 Houtem stone 32 France see Massif Central also Reims Hurdwick Stone 102 Fucecchio 86 hyaloclastite 102 Hythe Formation 129, 130 gabbro 102 Hythe Formation Chert 124 gagginara 140, 142 Hythe Formation Sandstone 122, 124, 125, gap filling 148, 151, 151 127, 129, 130, 133 geochemistry Massif Central sandstones 163, 166, 168 inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry, use in Pietra Gentile 57, 58 surface recession monitoring 163, 166 geographical information system (GIS), use ion chromatography, Pietra Gentile 53, 63, 63 in surface recession monitoring 162 Italy see Pietra Gentile also Lecce Ghent, use of Lede stone 32, 32–33, 33, 34 stone also Tuscany Giglio Castello 85 Giglio granite 85 jointing, Cornish granite 106 glauconite 38 Global Heritage Stone Resource 8 kaolinization 105, 111 Gobertange stone 32, 33, 36, 36, 38, 39, Cornish granite 96, 99, 104 40, 41, 41, 42, 43, 434 ,4 killas 95 Golden City 8 metamorphism 104 Grade 102 King Arthur’s Hall, Tintagel 94 Gramscatho Basin 97 Kit Hill Granite 96, 108 granites Kyushu Bridge, surface recession rates 158 Aberdeen 1 125 Lambourdes et Vergele´ 18, 19, 19 Cornwall 95, 96, 98, 99, 102–108 experimental testing batholith geophysics 103 methods 20–21 composition 103–104 results 21–28

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Landewednack 102 Malicorne, St Prejet’s church Latera volcano 85 experiment to monitor conservation work 159–161 Launceston 101 methods 162–164 Lavant Stone 124, 124, 130 results 164–168 Lecce Duomo 148, 150, 151, 152 results discussed 169–171 evaluating conservation work 144, 145 Malmstone 124, 126, 129, 130 Lecce stone 139 Malta stone 145 conservation treatments 146–148 manganese oxides 79–80 monitoring 148–149, 149, 150, 151–153 marbles decay problems 144–146 as decorative stone 87–88 geological setting 140 Italian petrographic description 141–143 Montagnola Senese 88–89 physical properties 142–143, 142 Monte Pisano 87–88 stone varieties 140 use by Romans 2 use in buildings 143–144 weathering problems 88 leccisu 140 Martina Franca, buildings surveyed 50, 51 Lede Formation 32, 36 Martinamor Tourmaline Granite (Piedra Pajarilla) 7, Lede stone 9–11, 13, 15, 15–16 appearance 33 quarry distribution 11 geological setting 32 texture 12 historical use 32–33 masonry wall construction in relation petrography 38, 39 to water penetration 178 petrophysical properties 41, 41, 42 experiment to test selection of replacement stone 34–37 methods 178–181 lichen, as decay agent 144–145, 145 results 181–189 light detection and ranging (LiDAR), use in Massa Marittima 81, 89 surface recession monitoring 162, Massangis limestone 17, 37, 38, 39, 163, 165, 167 40, 41, 41, 42, 44 Ligurid units 75 Massif Central (France) lime mortar, importance of 175 geological setting 161–162 lime putty render 187 map 159 limestones as building stones monitoring conservation work 159–161 Belgium 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 41, 42, 44 methods 162–164 Cornwall 117 results 164–168 France (Lutetian) 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, results discussed 169–171 23, 25, 26, 28 mazzara 140 Italy 48, 55, 73, 79–82 Meadfoot Group 99, 114 West Sussex 124, 125, 132 Menabilly House 114 Limnea limestone 21 mercury porosimetry 20, 24, 53 Lizard Complex 102 microscopy see optical microscopy Lizard ophiolite 97 Midhurst Stone 133 Lizard serpentine 94, 97, 102 minestone 94, 95, 99, 113 mineralogical varieties 102 Mixon Stone 124, 128, 133–135 ornament manufacture 102 molaria 130 Locorotondo, buildings surveyed 50, 51 Monopoli, buildings surveyed 51 loess, Cornish 100 Monreale 85 London Bridge 107 Montagnola Senese 82 London Clay Cement Stone 124 Monte Morello Formation 80 London Clay Formation 131 Monte Serra Quartzite Formation 83 London Embankment 106 Montemarano 81 Los Santos Granite 9, 11–13, 13, 15 Montepulciano 81 quarry distribution 11 Monteriggioni 82 Lost City of Stone 1 Monterrey Palace (Salamanca) 15 Lower Tunbridge Wells Sandstone Monterrubio Formation 9 122, 123 moorstone 94, 95, 100, 102, 106, 107 Lucca 83, 87 mortar and repointing effects, Massif Central lumachelles 33 sandstone churches 159–161, luxullianite 94, 104, 105, 107–108 166, 169–170 Luxulyan 96, 107 mundic blocks 114

Macigno 75 Napoli 85 Macigno Formation 75, 77 nera 140 Maertia omaliusi 37 Nettlestone 125 Maiolica 75 New Cathedral (Salamanca) 8, 11, 15

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New Mexico rock carvings, surface Pietra Gentile (calcarenite) 140 recession rates 157, 158 Brindisi province quarries 48, 49,55 Newham 94 lithologies 56 Newham elvan 112, 113 regional setting 47–48 100 building survey 50, 51 101 compressive strength 48 nitrates, as decay problem 145 laboratory characterization, Noto stone 145 building sample selection 48–49, 52 Notre-Dame of Reims Cathedral 17–18 methods 52–53 restoration stone experimental testing results methods 20–21 deterioration patterns 60–62 results 21–28 geological context 55 Noyant banc franc 39, 40, 40, 41, 41,43 petrography 56–57 Nummulites laevigatus 37, 38 petrophysics 57–59 Nummulites variolarius 38 results discussed 62–66 Pietra Leccese see Lecce stone Odontaspis elegans 37 Pietra Paesina 79–80 Old Cathedral (Salamanca) 13 Pietra Panchina of Livorno 78–79 Oolithe Blanche Formation 37 Pietra Panchina of Volterra 78 Oolithe vacuolaire Formation 37 Pietra Serena 75–77 opal-cemented conglomerate (Salamanca piromafo 140, 141, 142 Sandstone) 7, 8–9, 8, 13, 13 Pisa 79, 81, 82, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88 compared with Villamayor Sandstone 9 Pitigliano 86 quarry distribution 11 Plaza Mayor (Salamanca) 15 optical microscopy Pliocene sandstone 79 Belgian building stone 40 Breakwater 107 Pietra Gentile 53, 57,61 Polkanuggo Quarry 106 sandstones of Massif Central 168, 169 pollution damage 2, 34, 79 Orange 85 Poltesco 102 Ostia 85 Polyphant Stone 94, 95, 101, 101 Ostuni, buildings surveyed 50, 51 porosity testing Oudenaarde, use of Lede stone 33 Belgian building stone 41, 42 overcoat effect in masonry 176, 178, 189 Lecce stone 142, 143 Oxford Museum of Natural History 94 Lutetian limestone methods 20 99, 100 results 24, 25, 26, 27 Palazzo Persone´ 144 Pietra Gentile 53, 57, 62 Palazzolo stone 140 Porphyry Hall 107, 108, 112, 113 Palermo 85 Porthpean 111 Paludina Limestone 124 Portico dell’Immacolata (Brindisi) 49, 52, 52, 61, 63 patina, Lede stone 33 Portland Stone 125 Pavia 85 Portscatho Formation 114, 116 pegmatite 104 Posidonia marl 73 Penrice House 111 Prince of Quarry 115 Pentewan Stone 94, 95, 109, 109, 111 Princess Diana Memorial (London) 108 102, 106 Pulborough Sandrock 124 Petra (Jordan) Pulborough Stone 130, 133, 134 defined by its stone 1 122, 125, 131, 132 surface recession rates 157, 158, 159 Purbeck Stone 125 petrified tuff 79 pyroclastics as building material 85–86 petrographic studies Belgian building stone 38, 39, 40,41 Quarr Stone 121, 123, 125, 125, 127, 129, 132, 135 Massif Central sandstone decay 163 Quarry Flint 124 Pietra Gentile 53, 56–57 quartzites of Monte Pisano 83–84 petrophysical studies, Belgian quern-stone 125, 130, 133 building stone 41 Petworth Stone 130, 133 radiolarian chert 117 physical characteristics, factor in stone choice 7 rain penetration 175 Piedra Pajarilla 7–8, 13, 15 experiment to test masonry surface texture 12 methods 178–181 see also Martinamor Tourmaline Granite results 181–189 Piedra Tosca 8 mechanisms 176–178 Pienza 81 Ranocchiaia 89 Pietraforte 77–78 Rapolano 81

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Ravello 85 San Matteo 148, 150, 151, 152 Ravenna 85 evaluating conservation work 144 Reading Formation Ironstone 124 San Miniato 86 recession rates see surface recession rates sandrock 113 Cornwall 100, 117–118, 117 Reffroy limestone 35 West Sussex 124 Reigate Stone 125 sandstones as building materials Reims Belgium see Lede Stone Lutetian building stones 18–20 Cornwall 116–117 Lutetian stratigraphy 19 Italy Notre-Dame of Reims Cathedral 17–18 Tuscany 75–79 restoration stone experimental testing Massif Central decay studies 159–161 methods 20–21 experiments to measure results 21–28 methods 162–164 setting 17 results 164–168 render, effects of 187, 188 results discussed 169–171 repointing effects see mortar factors affecting 144–146 Rhaetavicula limestone 73 morphologies 12, 60–62, 63, 65, 76–78, 79 Risa 85 rates 157, 158, 159 Roche Rock 104, 105 Spain Rojo Sayago 12, 14,15 Piedra Pajarilla (Salamanca) 7, 8, 8, 13, 13,15 Roman Bridge (Salamanca) 13 West Sussex 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130, Rome 85 132–133 Romery limestone 17 Santa Chiara 148, 150 Rosario 148, 150, 151, 152 evaluating conservation work 144 evaluating conservation work 144, 145 Santa Croce Church 147 Rose City 1 conservation treatments 146–148 Roseland Breccia Formation 117 monitoring 148–153 Rosso Ammonitico 83 evaluating conservation work 144, 145 Rosso di Monterantoli 89–90 Sant’Elisabetta 149, 150, 151, 152, 153 Rosso Sugame 89–90 Santi Nicolo` e Cataldo 149, 150, 151, 152, 153 rounding 35 Sant’Irene 148, 150, 151 Ruan Minor 102 evaluating conservation work 144, 145 Rude Stone 8 saponara 140, 142 sarsen stone 2, 124 100, 106, 111, 112 Sassetta 83 St Austell Granite 99, 103, 107, 108 Sassorosso 83 St German’s tuff 102 saturation coefficient, Belgian building stone 41, 42 St Issey Stone 114 Saturation Index, Pietra Gentile 53, 57, 59, 62, 64 St Paul’s Cathedral 108 Savonnie`res limestone 17, 21, 22, 28, 36, St Stephen’s Stone 104, 108 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 41, 42, 44 Saint-Maximin limestone 17, 21, 28, 35, scaling 12, 35, 60, 61, 63, 79, 83, 86, 164–165 37, 39, 39, 40, 41, 41,42–43 Schorl rock 104 Saint-Pierre Aigle limestone 17, 35, 37, 38, Selsey Formation 133 39, 40, 41, 41, 42, 43 serpentine 89, 89 Salamanca Sandstone see opal-cemented Lizard 94, 97, 102 conglomerate mineralogical varieties 102 Salamanca (Spain) ornament manufacture 102 early stone use 7 Sheffield Quarry 96, 106 Los Santos Granite 11–13 Shell House (Casa de las Conchas, Salamanca) 13, 15 Martinamor Granite (Piedra Pajarilla) 9–11 ships’ ballast stone 125 opal-cemented conglomerate 8–9 Siena 79, 81, 86, 89 Villamayor Sandstone 8 silcrete 114 Villavieja Granite 12 Siracusa 85 historic buildings 13, 15 slate Salamanca University 15 Cornwall 95, 96, 114–116 Salisbury Cathedral 122 South Devon 125 salt crystallization damage 64, 146 slickensides 106 salt extraction 147 soluble salt analysis, Pietra Gentile 53 salt susceptibility index 27, 27 Pietra Leccese 140 salt weathering 157, 159 Souvigny, St Mark’s church Formation 102, 115 experiment to monitor conservation San Gimignano 79, 81 work 159–161 San Louis stone 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 methods 162–164

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results 164–168 Tuscan scaglia 75 results discussed 169–171 Tuscany Spain see Salamanca building stones 71, 73, 75 spalling 12, 90 bricks 86–87 Spoleto 85 carbonatic lithotypes 79–83 Staddon Grit Formation 99 decorative materials 87–90 Staddon Grits 117 granite 84–85 Stafford Castle 157 pyroclastics 85–86 surface recession rates 158 quartzites 83–84 Stammerham Quarry 122 sandstones 75–79 stent 104 geological setting 71, 73 Stonehenge () 2 map 72 sulphates as decay problem 145 tectonic setting 74 sulphation 83, 88 sulphur dioxide as pollution threat 34, 65, 66 ultrabasic igneous rocks, Cornish building surface recession rates 157, 158, 159 stone 100–102 experiment to measure in Massif Central 159–161 ultrasonic velocity, Belgian building stone 41, 42 methods 162–164 results 164–168 Varicoloured Shales Formation 89 results discussed 169–171 Vaugnerite 9, 15 Sussex Marble 121, 122, 124, 131 veining 104 Venice (Italy), damage by pollution 2 talc stones 100 Ventnor Stone 125, 132 Ta`rrega limestone 37 Verde di Prato 89 Temple Church 122 Verruca Formation 83–84 thermal expansion, marble 88 Villamayor Sandstone 7, 8, 8, 13, 13,15 Tilgate Stone 122, 124 compared with Salamanca Sandstone 9 Tintagel 112 quarry distribution 11 Tintagel greenstone 95, 101 Villavieja Granite 12 Tintagel slate 95 volcaniclastic rocks, Cornwall 101–102 Tintagel Volcanic Formation 101 Volterra 78, 81 tool marking 163, 165 topazfels 113 Warleggan 113 Torquay Limestone 125 water absorption coefficient Touchstone 125 contact sponge test 164, 166, 168, 170 tourmalinization 104, 111 Lecce stone 143, 143, 152, 153 Tournais Marble 125 Pietra Gentile 53, 57, 59, 64 Tower Bridge (London) 94, 108 water penetration 175 transport experiment to test masonry as a limiting factor for stone use 2, 7, 8, 95, 100, 127 methods 178–181 role in use of Lede stone 32 results 181–189 travertine mechanisms 176–178 Italy 80–81 Weald Clay Formation 131 West Sussex 124 Weald Clay Sandstone 124 Tredinnick Sandstone 116 Wealden building stone 122 Tredorn Slate Formation 115, 116 recession rates 157, 158 Treffry Viaduct 107 Wealden Group 132 Tregarden quarry 96, 107 Wealden Sandstone 124 Tregonning Hill 99 weathering 129 Tregonning-Godolphin granite 96, 106–107 Cornish granite 96, 105–106 Tremore elvan 111, 112, 112 marble 88 Tremore Porphyry 94 West Sussex Trevillet Quarry 115 building stones 123, 124, 125 Trevose Slate Formation 115 historical uses 125–128 Trewarthenick House 117 identification 128–130 101, 101, 107, 108, 109, 113, 117 important stones Coinage Hall 97 Hythe Formation Sandstone 133 tuff as building material 85–86 Mixon Stone 133–135 Tunbridge Wells Sandstone 124, 126, 130, 132–133 Quarr Stone 135 turbiditic sandstone 77 Tunbridge Wells Sandstone 132–133 Turritella imbricataria 38 imported stone 132 Tuscan chert 75 local stone 130–132 Tuscan metamorphic units 73 122 Tuscan Nappe 73 Westminster Palace 127

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Weston super Mare, surface recession X-ray diffraction (XRD), Pietra Gentile 53, 57, 61 rates 158 X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Pietra Gentile 53 Wheal Budnick elvan 110 xenoliths 104 whinstone 122 White Chalk Group 130 York Flagstone 128 white quartz stone 113–114 York Minster 122 Wild Duck 113 106 Zierikzee, use of Lede stone 32

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Stone in Historic Buildings Stone in Historic Buildings Characterization and Performance Characterization and Performance

Edited by J. Cassar, M. G. Winter, B. R. Marker, N. R. G. Walton, Edited by D. C. Entwisle, E. N. Bromhead and J. W. N. Smith J. Cassar, M. G. Winter, B. R. Marker, N. R. G. Walton, D. C. Entwisle, E. N. Bromhead and J. W. N. Smith There is considerable academic and practical interest in stone and stone buildings, as exemplified by the wide range of high-quality and innovative work being conducted in the pursuit of the effective preservation and restoration of historic buildings. This is reflected in the numerous publications Geological on stone and stone buildings that regularly find their way into Society Geological Society Special the public domain. Not least amongst these are a number of Publication Special Publication 391 Geological Society Special Publications, which have appeared in 391 recent years. This current volume seeks to bring to the attention of the various professionals in the field (geologists, architects, engineers, conservators and conservation scientists) recent work centred on the characterization and performance Smith N. W. J. and Bromhead N. E. Entwisle, C. Walton, D. G. R. Marker,N. R. Winter,B. G. Cassar,M. J. by Edited of this important resource and its use in historic buildings. The volume has wider relevance, including to those interested in the heritage of stone.

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Cover illustration: An aerial view of the Citadel (Cittadella) on the island of Gozo (Maltese Islands), showing its massive fortifications and buildings all made of the local Globigerina Limestone. The image is used by kind permission of Kris Micallef ©

The Geological Society

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