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Home , Babri Masjid, Battle of Haldighati, Razmnama

HANDWRITTEN NOTES OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY

- BY VISHAL GUPTA SIR

PART – 1 = IT CONSIST OF 6 DYNASTIES OF MEDIEVAL HISTORY NAMELY A)SLAVE B)KHILJI C)TUGHLAQ D)SAIYAD E)LODHI F)MUGHALS

9, E. C. ROAD, OPP. S K MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, DEHRADUN (UK) PH NO – 9412348398, 7902099099 www.groundzeroinstitute.com t.me/groundzerodefenceinsitute

RAJPUT KINGDOMS OF NORTH

1. and Kabul :- Shahi-dynasty was in power in Kabul and Punjab and bhatinda was the capital of that kingdom. Jaipal was the king of Punjab and Kabul at that time.

Sind :- A brahaman king Dahir :- Naga dynasty was ruling since 7th century. Ajmer : - Chauhan :- Tomar dynasty Kannauj :- Rathor :- Sen dynasty :- Pal dynasty Bundelkhand : - Chnadal dynasty Malwa :- Parmar Rajputs Gujrat :- Solanki rajputs, a branch of Chalukyas. South Indian kingdoms Yadavs in Deogari, Chalukyas in MH & Bijapur, Rashtrakuta in Malkhand, Hoyasals in Dwarsamudra, cholas, cheras, pandyas, Pallavas etc. Ibrahim (Abraham)-it plays imp role as an example of faith in Judaism, Christianity, . (1813 – 1644) B.C. 169 years app. Wife – hajar, child – ismail, Isaac Advent of Islam Arabs were divided into no. of tribes & were fighting with each other. In 570 A.D. birth of Prohet Mohammad (founder of Islam). 576 – mothers dies. 578 – grandfather dies. Born orphaned & brought up by his uncle . 595 – marriageto Khadija he used to help him in his trading, guide travelers ( Christians, Jews) & got impressed by their religion. Went to meditation in Mecca. Angle Gabriel give him divine message of god. 610 – first revelation of Quran. 622 – migration to Medina.

After Prophet Mohd. Caliphs were Abu Baqr, Usman, Ali.

Arab Invasion – al Hajjaj sent his commander Mohd. Bin Qasim (nephew of Hajjaj, arab governor of Iraq) in 712 AD. He invaded Sindh, then captured Thatta (). He was the first to impose Jaziya tax. Sindh ruler Dahir captured ships of Al Hajaj in port Deval. So to take revenge Qasim was send. Dahir was uncapable ruler due to which arabs invaded. Qasom asked people either to adopt Islam or give jizya (1/2 – 2/3) . he issues gold coins name Dirham, harvesting of dates, arabs horse were brought by him. Atlas were first used by Arabs. Word monsoon is Arabic word. 2 books Charakhsanhita, panchantra were translated into Arabic. After his death Arabs could not spread coz of rajputs which were very strong.

When in 9th century the power of Caliphs declined the Arab empire was split into no. of independent kingdoms. 2 of them were estb. By Turks in central asia i.e. Ghazni, Ghor. Alpatgin founded yamini dynasty & made ghazni his capital. He died in 977. his son in law Subaktgin succeeded him till 997 A.D. he was the first to invade India & fought with Hindu Shahi dynasty ruler Jaipal & was killed by him. Therefore ghazni took pledge to invade India every year. Mohd Ghaznavi – 1st Turkish ruler to adopt title of Sultan. A great military leader. He invaded India 17 times (1001 – 1025). Bagdad khalifa gave him title of yamin ud daula & ghazni took oath to attack India every year. He want money from India, & want to destroy idol worship in India coz in Islam idol worship is banned. He attacked Peshawar through Khyber pass in 1000 AD vs jaipal but no result (from Chenab river to Hindukush range , a brahman ruler of hindushahi dynasty) then again in 1001 AD(jaipal burnt himself) , bhira in 1003, multan in 1005 AD, 1006 – nagarkot temple in HP, battle of Waihind against Anandpal (son of Jaipal) in 1008 AD, 1011-12 Ujjain temple were destroyed. 1014 sthaneswar temple in HR ; here lord Krishna (chakraswami) idol was demolished & thrown on road. , Kannauj, Kashmir in 1015, Somnath in 1025 (chalukya ruler Bheem I), 1027 against Jaat in delhi. His interest was in wealth & territorial expansion in central asia. Punjab was only state to be annexed by him. He was lover of art and culture. His Persian poet Firdausi, who was a mathematician, wrote Shahnama. Alberuni (from khwarizm)( He was geologist, politician, mathematician, philosopher) wrote Tahkeek e hind (it depicts Indian people thought & custom), utbi

translated chachnama from arabi into Persian, Vehaqi wrote Tariq e subaktgeen. 2 hindu poet Tilak, Sevandrai He didn’t rule in India. Died in 1030.

Shihabudin (Mohd. Ghor)(1175 - 1206) ghor province lies b/w ghazni & herat. Ghori became ruler of ghor in 1163. He was shansbani Turkish.He captured Multan in 1175 (karmathi muslim), Sind in 1176, he move towards Gujarata where he lost against Moolraja of Anhilwara in 1178. In 1179 he conquer sindh & Kashmir and ruled there for sometime. Later he move to Lahore, Punjab, then P.R chauhan (1191/1192), Jaichand of Kannauj (1194) then Bihar, Bengal, (1195), Gujrata (1197) by Qutubuddin Aibek, Bengal , nalanda, vikramshila university were destroyed by another slave Bin Bakhtyar Khilji (1204). In 1203 Aibek defeated parmadi dev of bundelkhand. Many bodh monasteries, libraries were destroyed & bodh end in India.monks fled to Tibet. After his death in 1206 his nephew gyasuddin mehmud ghor became ruler of ghazni & his slaves became master. Nasir udin Kubacha in Sind, Taj uddin in Gazni, Bin Bakhtiyar Khilji in Bengal & Bihar, Aibek in Delhi. Note – 1192 – kwaja moinudin chisti came to india

SLAVE DYNASTY (1206 – 1290) (Illbari) Qutubuddin Aibek – Iltutmish - razia – behram shah – alaudin masud shah – nasiruddin Mahmud – balban – kaquabad

Qutubuddin Aibek (god of moon) (1206 – 1210) He was the slave & son in law of mohd. Ghori. His parents were from Turkistan. He defeated tomar in 1193, gujrata ruler bheemdev in 1195, kalinjar ruler parmadidev in 1202. In 1206 when ghori died, delhi public made aibek their ruler. But being ghulam never sat on throne of king but on senapati chair. Title – Malik (by mohd. Gauri), Siphasalar, Quran Khan, Lacbuksh (Minhaj), Chandrma ka swami, Haatim II. Total religious orthodox & gave slogan jihad. (gave his daughter to iltutmish, sister to nasirudin qubacha, himself got married to d/o taujudin. ) Tajudin – ghazni ; qubacha – Kabul & kandhar ; Capital – Lahore Court person – Hasan Nizami, Fakra – e – Mudabir. He built Qutub Minar in honour of Khwaja Qutubudin Bakhtiyar Kaki. Quwutul Islam masjid (delhi) in place of Vishnu mandir (it was in memory of delhi winning & respect Islam religion, adhai din ka jhopda in place of jain temple (built by vigrahraj). He died in 1210 A.D. while playing polo ( chogan ). After his death Aram shah, his son set on throne by turk officers. In 1211 delhi turks (Ismail ) invited badaun ruler Iltutmish & he defeated Aram shah in battle of Jad ( delhi )

Iltutmish (1210 - 1236) (son – in – law of Aibek) first legal sultan Baghdad khalifa alimam mustsir billa gave consent to make iltutmish sultan. & got title – Nasir – Amir – ul mumanin. First ruler of to adopt the title of sultan. Defeated taujudin ruler of ghajni near tarain. He shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi. Started IQTA (province) system in which officer was the holder of specific land & uses the revenue but not a landholder. Issued 2 types of coins – Taka (Ag)(arabi coin), Zittal (Cu). First turk ruler to issue purely arab coins. He estb. A group of 40 people called Turqan – e – Chalagani. In 1215 he fought battle of tarain III against tajudin. Chengiz kha, a mongol leader, came to India in 1229 in search of Khwarizm ruler, King Jalaluddin (he defeated a mongol force in the Ghanzni region in 1221, so Chengiz khan rushed to crushed it) during the time period of Iltutmish. Iltutmish refused to give shelter to Khwarizm and saved his empire from mongol attack. Defeated Rajput rulers of Ujjain, Ranthambore, Malwa & brought north India up to Narmada valley under his control. Started jagirdari system instead of cash salary. First to make tomb. Court poet – Minhaz – e- Siraj wrote Tabqat – e – Nasiri. Ibn batuta Ruqunnidin Firoz Shah (son) – noble person make him sat on the throne but was inefficient, revolt broke out, Bengal, Badaun became independent. In absence of him (he went to suppress rebellion) Razia set on throne.

Razia Sultan (1236 – 1240) first Turkish lady to set on the throne of Delhi. She offended the nobles by preference for Abyssinian slave named Jamal uddin Yakut (superintendent of the stables). She abandoned pardah system & appeared before public in male dress, rode horses, led the armies in to battles,. She married to Altunia (governor of Bhatinda) later both were killed by Bahram Shah in Kaithal ().

Baharam Shah (1240 - 1242)(3rd son of Iltutmish) He created a new post regent (naib – e – mamalaqat. Who was head of all officers. (turk officer new post for admin)

Allaudin masud shah (1242 – 1246) – grandson of iltutmish or son Ruqunudin. Balban became leader of turks during his reign & consolidate his power. Later killed masud shah. Nasir ud din Mahmud (1246 – 1266) – grandson of iltutmish. He was pious, learned, got married to d/o balban. Balban was actually ruling from behind.

Balban (1266 - 1286) (ulugh khan, leader of the nobles man). He was slave of iltutmish, & became his son in law. He was appointed as Wazir by Nasirudin. He cancelled the group of 40 people Turqan – e – Chahalgani. Started Sijda (to kneel and touch the ground with their head to greet the Sultan), blood and iron policy(males were killed & females/children were slaved) , theory of kingship ( representative of god) Niabat –I – khudai. He started Dewan – e – arz (military dep.), navroj a persian festival. Title – Jille – ellahi. (shadow of god). Mongol attacked 2nd time during 1242 & 3rd time during balban rule. For this his elder son went to crush Mongols but died over their. First non Islamic tomb was built by balban of his own in Delhi. After his death kaikubad (grandson) sat on the throne for 4 years but he was killed by khilji & made kaimur king from balban’s family. Later he was also killed.

KHILJI DYNASTY (1290 – 1320)

Jallaluddin khilji (1290 - 1296)– Kaiqubad was brutally murdered and nobles elected Firoz Shah of Khalji tribe by this name. he recruited in army during Balban & at Kakubad time he became Pradhan of bodyguard. He was mild and pious, forgave the rebellious nobles which led to lawlessness and revolts. He believe in support of people & faith in hindus. He attacked devgiri in 1293 against Ram Chandradev. In 1296 4th attacked of Mongol took place. A K went to crush it.

Alauddin khalji (1296 - 1316) (Ali Gurshasp) won over nobles to his side by bribing them with rich gifts. He attacked Bhilsa & devgiri in 1292 & gained financially Gwalior & captured booty. He murdered all relatives of Sultan. A brilliant general, a shrewd administrator. Title – Yug ka vijata, Sikandar e Sani (dream to win world), Janta ka Charwaha, Yamin ul Khilafat(right hand of caliph), nasir amir ul mumanin (helper of caliph). Max. no. of mongol attack took place. Capital – Seeri (near Delhi) He first attacked Gujarat in 1298. He defeated the ruler Raja Karan & married his daughter Kamla devi & also bought a slave for 1000 dinars, Malik Kafur, to whom he make general of army. – Ranthambhor (king - Hameer dev), 1303 - chittor (king – Ratan Singh his queen Padmini perform Jauhar) (known through Padmavat written by Malik Mohd Jayasi in 1540 to 1545 during SSS) & appointed his son Khizrakhan as the governor of chittor & named it Khizrabad , malwa. 1306 Deccan – Malik Kafur was given the task to captured (king – Pratap Rudra Dedv II, Kakatiya dynasty he gave Kohinoor diamond to Malik Kafoor) Devagiri, Warangal, Dwarasamudra, Madurai pandya. First ruler to extend his influence south of the Vindhyas. He forbade the use of wine, parties, gambling, pensions, allowances, but created a standing army paid them salary. He also practice branding horses (daag) & prepared chehra (rolls of soldiers). Deeewan e Riyasat (economic matters), Deewan e Mustaqraj (land revenue, tax & anti corruption dep)), Bareed e mumaleek (emissary dep.) Head of the market was Malik Kabul.prices of all commodities were fixed, prices of essential items were kept low. Weighing of products should be correct. Strict wrath on activities of traders, strict punishment on cheating, foodgrains were made etc. Imposed jaziya, zakat, house tax(gharai), agri tax, irrigation tax, animal feeding tax (charai) Court poet – gopal, Aamir Khusrao. Max. no. of Mongol attacks took place.(5 times). He personally marched against the Mongol leader Qutlugh Khwaja & defeated him. Later he appointed Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, able governor of Punjab to check it. He maintained 475000 cavalry men. He constructed siri fort, palace of 1000 pillars, alai darwaza near qutub minar, hauz – I – khas , jamayat khana masjid. Shahbuddin Umar – on reference of Malik Kafur Allaudin made his 6 year son Shahbuddin as sultan instead of Khizr Khan & made Malik Kafur as his bodyguard. But another son(Qutubudin M S khilji) of Allaudin killed Malik & sat on the throne.he built Alai Darwaza near qutub minar (red sandstone & marble), siri fort, palace of thousand pillars, a madarsa near Qutub Minar, Hauz Khas in Delhi. Tomb – Qutub Minar

Qutubuddin Mubbark Shah Khilji (1316 - 1320) He neglected the dignity of Khalifa & intro himself as successor of Mohd hazrat sahib. Used to wear women cloth. Title – al emam ul emam silapat ullah

Last ruler – Kusharav Shah

Amir Khusro (1253 – 1325) – known as abul hasan yamin al din khusro, a spiritual disciple of nizamuddin auliya of delhi. Born in 1253 AD at kasganj in UP. He started writing poems at the age of 8. He could speak turkey, . & called himself indian. Founder of Hindustani classical music, qawwali. Father Turkish, mother Indian. Associated with royal courts of more than 7 rulers of delhi sultanate. Invented table, sitar (seh means 3 in Persia & tar means strings), veena. He died in 1325. His works – Quran us Sadin, Ashiqa, Nuh Sipar, Tughlaqnama.

Note – rana kumbha built kirti pillar in chittor when he defeated mehmood khilji in 1440. Rana kumbha was a musician & scholar.

Tughlaq dynasty (1320 – 1414) Founder – Ghyasudin Tughlaq(Ghazi Malik)- his father Malik Tughlaq was slave of Balban. Ghazi malik was iqtedar of punjab He constructed canals for irrigation. Ziya ud din Barni called G.T. ‘Rasme – Miya’ & ‘Madhyapanthi’. He reduced tax policy & helped the peasant. He do not want to see people beggar. He even banned harsh punishment. Estb. Tughlaqabad. G.T. named Telangana as Sultanpur. (1323 he sent his son Ulug khan to Warangal against hindu ruler rudradev of Kakatiya dynasty was ruling) He was the first Saltanate ruler who included southern state in his kingdom & first state was Warrangal. He went to Bengal in 1325 to crush revolt of Bugarakhan & won it. ‘Hanuza Delhi Durasths’ statement was said by Nizamuddin Auliya to G.T. he gave title Mehboob e illahi to auliya. he died in 1325 Ziauddin Barani – occupied important posts under Khijli & Tughlaqs. His famous book is Tarikh – I – Firozshahi which is about religious bias & low opinion against common people. (from balban to FST)

Mohd. Bin Tughlaq (1325 – 1351) He was also known as Zona Khan. (a philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, physical science, lover of Persian iterature, poetry, calligraphy. But a contradictory nature. Wisest fool, a mad man, a visionary. Ibanbatuta, a Morocco traveler came to India in 1333, who wrote a book Rihala (description of history, travelling). MBT appointed him to post of Qazi. MBT sent him to the court of Togan Timur (Chinese ruler). He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devgiri or Daulatabad (MH) & called it Qubutul – ul – Islam. The Mongol ruler, Tarma Sharin attacked on his kingdom to whom he bribed for going back. Prevailed Copper coin instead of Ag. He increased the agriculture tax in the Doab region, but due to famine it was worthless so he opened an agriculture department ‘Deewan – e – Amir – Kohi. He dreamt of establishing a world empire by conquering Iran, Iraq & sent huge army with 1 full year salary in advance but the snowy Himalayan passes was difficult to cross which suffered heavy casualties. Ulemas did not supported him because he did not allow them to interfere the affairs of the state. He also participated in festival. He appointed Ratan to a senior post. He built mausoleum of nizamuddin auliya in delhi. He was man of open mind. He supported jain saints such as raj shekhar, jinaprabha suri & constructed jain temples ; even associated with holi. During his time period many revolts were raised, due to which Vijaynagar Empire & Bahamani Kingdom separated from northern India. Rana of recovered Ranthambore, chittor. Bengal & sind became free. He died in 1351 near Thatta (Gujarat)

Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351 – 1388) - was MBT’s cousin. Was a kind, justice loving, god fearing ruler. Remembered for his welfare schemes to improve economic condition of his subjects. Made army post hereditary. Reintroduced jagirdari system. abolished many taxes. Old canals were repaired, new canals (5 big canals), dams were constructed. Built rest housed for travelers, traders, free hospitals for poor1st ruler to translate hindu epics to Pharsi. Amputation of organs were abolished. He removed 23 taxes, imposed Jazia tax on Brahmans, irrigation tax- by hindus (Hurb – e – sherb, Kharaj) 10% of total production, Zakat – tax on property 2.5% on muslim, Khams – 1/5 of booty captured in war. Issued Shashgani, adha, bikh coins of Ag, Cu. Established Jaunpur, Hisar, Firozabad fatehabad, firoz shah kotla, kali masjid, khidki masjid. Built 1200 gardens around delhi. Opened Deewan – e – Bandgan (slave children), Deewan – e – Khairat (for donation of child, ladies), employment departments, arrangements for marriage of poor muslim girls at state expense, old age pension, Wrote a book Futehaat – e – Firozshai . he was kind liberal & known as of Saltanate period. Introduced 6 types of Zittal coins ( adha, bikh) Brought 2 ashokan pillars one from Topara in ambala & other from Meerut. Showed no interest in gaining lost states. He was a disciple of liberal sufi saint fariduddin ganj Shankar. He estb 36 factories managed by diwan – I – wajarat. Court person – ziauddin barani, shams I siraj.

After his death his grand son Ghiyasudin tughlaq Shah II set on the throne. Many province became independent. Then Shah Mohd. – Alaudin Sikander Shah () - Nasiruddin Mohd in 1390. He ruled till 1394. Due to weak tughlaq rule timur lang invaded india as a final blow. Note :- In 1369 Timur Lane became ruler of Samarkand in central Asia. He conquered Iran, Afghan, Iraq & in 1398 he invaded India looted Multan, Patna, Kaithal, Haridwar, Meerut, Jammu, went back with enormous wealth, appointing Khijra Khan his governor.

Sayyid Dynasty (1414 – 1451)

Founder Khizr Khan (governor of Taimur lane in Multan. Title – Rayat – e – Allah. He built jamat khan masjid in total islamc style near nizamuddin auliya’s tomb. He has to satisfy with rayate allah coz he didn’t got title of sultan. Mubaraq Shah – a famous scholar Yahaya – bin – Ahamad Sirhindi wrote a book Tariq – e – Mubarak Shahi at his time. Last ruler – Allaudin Alam Shah. He fought with his own wazeer Hamid khan, who called Bahlol lodhi to kill the king. But bahlol came from multan and sat on the throne himself. Yahya bin ahmed bin Abdullah sirhindi was a contemporary of Saiyyad sultans. His book ‘Tarikh – I – Mubarakshahji’ is about Mubarak Shah.

Lodhi Dynasty (1451 – 1526)

Founder – Bahlol Lodhi. 1st Afghan ruler. He gave a title of Masnad – e – Ali to his minister. He captured multan, jaunpur. Believed in equality.

Sikander Lodhi (Nizam shah)– he was contemporary of Mahmud begarha of gujarata, of Mewar. he estb. Agra city in 1504 A.D. & shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra. He took interest in agriculture & abolished octroi duty. Gaj – e – Sikandari was a unit of measurement introduced by him. Forbade muslims from following practice which were against sharia. Reimposed jaziya, broke image of goddess jwalamukhi. He wrote a poem by the name of ‘Gulrukhi’. he translated Ayruvedic book in persian – Farhange sikandari. Estb. Sikandarabad, badalgarh fort in Agra, renovated Qutub Minar. Last ruler - .he sent azam sherwani to Gwalior against raja vikramjit (son of raja man singh) & he won. Then he invaded Rana Sanga of Mewar but lost in battle of ghatoli, didn’t have good relations with his governor of Lahore (daulat khan lodhi) & dipalpur (alam khan lodhi). They both conspired to overthrow Ibrahim by inviting . against Babur. (his relation was not good with his subedars like daulat khan of Punjab who invited Babur to fight against Ibrahim.

MUGHALS (1526 – 1857) 2nd golden era of Indian history becoz of architecture, literature, expansion, art, cloth etc.

Babur (1526 – 1530)– Zahir – ud – din Mohd. Babur (tiger) born on 14 Feb. 1483 in Fargana (Central Asia). He was son of Umersheikh Mirza, ruler of fargana, son of Abu said Mirza, gran son of Miran shah, who himself son of Timur lang. Mother – Qutulug Nigar Khanam. Great- 4 d/o of Chingez khan. At age of 11 yrs his parents died (1494). Due to his age he was forced to leave fargana. From 1494 - 1502 he ruled Samarkand, turkey but an uzbek ruler defeated him & forced to leave. In 1502 babur was defeated by shaibani khan in battle sar e pul. So he looked at Afghanistan. In 1504 he conquered Kabul & kandhar. Title – Baadshah (stable ruler) in 1507. A brilliant general, poet, writer, musician, a great scholar, lover of literature. A sunni muslim. Due to economic crises he invaded India several times 1) 1519 – attacked in Bajaur fort against yusufzai tribe used canons & explosives & sent his ambassador Mullah Murshid to the court of Ibrahim Lodhi to release the area that were once under Turks. 2) 1520 – conquered siyalkot, kandhar 3) 1524 – daulat khan lodhi invited against Ibrahim Lodhi. Babur won Lahore, jalandhar, Sultanpur but went to Kabul later. Gujarata was under Mohd. Muzaffar, Malwa under Sultan Muhmud, Bengal under Nusrat Shah, Mewar under Rana Sanga. He fought 4 continuous battles ; a) 1526 – Battle of Panipat vs Ibrahim Lodhi

panipat me kabulibagh, kabuli estb. issue silver coins Kabul & kandhar with name sharukh, babur. Title – kalandar. Capital – agra ; built badalgarh fort b) 1527 – (near ) against Rana Sanga ( ruler of Mewar) mehmood lodhi & malwa ruler medeni rai helped rana sanga. Babur army was 1/3 of sanga but babur asked his army to fought religious battle and called for jehad. c) 1528 – (ashoknagar in MP) against Madeni Rai babri masjid was built by his senapati Mir baki. d) 1529 – Battle of Ghaggar (Bihar) against Mehmood Lodhi. (lodhi escaped) After the battle of Khanwa Babur adopted the title of Gazi (preacher). For canons were used for the first time. He introduced a unit of measurement called Gaz – e – bari. Wrote an autobiography called Babur nama or Tuzuke Babri in Turkish language. His autobiography was translated into Persia by Abdur Rahim Khankhana. Deewan (collection of poem written in Mumbeyan style of poetry by Babur. Babur was from mongol tribe which has embraced him Turkish & Persian culture. In Persia Mongol is called moghul which later called Mughals. 1530 – he died & first buried in Nur – e – Afghan Bagh in Agra, later in Kabul. All babur’s books are written in Turkish language rest all his successors books are in Persian language.

Humayun or Naziruddin Mehmud Himayun (1530 – 1539), (1555 – 1556) ( his brothers – Kamran (Kabul & kandhar), Askari (sambhal), Hindal (alwar)) he lack political wisdom, military foresight, not firm, qualities to hold such vast empire. But was a learned man well versed in maths, philosophy, astronomy. Believe in jyotish vidhya, wear different color of cloth 7 days. He called 2 painters from Iran – Meer Sayad Ali, Abdus Samad. His sister Gulbadan wrote about humayun’s life called Humayunama. Wife – Hamida Bano Begum Mother – maham sultana In 1531 he made a compromise with pratap rudra dev of Kalinjar (Gwalior). 1532 - Battle of Dohria (UP) near river Gomti against Mehmood Lodhi (humayun won) NOTE ; - Chunar was occupied by SSS & thus Humayun surrounded it for 6 months , in the mean while bahadur shah of GJ marched to agra so humanyun made a treaty with suri & regained it from him in 1532. He marched against Bahadur Shah in Gujarat & Malwa ; 1533 he captured it but later lost when he heard that SSS captured Bengal, Bihar he went there & in his absence Bahadur Shah returned. 1538 humayun attacked II time on chunar garh but suri escaped. He wanted to bring humayun under his territory. 1539 – Battle of Chausa against S.S.S. near Bihar. When his army tiredly started returning suri attacked & won. Humayun saved his life jumping into Ganga. (SSS adopted title of sultane adil) 1540 – Battle of Kannauj against S.S.S.(it was raining heavily, water entered Mughal camp & when they shift to higher land Afghans invaded, humayun fled Agra sought help from his brothers but failed then went to court of iranian king shah tahmasp & took military help from him & recovered Kabul, Kandhar from Kamran.) in 1541 humayun married to , d/o of ali akbar jami. In the state of king veersal of amarkot akbar was born in 1542. Akbar spent his childhood under conditions of adversity under askar, kamran. Humayun went to Guru Angad dev for his blessings. Finaly he decided to resurrect . in 1545 humayun conquered Kabul, kadhar by killing kamran.(bairam khan became senapati) Akbar received his first official assignment as governor of Ghazni in 1551 (at this time he was married to ruqaiya begum d/o of his uncle hindal) 1554 – attacked on peshawar, then lahore 1555 – Battle of Macchiwada (near Sutlej) against Subedar of Punjab (nasim khan or tatar khan) & won 1555 – Battle Sirhind against Jalal Khan (sikander suri) Ludhiana ke pass. 1556 – he died. Tomb in Delhi (based on indian – iran vastu culture) akbar was engaged against sikandar sur in Punjab under guardian bairam khan. In absence of mughal emperor a hindu ruler of rewari became king of Delhi.

Sher Shah Suri (1540 – 1555) 1486 born in hoshiarpur. Father – Hasan Khan, a jagirdar of Sasaram & jaunpur so suri took education in jaunpur. His childhood name was Fareed. He joined Babur army & learnt warfare techniques. Later he served bahar khan lohani (bihar). After death of lohani he married his widow & estb. his authority in Bihar & Bengal (defeated Nawab Nusrat Shah & adopted title Hazrate allah), malwa, multan, sind, Punjab. Governor of bihar, Bahar Khan Lohani gave him a name Sher Khan. He belong to Sur dynasty & 2nd Afghan ruler in India. First to use the term Mansab. He was very active. Title – Hazrat e allah. Constructed Sadak e Ajam (G.T. road) 2413 km. 1700 - Sarais (rest houses, dak chaukis), built minar at every 6 km, wells were made at regular intervals for travelers. Hindus were appointed to high posts (raja todar

mal began his career under him) The silver coin called Rupia & copper coin Daam was issued by him. Paatliputra name was changed to Patna. Rohtasgarh fort in sindh, old fort (Quila e kuhna) in delhi, post office, chehra & daag continued, His court person - Abbas Khan Sherwani, Malik Mohd. Jaysi ( wrote Padmavat in avathi). Diwan e vizarat ( finance ), diwan e ariz (army), diwan e rasalat (foreign) Province was called as Suba (Iqta) headed by Fauzdar. Suba was divided into Sarkar provided with Shiqdar e Shiqdaran ( a military officer), Munsif e munsifan (civil officer). Sarkar was divided into Pargana headed by Shiqdar, Munsif. Village official was called patwaris. The rights & liabilities of tenants were clearly defined in documents calles Patas (title deeds) & kabuliyats (deeds of agreement). Jagir system was discouraged & system of patta / qubuliat was introduced. He built old fort at Delhi, Kabul gate. Died in 1545 in Kalinjar attack. Tomb – Sasaram. Islam shah – adil shah – sikander shah.

Akbar (Baddruddin – born on full night moon, then renamed Jalaluddin Mohd) (1556 – 1605) – born in Amarkot (Sindh) on 15 Oct. 1542 in the palace of King Beersal. Wazeer – Behram Khan called Khan – e- khan 1556 – became king in Kalanor (Punjab) & fought 2nd Battle of Panipat against Hemu. (PM of Adilshah). Conquer Malwa (led by adham khan) against Baz Bahadur, afghan king. Gondwana – queen Durgawati fought courageously. Wife – d/o bharmal harkhabai (mariam uzmani), Princess of Jaisalmer, bikaner ; capital – fatehpur Sikri He knows about major hindu population so he tried to bind hindu muslim into single thread, equal tax, works, services & ability was the base of getting to high position. He gave rights for widow remarriage & banned sati system. Enterend matrimonial alliances with rajputs like raja Bharmal of Amer married his daughter Harkha bai (jodhabai) to Akbar. Conquer gujarata & constructed Buland Darwaza, Bengal, Kabul, Kashmir, kandhar, Baluchistan, bijapur, Golconda, ahmadnagar etc. (from Afghanistan to river Godavari) (durgawati was ruler of hindu dynasty in Gondwana who suicide after losing against Akbar). Held regular meetings with senior officers in Diwan I khas, petitions in Diwan I aam. (which were built at Sikri near Agra) He introduced mansabdari system Issued a gold coin ‘mohur’ 1560 – End of Behram khan 1562 – End of slave system 1563 – end of prilgrimage tax 1564 – end of Jazia tax 1571 – estb. Fatehpur Sikri ; Buland Darwaza (after winning Gujarat in 1572) 1574 – Mansabdari system (mansab – post; based on decimal system ; with a mansab officer (not hereditary) having 7000 horsemen. Abul Fazal became his mansabdar, wrote in 3 parts, third part is called Ain I Akbari (admin.) 1575 - Ibbadat Khana was estb. (for religious talks amongst sayyad, sheikh, ulemas ; his aim was sulhe – kul means peaceful conduct with everyone / religious tolerance) 1576 – battle of against & Man Singh. (rana of Mewar, Uday Singh refused to submit. Mughals marched against him but he fled to hills & lost chittor, Ranthambore, later he made their capital. After his death rana pratap lead rajputs. He organized an army & fought in 1576 near a pass haldighati). Raja man singh defeated him & Rana Pratap went to Aravali hills. After his death his son Rana Amar singh sign a treaty with in 1615. In which Rana was given back all territories which under Mughal rule & Rana came unde Mughals.)

1578 – opened for all religion. 1579 – Majharnama was started. (which gave him power to choose between different interpretation of Islamic law). Draft of Majharnama was prepared by Sheikh Mubarak, father of Abul Fazar, Fazzi (mathematician & poet).

1582 – Deen – e – Ellahi was started.(moral conduct) birbal was the only hindu to adopt & abul faizl was main head of it. 1583 – Illahi Samvat was started. Prohibited sati, child marriage, legalized widow remarriage. Title – Saltanat – e – Adil, Samrat Beerbal (Mahesh das) adopted Din e ellahi religion. Was incharge of administration fo justice. He died fighting yousuf zai tribe on northwest frontier. Akbar gave the title to Harivijay Suri (A jain guru to whom akbar called to learn & he even stopped non veg, hunting) - Jagatguru Zinchandrasuri - Yug Pradhan

Birbal – Kaviraj, Raja. Todarmal – Deewan e Asaf. (introduced bandobast – land measured with bamboo ‘jarib’ average produced over past 10 years was calculated & 1/3 of produced was kings share. Tansen (Makran pandey) – Kanthabharanvanivilas Mulla do pyaza (cunning), hakim hamam (physician), Raja Man Singh etc. Opened a translation department under Fazzi who translated Mahabharat into Irani with a name . Hakim humam – chief of royal school. Badauni – ; abul fazl – kaliadaman. Abdul rahik khan e khana wrote in Persian. Faqir aziuddin – next gem. First Jesus Mission came to India under the leadership of Father Ekkabiba, Manserat. Dahsala system was started by Todarmal. Tansen used to sing 3 raagas : a) Miya ki Malhar b) Miya ki Todi c) Miya ki Kaneri mir bakshi – head of army ; tomb – secundra (completed by Jahangir) His son Jahangir revolted against him and declared him independent rule of Allahabad. Akbar sent his friend Abul Faizl but Jahangir killed him through Sardar Veersingh dev to whom Jahangir gave 3000 mansab when he sat on the throne. Mughals officials language became Persian from his time. painter – daswant, basawan. 1598 salim revolted with help of Portuguese. And captured Allahabad fort. But man singh suppress the revolt. 1602 salim killed Abul Faizl. Hence akbar got angry and announced to make salim son Khusrau next king rather salim. 1599 britishers arrived in India – John Mildenhal. Ralph finch visited Akbar court. British crown was Queen Elizabeth Taylor I 1605 akbar died due to dysentery Tomb – secundrabad. Autobiography – ain I akbari written by abul faizl in 7 years in 3 parts.

Jahangir (Nur uddin mohd. Jahangir) (1605 – 1627) – born in 1569 in Agra. Mother a rajput princes of Amer. His childhood name ‘Sheikh Baba’, Salem. Wife – Manbai (d/o of Raja Bhagwan das, king of Ajmer) & Jagat Gossain (shahjahan was her son). He married to , the widow of a Persian nobleman Sher Afghan. Giyasbeg - father of Noorjahan , Ashmat Begum - mother of Nur Jahan, who invented perfume. Jahangir called noorjaha – Mehroonisa, Noormahal, Badshah Begum. His time was golden time period of painting. He was a writer ; wrote tuzuke Jahangiri in Pharsi language (about him & his mistakes. He issued 14 ordinance for the welfare of people. He gave title to Mansoor (painter) – Nadir ul asar, Abul Hasan – Nadir al jama. His eldest son Khusrau revolted against him in 1606 when he was going to Afghanistan he met Guru Arjun Dev at Taran taran & guru ji helped him. Due to which Jahangir imposed 2.5 lakhs fine on him ; refused to pay so he imprisoned him later & killed him. Chain of justice is related to him. He banned tobacco. He sent Prince Khurram to recapture the fort of Ahamadnagar & after his winning he gave him a name . William Hawkins was an ambassador of king James I who stayed for 3 years in his court. Then Sir Thomas Roe visited his court. Tomb - Shahadra (Lahore).

Shahjahan (1627 – 1658) (Khurram)– Mother – Jagatgosai (d/o fo Marwar king Udai singh). Wife – Arjuman Bano Begum (Mumtaj Mahal). Capitol – delhi ; city - shahjahanabad Mumtaj Mahal was d/o of Nur jahan’s brother Asaf Khan. He banned Irani tradition of sijda & paibos whichwas started by Balban. French traveler Travenier (a jeweler), Bernier, Peter Mundi, an Italy traveler, Nicolo Manuchi (book – Stareo Mogaro in which he wrote about war of succession of shahjahan’s sons) from venice came to India (he ran away from venice at 14 & through iran came to India then he worked under Dara Sikoh as a canon assistant, later he took medicine as a profession). Abdul Hamid Lahori (historian) – wrote Padshah nama. Inayat khan – Shahjahanama Jagannath Pandit, author of Ras Gangadhar & Ganga Lahari, was court poet whom Shah jahan gave title Maha Kavi rai. Revolt of Guru Hargovind took place at his time. his 4 sons Dara Sikoh (first muslim to study hindu literature, he was a great scholar of Arabian, Persian & Sanskrit, & translated hindu granth into Irani language. He built jama masjid, delhi gate, cashmere gate, lahori gate, ajmeri gate, peacock throne, deewan e aam, deewan e khaas in . His 3 daughters were Jahan ara, Roshan ara, Gohara. Shuja, Murad, fought battle of successor. Aurangzeb arrested him in 1658 in . 1666 – died

1658 – war of Bahadurpur near Banaras. Battle of dharmath near Ujjain was fought in 1658 b/w Aurangzeb & Dara Sikoh. (raja jaswant singh of jodhpur helped Dara sikoh & Murad helped Aurangzeb) 1658 – war of Sumugarh near Agra. 1658 – war Kahjua near Allahabad His 4 sons Dara Sikoh, Shuja, Aurangzeb, Murad. He built Peacock throne which took years to complete & was taken to Persia by Nadir Shah in 1739. of agra, shahjahanabad city (old delhi), red fort, jama masjid. Tomb – Agra.

Aurangzeb (Abul Muzaffar Muhyuddin Mohd. Aurangzeb Alamgeer I, Zinda Peer, Shahi Darvesh) – (6th son of Shahjahan & Mumtaz Mahal) he was simple, pious, sharp, a great musician & extraordinary. Wife – Dilras Bano Begm (rabia bibi) princess of iran. Tomb of rabia bibi is in Aurangabad (tajmahal ki bakwas nakal) His rajyabhishek happened twice. (31 july 1658 in delhi ; after killing shuja & Dara finally in the war of khajwa & devrai in 15 June 1659). He was governor of Deccan. To First to banned Nauroj festival, Jarokha darshan, alcohol, singing (max. no. of books on music was written at his time), gamble, slavery, sati. Started Jazia tax in 1679. No use of royal fund, earn through weaving namazees caps. He stopped writing kalma (la illah el allah) on the coins. Also reversed akbar policy. His motto was to change Darul ul herb into darul ul islam. Revolts of Maratha, sikh, Jat (1669 by Gokla) , Satnami (1672 in Mathura), Rajput, Ahom etc started at his time. Guru Tegh Bahadur was killed by Aurangzeb. Khalsa panth was estb. by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699. Francois Bernier was his personal physician & traveler. His 3 sons were Muzzam, Kambaksh, Azam. Tomb – Daulatabad (devgiri). Roshan Ara (sister of Aurangzeb ) prepared the script of language . Downfall of mughals 1)when Aurangzeb died their were 21 province, but Aurangzeb in his last 25 years focused on Bijapur, golcunda more and left north Indian politically weak. 2) religious orthodox 3) Europeans 4) weak mughal successors.

Bahadur Shah I (Muzzam,shahe bekhabar (his memory was weak), shah alam I) (1707 – 12) – ascended the throne after a war of succession among his brothers and got the title of Shah Alam I. 1707 in battle of Jajao he killed his brother Aaxam. Later he killed kambaksh also. he released shahuji.& adopted liberal policy with Rajputs, Marathas. Shahu ji became chatrapati shahu maharaj. Banda bahadur (servant of Guru gobind singh) took responsibility of sikh khalsa. After the death of Aurangzeb 2 powers mansabdar rose namely zulfiqar khan & chin clich khan, which want to estb independent riyasat. 1712 – bahadur shah died fighting against banda bahadur. Jahandar Shah (Unizuddin)( 1712 – 13 ) – won in the war of successor b/w 4 sons of Bahadur shah with the help of Zulfiqar khan, the most powerful noble man of the time (son of Asad khan, who was wazir of Aurangzeb). They were in such haste that the dead body of bahadur shah was not buried for about a month. Jahandar was weak so zulfikar took power actually. Zulfiqar was made PM. Now ambitious nobles became direct contenders for power and used princes as mere pawns to capture the seats of authority. Zulfiqar khan reversed the policies of Aurangzeb, abolished jaziah, jai singh of amer was made governor of Malwa & given title swai & mirza, ajit singh of mewar was made governor of Gujarat. Made friendly relation with rajputs, Marathas, banda bahadur,Sikhs. Jahandar got in love with a prostitute Lal Kunwar & got married – made her relatives ministers, without any experience – so mughal darbar actual officers like saiyad brothers (Abdullah khan, hussain ali khan) thought to replace the king. Jahandar shah was called as lampat king. He was defeated by his nephew. Farukshiyar (1713 – 19 ) ( son of Azimal shan, brother of bahadur shah). He was made king by saiyad brothers so he made them Abdullah khan (wazir) , Hussain Ali Khan( mir bakshi). Actual power rested with them. King became weak & puppet of saiyad brothers. So he was called grinit kayar. He killed banda bahadur in 1716. In 1717 he issued golden ordinance to britishers by permitting them for tax free trade in Bengal & bihar. (Dr Hamilton treated faruksiyar). Due to his weakness Bengaln(cap – Dhaka) murshid quli khan & (cap – ) sadat ali khan - got separated. Sayyid brothers asked help from Shahu to kill the mughal king. So balaji vishvanath and sayid brothers sign a treaty of delhi to kill faruksiyar. Rafi ud dujat sat on throne for 2 months, died due to TB. Rafi ud daulah sat but died due to dysentery. Then moh shah was made king by brothers.

Mohd. Shah (1719 – 48)(Roshan aqtar, Rangeela badshah, he was the son of Khujista Akhtar (4th son of Bahadur Shah)) the king. He patronize urdu language. He became fed up with saiyyad brothers & with the help of chinklich khan, sadat khan he killed them. Thus chinklich khan adopted title of Nizamul mulk and estb. Dynasty at Hyderabad. Sadat khan estb. In Oudh. Daud khan at Ruhelkhand. . (Aurangzeb had kept a vigilant eye on the defence of the north western frontier. But after departure of prince Muazzam from Kabul in 1707 the admin their became lax & when Mughal governor of Kabul reported the threat of a Persian invasion, they ridiculed the news as baseless. Even when governor reported that salary fo soldiers had been in arrears for the past 5 years, evasive replies were sent to him.) Nadir Shah, napoleon of Iran, invaded India during his time period Nadir Shah came & looted Delhi, took away Mayur throne with Kohinoor diamond. He stayed in delhi for 57 days & looted 70 laks from public, Badshah. Later he re enthroned M. Shah as Delhi Sultan. But took away Thatta, Sindh, Kashmir from him. This invasion opened a way for Ahmad Shah Abdali. He saw the weakness of Mughals, he captured Lahore, Sirhind but later on lost it. he invaded India several times. 1748 Punjab ; 1749 ; 1751 lahore, multan ; 1756 sirhind ; 1757 & occupied Delhi ; but later mughal emperor called Raghunath Rao for help and recaptured Delhi from Afghans. Thus Abdali took revenge from Marathas in 3rd Battle of Panipat 1761.

Ahmad Shah (1748 – 1754) – son of mohd. Shah. He gave Punjab & Multan to Abdali & saved his empire. His wazir blinded him & placed : Alamgir II (1754 – 59) to the throne. Grandson of Jahandar Shah. Aligohar (Shah alam II) (1759 – 1806) – he was son of Alamgir II. But at the time of his throne he was in Bihar in meanwhile son of Kambaksh – Muhir ul miller set on throne with name Shahjahan II for 12 years. Later Shahalam II reached Delhi with the help of Marathas. : Akbar II (1806 – 1837) – son of Shahalam II. conferred the title of Raja to Ram Mohan Roy. Bahadur Shah II (1837 – 1862) – deported to Rangoon in 1858. Died in 1862

Mughal administration Wakil I mutlak – next to emperor / wazir Mir bakshi – military head Diwan – head of royal treasure Chief qazi – judicial officer Muhatsib – officer to observe conduct of people Mir aatish – incharge of royal artillery Subedar – head of army in province Fauzdar – head of army in district

. Tahkeek e hind, kitabul hind – Alberuni Tabkate nasiri – minhal us siraj Tarikh e firozshahi, Fatwa e jahandari – ziyauddin berni Tughlaqnama – amir khusro Rihala – ibn batuta Tarikh e mubarakshahi – yahiyabin ahmad sirhindi Chachnama – ali ahmed Tajul ul masir – khwaja sud nizami

Quwutul islam masjid, adhai din jhopda – Qutubudin aibek - delhi Dargah muinuddin chisti – iltutmish – ajmer Aktreen kin ka darwaja – iltutmish – nagaur Iltutmish tomb – razia – delhi Seeri ki kila, alai darwaza, jamat khan masjid – alaudin khilji - delhi Giyasuddin tomb, fort of adilabad, barakhamba mahal, japanaha nagar – MBT – delhi – Quli qutubshah Vijay stambh – rana kumbha – chittor Moth masjid – Miya Bhuva (pm of sikandar lodhi) – delhi

Kabulibagh – babur – panipat Old delhi fort, kila e kuhana - SSS - delhi Humayun tomb – akbar – delhi Agra fort, jahangiri mahal, akbari mahal, diwan e khas, diwan e aam, panchmahal, mariam mahal, jama masjid, buland darwaza, – akbar – Agra (Fatehpur Sikri) Aitmadullah tomb – Jahangir – Jahangir tomb – Lahore (shahadra) Shajahanabad, red fort – shahajahan – delhi (in red fort moti mahal, diwan e khas, diwan e aam, were made of white marble) Rabia durani tomb – Aurangzeb – Aurangabad Badshahi masjid – Aurangzeb – Lahore Moti masjid – Aurangzeb – delhi