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Nanotechnology: an Introduction “01-Fm-I-Iv-9780080964478” — 2011/6/15 — 5:57 — Page 2 — #2 EDELKAMP 19-ch15-671-700-9780123725127 2011/5/28 14:50 Page 672 #2 “01-fm-i-iv-9780080964478” — 2011/6/15 — 5:57 — page 1 — #1 Nanotechnology: An Introduction “01-fm-i-iv-9780080964478” — 2011/6/15 — 5:57 — page 2 — #2 Micro & Nano Technologies Series Published Titles 9780815515739 Francois Leonard Physics of Carbon Nanotube Devices (2009) 9780815515784 Mamadou Diallo, Nanotechnology Applications for Jeremiah Duncan, Clean Water (2009) Nora Savage, Anita Street & Richard Sustich 9780815515876 Rolf Wuthrich¨ Micromachining Using Electrochemical Discharge Phenomenon (2009) 9780815515791 Matthias Worgull Hot Embossing (2009) 9780815515838 Waqar Ahmed & Emerging Nanotechnologies for M.J. Jackson Manufacturing (2009) 9780080964546 Richard Leach Fundamental Principles of Engineering Nanometrology (2009) 9780815520238 Jeremy Ramsden Applied Nanotechnology (2009) 9780815515944 Veikko Lindroos, Handbook of Silicon Based MEMS Markku Tilli, Ari Materials and Technologies (2010) Lehto & Teruaki Motooka 9780815515869 Matthew Hull & Nanotechnology Environmental Diana Bowman Health and Safety (2009) 9781437778236 Yugang Sun & Semiconductor Nanomaterials for John Rogers Flexible Technologies (2010) 9781437778403 Victor Zhirnov & Microsystems for Bioelectronics Ralph K. Cavin (2010) 9781437778489 Zeev Zalevsky & Integrated Nanophotonic Devices Ibrahim Abdulhalim (2010) 9780815515456 Yi Qin Micromanufacturing Engineering and Technology (2010) 9780080964478 Jeremy Ramsden Nanotechnology: An Introduction (2011) Forthcoming Titles 9780815515821 Regina Luttge Microfabrication for Industrial Applications (2011) 9781437778632 Gurumurthy Assessing Nanoparticle Risks to Ramachandran Human Health (2011) 9781455778621 Karthikeyan Emerging Nanotechnologies in Subramani & Dentistry (2012) Waqar Ahmed “01-fm-i-iv-9780080964478” — 2011/6/15 — 5:57 — page 3 — #3 Nanotechnology: An Introduction Jeremy Ramsden Cranfield University AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier “01-fm-i-iv-9780080964478” — 2011/6/15 — 12:16 — page 4 — #4 William Andrew is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA First published 2011 Copyright c 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangement with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2011924730 ISBN: 978-0-08-096447-8 For information on all William Andrew publications visit our website at www.elsevierdirect.com Typeset by: diacriTech, India Printed and bound in the United States 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 “02-toc-v-x-9780080964478” — 2011/6/15 — 1:04 — page v — #1 Contents Preface .............................................................................. xi CHAPTER 1 What is Nanotechnology? ....................................... 1 1.1 Definitions and Concepts ........................................ 2 1.1.1 Working Definitions...................................... 2 1.1.2 Towards a Concept System for Nanotechnology ....... 3 1.2 An Ostensive Definition of Nanotechnology ................... 5 1.3 A Brief History of Nanotechnology............................. 5 1.3.1 Ultraprecision Engineering .............................. 7 1.3.2 Semiconductor Processing qua Microtechnology ...... 7 1.3.3 Nanoparticles ............................................. 9 1.4 Biology as Paradigm ............................................. 10 1.5 Why Nanotechnology? .......................................... 11 1.5.1 Novel Combinations of Properties ...................... 11 1.5.2 Device Miniaturization: Functional Enhancement ..... 13 1.5.3 A Universal Fabrication Technology.................... 14 1.6 Summary ......................................................... 14 1.7 Further Reading .................................................. 14 CHAPTER 2 The Nanoscale ................................................... 15 2.1 The Size of Atoms ............................................... 17 2.2 Molecules and Surfaces.......................................... 18 2.3 Nucleation ........................................................ 20 2.4 Chemical Reactivity ............................................. 21 2.5 Electronic and Optical Properties ............................... 24 2.6 Magnetic and Ferroelectric Properties .......................... 27 2.7 Mechanical Properties ........................................... 28 2.8 Quantum Smallness .............................................. 30 2.9 Summary ......................................................... 33 2.10 Further Reading .................................................. 34 CHAPTER 3 Forces at the Nanoscale ........................................ 35 3.1 The Casimir Force ............................................... 36 3.2 Intermolecular Interactions ...................................... 37 3.2.1 The Concept of Surface Tension ........................ 37 3.2.2 Critique of the Surface Tension Formalism ............. 41 3.2.3 Experimental Determination of Single-Substance Surface Tensions ......................................... 42 v “02-toc-v-x-9780080964478” — 2011/6/15 — 1:04 — page vi — #2 vi Contents 3.2.4 Wetting and Dewetting................................... 43 3.2.5 Length Scales for Defining Surface Tension............ 44 3.2.6 The Wetting Transition .................................. 44 3.3 Capillary Force ................................................... 45 3.4 Heterogeneous Surfaces ......................................... 45 3.4.1 Wetting on Rough and Chemically Inhomogeneous Surfaces................................................... 46 3.4.2 Three-Body Interactions ................................. 47 3.5 Weak Competing Interactions ................................... 48 3.6 Cooperativity ..................................................... 48 3.7 Percolation ....................................................... 49 3.8 The Structure of Water........................................... 51 3.9 Summary ......................................................... 51 3.10 Further Reading .................................................. 52 CHAPTER 4 The Nano/Bio Interface .......................................... 53 4.1 The “Physical” Nano/Bio Interface ............................. 55 4.1.1 Organisms ................................................ 56 4.1.2 Tissues .................................................... 56 4.1.3 Cells ...................................................... 57 4.1.4 Biomolecules ............................................. 62 4.2 Nanomedicine .................................................... 64 4.2.1 A Concept System for Nanomedicine................... 64 4.2.2 Wider Implications ....................................... 68 4.3 Nanotoxicology .................................................. 68 4.4 Summary ......................................................... 70 4.5 Further Reading .................................................. 71 CHAPTER 5 Nanometrology ................................................... 73 5.1 Topography....................................................... 75 5.1.1 Contact Methods ......................................... 75 5.1.2 Noncontact (Optical) Methods .......................... 79 5.2 Chemical Surface Structure (Chemography) ................... 82 5.3 The Metrology of Self-Assembly ............................... 84 5.4 The Representation of Texture .................................. 85 5.4.1 Roughness ................................................ 86 5.4.2 One-Dimensional Texture ............................... 87 5.4.3 Two-Dimensional Texture: Lacunarity.................. 91 5.5 Metrology of the Nano/Bio Interface ........................... 92 5.5.1 Determining the Nanostructure of Protein Coronas .... 92 5.5.2
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