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RECOMMENDATIONS for STOCKBREEDING in North Lithuania and ZEMGALE

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RECOMMENDATIONS for STOCKBREEDING in North Lithuania and ZEMGALE Publication prepared within the project “The development of a cooperation network between farm animal researchers and practitioners in Zemgale (FARA)” The project is being implemented in the Latvian-Lithuanian cross-border cooperation program 2007-2013. Partners of project: Siauliai University – SU (Lietuva) Latvia University of Agriculture – LUA (Latvia) Authors: RAMUTIS KLIMAS (Coordinator of project, Siauliai University) ELITA APLOCIŅA (Coordinator of project, Latvia University of Agriculture) ASTA KLIMIENE (researcher, Siauliai University) VIDMANTAS PILECKAS (researcher, Siauliai University) VALĖ MACIJAUSKIENĖ (researcher, Siauliai University) DAINA JONKUS (researcher, Latvia University of Agriculture) LILIJA DEGOLA (researcher, Latvia University of Agriculture) DAINA KAIRIŠA (researcher, Latvia University of Agriculture) GUNTIS ROZĪTIS (researcher, Latvia University of Agriculture) AIGA TRŪPA (researcher, Latvia University of Agriculture) Printed: SIA ‘Drukātava LATVIA – LITHUANIA CROSS BORDER COOPERATION PROGRAMME UNDER THE EUROPEAN TERRITORIAL COOPERATION 2007 - 2013 PROJECT LLIV-222 „DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATION NETWORK BETWEEN FARM ANIMAL RESEARCHERS AND PRACTITIONERS IN ZIEMGALE (fARa)“ RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STOCKBREEDING IN NORTH LITHUANIA AND ZEMGALE Šiauliai – Jelgava 2012 CONTENT Introduction ........................................................................................................ 4 1. Promotion of the principal fields of livestock sector in Northen Lithuania ....................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Recommendations for cattle farming .............................................. 4 1.2. Recommendations for pig farming ................................................ 14 1.3. Recommendations for horse farming ............................................ 22 2. Promotion of the principal fields of livestock sector in Zemgale ....... 28 2.1. Development possibilities of the dairy farming ........................... 28 2.2. Development possibilities of the pig farming ............................... 35 2.3. Development possibilities of the horse farming ........................... 43 2.4. Development possibilities of the sheep farming ........................... 45 2.5. Development possibilities of thegoat farming .............................. 50 2.6. Development possibilities of the poultry farming ........................ 55 4 INTRODUCTION The livestock sector is an important field of agriculture both in Lithuania and Latvia as it is one of the principal sources of employment and income for the rural population. In the framework of the project No LLIV – 222 „Development of cooperation network between farm animal researchers and practitioners in Ziemgale“ (FARA), a feasibility study on the situation of livestock sector in North Lithuania and South Latvia was made (Publication in CD). On the basis of the above study, this recommendation has been adopted stating planning measures and proposals which could be beneficial for the development of the livestock sector in Ziemgale region. 1. PROMOTION OF THE PRINCIPAL FIELDS OF LIVESTOCK SECTOR IN NORTHERN LITHUANIA 1.1. Recommendations for cattle breeding (V. Pileckas) According to data from the National Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture (Nacionalinė žemės tarnyba prie Žemės ūkio ministerijos), in Lithuania the total number of cattle keepers was 83636, of which in Northern Lithuania there were: 611 in Akmenės district, 921 in Joniškio district, 3 271 in Kelmės district, 1 205 in Pakruojo district, 1 756 in Radviliškio district, and 1 656 in Šiaulių district. The total number of cattle keepers in Northern Lithuania was 9 420. As reported by the state company “Žemės ūkio informacijos ir kaimo verslo centras”, the current number of holdings in Šiaulių county is 10 611, or 330 more compared to the last year. However, the average size of holdings has dropped from 13.92 hectares to 13.54 hectares. Cattle farming is the most important field of livestock sector in Lithuania. Over the last years there has been increased attention paid on milk and dairy products. In fact, milk is the principal output of livestock sector. In 2010, milk amounted to 24.7 per cent of the total agricultural product. In 2011, the pre-crisis (2007) amount of purchased milk was not still reached. Sudden price shifts and unequal milk purchasing conditions, where smaller producers receive a lower price, have considerably reduced 5 the number of small milk producers. Even the number of farms keeping 10-19 cows has declined, although earlier this group of milk producers used to grow. Due to increasing productivity of cows the amount of milk purchase has not dropped as significantly as the number of cows. There is no sufficient local milk supply for Lithuanian milk processors; importation of raw milk is growing fast. Solely due to this fact milk processors processed 3.7 per cent more milk than in 2007. Every month the owners of the inspected herds receive information on reproductive data of the inspected animals in the herd, changes in situation, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of milk. By logging on via the Internet to a cattle-farming information system containing data from recent years on each inspected cow’s productivity, the owner of the inspected herd can learn when and by which bull’s semen the cow was inseminated, when the cow has turned dry or calved, and other information. By accessing the data base of the milk-research information system, one can learn qualitative characteristics of the milk of each of their cows (the fat, protein, lactose, urea content and the number of somatic cells in the milk). By the number of somatic cells in milk the owner can assess the health condition of the cows, while the urea content in milk allows assessing their nutritional state. In order for the Lithuanian dairy sector to be export-oriented, further increase is cow productivity is needed. Dairy sector output, milk cost and dairy production effectiveness depend on the productivity of cows, it is therefore necessary to control the cattle productivity, which is the basis for breeding development. During the inspection period 01.10.2010 to 30.09.2011, 5 024 total herds were inspected in Lithuania, comprising 145 693 cows, that is, 42.73 per cent of the total cows kept. 41 200 cows, or 28.28 per cent, were kept in agricultural holdings or other companies, while 104 493, or 71.72 per cent of the inspected cows, were kept in family farms. 109 633 cows of the Black Pied breed, or 74.49 per cent, 35 692 cows of the Brown and the Red Pied breed, or 24.25 per cent, and 1858 cows of other breeds, or 1.26 per cent, were inspected. In the period 01.10.2010 to 30.09.2011, the average milk yield by an inspected cow was 6 392 kilograms of milk of 4.36 per cent fat and 3.37 per cent protein content. It represents a rise of 183 kilograms of milk, 8.2 kilograms of milk fat and 7.9 kilograms of milk protein since 2009-2010. In the last decade the Lithuanian dairy cattle has been characterised by an increase in milk yield and protein content, while milk fat content not only has not increased but has even had a tendency to decrease. 6 In 2011, the number of cows and their herds varied quite widely in different districts of North Lithuania region. The average size of cow herd was 4.40 in Akmenės district, 4.98 in Joniškio district, 6.40 in Kelmės district, 5.98 in Pakruojo district, 5.47 in Radviliškio district, and 4.82 in Šiaulių district. In North Lithuania region this indicator was on average 5.20, or by 21.4 per cent, higher than the average value in Lithuania (4.09 cows in one dairy herd). Such size of herds in North Lithuania region demonstrates that the main milk suppliers are small holdings that cannot put in use the intensive dairy farming and mechanisation of various technological processes. The number of cattle and cows in North Lithuania region (the ex- Šiaulių county) tended to grow between January 1st and July 30 2012; however, the total number of cattle grew faster than the number of cows. During this period the number of cattle in the region rose from 92 109 to 96 436, or by 4.49 per cent, while the number of dairy cows rose from 45 437 to 45 599, or by 0.36 per cent. It is therefore essential to draw more attention to the formation of a breeding stock and to the increasing of the number of breeding heifers. The trend of increase in the number of dairy cows is extensive in its character and hinders the intensive growth of the number of dairy cow herds. One of the root causes of slowing down the growth of herds is the high birth rate of bulls. Although scientifically unfounded, it has been observed that in parallel to an increase in cow productivity the number of born bulls also increases in the herd; because of a protein deficit in the feed it becomes necessary to regulate the gender of the progeny. It can be countered by using sexed semen. The gender of the progeny is genetically determined at the moment of fertilisation. If an ovum is fertilised by a spermatozoon carrying a Y sex chromosome, a male progeny of XY karyotype is conceived but if it is fertilised by a sperm cell carrying an X sex chromosome, a female progeny of XX karyotype is conceived. If the male breeders’ sperm cells are separated into two fractions according to the sex chromosomes X and Y, it becomes possible to determine the gender of the progeny – heifers or bulls – even prior to insemination. If bulls are needed, the keeper buys semen with sperm cells carrying a Y chromosome. Likewise, when heifers are needed, semen with sperm cells carrying an X chromosome is purchased. It is the most optimal method of regulating the gender of the progeny, although such semen is more expensive. Having selected the best heifers for the renewal of the herd, it is possible to increase the herd in a quick and safe manner as there is no more need to raise 7 unwanted bulls and to introduce outside animals into the herd, which helps preventing disease transmission. Furthermore, it reduces the number of difficult calvings as heifers are of lower birth weight than bulls.
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