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Route Tourism and Local Economic Development in South Africa: the Magalies Meander and the Crocodile Ramble

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Route Tourism and Local Economic Development in South Africa: the Magalies Meander and the Crocodile Ramble ROUTE TOURISM AND LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA: THE MAGALIES MEANDER AND THE CROCODILE RAMBLE by H.I. Stoddart Dissertation submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Johannesburg, February 2008 Route Tourism and Local Economic Development Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation has not been submitted, either in the same or different form, to this or any other university for any degree Signature: ___________________________ Page i Route Tourism and Local Economic Development Abstract As is the case in many developed countries, tourism has come to be seen as an important driver for local economic development in South Africa as it provides opportunities for pro-poor and community-based initiatives. This study examines the theme of route tourism and local economic development. Two examples of route tourism, the Magalies Meander and Crocodile Ramble, in the Gauteng and the Northwest Provinces of South Africa, have been surveyed in order to assess what impact private sector route tourism initiatives have on local economic development in the Magaliesberg area. The results are compared with those of other similar route tourism initiatives in South Africa. Page ii Route Tourism and Local Economic Development Acknowledgements In the preparation and completion of this dissertation thanks are due to a number of individuals and organizations • The Financial support received from awards from the National Research Foundation, Pretoria is gratefully acknowledged. • Special thanks are due to Mrs Wendy Job, the Cartographic Unit, University for the preparation of the maps and figures that appear in this dissertation. • Thanks are due to Chris Rogerson, my supervisor, for working through several drafts of this long dissertation. • My thanks go to all the interviewees from the Magalies Meander and Crocodile ramble that participated in this study. • Finally, on a personal note, I would like to thank my daughter Samantha for her patience and tolerance during this project Page iii Route Tourism and Local Economic Development Table of Contents Declaration ............................................................................................................ i Abstract ............................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements............................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................... iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................... vii List of Figures .................................................................................................. viii List of Boxes ....................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................................................. x Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 Context....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aims, Methods and Focus ......................................................................... 2 1.3 Structure and Organisation ........................................................................ 4 Chapter Two: Tourism Led Local Economic Development 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................. 6 2.2 The International Experience ..................................................................... 7 2.2.1 The International Key LED Approaches ......................................... 7 2.2.2 The Trend Towards Pro-Poor LED ............................................... 11 2.2.3 The Emergence Of Tourism-Led Local Economic Development ... 13 2.3 The South African Experience ................................................................. 17 2.3.1 The Development of LED Activities in South Africa ....................... 19 2.3.2 Tourism – A New Sectoral Focus for LED ..................................... 24 2.4 Summary ................................................................................................. 29 Chapter Three: Routes – The International Experience 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 31 3.2 The Nature of Tourism Routes ................................................................. 32 3.3 Pro-Poor Tourism and Tourism Routes ................................................... 41 3.4 Routes and Community Development ...................................................... 47 3.5 Product Development, Infrastructure and Access .................................... 51 3.6 SMME Development and Routes ............................................................. 58 3.7 Networks and Partnerships ...................................................................... 63 3.8 Marketing and Promotion ......................................................................... 68 3.9 Summary ................................................................................................. 69 Page iv Route Tourism and Local Economic Development Chapter Four: Route Tourism and Local Economic Development in South Africa 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 70 4.2 The Growth of Route Tourism .................................................................. 70 4.3 Comparative Experience of Routes .......................................................... 77 4.3.1 Midlands Meander and Highlands Meander ................................. 77 4.3.2 Open Africa Routes ...................................................................... 81 4.4 Key Issues for South African Route Tourism ............................................ 85 4.4.1 Emerging Success Factors ........................................................... 86 4.4.2 Emerging Issues for Route Tourism ............................................. 87 4.5 Analysis of the Pre-Conditions for Successful Route Tourism .................. 90 4.5.1 Cooperation, Networks, Regional Thinking and Leadership ......... 90 4.5.2 Product Development, Infrastructure and Access.......................... 92 4.5.3 Community Participation, Micro-enterprise Development and Innovation .................................................................................... 96 4.5.4 Small and Micro-Enterprise Development .................................... 98 4.5.5 Information and Promotion ......................................................... 101 4.5.6 A Pro-Poor Focus ....................................................................... 104 4.6 Summary ............................................................................................... 106 Chapter Five: The Magaliesberg Area 5.1 Introduction............................................................................................. 107 5.2 District Municipal Planning ..................................................................... 108 5.2.1 The Changing Local Economy ................................................... 108 5.2.2 The Biophysical Environment of The West Rand......................... 110 5.2.3 The Historical Significance of the West Rand ............................. 111 5.2.4 Infrastructure in the WRDM ........................................................ 112 5.2.5 The Supply of Tourism Product in the West Rand ...................... 114 5.2.6 Tourism flows and linkages ........................................................ 116 5.2.7 Tourism Demand in the West Rand Area ................................... 116 5.2.8 The Development Of Tourism In The West Rand........................ 118 5.2.9 The West Rand District Municipality Tourism Master Plan ......... 120 5.3 Local Municipal Planning In The Magaliesberg Area .............................. 127 5.3.1 Mogale City Local Municipality ................................................... 128 5.3.2 Merafong City Local Muncipality ................................................. 129 5.3.3 North West Province .................................................................. 129 5.3.4 Bojanala Platinum District ......................................................... 130 5.3.4 Madibeng Municipality ................................................................ 130 Page v Route Tourism and Local Economic Development 5.4 Provincial Initiatives ............................................................................... 131 5.4.1 The Cradle Of Humankind, Gauteng's World Heritage Site ........... 131 5.5 Summary ............................................................................................... 135 Chapter 6 – The Crocodile Ramble 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 136 6.2 The Evolution of The Crocodile Ramble ................................................. 137 6.3 The Ramble Enterprises ........................................................................ 143 6.3.1 Characteristics of Enterprises ..................................................... 145 6.3.2 Business Development and Local Impact ................................... 149 6.4 The Route to Township Tourism ............................................................ 158
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