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Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Hartbeespoort Dam Catchment

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Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Hartbeespoort Dam Catchment VU Research Portal Contaminants of emerging concern in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment and the uMngeni River estuary 2016 pollution incident, South Africa Rimayi, Cornelius; Odusanya, David; Weiss, Jana M.; de Boer, Jacob; Chimuka, Luke published in Science of the Total Environment 2018 DOI (link to publisher) 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.263 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record document license Article 25fa Dutch Copyright Act Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Rimayi, C., Odusanya, D., Weiss, J. M., de Boer, J., & Chimuka, L. (2018). Contaminants of emerging concern in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment and the uMngeni River estuary 2016 pollution incident, South Africa. Science of the Total Environment, 627, 1008-1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.263 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 25. Sep. 2021 Science of the Total Environment 627 (2018) 1008–1017 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Contaminants of emerging concern in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment and the uMngeni River estuary 2016 pollution incident, South Africa Cornelius Rimayi a,b,e,⁎, David Odusanya a, Jana M. Weiss c,d, Jacob de Boer b,LukeChimukae a Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa b Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands c Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden d Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden e University of the Witwatersrand, School of Chemistry, P. Bag 3, Wits, 2050 Johannesburg, South Africa HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Efavirenz, nevirapine and carbamaze- pine were detected in all Hartbeespoort Dam water samples. • Nevirapine and carbamazepine were the most abundant EPs in Hartbeespoort Dam groundwater. • Efavirenz was found in the highest con- centration in the Umngeni River estuary composite water sample. • Nevirapine was found at the highest concentrations the Umngeni River estu- ary sediments. • Hartbeespoort Dam fish muscle (carp and catfish) did not significantly bioaccumulate EPs. article info abstract Article history: A quantitative assessment of pollutants of emerging concern in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment area was con- Received 28 October 2017 ducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to establish the occurrence, source Received in revised form 24 January 2018 and distribution of 15 environmental pollutants, including 10 pharmaceuticals, 1 pesticide and 4 steroid hor- Accepted 25 January 2018 mones. Seasonal sampling was conducted in the Hartbeespoort Lake using sub-surface grab sampling to deter- Available online 3 February 2018 mine the lake's ecological status and obtain data for establishment of progressive operational monitoring. The Editor: Kevin V. Thomas Jukskei River, which lies upstream of the Hartbeespoort Dam, was sampled in the winter season. Five year old carp (Cyprinus carpio) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were also sampled from the Hartbeespoort Dam to study Keywords: bioaccumulation in biota as well as to estimate risk associated with fish consumption. In the Jukskei River, the Emerging pollutants (EPs) main source of 11 emerging pollutants (EPs) was identified as raw sewage overflow, with the highest ∑11 EP Antiretroviral (ARV) drugs concentration of 593 ng L−1 being recorded at the Midrand point and the lowest ∑11 EP concentration of Hartbeespoort Dam 164 ng L−1 at the N14 site located 1 km downstream of a large wastewater treatment plant. The Jukskei River uMngeni River estuary was found to be the largest contributor of the emerging contaminants detected in the Hartbeespoort Dam. In the Hartbeespoort Dam EP concentrations were generally in the order efavirenz N nevirapine N carbamazepine N methocarbamol N bromacil N venlafaxine. Water and sediment were sampled from the uMngeni River estuary within 24 h after large volumes of an assortment of pharmaceutical waste had been discovered to be washed into the river estuary after flash rainfall on 18 May 2016. Analytical results revealed high levels of some emerging pol- lutants in sediment samples, up to 81 ng g−1 for nevirapine and 4 ng g−1 for etilefrine HCL. This study shows that ⁎ Corresponding author at: Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa. E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Rimayi). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.263 0048-9697/© 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C. Rimayi et al. / Science of the Total Environment 627 (2018) 1008–1017 1009 efavirenz, nevirapine, carbamazepine, methocarbamol, bromacil and venlafaxine are contaminants that require operational monitoring in South African urban waters. © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction examinations of fish exposed to pharmaceuticals show enlarged livers, an observation that may be linked to the fact that most ARV drugs An emerging contaminant is an unregulated compound that is not cause variable degrees of liver damage and hepatotoxicity in humans included in regular environmental monitoring programs and for (Schoenfuss et al., 2016). which there is only limited knowledge about its toxicity and behavior The Hartbeespoort Dam is situated downstream of the largest in the environment, but has the potential to cause adverse effects to wastewater treatment plant in Johannesburg, Gauteng Province and is the ecosystem (López-Doval et al., 2017; Pal et al., 2010; Sauvé and one of the major agricultural dams in South Africa. The Madibeng mu- Desrosiers, 2014). Emerging contaminants are seldom monitored in nicipality draws water from the Hartbeespoort Lake for treatment and South African waters, as the significance of monitoring them is poorly supply to the nearby Hartbeespoort Dam community, however it has understood. Therefore, the focus is largely on legacy contaminants and also been implicated for contaminating the Hartbeespoort Dam with toxic persistent organic pollutants. Emerging pollutants include active sewage overflow. Biologically active pharmaceuticals originating from pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or biologically active compounds, the Northern wastewater treatment works (WWTW) and raw sewage some of which have been recently formulated, but widely used due to spills contaminating the Jukskei River may potentially contaminate their efficacy (Metcalfe et al., 2014; Maruya et al., 2014; Pal et al., aquatic life and irrigated crops downstream as most wastewater treat- 2010). The analytical power of instrumentation and techniques to ment plants are not designed to eliminate active pharmaceutical ingre- screen and quantify emerging contaminants has significantly improved dients and other organic compounds (Barbosa et al., 2016). Operational over the past two decades, enabling the discovery of more emerging and investigative monitoring of emerging contaminants in water bodies pollutants (Raldúa et al., 2011; Sauvé and Desrosiers, 2014; may provide useful information to water resource managers, particu- Valavanidis et al., 2014). Due to the large number of APIs present in larly in times of episodic contamination. An episodic pollution event re- water bodies impacted by wastewater treatment plant effluents as corded on 18 May 2016 caused large quantities of improperly disposed well as hospital and manufacturing waste, prioritising which API's to medical waste to be deposited on the uMngeni River estuary, located monitor may prove to be a challenge (Caldwell et al., 2014; Besse and north of Durban city centre in KwaZulu-Natal province, as well as the Garric, 2008). API's are more likely to be found in the water fraction adjacent beach after sudden flash rainfall. As a result, the beach was than in the sediment and air fractions due to their high polarity and closed to the public for massive cleanup campaigns which took low volatilities (Crane et al., 2006). N3 days to complete. In spite of the pollution incident, the beach was Ideally, predicted effect concentrations provide an acceptable way of re-opened to the public within 24 h after the incident was discovered, identifying pollutants of high priority for monitoring in the environ- before any scientific tests could be conducted on the water quality. Dur- ment, along with exposure, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity ing the estuary cleanup numerous pharmaceutical bottles containing
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