DOCSLIB.ORG

Hemingway and the Spanish Civil War the Distant Sound of Battle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hemingway and the Spanish Civil War the Distant Sound of Battle Hemingway and the Spanish Civil War The Distant Sound of Battle Gilbert H. Muller Hemingway and the Spanish Civil War Gilbert H. Muller Hemingway and the Spanish Civil War The Distant Sound of Battle Gilbert H. Muller City University of New York New York, NY, USA ISBN 978-3-030-28123-6 ISBN 978-3-030-28124-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28124-3 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Cover credit: Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo/Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To Sadie Rain and Vivian Dalia With Love PREFACE The Spanish Civil War was, as Hugh Thomas observes, “a most pas- sionate war,” and no American writer was more devoted to the demo- cratically elected Second Republic than Ernest Hemingway.1 This book offers a fresh account of Hemingway’s adventures in Spain during the Civil War, stressing his embrace of radical political action and discourse in defense of the Republic against the forces of Fascism. Virtually all of Hemingway’s writing and political activities during the period deal with this polarized moment in Spain’s history. In the end, his immer- sive journey into the turbulent world of the Spanish Civil War enabled him to compose For Whom the Bell Tolls, a landmark in American political fction. Hemingway was a unique witness to cataclysmic events and a writer unusually adept at capturing in fction and other modes of literary expression the complexities of world history. During the 1930s, he was never apolitical as some critics and biographers contend; in fact, he was a deep reader of history and an astute observer of the political scene who marched to his own drummer. An anarchist or libertarian by tem- perament and a supreme artist by inclination, Hemingway had coherent views on national and world events, and during the Spanish Civil War experimented with diverse forms of political discourse to render his understanding of the confict. (He even conquered stage fright to speak in behalf of the Spanish Republic.) Suspicious of the New Deal’s attempt to transform Key West into a tourist attraction and the Roosevelt admin- istration’s tepid response to the devastating Labor Day hurricane of vii viii PREFACE 1935, he railed against bureaucrats in “Who Murdered the Vets?” which appeared in the radical magazine New Masses. Viewing the global scene in articles for Esquire and Ken, new magazines that he was instrumental in promoting, he predicted that a new war in Europe was unavoidable. Throughout the decade, Hemingway was preoccupied with develop- ments in Spain, the one nation that he loved more than any other except for his own. Hemingway realized that totalitarian nations were using Spain as a laboratory for the mechanized horrors and mass killing that anticipated another world war. Paul Preston, whose monumental scholarship about the Spanish Civil War informs this book, observes: “The scale of terror and repression… which had been easily won by the rebels made it clear that their objective was not simply to take over the state but to exter- minate an entire liberal and reforming culture.”2 Hemingway operated from a similar perspective. He covered the causa as a reporter on four occasions, recording his understanding of the confict in dozens of dis- patches for the North American Newspaper Alliance. Additionally, he wrote numerous articles for Esquire and Ken magazines; a three-act drama and a documentary screenplay; and fve semi-autobiographical stories, all rooted in his intimate experience of the Civil War. And in the immediate aftermath of the Spanish tragedy, he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls—a work as relevant today as it was in 1940 and hailed by both Barack Obama and John McCain as their favorite novel. Hemingway was a magnetic presence among the journalists, writers, fghters, and political operatives who focked to Spain during the Civil War. He enjoyed unrivaled access to offcials and combatants alike, among them key fgures in the International Brigades including vol- unteers in the Abraham Lincoln Battalion. With him throughout the confict were Martha Gellhorn, an accomplished writer, activist, and journalist who would become his third wife; and Herbert Matthews, a correspondent for The New York Times. Their infuence on Hemingway is a main feature in the book. Hemingway’s passionate commitment to the Spanish Republic illu- minates all aspects of this study. With the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he returned to professional journalism for the frst time since he had fled articles for the Toronto Star on the postwar situation in Europe. He used his new assignment in order to promote the cause of the Spanish Republic. His activities and writing during this period, culminating with PREFACE ix For Whom the Bell Tolls, should be considered as a body of political pro- duction unmatched by any other American or European writer of the era. As such, this book asks readers to consider Hemingway’s writing during the period framed by the Spanish Civil War as a coherent polit- ical project. In this context, For Whom the Bell Tolls, which Hemingway conceived as a contemporary counterpart to War and Peace, should be viewed as a transnational novel with historical and political implica- tions. Hemingway advanced the global debate over the relevance of the Spanish Civil War for global democracy. His work during this period encapsulates an era. Ernest Hemingway was at his best as a person and an artist during a time that for him was a personal crusade to save the Spanish Republic. In the immediate aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, he harnessed personal experience, a supple critical intelligence, and creative talents to write For Whom the Bell Tolls, creating a love story for a popular audience while at the same time dramatizing through the trope of war all the complex interactions among competing cultural, historical, and ideological forces that defned the confict. Hemingway’s love of Spain, relentless efforts to support the Republican cause, and warnings about the gathering forces of totalitarianism reveal an engaged, visionary artist who anticipated the world to come. New York, USA Gilbert H. Muller NOTES 1. Thomas, 616. 2. Preston, The Spanish Civil War, 109. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Megan Laddusaw, the history editor at Palgrave Macmillan, for her enthusiastic support of this study from the outset. Megan’s assistant editor, Christine Pardue, has been equally excited about the book and most helpful in moving the project forward. I’m obliged as well to Palgrave’s production staff and to Lisa Rivero for her preparation of the index. To the anonymous reviewers, I am grateful for their helpful assessment of the preliminary proposal and manuscript. The study itself builds on foundational biographies and critical texts by numerous Hemingway scholars, among them Carlos Baker, Jeffrey Meyers, Michael Reynolds, Scott Donaldson, Matthew J. Bruccoli, Bernice Kert, Gail D. Sinclair, Kirk Curnutt, Linda Martin-Wagner, Sandra Spanier, and Robert W. Trogdon. Two recent biographies by Mary Dearborn and James M. Hutchisson offer fresh critical insights infuencing my approach to Hemingway’s involvement in historical and political events. Among the specialized treatments of Hemingway and the Spanish Civil War, I have found studies by Allen Josephs, Peter Wyden, Edward F. Stanton, Amanda Vail, Alex Vernon, Adam Hochschild, and William Braasch Watson to be especially helpful. My focus on Hemingway’s relationship with Martha Gellhorn would not have been possible without Caroline Moorehead’s biography and her edition of Gellhorn’s selected letters. Among the numerous historians on the Spanish Civil War, I am indebted to the work of Paul Preston and Helen Graham who, I suggest, get the confict right. xi xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Finally, I wish to thank the staff of the Hemingway Collection at the John F. Kennedy Library (notably Maryrose Grossman) as well as archi- vists in the rare books and manuscript collections at the New York Public Library, New York University, and Stanford University who pointed me to primary sources and illustrations. With much gratitude, I salute the Hemingway Society for its ongoing efforts to keep the iceberg afoat. CONTENTS 1 The Distant Sound of Battle, December 1936 1 2 Conspirators, January–February 1937 29 3 Madrid, March–May 1937 51 4 The Spanish Earth, June–August 1937 89 5 The Fifth Column, August–December 1937 131 6 The Time Now, the Place Spain, January–May 1938 155 7 The Carnival of Treachery, June–November 1938 183 8 No Man Is an Island, December 1938–December 1940 209 Selected Bibliography 239 Index 247 xiii ABBREVIATIONS DIA Death in the Afternoon EH Ernest Hemingway FSF F.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Redescubriendo a Arturo Barea
    PERGOLA 5 Tele- Redescubriendo viddio 2 las dos y media de la madrugada a Arturo Barea pongo en marcha el televisor portátilA y espero que aparezca en la pantalla el presentador rtu ro Barca na­ de la corbata floreada. Me ció en Badajoz el 20 mira a los ojos hoy y sonríe de septiembre de como perdonándome la vida. 1897, en el seno de Se ha permitido incluso el A una familia pobre. Poco des­ atrevimiento de guiñarme el pués de nacer, murió su padre. ojo. Ese pobre hombre no Creció en Madrid, donde su ma­ sabe lo que le espera. Se dre se había trasladado tras en­ aclara la voz y empieza a leer viudar. Pudo estudiar, en un co­ la lista de los últimos legio privado, gracias a la gene­ artilugios eróticos que han rosidad de un tío adinerado, pe­ aparecido en el mercado. ro sólo hasta que dicho familiar Entonces desconecto el murió, cuando él tenía 13 años. televisor, me lo cargo al A esa edad, se puso a trabajar: hombro y tuvo diversos empleos. Su ser­ bajo a la calle. vicio militar incluyó servicio Cruzo la calzada y entro en activo en la guerra de Marrue­ el solar que está justo delante cos. Republicano autoprocla- de mi casa. Pongo otra vez el mado, abandonó España en fe­ televisor en marcha y lo brero de 1938, por cuestiones deposito en el fondo de la políticas y ante la inmimente zanja. El presentador no se ha derrota de las tropas que en la dado todavía cuenta de mis guerra civil luchaban por man­ maniobras.
    [Show full text]
  • La Raíz Rota De Arturo Barea: Destiempo Ficcionalizado Y Autobiografía Figurada
    Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis No 3837 ESTUDIOS HISPÁNICOS XXVI . Wrocław 2018 DOI 10.19195/2084-2546.26.3 ELŻBIETA BENDER ORCID: 0000-0002-1136-2539 Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie Correo: [email protected] La raíz rota de Arturo Barea: destiempo ficcionalizado y autobiografía figurada Palabras clave: La raíz rota — Arturo Barea — destiempo — autobiografía figurada — ficción. Las lecturas y relecturas de la obra de Arturo Barea, que llevan inevitable- mente a comparar sus libros con los de otros republicanos exiliados, terminan en una constatación desesperanzadora: Barea parece ser el único exiliado a quien, a pesar de la nueva política histórica que cede la palabra a los vencidos, no le quieren reivindicar ni los vencedores —lo que al fin y al cabo se entien- de perfectamente por la militancia socialista del escritor—, ni los republicanos —lo que queda aclarado gracias a la lectura de su trilogía autobiográfica La forja de un rebelde—. En el tercer tomo de este libro, La llama, el escritor cuenta sinceramente lo que vivió durante el sitio de Madrid, permaneciendo en la zona republicana durante la Guerra Civil. Su testimonio es estremecedor porque revela las atrocidades cometidas por ambos bandos del conflicto. En consecuencia, Barea es un escritor incómodo para los partidarios de cualquier ideología, un hombre que rechaza la confrontación por ideas políticas y que lucha incondicionalmente por los ideales humanistas. Del último tomo de su autobiografía, La llama, sabemos que Barea, afectado por las luchas inter- nas en el bando republicano y personalmente amenazado por las sospechas comunistas, pierde su entusiasmo socialista y, al parecer, llega a cuestionar la validez de ideología política alguna.
    [Show full text]
  • Les Rôles Du Vétérinaire Militaire De L'armée Du Levant Dans Les Théâtres Des Opérations Extérieures De 1935 a 1942
    Année 2019 LES RÔLES DU VÉTÉRINAIRE MILITAIRE DE L'ARMÉE DU LEVANT DANS LES THÉÂTRES DES OPÉRATIONS EXTÉRIEURES DE 1935 A 1942 THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR VÉTÉRINAIRE, présentée et soutenue publiquement devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE CRÉTEIL le…………… par Auriane Marine Madeleine Josseline SCHMITT Née le 24 septembre 1994 à Saint-Cyr-l’Ecole (Yvelines) DIRECTEUR DE THESE : Pr Henry CHATEAU, Président Pr Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine de CRÉTEIL 1er Assesseur Pr Henry CHATEAU Professeur à l’EnvA 2nd Assesseur Dr Lélia BERTONI Maître de Conférences à l’EnvA INVITÉS : Mme Sandrine HAON, Conservateur de la Bibliothèque de l’ENVA Dr Christophe DEGUEURCE, Directeur de l’ENVA Remerciements Au Président du jury Qui me fait l’honneur de présider mon jury de thèse, Respectueux hommage. A Monsieur le Professeur Henry Chateau, Qui m’a fait l’honneur d’accepter la direction de cette thèse atypique Pour votre collaboration à l’établissement de ce projet, Sincères remerciements. A Madame le Docteur Lélia Bertoni, Pour avoir accepté d’être mon assesseur, Ma profonde reconnaissance. A Madame Sandrine Haon, Pour tous vos conseils précieux tant sur le fond que sur la forme, toutes vos relectures attentives, tout le temps que vous avez accordé à ce travail, Ma très profonde gratitude. A Monsieur le Professeur Christophe Degueurce, Qui m’a fait l’honneur de me proposer ce sujet Pour votre passion de l’histoire des vétérinaires, Hommage reconnaissant. A Madame Jacqueline Mongellaz, Madame Estelle Geraud et Madame Nathalie Halgand, Sans qui cette thèse n’aurait jamais vu le jour et sans qui le Fonds Mourot n’existerait pas.
    [Show full text]
  • Lorne Bair :: Catalog 21
    LORNE BAIR :: CATALOG 21 1 Lorne Bair Rare Books, ABAA PART 1: AFRICAN-AMERICAN HISTORY & LITERATURE 2621 Daniel Terrace Winchester, Virginia USA 22601 (540) 665-0855 Email: [email protected] Website: www.lornebair.com TERMS All items are offered subject to prior sale. Unless prior arrangements have been made, payment is expected with order and may be made by check, money order, credit card (Visa, MasterCard, Discover, American Express), or direct transfer of funds (wire transfer or Paypal). Institutions may be billed. Returns will be accepted for any reason within ten days of receipt. ALL ITEMS are guaranteed to be as described. Any restorations, sophistications, or alterations have been noted. Autograph and manuscript material is guaranteed without conditions or restrictions, and may be returned at any time if shown not to be authentic. DOMESTIC SHIPPING is by USPS Priority Mail at the rate of $9.50 for the first item and $3 for each additional item. Overseas shipping will vary depending upon destination and weight; quotations can be supplied. Alternative carriers may be arranged. WE ARE MEMBERS of the ABAA (Antiquarian Bookseller’s Association of America) and ILAB (International League of Antiquarian Book- sellers) and adhere to those organizations’ standards of professionalism and ethics. PART ONE African American History & Literature ITEMS 1-54 PART TWO Radical, Social, & Proletarian Literature ITEMS 55-92 PART THREE Graphics, Posters & Original Art ITEMS 93-150 PART FOUR Social Movements & Radical History ITEMS 151-194 2 PART 1: AFRICAN-AMERICAN HISTORY & LITERATURE 1. CUNARD, Nancy (ed.) Negro Anthology Made by Nancy Cunard 1931-1933. London: Nancy Cunard at Wishart & Co., 1934.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation
    Salve Regina University Digital Commons @ Salve Regina Pell Scholars and Senior Theses Salve's Dissertations and Theses Summer 7-14-2011 The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation Kalyna Macko Salve Regina University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Macko, Kalyna, "The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation" (2011). Pell Scholars and Senior Theses. 68. https://digitalcommons.salve.edu/pell_theses/68 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Salve's Dissertations and Theses at Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pell Scholars and Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Salve Regina. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Macko 1 The Effect of Franco in the Basque Nation By: Kalyna Macko Pell Senior Thesis Primary Advisor: Dr. Jane Bethune Secondary Advisor: Dr. Clark Merrill Macko 2 Macko 3 Thesis Statement: The combined nationalist sentiments and opposition of these particular Basques to the Fascist regime of General Franco explained the violence of the terrorist group ETA both throughout his rule and into the twenty-first century. I. Introduction II. Basque Differences A. Basque Language B. Basque Race C. Conservative Political Philosophy III. The Formation of the PNV A. Sabino Arana y Goiri B. Re-Introduction of the Basque Culture C. The PNV as a Representation of the Basques IV. The Oppression of the Basques A. Targeting the Basques B. Primo de Rivera C. General Francisco Franco D. Bombing of Guernica E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Courage of Faith MARIST COMMUNITIES in TURBULENT TIMES [1936-1939]
    The courage of faith MARIST COMMUNITIES IN TURBULENT TIMES [1936-1939] Lluís Serra Llansana Translator: Roberto Clark First Edition - September 2013 Copyright: Lluís Serra Llansana - 2013 Cover: Elisabet Serra Vendrell Exclusive rights Two possible formulas: All rights reserved. Total or partial reproduction, storage in computer systems or any method of transmission such as electronic, mechanical or photocopying of this book is forbidden without prior written consent of the author or copyright owner. All rights are reserved. However, its total or partial reproduction is authorized as long as the content remains unchanged, the source is cited, and there is no financial gain. Contents PROLOGUE .............................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1. Marist Community of Les Avellanes (Lleida) You are placing the palm of martyrdom in my hand! ......................... 17 CHAPTER 2. Marist Community of Toledo I’ve been living with them, together with them I want to die! ......................... 29 CHAPTER 3. Marist Community of Valencia In times of peace as in times of war ........ 41 CHAPTER 4. Marist Community of Vic (Barcelona) We know exactly what we want and what it costs .................................... 51 CHAPTER 5. Marist Community of Ribadesella (Asturias) They’ll kill me because I’m a religious ..... 59 CHAPTER 6. Marist Community of Badajoz Faith is our first treasure ......................... 65 CHAPTER 7. Marist Community of Malaga The captain of the ship saves himself last ............................................. 69 3 CHAPTER 8. Marist Communities of Madrid May it be what God wants! .................... 79 CHAPTER 9. Marist Community of Chinchón (Madrid) We need not go to the missions .............. 95 CHAPTER 10. Marist Community of Torrelaguna (Madrid) To serve and love ..................................
    [Show full text]
  • WW2-Spain-Tripbook.Pdf
    SPAIN 1 Page Spanish Civil War (clockwise from top-left) • Members of the XI International Brigade at the Battle of Belchite • Bf 109 with Nationalist markings • Bombing of an airfield in Spanish West Africa • Republican soldiers at the Siege of the Alcázar • Nationalist soldiers operating an anti-aircraft gun • HMS Royal Oakin an incursion around Gibraltar Date 17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day) Location Spain Result Nationalist victory • End of the Second Spanish Republic • Establishment of the Spanish State under the rule of Francisco Franco Belligerents 2 Page Republicans Nationalists • Ejército Popular • FET y de las JONS[b] • Popular Front • FE de las JONS[c] • CNT-FAI • Requetés[c] • UGT • CEDA[c] • Generalitat de Catalunya • Renovación Española[c] • Euzko Gudarostea[a] • Army of Africa • International Brigades • Italy • Supported by: • Germany • Soviet Union • Supported by: • Mexico • Portugal • France (1936) • Vatican City (Diplomatic) • Foreign volunteers • Foreign volunteers Commanders and leaders Republican leaders Nationalist leaders • Manuel Azaña • José Sanjurjo † • Julián Besteiro • Emilio Mola † • Francisco Largo Caballero • Francisco Franco • Juan Negrín • Gonzalo Queipo de Llano • Indalecio Prieto • Juan Yagüe • Vicente Rojo Lluch • Miguel Cabanellas † • José Miaja • Fidel Dávila Arrondo • Juan Modesto • Manuel Goded Llopis † • Juan Hernández Saravia • Manuel Hedilla • Carlos Romero Giménez • Manuel Fal Conde • Buenaventura Durruti † • Lluís Companys • José Antonio Aguirre Strength 1936
    [Show full text]
  • The Spanish Communist Party in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), Vol
    The Defence of Madrid: The Spanish Communist Party in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), Vol. Amanda Marie Spencer Ph. D. History Department of History, University of Sheffield June 2006 i Contents: - List of plates iii List of maps iv Summary v Introduction 5 1 The PCE during the Second Spanish Republic 17 2 In defence of the Republic 70 3 The defence of Madrid: The emergence of communist hegemony? 127 4 Hegemony vs. pluralism: The PCE as state-builder 179 5 Hegemony challenged 229 6 Hegemony unravelled. The demise of the PCE 274 Conclusion 311 Appendix 319 Bibliography 322 11 Plates Between pp. 178 and 179 I PCE poster on military instruction in the rearguard (anon) 2a PCE poster 'Unanimous obedience is triumph' (Pedraza Blanco) b PCE poster'Mando Unico' (Pedraza Blanco) 3 UGT poster'To defend Madrid is to defend Cataluna' (Marti Bas) 4 Political Commissariat poster'For the independence of Spain' (Renau) 5 Madrid Defence Council poster'First we must win the war' (anon) 6a Political Commissariat poster Training Academy' (Canete) b Political Commissariat poster'Care of Arms' (anon) 7 lzquierda Republicana poster 'Mando Unico' (Beltran) 8 Madrid Defence Council poster'Popular Army' (Melendreras) 9 JSU enlistment poster (anon) 10 UGT/PSUC poster'What have you done for victory?' (anon) 11 Russian civil war poster'Have you enlisted as a volunteer?' (D.Moor) 12 Poster'Sailors of Kronstadt' (Renau) 13 Poster 'Political Commissar' (Renau) 14a PCE Popular Front poster (Cantos) b PCE Popular Front poster (Bardasano) iii Maps 1 Central Madrid in 1931 2 Districts of Madrid in 1931 2 3 Province of Madrid 3 4 District of Cuatro Caminos 4 iv Summary The role played by the Spanish Communist Party (Partido Comunista de Espana, PCE) during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-39 remains controversial to this day.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spanish Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War, 1936
    The Spanish Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War, 1936 THE Spanish Foreign Legion IN THE Spanish Civil War 1936 José E. Álvarez UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI PRESS Columbia Copyright © 2016 by The Curators of the University of Missouri University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri 65211 Printed and bound in the United States of America All rights reserved. First printing, 2016. ISBN: 978-0-8262-2083-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016937222 This paper meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48, 1984. Typefaces: Sabon and Valentina For Caballero Legionario D. Alejandro Zamacola Monis Contents List of Illustrations / ix List of Maps / xi Foreword / xiii Acknowledgments / xix Introduction / 1 In Spanish Morocco / 13 The Legion Arrives in Andalusia / 27 On the Road to Madrid / 39 Mérida / 61 The Breach of Death: Badajoz / 67 The Battle of the Sierra de Guadalupe / 83 September 1936 / 93 The Battle for the Alcázar of Toledo / 121 From Toledo to Madrid, October 1936 / 129 The Madrid Front, November 1936 / 147 The Madrid Front, December 1936 / 173 With the Second Bandera on the Guipúzcoa-Aragón Front / 181 With the Third Bandera on the Asturian Front / 193 Conclusion / 213 Notes / 219 Bibliography / 275 Index / 283 Illustrations All photos are courtesy of the Archivo de La Legión 1. Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Castejón / 31 2. Legionnaires in Constantina / 48 3. General Francisco Franco with Colonel Juan Yagüe in Seville / 54 4. Machine-gun squad in Mérida / 64 5. Legionnaires entering Toledo / 124 6. Legionnaires advancing on the Madrid front / 151 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Italian Forces in Ethiopia Surrender; 120 Amerieans On
    T *d,gmop ---------- ---- -■ .... .... Italian Forces in Ethiopia Surrender; 120 Amerieans on '_______________ _________ ;------- C Chosen to Wear Crown of Croatia cean’s Broad Reach Fascist Forces Up to British Today Uoaks Liner’s Fate; Duke of Aosta List of Passengers Surrender Necessary Re- i Capitulation of Last Ma« 24 Ambulance Drivers Japs Believe Urges. Goods cause Italians Rail Out jor - Stronghold hi Included Among Those O f Food, and Water; Northeast Ethiopia ] «.299-T oh EgypUan America Will About Egyptian Steam* Be Delivered Amba Alaji Defenders Conies After Italian^: er 2amzam Several m > TgT • : Liner Reported Sunk Reduced to Material Go into War Allowed One Day ^ Groups of Missionar* 1 0 J M a Z l f o e s On voyage from New Impossibility of Tak­ Collect the Woundedjl ics Also Aboard Ves­ - - - - - - I York to Alexandria No ing Care of Wounded Own Position Is One of Duke and General .t|$ Nelson Rockefeller Says' Definite Word as to sel Reported Sunk in And Cease Fighting. Waiting for Roosevelt Surrender Tomontraf* South Atlantic Ocean, Trade in HUler-Domi- What Occurred to Ship To Move Must Abide noted W orld Would Rome, M ay 19.— (A>)— The Cairo, Egypt, May 19. , New York, May 19.— (/P)— New York, May 19.— (A*)— Duke of Aosta, viceroy of By AxU Pact Terms. — About 7,000 Italian aoldiem Be Impossible Task. The broad expanse of the Philip Faversham, 33-year- Ethiopia, has surrendered are surrendering in E ^ o ” " old son of the late William V ■ South Atlantic— or possibly Tokyo, May 19.—(JP)—The Japa­ today and their commai New York, May 19.-r(P)—Nel­ limself and his troops to the Faversham, actor, was among {he Indian ocean— cloaked the nese press declared today that at Alma Alaji, the Duke son A.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MENTOR 86 “The Magazine Ahead of Its Time”
    THE MENTOR 86 “The Magazine Ahead of its Time” APRIL 1995 page 1 So this is the world that “swirls around us”, here where we A PLANET MUCH LIKE live in the most quite and forgotten of sites, shielded to our west by the Santa Barbara Range, (perhaps 2,500 metres high, or higher maybe); to our south by the valley’s own heights where lie the vast domains of El EARTH Fuerte... and beyond it there’s a national park, too far to reach easily from here, at the every centre of a geological fault, so that severe earthquakes can occur. To our east just beyond another ridge stretch the wastes of Chaco, becoming more and more swampy as the great BY Mae Strelkov rivers coming down from Brazil encounter difficulty in emptying their burdens into the Atlantic Ocean far to the south-east of us here. Somewhere in the wilds to our east, moreover lies the mysterious homeland of the Guaranies, now called Paraguay To our north there are not cities, just some sugar-producing ingenios employing thousands of peones, so that small thriving towns cluster around such sites. The brisk north wind, whoever, by the time it comes roaring across our own piece of land where we are, halfway This is the story of a bulldozer in a steamy jungle. It is the up this great valley, is so pure it’s a pleasure to have it as our steadiest story of myself, born in China, married to a Russian refugee, with wind the whole year through.
    [Show full text]
  • Cronología De La Guera De España (1936-1939)
    Chronology of the War of Spain (1936-1939) (emphasizing the Lincoln Battalion involvement) 1931 13 April: Fall of Spanish monarchy and declaration of Republic. 1933 30 January: Hitler becomes Chancellor in Germany. 1934 12 February: Dollfuss liquidates left-wing oposition in Austria. October: Gen. Franco`s Moorish Troops put down miners`rising in Asturias with considerable brutality. 1935 August: Communist International launches Popular Front policy. 1936 16 February: Conservatives loose Spanish General Elections. Generals Mola and Franco begin conspiracy. 7 March: Nazi troops seize demilitarised Rhineland. 3 May: Popular Front wins French General Elections. 9 May: Fascist Italy annexes Abyssinia. 18 July: Army revolt against Spanish Popular Front government. 25 July: French government forbids arms sales to Republic Spain. 1 September: Franco declared Head (of the Government) of State. 4 September: Largo Caballero becomes Prime Minister of Republican Government; fall of Irún, Basque Country cut off from France. 9 September: Non-Intervention Committee meets in London. 12 October: Formation of International Brigades. 6 November: Republican government leaves Madrid for Valencia. 8 November: XIth International Brigade in action in Madrid. 25 December: The first Americans leave New York on the S.S. Normandie to fight for the Republic. 1937 31 January: Formation of XVth International Brigade, including Lincoln Battalion. 6 February: Battle of Jarama begins. 8 February: Fall of Màlaga. 16 February: Lincoln Battalion first moved to the front lines at Jarama; the first Lincoln casualty, Charles Edwards, on the 17th. 27 February: Lincolns attack Pingarrón Hill (“Suicide Hill”) in Jarama Valley; of the 500 who went over the top, more than 300 were killed or wounded.
    [Show full text]