DOCSLIB.ORG

UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università degli Studi di Venezia Ca' Foscari UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title From Red Lights to Red Flags: A History of Gender in Colonial and Contemporary Vietnam Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/55d015ns Author TRAN, QUANG-ANH RICHARD Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California From Red Lights to Red Flags: A History of Gender in Colonial and Contemporary Vietnam by Quang-Anh Richard Tran A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric and the Designated Emphasis in Women, Gender, and Sexuality in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Judith Butler, Co-Chair Professor Peter Zinoman, Co-Chair Professor Michael Lucey Professor Ramona Naddaff Fall 2011 1 Abstract From Red Lights to Red Flags: A History of Gender in Colonial and Contemporary Vietnam By Quang-Anh Richard Tran Doctor of Philosophy in Rhetoric University of California, Berkeley Professor Judith Butler, Co-Chair Professor Peter Zinoman, Co-Chair This dissertation argues that the public discourse of Vietnam‘s periods of modernity—the late French colonial era (1930-1940) and that of the post-socialist decades (1986-2005)— produced interlocking notions of what I call queer subjects, subjects who oppose or exceed a normative understanding of heterosexual reproduction. The dissertation posits, however, a diachronic rupture in the dominant meaning of queer between these two periods. Whereas the former exhibited a capacious vision of gender and sexuality, one that pushed the imagined frontiers of the human body, the post-socialist decades marked a retreat to a static notion of mythic tradition that pathologized and purged queer bodies through recourse to a late nineteenth- century European discourse of gender-inversion, the notion of a man ―trapped‖ in a women‘s body or vice versa. To demonstrate this change, the first chapter argues that the normative meaning of gender and sexuality in late colonial Vietnam was far more dynamic and expansive than the contemporary scholarship has acknowledged. The second chapter maintains that the sexual regime that Foucault and others scholars have identified in Europe reaches its limit in the Vietnamese colony. The third and final chapter demonstrates the emergence of this sexual regime, albeit in transmuted form, during Vietnam‘s post-socialist decades (1986-2005). Together these chapters support the overall argument of a historical rupture in the cultural meaning of queer genders and sexualities between the period of late French colonialism and post-socialism. In reconstructing this rupture, the dissertation aims to de-familiarize contemporary practices and commitments and, by so doing, illuminate viable alternative forms of gendered and sexual life in twentieth-century Vietnam. i Table of Contents Acknowledgments………………………………………………………….. ii Preface……………………………………………………………………… iv Chapter 1…………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 2…………………………………………………………………… 37 Chapter 3…………………………………………………………………… 71 Conclusion………………………………………………………………….. 102 Bibliography………………………………………………………………... 104 ii Acknowledgments I would first like to thank my committee for their support without which this project would never have come to fruition. Thank you to Peter Zinoman for his exemplary mentoring through the years. Despite his many commitments, he always made himself available whenever I needed his advice, regardless of which corner of the globe I was in at the moment. His graduate seminars remain some of the best I have taken for their truly lively discussion and rigorous attention to historical argumentation. Through him, I learned to appreciate the critical resources that historiography could offer, the delicate craft of narrating the past and, above all, the immense responsibility entailed as a ―restorer‖ of cultural memory. Thank you to Michael Lucey for his commitment to the field of sexuality studies, critical feedback and encouraging advice through the years and to Ramona Naddaff who agreed to be part of the committee late in the project. Finally, I am enormously grateful to Judith Butler, who read every word of the dissertation, for her challenging questions and tireless faith in me and the project. When the going got tough, she opened up her office and dazzling library, providing me the space, time and resources to finish. Among many other things, I learned from her the cultivation of the arts of living. Whether in Washington, D.C., or Paris, she held some of the most intellectually stimulating dinner conversations, in which philosophy and critical thought were as much essential ingredients for living, breathing and thriving as the meal itself. Above all, I am most grateful for her steadfast patience, virtue, humor and wisdom. In the Rhetoric Department, I have many people to whom I am indebted. I wish to thank Trinh Minh Ha for her eye-opening graduate seminar on postcoloniality, exemplary interdisciplinary work, and for her inspiring presence in the academy; Linda Williams, for serving as my qualifying exam chair; Marianne Constable, for her dedication to teaching and advising; Maxine Fredrickson and Marcus Norman for countless administrative support; Michael Wintroub for his advocacy and research advice: I still remember the time when we bumped into each other during a coffee break at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. He understood the challenges of archival work and provided some practical and useful tips. At the time, it almost did seem as if our department temporarily relocated to Paris. A special thanks goes to Tamara Loos who went out of her way to serve as the senior respondent on a panel I convened entitled, ―States of Desire: Sexual Cultures in Southeast Asia‖ at the Association of Asian Studies conference in 2011. Her rigorous scholarship remains a model that I can only hope to approximate. Other faculty and people whom I wish to acknowledge include Paola Bacchetta, Anne Cheng, Barrie Thorne, Sau-Ling Wong, Penny Edwards, Juana Rodriguez, Robert Kaufmann, Daniel Boyarin, Pheng Cheah, D. Rita Alfonso, Yen Le Espiritu, Agathe Larcher-Goscha, Francois Guillemot, Lisa Rofel, Gail Hershatter, Didier Eribon, Frank Proschan, Ella Shohat, Robert Stam, Pam La Zarr, Nguyen Nguyet Cam, Pham Thi Hoai, Lai Nguyen An, Pham Xuan Nguyen, Hoang Cat, Trinh Cam Lan, Hoa Nguyen. Among my colleagues and friends, I wish to thank: Marguerite Nguyen, Gerard Sasges, Stuart Murray, Kathryn Drabinski, Alice Kim, Michelle Dizon, Diana Anders, Annika Thiem, Tan Hoang Nguyen, Martina Nguyen, Khai Thu Nguyen, Alec Holcombe, Nu-Anh Tran, Jason Picard, Ivan Small, Allen Tran, Mitch Aso, Trung Nguyen, Dave Graham-Squire, Vincent Lloyd, iii Ethan Kaplan, Dominika Bednarska, Eileen Vo, Lindsay Long, Pilar Cossio, Eric Huynh, Lawrence Chua, Nathalie Nguyen, Brad Zamft and Zach Liscow. A special thanks goes to Brad for helping me solve the impossible mysteries of formatting a dissertation; to Zach for his kindness and friendship; to Gerard for being a fabulous person to work with in Vietnam; to Martina for teaching me how to cook when we were in Paris; to Eileen for housing me at Cornell and for our good conversations; to Lawrence for dinner and hospitality in Southeast Asia; and to Caroline for her companionship, generosity and countless other acts of kindess. Nicole Nguyen and Shawn Ratcliff made this journey far more enjoyable. I feel immeasurably richer to have them in my life. My intellectual origins began at UC Irvine‘s School of Humanities with the dedicated professors of the Humanities Core course which introduced students to the examined life. I owe a great debt to Professor John H. Smith who taught me Hegel, the German intellectual tradition and its influence on critical theory. I also wish to acknowledge the memory of the late Professor Richard W. Kroll who first awakened my interest in rhetoric and whose infectious passion for language and literature was always enough reason to take his class, even when it was scheduled at the crack of dawn. Finally, Professor Leslie W. Rabine instilled in me an unflagging belief in the powers of critical consciousness and of committed scholarship. All of these teachers have left no small mark on my life, which has never been the same ever since. I am certain there are many others who have supported me along the way and ask for forgiveness in advance if I may have forgotten to acknowledge anyone. Support for my studies and research came, in part, from the Jacob K. Javits Fellowship and the Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Fellowship. iv Preface This dissertation argues that the public discourse of Vietnam‘s periods of modernity—the late French colonial era (1930-1940) and that of the post-socialist decades (1986-2005)— produced interlocking notions of what I shall call queer subjects. I use the term ―queer‖ to refer to a constellation of ideas, identifications, sensations and narratives about gender and sexuality that oppose or exceed a normative understanding of heterosexual reproduction. The dissertation posits, however, a diachronic rupture in the dominant meaning of queer between these two periods. Whereas the former exhibited a capacious vision of gender and sexuality, one that pushed the imagined frontiers of the human body,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Indians As French Citizens in Colonial Indochina, 1858-1940 Natasha Pairaudeau
    Indians as French Citizens in Colonial Indochina, 1858-1940 by Natasha Pairaudeau A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies Department of History June 2009 ProQuest Number: 10672932 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672932 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 Abstract This study demonstrates how Indians with French citizenship were able through their stay in Indochina to have some say in shaping their position within the French colonial empire, and how in turn they made then' mark on Indochina itself. Known as ‘renouncers’, they gained their citizenship by renoimcing their personal laws in order to to be judged by the French civil code. Mainly residing in Cochinchina, they served primarily as functionaries in the French colonial administration, and spent the early decades of their stay battling to secure recognition of their electoral and civil rights in the colony. Their presence in Indochina in turn had an important influence on the ways in which the peoples of Indochina experienced and assessed French colonialism.
    [Show full text]
  • A Vietnamese Tragedy
    Sky Without Light: A Vietnamese Tragedy NGO VAN’S MEMOIR of "those other movements and revolts caught in the crossfire between the French and the Stalinists" in the years before the American commitment in Vietnam reminded me, painfully, of an "editorial" I wrote on the fall of Saigon. Drawing largely on an excoriation of Vietnamese Communism (the betrayal of the 1945 "Saigon Commune," the cynicism and brutality of collectivization in the North) produced by Solidarity (a London conduit for the councilist ideas of Socialisme ou Barbarie), I had taken aim at the already battered target of "Ho, Ho, Ho Chi Minh!" identification with the regime in Hanoi. "Not Our War" was my unfortunate title. But if I was thankful that scarcely anyone read our group’s "paper," it was not simply because, a 19-year-old, I had been disclaiming on wars we might, or might not, "own." What I had recoiled from was precisely what Ken Knabb in his introduction identifies as the real value of Ngo Van’s "hidden history": the implication that "there were other currents and other strategies that might have led to different results." A hazard of age, I had at some point ceased to question the "judgment of history." In the anti-imperialist struggles of the past century, "socialism" was never going to be more than a more or less ruthless strategy of national mobilization. Testaments to the ideals and sacrifices of those "caught in the crossfire" could be read only as unrelieved tragedy. Like Voline’s The Unknown Revolution or Orwell’s Homage to Catalonia, the publishers suggest that In the Crossfire is "one of those rare books that almost single-handedly unveil moments" in history "when people break through the bounds of the ‘possible’ and strive to create a life worthy of their deepest dreams and aspirations." The appearance of popular councils and of an independent workers’ militia in the September 1945 uprising in Saigon may have amazed and appalled the Communist-led Viet Minh as much (or more) than it did the French.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics, Period 1939-1945, Cochinchina, Reality, Religions
    International Journal of Information Science 2018, 8(1): 13-20 DOI: 10.5923/j.ijis.20180801.02 Religion Status in Coco China during the Period of 1939-1945 Reality and Some Characteristics Duong Quang Dien1, Nguyen Van Tuan2,*, Nghiem Thi Chau Giang3 1Vice General Secretary, Chief of Central Vietnam Buddhism Office, Vietnam 2People Security Institute, Vietnam 3National Economics University, Vietnam Abstract The period of 1939-1945, under influence of historial and socio-economic conditions, religion affairs in Cochinchina took quick, complex and diversified changes. Besides established religions (Buddhism, Protestantism etc.), there was more others emerged (such as Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa – Four Great Services and Return, Caodaism, Hoahaoism etc.). Most of emerged religions utilized traditional ethic properties and theory of established ones with suitable adjustment by contemporary historial conditions. We can say thay during the period 1939-1945, contribution of the religions for Cochinchina particularly, and for Vietnam generally, was significant important, manifesting by many aspects. However, in this article, we just focus on analysing reality and suggest some points and comments on Cochinchina religions in the period 1939-1945. Keywords Characteristics, Period 1939-1945, Cochinchina, Reality, Religions the leader of contemporary Vietnam revolutionary 1. Introduction movement, took the most important role. Mixture of inner and outside conditions presents great impacts on all aspects Cochin-China1 has been a long-term historical region in of economy-politics, society and culture of the Vietnamese the process of establishment by the native people. From people generally, and of Coco China people particularly, geographical location and natural features of this region to its among them status of Religion in Coco China that day.
    [Show full text]
  • Contesting Concepts of Space and Place in French Indochina by Christopher E
    GOSCHA Offers an innovative concept of space and place that has a wider applicability far beyond Indochina or Vietnam Why, Benedict Anderson once asked, did Javanese become Indonesian in 1945 whereas the Vietnamese balked at becoming Indochinese? In this classic study, Christopher Goscha shows that Vietnamese of all political colours came remarkably close to building a modern national identity based on the colonial model of Indochina while Lao and Cambodian nationalists rejected this Contesting Concepts of Space precisely because it represented a Vietnamese entity. Specialists G and Place in French Indochina of French colonial, Vietnamese, Southeast Asia and nationalism O studies will all find much of value in Goscha’s provocative IN rethinking of the relationship between colonialism and nationalism in Indochina. G First published in 1995 as Vietnam or Indochina? Contesting Con- cepts of Space in Vietnamese Nationalism, this remarkable study has I been through a major revision and is augmented with new material ND by the author and a foreword by Eric Jennings. ‘Goscha’s analysis extends far beyond semantics and space. His range of och sources is dazzling. He draws from travel literature to high politics, maps, bureaucratic bulletins, almanacs, the press, nationalist and communist texts, history and geography manuals and guides, amongst others. … [T]his book remains highly relevant to students of nationalism, Southeast Asia, French INE colonialism, Vietnam, geographers and historians alike.’ – Eric Jennings, University of Toronto S E CHRISTOPHER E. GoschA www.niaspress.dk Goscha-Indochinese_cover.indd 1 06/01/2012 14:21 GOING INDOCHINESE Goscha IC book.indd 1 21/12/2011 14:36 NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies NIAS Classics Series Scholarly works on Asia have been published via the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies for more than 40 years, the number of titles published ex- ceeding 300 in total.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Thought of Nguyen an Ninh in the Ideological Transition of the Late 19Th Century and Early 20Th Century
    ISSN 2664-4002 (Print) & ISSN 2664-6714 (Online) South Asian Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Abbreviated Key Title: South Asian Res J Human Soc Sci | Volume-3 | Issue-3 | May-Jun -2021 | DOI: 10.36346/sarjhss.2021.v03i03.010 Original Research Article The Political Thought of Nguyen An Ninh in the Ideological Transition of the Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century * Nguyen Thi Lien Nhi Hanoi University of Home Affairs - Ho Chi Minh Campus; Post-graduate in University of Social Sciences and Humanities - National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam *Corresponding Author Nguyen Thi Lien Nhi Article History Received: 28.04.2021 Accepted: 06.06.2021 Published: 14.06.2021 Abstract: The period from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century was a period of great changes in Vietnamese history. The French colonialists invaded and turned Vietnam into a colonial, semi-feudal society. Vietnamese feudalism and Confucian ideology are increasingly powerless against the demands of the fight against foreign aggression for national independence. In that context, a number of typical thinkers, from Pham Phu Thu, Dang Huy Tru, Nguyen Truong To, Nguyen Lo Trach, etc. to Phan Boi Chau, Phan Chau Trinh, Nguyen An Ninh, etc. have made a move political thought of great historical significance. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the issue of national independence was the top task of our nation. Therefore, it can be said that although by many different ways to save the country, the thinkers are all aiming for national independence. Such political thinking is essentially correct.
    [Show full text]
  • NGUYEN AI QUOC, the COMINTERN, and the VIETNAMESE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT (1919-1941) Submitted by Sophia Quinn-Judge for the Ph.D. D
    NGUYEN AI QUOC, THE COMINTERN, AND THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT (1919-1941) Submitted by Sophia Quinn-Judge For the Ph.D. Degree To The University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies 2001 ProQuest Number: 10672676 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672676 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 ABSTRACT This thesis, is an examination of Nguyen Ai Quoc’s (Ho Chi Minh’s) role in transmitting communism to Vietnam in the period between the First and Second World Wars. As the Third International (Comintern) provided the theory and much of the organizational support for this task, it is also a study of the Comintern’s changing policies towards revolution in colonial countries. It has grown out of research in the Moscow archives of the Comintern, which first became available to researchers in late 1991-1992. It also makes extensive use of the French colonial archives at the Centre d’Archives d’Outre-Mer in Aix-en-Provence. This study begins with Nguyen Ai Quoc’s appearance in Paris in 1919, when he lobbied the Paris Peace Conference for greater Vietnamese freedom and was then drawn into the political world of the French left.
    [Show full text]
  • India and Vietnam
    WORKING PAPER: X TRAVELS BY LEADERS: INDIA AND VIETNAM Himanshu Prabha Ray Susan Mishra 147 WORKING PAPER: X Travels by Leaders: India and Vietnam Himanshu Prabha Ray and Susan Mishra 1. Introduction and Sindhi merchants from Mumbai (then Bombay), The commercial, religious and maritime linkages Sikhs and other Punjabis who worked as security 3 between India and Vietnam date to the ancient period guards and shop owners. An in depth study by and continue in the medieval period as attested by Natasha Pairaudeau reveals the existence of a strong archaeological records and literary references to the Indian community in Vietnam, hailing from various travel of Indian and Vietnamese Buddhist monks. backgrounds and providing the essential man power In the colonial period Vietnam formed a part of the and investment required for the sustenance of the French colony of Indo China, and it is in this time French authorities in Vietnam. Essentially Indians period that migration and settlement of Indians into who migrated to Vietnam did so out of free will and Vietnam occurs. As for the term Indo China Pham pursued a number of economic professions ranging Quynh wrote “one side is Chi-na, while the other is from labourers to attorneys and lawyers. An-Do [India], and thus we have this land of Dong “Indians living in Cochin-china who were not Duong, which is quite rightly given the name of French citizens fell into one of two categories. If they An-Do-Chi-na”.( Pham Quynh, ‘Les annamites au originated from the French Establishments in India Laos’, France-Indochine, no 3,403, 6 March 1931, p.
    [Show full text]
  • General Guidelines Endnotes
    Journal of Vietnamese Studies Reference Guidelines Journal of Vietnamese Studies bases these guidelines primarily on The Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed., 2003) and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed., 2003). Where no rule is present here, follow the 15th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style. GENERAL GUIDELINES a. Endnotes should be ordered 1., 2., 3., and so forth (NOT i, ii, iii). b. Do not write “p.” or “pp.” to indicate page number unless necessary to avoid ambiguity, as is sometimes the case in citing archival documents. For books and parts of books, precede page number(s) with a comma and a space. For periodicals and journal articles, precede page number(s) with a colon and a space. For sections of particular volumes, precede page number(s) with colon only. c. Italicize titles of books and names of journals (do not underline). d. Use colons, not semicolons or periods, to indicate shift from title to subtitle. e. Abbreviate “edition” as “ed.” / “volume” as “vol.” / “volumes” as “vols.” / “translated” as “trans.” f. Although JVS requires spelling to adhere to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, titles and quoted text should retain original spelling and punctuation, including Vietnamese words spelled without diacritical marks on original documents. g. Do not put endnote callout numbers on the title of your article, section heads, or the name of the article author. Place them after the nearest hard punctuation (e.g., period, question mark, exclamation point, quotation marks) or at the end of block quotations. h. Do not insert a character space between the initials in an author’s name (see example notes 57, 58, 60).
    [Show full text]
  • Biographical Notes
    Biographical Notes THE PHILIPPINES AGUINALDO, Emilio (1869-1964). Born Kawit, Cavite Province just south of Manila. Mother was a Chinese mestiza and father a pros· perous Tagalog farmer who served several times as mayor of his municipality. Forced to withdraw from San Juan de Letran College in his second year when his father died. Returned to Cavite to manage the family farm and was elected town mayor, 1895. Joined the nationalist secret society Katipunan and emerged as the revolu- tion's most capable general when fighting began in 1896. Exiled himself to Hong Kong in 1897, but returned to the Philippines the following year to become president of the Republic and command revolutionary forces until his capture in March 1901. Took the oath of loyalty to the United States and retired to his home in Cavite. Unsuccessful campaign for Commonwealth president, 1934. Strong supporter of the Japanese occupation and sought presidency of the wartime Republic, an overture the Japanese rejected. BONIFACIO, Andres (1863-97). Born in Tondo district of Manila. little formal education. Worked most of his life as a labourer and self-employed craftsman. Imbibed his anti-colonial nationalism from Jose Rizal's novels, various Propaganda Movement publications and European novels like Victor Hugo's Les Miserables. Leader of the revolutionary secret society Katipunan, 1892, and spent the next four years planning an armed revolution which began in August 1896. Leadership struggle with General Emilio Aguinaldo, and executed as a traitor on Aguinaldo's orders, May 1897. BURGOS, Jose (1837-72). Born in the city of Vigan, IIocos Sur.
    [Show full text]
  • Nguyen an Ninh's Political Ideology and Its Value for Vietnam Today
    Journal of Advances in Education and Philosophy Abbreviated Key Title: J Adv Educ Philos ISSN 2523-2665 (Print) |ISSN 2523-2223 (Online) Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Journal homepage: https://saudijournals.com Original Research Article Nguyen An Ninh’s Political Ideology and Its Value for Vietnam Today Lien Nhi, Nguyen Thi* Post-graduate in VNUHCM - University of Social Sciences and Humanities and teaching at Hanoi University of Home Affairs in Ho Chi Minh City Campus DOI: 10.36348/jaep.2020.v04i12.003 | Received: 26.11.2020 | Accepted: 09.12.2020 | Published: 16.12.2020 *Corresponding author: Lien Nhi, Nguyen Thi Abstract Nguyen An Ninh is a thinker and a big patriot in Vietnam’s revolutionary movement. The political thought of Nguyen An Ninh holds an important place in the history of modern and modern thought of Vietnam and has profoundly influenced Vietnam’s revolutionary movements in history and in the present period. This study focuses on a comprehensive analysis of the political system of Nguyen An Ninh, but the value that that ideology brings to the Vietnamese revolution in the history and significance of that thought in the present period. At the same time, this study not only helps to clarify the special features in the thought of a great thinker but also partly depicts the spiritual beauty and revolutionary qualities of a typical patriot. Keywords: Nguyen An Ninh, political ideology, historical value, Viet Nam’s revolution. Copyright © 2020 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original author and source are credited.
    [Show full text]