SYSTEMATICS, ECOLOGY, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOLLUSKS OF LOS ROQUES, VENEZUELN

ROBERT C. WORK Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami

ABSTRACT One hundred and twenty-five species of mollusks of the Los Roques Archipelago are treated. The habitat and associated fauna of each molluscan assemblage are discussed. An attempt is made to establish accurate geographic ranges for each species. Notes concerning the feed- ing habits of ten species of gastropods are included, and the egg capsules of three species are illustrated.

INTRODUCTION This paper is based upon the mollusks collected in Los Roques Islands, Venezuela, during the month of August 1963, at which time the author took part in an expedition initiated and partially supported by the Fundaci6n Cientifica Los Roques under the supervision of Dr. Guillermo Machado of Caracas. The University Central de Venezuela, Harvard University, and the Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences of the University of Miami participated. The base of operations was located on the south island of Dos Mosquises, where the Fundaci6n Cientifica Los Roques maintains comfortable living quarters and laboratory facilities (see inset, Fig. I). An illustrated, popular narrative of the 1963 Los Roques Expedition has been published by de Sylva (1964). The purpose of this paper goes, hopefully, beyond being a simple check list. Through literature research, personal communication with reliable authorities, and personal experience, an attempt has been made to determine the actual ranges of the species listed and the zoogeographic affinities of the Los Roques Archipelago to other regions. It is hoped that the descriptions of the collecting localities will give some idea of the general ecology of some of the species. In the systematic treatment, additional notes pertinent to the ecology of some of the species are included. Information on the feeding habits is given for some species, and the egg capsules of several species are figured. This list of species is unquestionably far from being complete. However, only through many such incomplete lists compiled by interested investigators will an ultimate composite understanding of the Caribbean fauna become a reality.

1Contribution No. 1050 from the Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami. This research was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research Grant Nonr-(G)- 0031-64 and was submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Miami in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 615

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sincere appreciation is extended to the Fundaci6n Cientifica Los Roques for the financial aid, companionship, and able assistance given by its members: especially Dr. Guillermo Machado, Mr. Francisco Nunez, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Phelps, and Mr. Freddy Behrens. The author is particularly grateful to the United States Office of Naval Research for its support through grant Nonr-( G) -0031-64. With great pleasure the author accepted the friendship and cooperation of the following expedition members from the Universidad Central de Venezuela: Dr. Franz Weibezahn, Mr. Francisco Mago Leccia, Miss Tania Cobo, Mr. Otto Infante, Mr. Jose de Gregario, and Miss Elizabeth Izaguirre. The author owes special thanks to the latter for her particular interest in the collection of invertebrates. In addition, thanks are due to many members of the Venezuelan Navy, especially to Captain Noel Sanchez-Gomez, captain of the Navy vessel "HO-1," which transported expedition members to and from Los Roques; and to Lieutenant Leopoldo Salas-Romer, who was the liaison officer with the Venezuelan Navy and who also helped with the collections. Thanks, of course, are extended to the author's two companions from the University of Miami, Dr. Donald P. de Sylva, ichthyologist and chief sci- entist of our team, and Dr. John M. Greene, who was a graduate student in ichthyology at the time of the expedition. Special thanks are due Dr. Gilbert L. Voss of the Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences for having chosen me to be included among the expedition members. Further appreciation goes to Dr. Voss and Dr. Frederick M. Bayer for encourage- ment and guidance while writing this paper. The author is grateful to the following specialists for assistance with identifying some of the non-molluscan fauna: Dr. Frederick M. Bayer for all alcyonarians, with the exception of a few generic field identifications by the author; Dr. Lowell P. Thomas for the greater part of the ophiuroids; Dr. Elisabeth Deichmann for all holothurians, with the exception of the author's field identification of Ludwigothuria mexicana (Ludwig); and Dr. Anthony Provenzano for all pagurids. The author is responsible for the determinations of all of the remaining non-molluscan invertebrates included herein. The following individuals are gratefully acknowledged for specific de- terminations of special groups of mollusks: Drs. Eveline and Ernst Marcus for all opisthobranchs other than Bulla; Mr. Edward T. Laroe for all chitons; and Dr. Gilbert L. Voss and Dr. Richard Young for all cephalo- pods. For the loan of specimens of Astraea and Laevicardium for comparative purposes, appreciation is given to Mrs. Ellen Crovo; Lt. Col. Corrine Ed- wards, U.S.A.P. (Ret.); Mrs. Louise Futch; and Mrs. Adele Emery. 616 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

HISTORICAL RESUME This resume includes literature only for the islands and continental shores of the Caribbean proper, with the exception that the entire Yucatan Peninsula is here considered geographically as Caribbean. By the same token, the northern shores of the Greater Antilles are considered to be part of the Caribbean. One may consult the list of references for pertinent literature concerning the Caribbean fauna in the remainder of the Gulf of Mexico, the southeastern United States, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and the Atlantic coast of South America. Among the very early publications concerning Caribbean mollusks are those of Orbigny (1842, 1853) dealing with the fauna of Cuba, and Adams (1845, 1846, 1850) who listed and described many new species of mollusks from Jamaica. Following these, Beau (1858) published a cata- logue of shells from the island of Guadeloupe, and Krebs (1864) and March (1863, 1875, 1876, 1877) published lists of West Indian marine shells, many from the island of S1. Martin. Coomans (1958) has reviewed the work of Krebs and part of that of March and has brought Krebs' nomenclature up to date. Also during the 19th Century, a number of new Caribbean species were described in brief papers by P. Fischer, H. Crosse, and Bernardi, individually and in various coauthorships, mostly published in the Journal de Conchyliologie. In this century Dall & Simpson (1901) published an important systematic work on the mollusks of Puerto Rico. More recently, Warmke & Abbott (l961) have treated Caribbean mollusks based mainly on collections from Puerto Rico. McLean (1951) treated the pelecypods of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Many of his Puerto Rican records are based on the above mentioned work of Dall & Simpson. From Playa de Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, Arnow et aZ. (1963) listed and gave notes concerning 224 species of mollusks. For the Virgin Islands, Usticke (1959) has published an annotated checklist of shells at S1. Croix, and Weber (1961) has listed the marine shells of Water Island at S1. Thomas. Aguayo & Jaume (1947-1952) compiled a catalogue of Cuban mol- lusks, but unfortunately it was never officially published. Abbott (1958) has treated ecologically and systematically the mollusks of nearby Grand Cayman. For the islands of the lower Caribbean, publications in this century include Schepman's (1915) work on the Netherlands West Indies and Benthem Jutting's (1927) list of mollusks from the island of Cura<;ao. More recently Coomans (1958) has reviewed the gastropods of the Nether- lands West Indies and other Caribbean islands. This is a good reference for the gastropods of Bonaire, Aruba, and Cura<;ao. Rehder (1962) has published a brief but excellent paper on a small collection of mollusks from Los Rogues and nearby La Orchilla. Rodriguez (1959) included 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 617 information on the ecology of certain mollusks on Margarita Island. Lewis (1960) discussed some of the mollusks of rocky shores at Barbados and (1965) gave an interesting list of benthic mollusks from that island. Less information is availab]e concerning collections of mollusks from the continental Caribbean coast. Fluck (1900, 1901, 1905) published a series of short articles on the shells of the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. Weisbord (1926) and Jaume (1946) listed mollusks collected from the Yucatan Peninsula. Olsson & McGinty (1958) published an extensive list of mollusks from the Caribbean coast of Panama. This paper included the descriptions of new genera and species. Weisbord's (1962, 1964) publications on the Cenozoic mollusks of northern Venezuela include some species of the Recent horizon, and Flores (1966) has treated the cassidids of northern Venezuela and the Venezuelan islands. Most recently, Hou- brick (1968) treated the mollusks of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. The cephalopods of the Caribbean have been described by Adam (1957), Rees (1950), and in papers by Voss (1955, 1956, 1958) for Cuba, the Bahamas, the southwestern Caribbean and numerous individual localities.

PHYSICAL SETTING The archipelago of Los Roques is located about 120 kilometers north of the coast of Venezuela. Rough]y, the chain of islands forms a rectangle with an east-west dimension of 36.6 kilometers and a north-south dimension of 24.6 kilometers. The extremes of the boundaries are between 110 44' 45" and 110 58' 36" North latitude and between 660 32' 4" and 660 52' 27" East longitude. The south-central portion is occupied by a very large, shallow lagoonal area with a depth of about 1 to 1.5 meters. It is around this lagoon that the 42 islands, and more than 250 sandbanks and reefs, are situated. The heavier concentrations of islands lie on the eastern and northern edges of the lagoon. The entire archipelago rests on a submarine plateau rising sharply from the surrounding depths of approximately 915 to 1,097 meters. Although calcareous sand and silt cover the floor of the lagoon and make up the exposed surfaces of most of the islands, the predominant underlying rock is igneous. Most of the islands are flat; but at Gran Roque, in the northeast corner of the archipelago, igneous rock forms a small mountainous chain reaching a height of 120 meters. Rainfall is very scant in the islands; therefore, except for salt-tolerant plants of the mangrove zones (i.e., Rhizophora, Avieennia, Laguneularia, and Conoearpus), the vegetation of Los Roques is xerophytic. Cacti of the genera Opuntia, Me/oeaetus, and Lemaireoeereus grow here, and other plants of such genera as Euphorbia and Tournefortia are to be found. For detailed information regarding the geology, botany, zoology, archae- ology, and ethnology of Los Roques, the reader may consult the publi- 618 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

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ZOOGEOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS In the systematic section of this paper it will be seen that, for the species included, published ranges have not been relied upon. Too many unproven ranges for certain species have been repeated from one publication to the next. Apparently, such ranges are based upon the early assumptions that Cedar Keys and Cape Canaveral (now called Cape Kennedy), Florida, were the most logical localities for demarking northern limits for most West Indian species and that Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, was a credible northernmost locality for certain other West Indian species. For some species, the North Carolina ranges were based upon reliable records; and recent explorations (Merrill & Petit, 1965; Cerame-Vivas & Gray, 1966; Menzies et ai., 1966) have shown that many West Indian species do, indeed, occur off the Carolinas. Cape Hatteras is unquestionably a valid point of reference as a zoogeographic boundary, which marks a northern limit for the so-called Carolinian fauna as regards inshore marine life and a northern limit for an offshore mixed Carolinian and West Indian fauna. A very small percentage of the offshore West Indian fauna is also found inshore in the Carolinas. Cedar Keys and Cape Canaveral, although good geographic reference points, do not actually constitute valid zoogeographic boundaries. How- ever, both localities are not too far distant from localities which do appear to be valid boundaries of faunal change. In the author's opinion, Cedar Keys falls between two boundaries which embrace an unusual fauna characterized by many disjunct tropical species. These matters will be discussed in more detail later. Many of the species for which Johnson (1934) gave ranges to the Texas coast apparently do not occur there (Pulley, 1952). However, offshore banks in the northwest Gulf of Mexico have been shown to support a limited, tropical, reef-dwelling molluscan fauna (Parker & Curray, 1956; Parker, 1960). Moore (1958) added a few additional records of tropical species for the Texas coast. The mollusks of Bermuda, although a depauperate fauna, are West Indian in composition, and most published Bermudan ranges are in keeping with Peile's list (1926). The establishment of southern ranges for West Indian species has been greatly facilitated by the recent publications of Fischer-Piette & Testud (1967a, 1967b), Klein (1967), Matthews (1967a, 1967b), Metivier (1967a, 1967b), and Van Mol et al. (1967). Morretes (1949, 1953), in 620 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) his catalogue of Brazilian mollusks, gave localities for many West Indian species; but, unfortunately, some obvious errors make the use of this source for establishing southern ranges rather doubtful. However, most of his citations are, in all likelihood, correct; and, in view of this, the writer has used some of Morretes' locality records in the systematic treatment. Dr. Bernard Tursch of the University of Brussels, who is well acquainted with the mollusks of Brazil, has been most helpful to the author in establishing the Brazilian ranges for many species. Published reports by reliable systematists, who separately treat collections or portions of collections from specific localities, are the best sources for comprehension of range. The chances for error are greatly heightened when one is working with museum material from many different sources and many different eras. An unfortunate complication is that of the occasional shell collector who claims to have "found" in a given locality every shell for which the published ranges have included his area of hunting. In this manner, pub- lished errors are perpetuated. There is, of course, especially in Florida, the chance of introduction of living specimens into an area by collectors who now travel frequently throughout the Bahamas and Caribbean. Not to be completely disregarded are entire collections of shells of non-local origin which have been swept into the sea, along with the buildings housing them, by hurricane tides. This happened at Sanibel Island and Ft. Myers Beach, Florida, during the great hurricane of October 1944, and again in the Florida Keys during "Donna" of September 1960. It is difficult to reach sound zoogeographic conclusions because so many of the publications from which locality records have been extracted are based upon rather limited collections. However, some rather definite patterns of distribution, especially with respect to northerly ranges, are evident for many of the Los Roques species. Rehder (1962) reported a total of 40 species from Los Roques and nearby La Orchilla. He listed, in fact, 44 species; but two of these are from Cubagua Island near Margarita, and two are from the South American mainland. The total number of species Rehder recorded from Los Roques is 23, of which nine are absent from the present account. These are Tegula viridula (Gmelin), Cerithidea costata (Da Costa), Batil/aria minima (Gmelin), Crepidula convexa (Say), Murex brevifrons Lamarck, Dosinia concentrica (Born), Macrocallista maculata (Linnaeus), Cyclinella tenuis (Recluz), and Octopus vulgaris (Lamarck). Of the 17 species Rehder reported only for nearby La Orchilla, six are not listed in the present account. These are Acanthopleura granulata (Gmelin), Littorina minima (Wood), Littorina meleagris (Potiez & Michaud), Engina turbinella (Kiener), Pisania tincta (Conrad), and Olivelia nivea chiriquiensis Olsson. The author includes herein, excluding seven species of opisthobranchs, 104 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 621 species that were not recorded from Los Roques by Rehder, or 93 species not recorded by Rehder from either Los Roques or La Orchilla. However, Flores (1966) recorded from La Orchilla three more of the presently treated species, and one of these three was also recorded from Los Roques. Coomans (1958), reporting only on gastropods, did not include nine of the presently reported Los Roques species of shelled gastropods in his list for Aruba, Cura,Voluta musica Linnaeus, are included for Puerto Rico by Warmke & Abbott (1961). The three species that are not listed by Warmke & Abbott are Murex chrysostoma Sowerby, Melongena melongena (Linnaeus), and Aequipecten acanthodes Dall. In addition the occurrence in Puerto Rico of Ischnochiton striolatus (Gray), cited by Warmke & Abbott, is based only upon the record ofDaIl & Simpson (1901). Puerto Rico appears to be the northernmost locality for Vasum capitellum and Engoniophos unicinctus, but Voluta musica has been reported from Santo Domingo (Clench & Turner, 1964). They also reported this species from St. Thomas, V.I. It is interesting that V. musica has been taken so rarely from the Virgin Islands and the Greater Antilles. It would seem that, if this species were to become established at all, it would be quite successful due to its relatively large, non-pelagic young. In this species, the finding of one or two specimens through the years cannot be accounted for by chance settling of larvae which have survived beyond their normal limit of transport. Abbott (1958) reported 86 of the Los Roques species for Grand Cay- 622 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) man. He induded also Leucozonia nassa leucozonalis (Lamarck), a sub- species of the typical L. nassa found at Los Rogues. In general, for the Greater Antilles west of Puerto Rico, 106 of the Los Roques species have been reported. The number diminishes to 101 in southeast Florida and 87 in the Bahamas. Two of the Los Roques species, Livona pica (Linnaeus) and Oliva reticularis Lamarck, are found in the Bahamas but not in Florida. Only six of the presently treated Los Roques species are reported from northeast Florida, two from offshore Georgia, and five from offshore South Carolina. The number increases considerably in the vicinity of North Carolina where 29 of the Los Roques species are represented, although the majority of these are reported from offshore banks. Moving eastward to Bermuda, 58 of the Los Roques species have been reported living, and three have been reported as subfossils. Along the Florida coast of the Gulf of Mexico some species show an unusual pattern of distribution. Of the 29 Los Roques species found in southwest Florida, 19 are found in northwest Florida (in the present sense from Andote Key to Pensacola). However, ten of the Los Roques species occur in northwest Florida and not in southwest Florida. This gives a coincidental number of 29 species for both areas. It is highly probable that nearly all of the Los Rogues species reported from southwest Florida do occur in northwest Florida, but the opposite is not true. Along the extreme northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, in Mississippi and Louisiana, only four of the Los Roques species are known, but in the offshore waters of the northwest Gulf of Mexico the number increases to 18. Four of the Los Roques species are known from northern Texas, ten from southern Texas, and 43 from non-peninsular, southern Mexico, with an increase to 57 in the Yucatan Peninsula. To the south, 88 of the Los Roques species are known from Central America. At least 75 Los Roques species extend southward to Surinam or beyond; 73 are known from northeastern Brazil (from Bahia northward); and 48 are known from southern Brazil. A single Los Roques species, Littorina ziczac (Gmelin), is known from Uruguay; and one other, Cymatium muricinum (Roding), was reported by Dall (1890) off Rio de la Plata, Argentina; however, this record is highly questionable. Seven of the total of 125 Los Roques species are reported from the American Pacific coast; but two of these, Littorina ziczac (Gmelin) and L. angulifera (Lamarck), have been introduced and are confined to the vicinity of the Bay of Panama. One of the seven above-mentioned species, Dendrodoris krebsii (March), is known on the Pacific coast only from the Gulf of California. In addition, three of the Los Roques species are known from West Africa, two from the Mediterranean Sea, and four from the Indo-Pacific. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 623 Among the Los Roques opisthobranchs, Aplysia dactylomela Rang is found in all warm seas except the Mediterranean, and Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang) is stated by Marcus & Marcus (1967) to be circum tropical and circumsubtropical, although it has not been reported from the American Pacific coast. Rehder (1962) has indicated a belief that a wider knowledge of the fauna of the lower Caribbean, especially the coasts of Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, and the Lesser Antilles, could result in dividing the region into zoogeographical subregions. The author is inclined to agree with Rehder; for, although the greater percentage of the West Indian fauna is widespread, certain species do seem to be confined to rather limited areas of the Caribbean. Other species appear to have their main populations relatively confined, but individuals of these species may be found rarely quite some distance from their primary centers of distribution. Recent dredging operations of the Institute of Marine Sciences' R/V PILLSBURY in the extreme southwest Caribbean off Panama and Colombia have re- vealed an interesting fauna, many species of which the author has not seen from other regions. A fairly large percentage of the West Indian molluscan fauna extends southward beyond Trinidad. However, here it is intermingled in north- eastern and central eastern Brazil with a remarkable, endemic, tropical molluscan fauna. Farther south along the Brazilian coast, the West Indian fauna-as well as the tropical, endemic Brazilian fauna-steadily di- minishes as one reaches an area of transition, in which the West Indian- tropical Brazilian fauna gives way to a Patagonian fauna in extreme southern Brazil and Uruguay. Marcus & Marcus (1967) cited Santa Catarina, Brazil, as the southern limit for the western Atlantic warm-water fauna. This is considerably farther south than the "neighborhood of Rio or a little to the south" which Ekman (1953) gave as a southern limit. The Los Roques collection shows much stronger affinities to southeast Florida and the Bahamas than to any other region outside of the Carib- bean proper. Bermuda and southern Mexico appear to have far fewer of the species found on Los Roques. Many more of the Los Roques species will probably be reported from southern Mexico in the future; but Bermuda, with a characteristic but depauperate West Indian fauna, is unlikely to produce any more of the Los Roques species reported herein than the approximately 46 per cent already mentioned. Johnson (1934), Rehder (1954), Hedgpeth (1953), and Pulley (1953) all seem to be in agreement that the so-called Carolinian Province extends from inshore Cape Hatteras to Cape Canaveral. However, as Bayer (1961) has pointed out, a rather distinct faunal break occurs just north of Palm Beach. Indeed, a better line of demarcation between the Carolinian and Carib- 624 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) bean or West Indian molluscan faunas would be St. Lucie Inlet near Stuart, Florida, because north of this point the fauna is essentially the same as that of northeast Florida, although a few tropical species may be found as far north as Fort Pierce. However, the fauna of the entire southeast coast of Florida is transitional to some degree. Some Carolinian species occur throughout the area, including the Florida Keys; but south of Miami the number of Carolinian species is greatly diminished. The tropical offshore fauna and limited tropical inshore fauna of the Carolinas are disjunct in the sense that the tropical species in this region are not found continuously southward offshore. Hence, ranges cited for tropical species by most workers as "from North Carolina southward" are misleading. Johnson (1934), Rehder (1954), and Hedgpeth (1953) are in relatively close agreement in extending the Caribbean fauna to Tampa or Cedar Keys. They consider that a disjunct Carolinian Province appears north and west of this region. Pulley (1953) does not use the term "Carolinian Province" for any of the Gulf of Mexico. He proposes a South Florida Province from Cape Canaveral southward to Key West and northward in the Gulf to Cape Romano; a Southwest Gulf Province from Cape Romano northward to Anclote Keys; a Northeast Gulf Province from Andote Keys to the Mississippi River; a Northwest Gulf Province from the Mississippi River to Matagorda Island, Texas; a Texas Transitional Province from Matagorda Island to Cabo Rojo, Mexico; and an Offshore West Indian Province in 46 to 183 meters in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Pulley may have justifications for his proposed provinces from the Missis- sippi westward, but his South Florida Province and his two provinces in the eastern Gulf of Mexico are unquestionably the result of inadequate material available to him. The faunal boundaries in the eastern Gulf recognized by Johnson, Rehder, and Hedgpeth, as given above, are also in grave need of revision. Rehder (1954) stated that the west coast of Florida is better known malacologically than any other area of the Gulf of Mexico. He further indicated that this knowledge is gleaned from extensive collecting in south- west Florida and from less extensive collecting in the extreme northwestern corner of the state. It is quite remarkable that few malacologists have observed that sponge divers, working in the northeast Gulf of Mexico between Tarpon Springs and St. Marks, for many years have been collecting the same showy species that are found in southwest Florida in addition to many tropical species not found in southwest Florida. It should be stated here that a possible ex- ception is Pecten ziczac (Linnaeus), which the author has not seen from the northeast Gulf. Due to some peculiar hydrographic anomaly, the stretch of coastline from just north of Clearwater to near the mouth of the Aucilla River (southeast of St. Marks) constitutes one of the most extraordinary 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 625 faunal areas of the Gulf of Mexico, because a much more tropical fauna occurs here, even in shallow water, than in southwest Florida. The author calls this region, for his own reference, the "disjunct Astraea zone"; for it is characterized by exceedingly abundant individuals of Astraea phoebia Roding throughout the region and by A. tecta ssp. throughout at least a greater part of the region. The rich sponge fauna of this zone is for the greater part West Indian; and, although Bayer (1961) listed only three tropical alcyonarians for this region, the author has seen in the area Pterogorgia and Pseudopterogorgia, two genera not cited for the region by Bayer. Corals of the genera Cladocora, Manicina, lsophyllia, Scolymia, and Siderastrea occur rather commonly throughout the area in addition to several species of the less tropical genus Oculina. Cassis madagascarensis spinella Clench, Strombus costatus Gmelin, Cypraea cervus Linnaeus, Latirus mcgintyi Pilsbry, and many other tropical molluscan species are common in this region. Some distance to the west near Panama City, Florida, a rather rich, tropical fauna is found offshore, and a limited, tropical fauna is found inshore. On the jetties of the St. Andrew Bay inlet, and within the bay itself, there occur a considerable number of unexpected species, among them Cymatium parthenopeum (von Salis), C. poulsenii (Morch), Cassis madagascarensis spinella, Strombus costatus, Cypraea cervus, Cyphoma mcgintyi Pilsbry, and Spondylus ictericus Reeve. The number of Carolinian molluscan species also increases as one moves from southwest Florida toward the Apalachee Bay region of the northeast Gulf of Mexico. However, the increase is relatively slight as compared to the increase in tropical species. Hence, the shallow waters of the northeast Gulf of Mexico are paradoxically richer in numbers of both Carolinian and West Indian species than are the shallow waters of southwest Florida. Continued collecting from the northeast Gulf of Mexico, the offshore banks in the northwest Gulf of Mexico, and the offshore banks of the Carolinas should eventually extend the ranges of many of the species of the West Indian fauna. COLLECTING LOCALITIES In the descriptions of the 17 collecting localities, some localities are listed as corresponding to "D. de S. station" numbers and others to "Work station" numbers. The former were stations which were occupied chiefly for the collection of fishes under the direction of Dr. de Sylva. The latter were stations occupied by the author, either alone or with one or more of the biologists from the Universidad Central de Venezuela. For this reason, two series of station numbers have been assigned to the Los Roques collec- tions. For reference purposes these station numbers are permanently assigned to all Los Roques material at the Institute of Marine Sciences. Station numbers of both series have already appeared in published literature (Marcus & Marcus, 1967). 626 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) The author was present and collected at aU of the D. de S. stations listed herein, with the exception of locality 15 (D. de S. 476). Localities 14 and 17 have no corresponding station numbers, for at both of these localities only incidental beach collections were made (see Figure 1 for a chart indicating localities of collections). Judging from the localities visited, the molluscan fauna of Los Roques seems to be depauperate in variety of species. Indeed, it appears that, for invertebrates generally, the area is one of impoverishment. However, there are incredibly dense stands of corals, particularly Acropora, and extraor- dinary numbers of Strombus gigas in some localities. A rich fish fauna indicates the presence of more invertebrates as a lower-scale food source. It is highly probable that the barrier reefs, larger islands, and abundant lagoons along the eastern and southeastern borders of the archipelago would produce a greater variety of species. In the list of species included with each locality description, all measure- ments given are for the greatest dimension of the shell, whether it be width or height. Any measurements for the genus Strom bus are inclusive only of the distance from the tip of the spire to the tip of the siphonal canal. Some species listed were only observed in the field, and specimens of some of the larger species were not shipped to the Institute of Marine Sciences. For these no measurements are given. In addition, no measurements of the opisthobranchs, other than Bulla, are included. All specimens in the locality lists were collected alive except where otherwise indicated.

LOCALITY NO.1 (D. DE S. STAS. 450, 463, 465, AND WORK STA. 8) This locality is just south of the field station of the Fundaci6n Cientifica Los Roques near the southwest corner of the south island of Dos Mosquises. Propinquity allowed more frequent and intensive sampling here than at any other locality. This area, within a few minutes walk from the field station, produced the richest invertebrate fauna of all the localities visited. This is not merely a reflection of the frequency of visits as compared to other localities, for the least productive of any single sampling of this locality yielded a richer molluscan fauna than that of any other area in which collecting was done. The most conspicuous feature of this locality was an outcropping of limestone rock, which originated supra tidally and extended into the water for some distance to a depth of about 2 meters. There was considerable rock and coral rubble, and numerous large colonies of the coral Acropora palmata (Lamarck) occurred throughout the area. Other corals in the immediate vicinity were not conspicuous, but Agaricia agaricites (Linnaeus) was observed. Alcyonarians were noticeably uncommon; only two species, Gorgonia ventalina Linnaeus and Pseudopterogorgia acerosa (Pallas), were observed and collected. Also sponges were in scant evidence; the few 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 627 observed belonged to the genera Verongia, Tethya, and Chondrosia. The tunicate Ascidia nigra (Savigny) was collected. Among the echinoderms collected in association with the mollusks were the echinoids Diadema antillarum (Philippi), Echinometra lucunter (Lin- naeus), E. viridis A. Agassiz, and Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck); the ophiuroids Ophiothrix angulata (Say), O. oerstedii LUtken, Ophioderma appressum (Say), O. cinereum MUller & Troschel, O. brevicaudum LUtken, Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck), O. riisei Ltitken, and Ophiomyxa {taccida (Say); and the asteroid 0 phidiaster guildingii Gray. Few errant polychaetes were observed; however, those collected con- sisted of several unidentified species of amphinomids and the hesionid Hesione picta F. MUlier. In addition, several colonies of sabellids were collected. The crustaceans for the most part have not been identified; but several species of cancroid and spider crabs, including Mithrax sp., were collected. Also taken were a sponge crab, Dromidia sp., and the pagurids Pagurus marshi Benedict, Pagurus miamiensis Provenzano, and Calcinus tibicen (Herbst). The spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latreille), was observed. Except for sessile forms, very few invertebrates were in immediate evi- dence, as aU collecting was done during daylight hours when most motile invertebrates are hidden in crevices or beneath rocks and corals. A few exceptions at this locality were some specimens of Diadema, Murex, Vasum, Strombus, and Astraea. Some very large colonies of Acropora palmata (Lamarck) in this area were not attached to the substrate. The exceptionally widely spreading bases of the colonies were apparently sufficient to keep them from overturning in this particular locality of negligible surf on the leeward side of the islands. It was beneath the con- cave bases of these unattached colonies of Acropora that all living speci- mens of Voluta musica were found. The bases of Acropora also yielded Coralliophila, and all specimens of Hypselodoris acriba and the one living specimen of Murex chrysostoma were collected high upon the branches of the living coral.

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) PELECYPODS Amerieardia media uncommon 136.2 Area imbrieata common 44.5 Barbatia cancellaria common 36.0 Barbatia candida uncommon 37.3 Braehidontes exustus uncommon 16.1 Chama macerophylla uncommon 15.4 Chione paphia single valve 26.9 Chlamys ornata moderately common 23.7 628 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3 )

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY Continued Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) Codakia orbicularis single valve 24.3 lsognomon radiatus moderately common 43.0 Lima lima uncommon 47.1 Lima pellucida rare 16.2 Lima scabra form tenera moderately common 49.2 Modiolus americanus rare 68.0 Pinctada imbricata rare 44.7 Pinna carnea rare 47.0 Spondylus ictericus uncommon 52.1 Tellina fausta rarc 68.5 GASTROPODS Acmaea leucopleura moderately common 11.4 Acmaea pustulata uncommon 16.4 Astraea cae/ata fragments only Astraea tecta tecta moderately common 44.3 Calliostoma jujubinum rare 16.5 Cerithium litteratum common 21.5 Columbella mercatoria common 13.9 Conus mus rarc 28.5 Coralliophila abbreviata moderately common 40.5 Coralliophila caribaea 1 dead 19.6 Crucibulum auricula uncommon 17.0 Cymatium labiosum rare 17.2 Cymatium murk'inum 1 dead 20.2 Cymatium nicobaricum rare 42.0 Cymatium pileare uncommon 44.3 Cypraea cinerea rare 27.3 Dendrodoris krebsii rare Diodora dysoni moderately common 19.6 Hipponix antiquatus 1 dead 6.[ Hypse/odoris acriba 4 specimens Jaspidella jaspidea 1 dead 13.8 Leucozonia nassa common 63.5 Littorina ziczac uncommon 17.8 Livona pica uncommon 28.4 Lucapina suffusa uncommon 18.7 Mitra barbadensis 1 dead 31.0 Morula nodulosa moderately common 14.2 Murex chrysostoma a single specimen 49.5 Murexpomum rare 115.4 Muricopsis oxytatus rare 19.3 Nerita pe/oronta moderately common 30.0 Olivella dealbata moderately common 19.7 Pisania auritula rare 26.5 Pisania pusio common 37.6 Strombus gigas moderately common Tegula fasciata rare 18.5 Thais deltoidea common 46.5 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 629

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 1 Continued

Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) Tridachia crispata common Trivia pediculus rare 13.3 Vasum capitellum common 62.2 Voluta musica uncommon 82.8

LOCALITY NO.2 (D. DE S. STA. 452) This locality is just to the northeast of the south island of Dos Mosquises at a depth of about 1.5 to 2 meters. Here the bottom, consisting of sand and silt, was fairly open with considerable algal growth and abundant but scattered colonies of Acropora cervicornis (Lamarck). A few colonies of Porites sp. and a few colonies of zoanthids were observed. As in many other localities, alcyonarians were scarce. A single specimen of Pterogorgia cUrina (Esper) was seen and collected in the area. Two sponges were collected, a spongiid and Tedania ignis (Duchassaing & Michelotti). Large individuals of the cushion star, Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus), and the holothurian Ludwigothuria mexicana (Ludwig) occurred uncom- monly throughout the area. Another much smaller holothurian collected in this area was F ossothura pseudofossor (Deichmann). Other echinoderms collected were the echinoids Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck) and Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz; and the ophiuroids Ophiothrix oerstedii Liitken, Ophiomyxa flaccida (Say), and Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck). Several large amphinomid polychaetes and a few spider crabs, Mithrax sp., were concealed beneath colonies of Porites. The area yielded only a small variety of mollusks, most of these dead and inhabited by the pagurids Dardanus venosus (H. Milne-Edwards), Paguristes grayi Benedict, and Clibanarius tricolor (Gibbes).

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 2 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) PELECYPODS Arca imbricata uncommon 37.0 GASTROPODS Cerithium litteratum abundant (dead) 20.2 Columbella mercatoria uncommon 15.1 Crassispira nigrescens a single specimen 10.1 Olivella dealbata rare (dead) 6.0 Strombus costatus uncommon Strombus gallus a single specimen 103.0 Strombus gigas uncommon Vo/uta rnusica 1 dead 51.0 630 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

LOCALITY NO.3 (D. DE S. STA. 455) This locality is at the western tip of the north island of Dos Mosquises at a depth of approximately 1 to 2.5 meters. Dominating a sand and rubble bottom were colonies of Acropora palmata (Lamarck), A. cervicornis (Lamarck), and fewer colonies of Diploria, Montastrea, and Porites. A single specimen of an a1cyonarian, Muricea sp., was collected. The hy- drozoan Millepora, and the zoanthid Palythoa were common here in addi- tion to numerous scattered clumps of the calcareous alga Halimeda. Indi- viduals of the echinoid Diadema antillarum (Philippi) were extremely common, while lesser numbers of Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz and Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus) were observed. The ophiuroids were essentially the same as those species collected at locality 1. Several pagurids, mostly Calcinus tibicen (Herbst), many alpheids, and the stomatopod Gonodactylus oerstedii Hansen were collected.

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 3 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) PELECYPODS Chlamys imbricata singlevalve 33.6 GASTROPODS Astraea tecta tecta moderately common 52.6 Murex chrysostoma 1 dead 52.2 Oliva reticularis common 38.8 Tridachia crispata abundant Vasum capitellum rare 25.1 CEPHALOPODS Octopus briareus a singlespecimen

LOCALITY No.4 (D. DE S. STA. 458) This site is west of mid-island on the north side of Gran Roque. Here there were steep terraces of basaltic rock with numerous wave-swept tidal pools. In some of the deeper pools there was considerable algal coverage in addi- tion to colonies of the zoanthid Palythoa, the hydrozoan Millepora, and the coral Porites. The splash zone was covered with an algal film, support- ing a rather typical Caribbean assemblage of alga-browsing mollusks that one would expect in this type of environment. Few predators were present. Rotenone was used in order to obtain a thorough sampling of the fish fauna of the tidal pools. In addition to the mollusks, other invertebrates collected were the echinoid Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz, the holothurian Selenkothuria glaberrima (Selenka), the grapsoid crab Percnon gibbesi (Milne-Edwards), and the stomatopod Gonodactylus oerstedii Hansen. A number of un- identified caridean shrimps and fragments of amphinomid polychaetes were also taken (see de Sylva, 1964, p. 183, for a photograph of this locality). ]969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 631

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 4 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) GASTROPODS Acmaea antil/arum abundant 21.0 Acmaea jamaicensis rare 6.7 Acmaea pustulata uncommon 19.9 Astraea caelata common 19.3 Littorina ziczac common 11.1 Livona pica abundant 37.9 Nassarius albus 1 dead 7.0 Nerita peloronta rare 12.7 Nerita tessellata abundant 14.8 N erita versicolor uncommon 16.3 Nitidel/a ocellata 1 specimen 10.5 N odolittorina tuberculata abundant 8.1 Planaxis nucleus abundant 12.1 Purpura patula common 40.3 Tectarius muricatus rare 17.8 Tegula excavata common 14.9 CHITONS Chiton marmoratus common 38.5 Chiton tuberculatus common 50.5

LOCALITY No. 5 (D. DE S. STA. 459) This locality is west of mid-island on the south side of Gran Roque. Here a pinnacle of basaltic rock projects above the water's surface. This is separated from the island of Gran Roque only by a very narrow, shallow, rubble- and boulder-strewn area of water. Collections were made in the shallow area of rubble and on the west side of the pinnacle where it dropped rather steeply to a sand and rubble bottom at a depth of about 10 meters. Growing on the slope of the pinnacle and scattered about on the bottom were a few colonies of the corals Acropora palmata (Lamarck), Montastrea annularis (Ellis & Solander), and Diploria sp. The hydrozoan Millepora was very common, and large areas of the slope were covered with sheets of the zoanthid Palythoa. Alcyonarians were more conspicuous here than at any other locality visited. The species collected were Pseudopterogorgia acerosa (Pallas), P. americana (Gmelin), Plexaura flexuosa Lamouroux, P. homomalla (Esper), and Pseudoplexaura flagellosa (Houttuyn). The sponges Callyspongia vaginalis (Lamarck) and lrcinia strobilina (La- marck) were quite common in the area. Echinoderms present were the echinoids Diadema antillarum (Philippi), Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck), Lytechinus variegatus (Leske), Echi- nometra viridis A. Agassiz, and Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck); the ophiuroids Astrophyton muricatum (Lamarck), Ophionereis reticulata (Say), Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck), Ophiothrix angulata (Say), O. 632 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3 ) suensonii Ltitken (on a1cyonarians), and O. lineata Lyman (in Cally- spongia); and the asteroid Linckia guildingii Gray. Among the crustaceans collected were the spider crabs Mithrax sp. and Stenorynchus seticornis (Herbst), the grapsoid Percnon gibbesi (Milne- Edwards), and numerous caridean shrimp. The barnacle Balanus trigonus Darwin was also collected. In spite of the abundance of other invertebrates, this area did not pro- duce an impressive list of mollusks, most of which were found in the shallow rubble. In the greater depths at this locality only Pteria colymbus and Neosimnia acicularis were taken, both species living on Pseudopterogorgia.

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 5 Maximum size Species Abundance (nun) PELECYPODS Lima lima rare 31.1 Lima scabra uncommon 71.8 Pododesmus rudis rare 20.6 Pteria colymbus rare 38.2 GASTROPODS Astraea phoebia fragment Cassis tuberosa 1 specimen Columbella mercatoria common 14.9 Coralliophila caribaea rare 13.9 Cymatium nicobaricum rare 21.0 Cymatium pileare rare 23.0 Cypraecassis testiculus 1 dead 40.2 N eosimnia acicularis uncommon 15.2 Ocenebra intermedia 1 specimen 16.8

LOCALITY No. 6 (WORK STA. 1) This locality is just north and slightly east of the field station of the Fundaci6n Cientifica Los Roques on the south island of Dos Mosquises. Collections were made here from the intertidal zone to a depth of about 1.5 meters. The bottom was a mixture of sand and rubble with extensive areas of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum Konig, and a fairly rich algal flora dominated by an attached species of Sargassum. Thalassia was fruiting at this time. Corals and sponges were lacking, and the only a1cyonarian ob- served was a colony of Pterogorgia citrina (Esper) growing on the shell of a living specimen of Strombus gigas. A few individuals of the tunicate Ascidia nigra (Savigny) were attached in the rubble areas. The echinoid Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz and the asteroid Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus) were the only echinoderms collected. Several dead gastropod shells were inhabited by the pagurids Paguristes sericeus A. Milne-Edwards and Calcinus tibicen (Herbst). 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 633

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 6 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) PELECYPODS Aequipeeten acanthodes 1 specimen 21.9 Area zebra uncommon 42.2 Glycymeris decussata 1 dead 35.2 Tellina radiata 1 dead 74.2 GASTROPODS Columbella mercatoria abundant 16.1 Cymatium nicobaricum rare 25.3 Dolabrifera dolabrifera 1 specimen Epitonium lamellosum 1 dead 14.0 Fissurella barbadensis rare 21.2 Livona pica abundant 30.0 N itidella ocellata 1 specimen 10.7 Oliva reticularis rare 36.9 Pisania auritula 1 dead 22.2 Strombus costatus uncommon Strombus gigas abundant Strombus pugilis 1 dead 80.2

LOCALITY No.7 (D. DE S. STA. 467) This locality is immediately in front of the field station of the Fundaci6n Cientifica Los Roques. At a depth of about 2 meters, the bottom consisted of fine calcareous sand underlain by a substrate sufficiently solid for the attachment of sponges. No corals or alcyonarians were present. The sponges collected were lrcinia fasciculata (Lamarck), I. strobilina (La- marck), Haliclona viridis (Duchassaing & Michelotti), and Spheciospongia vesparia (Lamarck). The only other invertebrates seen were the echinoid Mellita sexiesperforata (Leske) and the holothurian Ludwigothura mexi- cana (Ludwig).

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 7 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) GASTROPODS Oliva reticularis moderately common 38.0 Strombus eostatus moderately common Strombus gigas moderately common LOCALITY NO.8 (WORK STA. 2) This locality is on the north side and a short distance east of the western tip of Cayo Sal. This was a very shallow area where Thalassia flats joined the mangrove fringe of the island. A small amount of rubble was present around the roots of the mangrove trees. The algae Halimeda and Valonia were common. 634 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

Echinoderms collected were the ophiuroid Ophiocoma echinata (La- marck), the asteroid Ophidiaster guildingii Gray, and the holothurians Brandtothuria arenicola (Semper) and Microthele parvula (Selenka). Numerous caridean shrimps, a few stomatopods, and a number of small cancroid and spider crabs were collected.

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 8 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) GASTROPODS Columbella mercatoria common 15.8 Leucozonia nassa uncommon 21.2 Littorina angulifera common 38.0 Livona pica 1 specimen 100.1 N erita versicolor common 26.5

LOCALITY No.9 (WORK STA. 3) This locality is at the extreme western tip of Cayo Sal. At a depth of 1 to 2 meters the bottom consisted of sand and rubble with scattered colonies of Acropora palmata (Lamarck) and a few alcyonarians, Plexaura homo- malta (Esper) and Gorgonia ventalina Linnaeus. The only echinoderms collected were the ophiuroids Ophioderma ap- pressum (Say), Ophiomyxa flaccida (Say), and Ophiothrix suensoni Ltitken. A few cancroid crabs, spider crabs, porcellanids, and the pagurid Calcinus tibicen (Herbst) were taken.

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 9 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) PELECYPODS Barbatia cancellaria uncommon 37.2 Isognomon radiatus uncommon 41.9 Laevicardium laevigatum 1 dead 37.2 GASTROPODS Aspella paupercula 1 dead 16.7 Astraea caelata uncommon 54.2 Astraea tecta tecta uncommon 94.4 Cassis f!ammea 2 dead 95.2 Leucozonia nassa rare 16.3 Leucozonia ocellata rare 15.8 Morula nodulosa uncommon 15.6 M orum oniscus 1 dead 21.0 Ocenebra intermedia 1 dead 19.2 Pisania pusio 2 dead 32.6 Tegula excavata 1 dead 13.8 Thais deltoidea uncommon 34.9 Trivia pediculus 1 specimen 12.4 Vasum capitellum rare 75.0 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 635

LOCALITY No. 10 (WORK STA. 4) This locality is at the southeast tip of Sarqui. Collections were made in depths of only 1 to 1.5 meters on a bottom of sand, rock, rubble, and dense colonies of Acropora palmata (Lamarck). In addition to the few mollusks, the echinoid Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz, several xanthid crabs, and the pagurids Clibanarius tricolor (Gibbes) and Pagurus marshi Benedict were collected.

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 10 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) GASTROPODS Columbella mercatoria uncommon 18.3 Leucozonia ocellata rare 15.1 Tectarius muricatus 4 dead 16.9

LOCALITY No. 11 (WORK STA. 5) This locality is near mid-island on the south side of Espenqui. The bottom was covered with Thalassia except for occasional small areas of open sand. The depth ranged from about 0.3 meters at the mangrove shoreline to about 1.5 meters in the sandy areas. It was a rather strange habitat for Acropora cervicornis (Lamarck), but there were a few scattered, large, healthy colonies of this coral, some growing rather close to the roots of the mangrove trees. These colonies were, however, in locations where they were exposed to ample sunlight. Numerous large individuals of the holothurian Ludwigothuria mexicana (Ludwig) were observed.

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 11 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) PELECYPODS Pinctada imbricata rare 41.3 Pitar albida 1 dead 37.1 GASTROPODS Bulla umbilicata moderately common 22.7 Murex recurvirostris rubidus 1 specimen 32.5 Strombus gigas moderately common

LOCALITY No. 12 (WORK STA. 6) This locality is on the north side of the west end of Isla Larga. The bottom consisted of sand and rubble with dense colonies of Acropora palmata (Lamarck). A few specimens of Gorgonia sp. were observed. In several small areas there were supratidal rocky outcroppings on the beach. Collections were made from the shoreline to a depth of about 2 meters. 636 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) The only echinoderms coIlected were the ophiuroids Ophionereis reticu-· lata (Say), Ophiothrixangulata (Say), O. oerstediiLutken, and Ophiomyxa flaccida (Say); and the holothurian Microthele parvula (Selenka). Several spider crabs, Mithrax sp., and two species of polychaetes, Hesione picta F. Muller and a maldanid, were collected.

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 12 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) PELECYPODS Isognomon alatus uncommon 34.3 Pinctada imbricata uncommon 38.9 GASTROPODS Acmaea pustulata rare 14.9 Aplysia dactylomela 1 specimen Berthellina quadridens 3 specimens Calliostoma jujubinum rare 21.0 Cerithium litteratum moderately common 18.7 Columbella mercatoria uncommon 15.7 Cy phoma gibbosum rare 29.3 Diodora dysoni rare 12.8 Leucozonia ocellata 1 specimen 7.3 Melongena melongena 1 dead 44.9 Nerita peloronta rare 28.2 Pleurobranchus areolatus 1 specimen Vasum capitellum 1 dead 36.2

LOCALITY No. 13 (WORK STA. 7) This locality embraces the east side and northeast comer of the small island of Isla Pelona. On the east side of the island there were extensive sand and Thalassia flats; but, as one approached the more northerly portion of the general locality, some areas of rubble and coral, with Acropora palmata (Lamarck) dominating, were encountered. The ophiuroids coIlected were Ophionereis reticulata (Say), Ophiothrix oerstedii Lutken, and O. angulata (Say). Also taken were the asteroid Asterina hartmeyeri Doderlein, the spider crabs Microphrys sp. and Mithrax sp., several amphinomid polychaetes, and a sipunculid. This appears to have been an area in which the particles of sand were of a more suitable size for burrowing invertebrates. Unfortunately, only one brief visit was made to this locality. Of the seven pelecypods listed below, five are burrowing species that were taken at no other locality. Although these five species were dead, all were very fresh, with both valves intact; therefore, immediate local origin was probable. 1969J Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 637

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 13 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) PELECYPODS Apolymetis intastriata 1 dead 32.9 Arca zebra rare 49.6 Asaphis deflorata 1 dead 44.9 Barbatia cancellaria rare 10.0 Semele proficua 1 dead 26.1 Tellina laevigata 1 dead 63.5 Tellina listeri 1 dead 53.7 GASTROPODS Conus mus 1 dead 34.0 Coralliophila abbreviata 1 specimen 37.8 Coralliophila caribaea 1 specimen 29.2 Oliva reticularis common 27.9 CHITONS lschnochiton striolatus 1 specimen 14.0

LOCALITY No. 14 (BEACH COLLECTION OF FRANCISCO MAGO LECCIA, AUG. 11,1963) This locality is at the eastern tip of Gran Roque. Mr. Mago Leccia collected specimens from the beach here.

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 14 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) PELECYPODS Modiolus americanus 1 dead 43.6 GASTROPODS Astraea tuber 1 dead 36.2 Conus regius 1 dead 31.7 Engoniophos unicinctus 1 dead 26.8 Melampus cofjeus 5 dead 15.1

LOCALITY No. 15 (D. DE S. STA. 476) This is at the eastern tip of Cayo Carenero. The author did not visit this locality. Field notes of Dr. de Sylva indicate that the bottom consisted of sand, sponges, and Acropora cervicornis (Lamarck) at a depth of 8 to 10 meters. The invertebrates collected were incidental to the collection of fishes. Rotenone was used. Only two species of mollusks, numerous ca- ridean shrimps, a few stomatopods, and several spider crabs were collected. 638 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 15 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) PELECYPODS Lima scabra rare 38.0 GASTROPODS Cypraea cinerea 1 specimen 28.1

LOCALITY No. 16 (D. DE S. STA. 479) This locality is just off the south tip of the south island of Dos Mosquises at a depth ranging from 5 to 8 meters. The corals were in higher relief than at any other locality, with large heads of Montastrea annularis (Ellis & Solander) being prominent. Among the other corals observed were Porites sp. and Acropora palmata (Lamarck). Although not abundant, the alcyonarians Gorgonia ventalina Linnaeus and Plexaura fiexuosa Lamouroux were found. The echinoid Diadema antillarum (Philippi) was observed, and the ophiuroids Ophiomyxa fiaccida (Say) and Ophioderma rubicundum Lut- ken were collected. Two species of holothurians, Brandtothuria impatiens (Forskal) and Euapta lappa (1. Muller), were collected only at this locality. Rotenone was used; and, as usual with the use of this chemical, numerous caridean shrimps were obtained. Stomatopods, porcellanids, and pagurids were collected in fewer numbers. The latter were Paguristes grayi Benedict and Paguristes cadenati J. Forest.

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 16 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) GASTROPODS Astraea tecta tecta rare 23.1 Cerithium litteratum rare, dead 20.0 Cy phoma gibbosum uncommon 27.0 Cypraea cinerea 1 specimen 21.3 Tridachia crispata common Vasum capitellum 1 dead 49.1 CEPHALOPODS Octopus briareus 2 specimens

LOCALITY No. 17 (Dos MOSQUISES BEACH COLLECTION) This locality consists of the short stretch of beach in front of and im- mediately to the north of the field station of the Fundaci6n Cientifica Los Roques on the south island of Dos Mosquises. The author collected speci- mens from this beach on several occasions during his stay in Los Roques. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 639

MOLLUSKS COLLECTED AT LOCALITY 17 Maximum size Species Abundance (mm) PELECYPODS Chama congregata 1 dead 17.2 Tellina fausta 1 dead 72.7 GASTROPODS Bursa cubaniana fragments Charonia variegata fragments Fasciolaria tulipa fragments Oliva reticularis 3 dead 45.7 Phalium cicatricosum fragment Strombus gallus 1 dead 101.0 Strombus raninus fragment Tonna maculosa 2 dead 31.4

SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT In the systematic treatment which follows, all records of occurrence are based upon specific citations in available literature, from personal com- munication with reliable authorities, or from personal experience. In several instances only are ranges cited from existing literature. In these cases, the sources of the ranges are given and commented upon. With these few exceptions, the ranges given are based entirely upon the locality records herein. The locality records follow the remarks on each species, and each record is followed by the author and date of the source, which is included in the list of references. In cases where personal communication has been em- ployed, it is so stated, followed by the name of the informant. The author's personal records are followed by the initials R. C. W. Undoubtedly in many cases the ranges cited fall short of the actual ones. However, it is far less confusing to extend ranges at a later date than it is to correct errors. Class AMPHINEURA ISCHNOCHITONIDAE Genus lschnochiton Gray, 1847 lschnochiton striolatus (Gray, 1828) Chiton striolatus Gray, 1828:6. Remarks.-A single specimen was found on Isla Pelona. Records.-St. Thomas, V. 1.; Barbados (Pilsbry, 1892).-Ponce, P.R. (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Morretes, 1949). Range.-Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles and along the Atlantic coast of South America to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 640 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

CHITONIDAE Genus Chiton Linnaeus, 1758 Chiton tubercuiatus Linnaeus, 1758 Chiton tuberculatus Linnaeus, 1758: 667. Remarks.- This species was common in the splash zone at locality 4 on Gran Roque. Records.-Trinidad (Pilsbry, 1892).-San Juan, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).- Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959). -Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-La Orchilla (Rehder, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et ai., 1963).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Boca Raton, Fla.; Turtle Rocks, Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda and from southeast Florida and the Bahamas throughout the Caribbean. Pilsbry (1892) extends the range of this species to Texas, which is quite certainly in error, although it probably occurs in southern Mexico. Chiton marmoratus Gmelin, 1791 Chiton marmoratus Gmelin, 1791 :3205. Remarks.-This species was found commonly with the preceding species on Gran Roque. Records.-Cuba; Jamaica; St. Croix, V.I.; St. Vincent; Barbados; Car- tagena, Colombia (Pilsbry, 1892).-San Juan, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).- Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Ragged Keys, Biscayne Bay, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda, southeast Florida, and throughout the Caribbean. Probable in the Bahamas.

Class GASTROPODA Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA FISSURELLIDAE Genus Diodora Gray, 1821 Diodora dysoni (Reeve, 1850) Fissurelladysoni Reeve, 1850:pl. 12, fig. 86. Remarks.-This species was moderately common at Dos Mosquises, but rare elsewhere. Records.-Culebra, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Hollywood and Sara- sota, Fla.; Gibbet Island, Bermuda; Cat Island, Bahamas; Tortola, V. I.; 1969J Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 641 Barbados; Honduras (Perez Farfante, 1943b) .-Aruba; Antigua (Coo- mans, 1958).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958). Range.-Bermuda and southern Florida southward through the Bahamas, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, the lower Caribbean islands, and Central America. Not reported from Trinidad, Tobago, or Mexico.

Genus Lucapina Sowerby, 1835 Lucapina suffusa Reeve, 1850 Lucapina sufJusa Reeve, 1850:p. 2 of index. Remarks.-This species was found only at Dos Mosquises, where it was uncommon. Records.-"Southwest Florida" (Perry, 1940).-Fernandina and Key West, Fla.; New Providence, Bahamas; Varadero, Cuba; Miragoane, Haiti; St. John, V. I. (Perez Farfante, 1943a).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan, Mexico (J aume, 1946) .-Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil (Mor- retes, 1949).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P. R. (Arnow et al., 1963).-Key Bis- cayne, Fla. (R.C.W.). Range.-Northeast and southwest coasts of Florida southward throughout the Bahamas and entire Caribbean region and along the Atlantic coast of South America as far south as Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil. Also the extreme southwest Gulf of Mexico.

Genus Fissurella Bruguiere, 1789 Fissurella barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791) Patella barbadensis Gmelin, 1791:3729. Remarks.- This species was taken only at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-St. Augustine and Miami, Fla.; Shelly Bay, Bermuda; Nassau, Bahamas; Mantanzas, Cuba; Tortola, V.l.; North Coast of Trinidad; UtilIa, Honduras; Yucatan; British Guiana (Perez Farfante, 1943a).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Bahia and Santa Catarina, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958). -Aruba; Grenada; Antigua; S1. Martin (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Pan- ama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et aI., 1963). Range.-Bermuda and the east coast of Florida from St. Augustine south- ward through the Bahamas and westward to Yucatan; throughout the entire Caribbean and southward to Santa Catarina, Brazil. 642 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

ACMAEIDAE Genus Acmaea Eschscholtz, 1830 Acmaea antillarum (Sowerby, 1834) Lottia antillarum Sowerby, I834:fig. 4. Remarks.-This species was found only at Gran Roque, where it lived abundantly on rocks exposed to wave action. Records.-St. John; Aruba; Antigua; Trinidad (Coomans, 1958).-Colon, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et aZ., 1963) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Molasses Reef, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-Southeast Florida through the Greater and Lesser Antilles to Trinidad, and westward to Panama, and Costa Rica. Probable along all of Central America and in the Bahamas. Acmaea jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1791) PatellajamaicensisGmelin, 1791:3715. Remarks.- This species was found only at Gran Roque. Records.-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Aruba; St. Martin; Grenada (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Blan- quilla Reef, Mex. (Moore, 1958b).-Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-Puerto Rico (Warmke & Abbott, 1961).-Gran Roque, Los Roques (Rehder, 1962) .-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mex. (Rice & Kornicker, 1962). Range.-Puerto Rico and Grand Cayman through the Lesser Antilles to Grenada, and across the Caribbean to Panama, then northward to southern Mexico. Probable in all the Greater Antilles. No definite records for Florida or the Bahamas. Acmaea pustuZata (Helbling, 1779) Patellapustulata Helbling, 1779:110. Patellapunctulata GmeJin, 1791:3705,3717. Remarks.- This species was found at more localities than any other species of the genus in Los Roques; however, it was never common. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926) .-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (J aume, 1946).-West Flower Garden Bank in NW Gulf of Mexico (Parker & Curray, 1956).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. John, V.I.; St. Martin; Antigua; Anguilla; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et aZ., 1963 ).-Palm Beach Inlet, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda and Southeast Florida south through the Greater and Lesser Antilles, across the lower Caribbean islands to Panama, and north to Yucatan and offshore reefs of the northwest Gulf of Mexico. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 643 Acmaea leucopleura (Gmelin, 1791) Patella leucopleura Gmelin, 1791: 3699. Remarks.- This species was found only on Dos Mosquises, where it was moderately common. Records.-Abrolhos, Brazil (DaH, 1890).-Hucares, P.R. (Dall & Simp- son, 1901).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, V.I.; Antigua; Aruba (Coo- mans, 1958). Range.-Bahamas, Puerto Rico, and Grand Cayman through the Lesser Antilles and south to Abrolhos, Brazil. Also across the lower Caribbean islands to Panama and north to Yucatan. Probably occurs throughout the Greater Antilles.

TRoCHIDAE Genus Livona Gray, 1842 Livona pica (Linnaeus, 1758) Turbo pica Linnaeus, 1758:763. Cittarium pica, Warmke & Abbott, 1961 :43. Livona pica, Rehder, 1962: 120. Remarks.-This species has been reported as a fossil from Bermuda (Peile, ] 926); and numerous dead shells, some with fresh color, have been taken from southeast Florida. It has also been taken rather commonly from Indian mounds in the Florida Keys. At any rate, it appears to have been extinct in Florida waters for a long period of time. The author has not seen specimens rumored to have been taken alive in 1967 by Miami shell collectors from the vicinity of Molasses Reef and Pickles Reef off Key Largo, Florida. Tursch (personal communication) has not found this species in Brazil. Records from the Florida west coast are definitely erroneous. Common in Los Roques. Records.-See above. Little Abaco, Joe Key, North Bimini, Bahamas; Cienfuegos, Cuba; Port Antonio, Jamaica; St. John, V.I.; Taco, Trinidad; Utilla Island, Honduras (Clench & Abbott, 1943b) .-Cabo Catoche, Yuca- tan (Jaume, 1946).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Grenada; An- tigua; Anguilla (Coomans, 1958).-Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959).- Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-Gran Roque, Los Roques; Isla Mujeres, Mex. (Rehder, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et ai., 1963).- Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-English Cay, British Honduras (R.C.W.). Range.-From the Bahamas south throughout the Caribbean to Trinidad and Panama; all of Central America north to Yucatan. Probable along ;111 of the northern coast of South America. 644 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Genus Tegula Lesson, 1832 Tegula excavata (Lamarck, 1822) Trochus excavatus Lamarck, 1822:29. Remarks.-This species was common at Gran Roque. Records.-Arroyo, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901) .-Antigua; Curac;ao (Coomans, 1958).-Barbados (Lewis, 1960). Range.-Puerto Rico and through the Lesser Antilles and the lower Carib- bean islands. Tegula fasciata (Born, 1780) Trochus fasciatus Born, 1780:331. Remarks.- This species was found only at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Abrolhos, Brazil (Dall, 1890).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-PortAransas, Texas (Pulley, 1952).-Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Laguna Madre, Texas (Parker, 1960).-Off Flamingo, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 1961).- Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mex. (Rice & Kornicker, 1962) .-St. Martin (Coomans, 1963).-Off North Carolina (Menzies et al., 1966).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Biscayne Bay, Fla.; Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-Off North Carolina; and from the Bahamas, southeast and extreme southwest Florida, and southern Texas throughout the entire Caribbean and to Abrolhos, Brazil.

Genus Calliostoma Swainson, 1840 Calliostoma jujubinum (Gmelin, 1791) Trochus jujubinus Gmelin, 1791:3570. Remarks.-This species was rare at Los Roques and was found at only two stations. It is a species variable in a number of its characters, the speci- mens from Los Roques being somewhat paler and less acutely spired than more typical forms. A captive specimen, in addition to eating the algal film on the sides of an aquarium, completely devoured a thin encrustation of orange sponge, which grew on the shell of a large Chama. Stomach analysis showed only a few broken spicules with terminal tylote swellings on some fragments. It is probable that these were dermal spicules of the toxic (to humans) sponge Tedania ignis. Records.-Mayaguez, P.R (Dal1 & Simpson, 1901 ).-Ilhas Mauricio, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).-Bank 62.14 km off Galveston, Texas (Pul1ey, 1952).-Baker Bank, 55 meters, NW Gulf of Mexico (Parker & Curray, 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 645 1956).-Antigua (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & Mc- Ginty, 1958).-Northeast of New Smyrna, Fla., in 27.5 meters; off Fort Walton, Fla.; Nassau, Bahamas; Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; Virgin Gorda, v.I.; Aruba; Vera Cruz, Mex.; Cartagena, Colombia (Clench & Turner, 1960).-Alacran Reef, Merida, Mex. (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-For- taleza, Brazil (Matthews, 1967a).-Biscayne Bay, Pickles Reef, Pelican Shoals, Sanibel Island, off St. Marks, and Panama City, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-From New Smyrna, Florida, south around the entire state to Ft. Walton on the Gulf Coast; offshore in the northwest Gulf of Mexico. From the above regions and the Bahamas throughout the entire Caribbean area and south to IIhas Mauricio, Brazil.

TURBINIDAE Genus Astraea Roding, 1798 Astraea caelata (Gmelin, 1791) Troch us caelatus G melin, 1791: 3581. Remarks.- This species was found at several localities in Los Roques, but it was common only at Gran Roque. The record for a juvenile of this species at 44 meters on West Flower Garden Bank in the northwest Gulf of Mexico (Parker & Curray, 1956) is probably based on a juvenile of one of the forms of Astraea tecta. Records.-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Martin; Tobago; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Bar- bados (Lewis, 1960).-Alacran Reef, Merida, Mex. (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Fowey Rocks, Molasses Reef, and Pelican Shoals, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-From southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and Yucatan southward throughout the Caribbean. Astraea tuber (Linnaeus, 1758) Trochus tuber LinnaeLls, 1758 :759. Remarks.-A single, dead specimen was found at Gran Roque. Records.-St. Martin; Antigua; Grenada; Curac;ao (Coomans, 1958).- Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963 ).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Jupiter Inlet, Palm Beach Inlet, and Boca Raton, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-This species has a limited range in Florida extending from somewhere not far north of Jupiter to a point not far south of Boca Raton 646 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) on the east coast. However, dead shells may be found as far south as Miami. It is found in the Greater and Lesser Antilles, the lower Carib- bean islands, and Costa Rica. The range is probably much greater than the above records indicate. Astraea phoebia Roding, 1798 Astraea phoebia Roding, 1798:79. Trochus longispinus Lamarck, 1822: 10. Remarks.-Abbott (1958) gives a full treatment of the synonymy of this variable species. A single fragment was taken at Gran Roque. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Chenkan, Progreso, and Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).-Off Hudson, Fla. (Woodburn et al., 1957).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Margarita; Cura~ao (Coo- mans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963 ).-Off North Carolina (Menzies et al., 1966).-Acarau, Ceara, Brazil (Matthews, 1967a).-Off Pensacola, Fla., in approximately 33 to 37 meters (Rodrigue, 1967).-Palm Beach Inlet, Miami, Key West, and at 9 meters off the mouth of Shark River, Fla.; just north of Clearwater, Fla.; SW of the mouth of the Aucilla River (near St. Marks), Fla., in 3 meters; North Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, V.I. (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and off North Carolina, then along the southeast coast of Florida through the Florida Keys and well offshore into the Gulf of Mexico to off the mouth of the Shark River. The species appears again in great abundance just north of Clearwater and northward to the vicinity of the Aucilla River. It occurs between these two localities at depths from 2 to more than 38 meters. The Pensacola record above is questioned. The species occurs from the Bahamas and Yucatan southward throughout the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of South America to Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil. Astraea tecta tecta (Solander, 1786) Trochus tectus Solander, 1786: 187. Remarks.-This species was found rather commonly in Los Roques. Abbott (1958) reviewed in detail the subspecies of the tecta complex. The Los Roques specimens appear to be the typical form. However, Abbott's descriptions of the various subspecies overlapped considerably; and, after stating that A. tecta americana (Gmelin, 1791 :3581) is limited to the Florida Keys, he further stated that it is rarely found at Grand Cayman. The Los Roques specimens have from 14 to 22 axial folds in the body whorl, depending upon the size of the specimen. The number of axial folds 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 647 varies greatly in adults of all the subspecies, but the young shells of all have proportionately fewer folds. Although the Los Roques specimens grow to a larger size, a very similar but more darkly colored form with deeply fluted folds is common on the offshore reefs of the Florida Keys. It is completely distinctive from the americana form. Along the Florida coast in the northeast Gulf of Mexico there is a very common form that most closely fits the description of A. tecta papillata (Potiez & Michaud, 1838: 337), which is supposedly typical of the Mexican coast. This is probably the same form that Parker & Curray (1956) listed from the northwest Gulf of Mexico as A. caelata. Much work remains to be done concerning the tecta complex. Records.-In view of the confusion regarding the various subspecies, it is often impossible to know to which subspecies other authors have been referring. Hence, records are cited for the complex as a whole: Abrolhos, Brazil (Dall, 1890).-Aguadilla, P.R. (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Sa- bancuy, Mexico (Weisbord, 1926) .-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Vera Cruz, Mex.; Eleuthera, Bahamas; Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Antigua; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959).-Alacran Reef, Merida, Mex. (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Fernando de Noronha, Brazil (Mat- thews, 1967a).-Miami, Molasses Reef, and Key West, Fla.; SW of the mouth of the Aucilla River, Fla., in the NE Gulf of Mexico in 3 meters; Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-The range for the A. tecta complex is from southeast Florida and the Bahamas throughout the entire Caribbean region and south to Abrolhos, Brazil. It occurs in the Gulf of Mexico from Yucatan to Vera Cruz, Mexico, and again in the extreme northeast Gulf of Mexico in the vicinity of lower Apalachee Bay, Florida. It probably follows along the same lines of distribution as A. phoebia in the northeast Gulf. The species possibly occurs on West Flower Garden Bank in the northwest Gulf of Mexico (see remarks under A. caelata).

NERITIDAE Genus Nerita Linnaeus, 1758 Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758 Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758:778. Remarks.- This species was uncommon to rare at the localities visited in Los Roques. At Gran Roque, where N. tessellata was abundant, only two specimens of N. peloronta were taken. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926) .-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (J aume, 1946).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Colon, Panama (Olsson & 648 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3 ) McGinty, 1958).-St. Martin; Tobago; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Mar- garita (Rodriguez, 1959).-Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-La Orchilla; Trini- dad (Rehder, 1962).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mex. (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Jupiter Inlet, Miami, and Key West, Fla.; Andros and North Bimini, Bahamas (Re. W.). Range.-Bermuda and on the east coast of Florida from Palm Beach County southward through the Florida Keys, the Bahamas, and the entire Caribbean region. The species reaches at least as far north as Campeche in Mexico, and probably as far as Vera Cruz or beyond. Nerita versicolor Gmelin, 1791 Nerita versicolor Gmelin, 1791:3684. Remarks.-This species was common only at locality 8, where it lived on exposed, rocky rubble and mangrove roots. It was uncommon at Gran Roque. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926) .-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Anguilla; Grenada; Tobago; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).- Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959).-Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-Gran Roque, Los Roques (Rehder, 1962) .-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963).- Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Jupiter Inlet, Miami, and Key West, Fla.; Turtle Rocks, Bimini, Bahamas (Re.W.). Range.-Same as for Nerita peloronta. Nerita tessellata Gmelin, 1791 Nerita tessel/ala Gmelin, 1791:3685. Remarks.- This was by far the most common species of the genus, although it was found only on Gran Roque. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Near Lerma, Mexico (Weisbord, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Anguilla; Grenada; Tobago; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959).- Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963).- Parnaiba, Piaui, Brazil (Matthews, 1967a).-Portete, Costa Rica (Hou- brick, 1968).-Jupiter Inlet, Miami, and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini and Andros, Bahamas (Re.W.). Range.-Generally the same as for Nerita peloronta; however, N. tessellata extends southward to northeast Brazil. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 649

LITTORINIDAE Genus Littorina Ferussac, 1822 Littorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791) Trochus ziczac Gmelin, 1791: 3587. Remarks.-This species was common in the splash zone at Gran Roque. It was also found uncommonly at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Giebart's Bar in Martin County and Cedar Keys, Fla.; Galveston, Texas; Tampico, Mexico; Utilla, Honduras; Eleuthera, Bahamas; Havana, Cuba; Virgin Gorda, V.I.; Trinidad; Puerto Paloma, Uruguay; established on Pacific side of Panama at Panama City (Bequaert, 1943) .-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (J aume, 1946) .-Grand Cay- man (Abbott, 1958).-Anguilla; Grenada; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).- Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959).-Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-La Orchilla (Rehder, 1962).- Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Bernard Tursch, personal communication).-Miami and Key Largo, Florida R.C.W.). Range.-From Martin County and Cedar Keys, Florida, and Galveston, Texas, southward throughout the Bahamas and entire Caribbean region, then along the Atlantic coast of South America as far south as Puerto Palomo, Uruguay. Also at Panama City, Panama, in the Bay of Panama. Littorina angulifera (Lamarck, 1822) Phasianella angulifera Lamarck, 1822: 54. Remarks.-This species was found only at locality 8 on Cayo Sal, where it was common living on mangrove roots. Records.-Abrolhos, Brazil (Dall, 1890).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).- Jupiter and Cedar Keys, Fla.; Virgin Gorda, V.l.; Tobago; Waunta Haul- over, Nicaragua; Sao Paulo, Brazil; Pacific side of Panama at Panama City; Cape Verde Islands; and from Senegal, Liberia, Spanish Guinea, Gaboon, and Angola in West Africa (Bequaert, 1943) .-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Martin; Aruba; Bonaire (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959).-Shark River, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 1961).-La Orchilla (Rehder, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963) .-Miami and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini and Andros, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Southern Florida, Bermuda, and the Bahamas south throughout the Caribbean and along the east coast of South America to Sao Paulo, Brazil. Bequaert (1943) gives this species a range into Mexico, which is undoubtedly true, although he gives no records for Mexico. It has become 650 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) established on the Pacific side of Panama and occurs in West Africa from Senegal to Angola. Genus Nodo/ittorina von Martens, 1897 Nodolittorina tuberculata (Menke, 1828) Littorina tuberculata Menke, ] 828: 25. Remarks.- This species was found only at Gran Roque, where it occurred in great abundance. Records.-Jupiter and Tortugas, Fla.; Doe Bay, Bermuda; Eleuthera, Bahamas; Havana, Cuba; Virgin Gorda, V.l.; Martinique; Trinidad (Clench & Abbott, 1942).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Anguilla; St. Martin; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & Mc- Ginty, 1958).-Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-La Orchilla (Rehder, 1962). -Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et aZ., 1963) .-Fernando de Noronha, Brazil (Matthews, 1967a).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968). Range.-The southeast coast of Florida, Bermuda, and the Bahamas southward throughout the entire Caribbean region to northeast Brazil and along the Central American coast at least as far north as Campeche, Mexico. Genus Tectarius Valenciennes, 1833 Tectarius muricatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Trochus muricatus Linnaeus, 1758:761. Remarks.-This species was found living, but rare, at Gran Roque. A few dead shells were found at locality 10. Records.-Jupiter and Tortugas, Fla.; Cooper's Island, Bermuda; Nassau, Bahamas; Cienfuegos, Cuba; Tortola, V.I.; Trinidad (Clench & Abbott, 1942) .-Paranagua, Estado do Parana, Brazil (Morretes, 1949) .-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958) .-St. Martin; Anguilla; Grenada; Aruba (Coo- mans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959).-Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-Gran Roque, Los Roques (Rehder, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et at., 1963).- Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968). Range.-From southeast Florida, Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Yucatan southward throughout the entire Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of South America as far south as Estado do Parana, Brazil.

PLANAXIDAE Genus Planaxis Lamarck, 1822 Planaxis nucleus (Bruguiere, 1789) Buccinum nucleus Bruguiere, 1789:254. Remarks.-This species was found only at Gran Roque where it was abundant. 1969J Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 651

Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Anguilla; Antigua; Bonaire; Tobago (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Bar- bados (Lewis, 1960).-Vera Cruz, Mexico; La Orchilla (Rehder, 1962). -St. Martin (Coomans, 1963) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968). -Palm Beach Inlet and Virginia Key, Fla. (R.C.W.). Range.-From Vera Cruz, Mexico, and southeast Florida throughout the Caribbean to Panama and Tobago. Also Bermuda.

CERITHIIDAE Genus Cerithium Bruguiere, 1789 Cerithium litteratum Born, 1780 Cerithium litteratum Born, 1780:323. Remarks.- This species was found rather commonly at Los Roques, but most shells were inhabited by pagurids. Records.-Bermuda, fossil (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-West Flower Garden Bank at 44 meters in the NW. Gulf of Mexico (Parker & Curray, 1956).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).- St. Martin; Antigua; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-La Orchilla (Rehder, 1962) .-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Komicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963).- Fortaleza, Brazil (Matthews, 1967a).-Riviera Beach, Miami, and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini and Andros, Bahamas; St. John, v.I. (R.C.W.). Range.-From offshore banks in the northwest Gulf of Mexico, southeast Florida, and the Bahamas southward throughout the entire Caribbean region and to northeast Brazil. Fossil in Bermuda.

EPITONIIDAE Genus Epitonium Roding, 1798 Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) Scalaria lamellosa Lamarck, 1822: 227. Remarks.-A single, dead shell of this species was found at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Lake Worth, Tortugas, Fort Walton, and Sanibel, Fla.; Ber- muda; Nassau, Bahamas; Havana, Cuba; Tortola, V.l.; Barbados; Tobago; Santa Maria, Colombia; Isla Mujeres, Yucatan; Palermo, Sicily; Porto Mourizio, Italy; Gulf of Oran, Algeria; Teneriffe, Canary Islands; Acera, Gold Coast, Africa (Clench & Turner, 1951).-St. Martin; Islote Aves; Klein Cura~ao (Coomans, 1958).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968). Range.-From Bermuda, southeast and northwest Florida, the Bahamas and Yucatan southward throughout the entire Caribbean region to at least 652 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Tobago and Colombia. Also in the Mediterranean and on the west coast of Africa.

HIPPONICIDAE Genus Hipponix Defrance, 1819 Hipponix antiquatus (Linnaeus, 1767) Patella antiquatus Linnaeus, 1767: 1259. Remarks.-A single, dead specimen was found at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Abrolhos, Brazil (Dall, 1890).-Aguadilla, P.R. (DaB & Simp- son, 1901).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Martin; Grenada; Trinidad; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).- Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Soldier Key and Molasses Reef, Florida; Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, V.l. (R.C.W.). Range.-Southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and Campeche, Mexico, south- ward throughout the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of South America to Abrolhos, Brazil.

CALYPTRAEIDAE Genus Crucibulum Schumacher, 1817 Crucibulum auricula (Gmelin, 1791) Patella auricula Gmelin, 1791: 3694. Remarks.-This species was found only at Dos Mosquises where it was common. Records.-Off Port Isabel, Texas, in 37 to 55 meters (Pulley, 1952).- Off East Mississippi Delta (Parker, 1956).-St. Martin (Coomans, 1958). -"Northwest coast of Puerto Rico" (Warmke & Abbott, 1961) .-Off McClellanville, South Carolina, in about 27 meters (Merrill & Petit, 1965). -Campeche Banks, Mexico, in 77 meters (Rice & Kornicker, 1965). Range.-Off North and South Carolina and from the Gulf of Mexico through the Greater and Lesser Antilles and the lower Caribbean islands. No records for the east coast of Florida, the Bahamas, or Central America.

STROMBIDAE Genus Strombus Linnaeus, 1758 Strombus gigas Linnaeus, 1758 Strombus gigas Linnaeus, 1758:745. Remarks.-This species was widespread throughout Los Roques, and, in many areas, individuals were exceedingly abundant. Huge piles of shells of S. gigas were in evidence on some of the islands, where local fishermen had utilized this species for food. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 653 Records.-Castle Harbor, Bermuda; Great Inagua, Bahamas; Havana, Cuba; Tortola, V.L; Barbados; Trinidad; Progreso, Mexico; Cartagena, Colombia (Clench & Abbott, 1941).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Martin; Grenada; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et ai., 1963).-Portete, Costa Rica (Hou- brick, 1968).-St. Lucie Inlet, Palm Beach, Miami, and Key West, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda, southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico southward throughout the entire Caribbean region to Trinidad and northern South America. Strombus costatus Gmelin, 1791 Strombus costatus Gmelin, 1791 :3520. Remarks.- This species was moderately common in some areas around Dos Mosquises. It was not observed at other localities. Records.-Bermuda, fossil and living (Peile, 1926).-Bermuda, fossil; Eleuthera, Bahamas; Port Antonio, Jamaica; St. Kitts; Bluefields, Nicaragua (Clench & Abbott, 1941) .-IIha de Sao Sebastiao, Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Margarita; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963).- Cabo Frio, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication) .-St. Lucie Inlet, Lake Worth, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, northwest of Cedar Keys in 9 to 11 meters, and St. Andrews Bay at Panama City, Fla. (R.C.W.). Range.-From Panama City in northwest Florida and St. Lucie Inlet on the east coast of Florida, the Bahamas, and Campeche, Mexico, southward throughout the Caribbean and to Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil. Peile (1926) reported it living in Bermuda. Strombus raninus Gmelin, 1791 Strombus raninus Gmelin, 1791:3511. Remarks.-A single fragment of this species was found on the beach at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Eleuthera, Bahamas; Cienfuegos, Cuba; Bluefields, Nicaragua; Cartagena, Colombia (Clench & Abbott, 1941) .-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Tobago; Curac;ao (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, I958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962) .-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et ai., 1963) .-Acarau, Ceara, Brazil (Matthews, I967a).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Off Fortaleza, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication) .-St. Lucie Inlet, Miami, and Key West, Fla.; St. John, V.l. (R.C.W.). 654 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Range.-From southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico southward throughout the entire Caribbean to northern South America and along the Atlantic coast of South America to northeast Brazil. Strom bus gallus Linnaeus, 1758 Strombus gallusLinnaeus, 1758:743. Remarks.-One living and one dead example were found at Dos Mosquises. A captive pair in Florida mated repeatedly, and numerous egg masses were produced throughout the winter and early spring months. Records.-Port Antonio, Jamaica; Tortola, V.L; Barbados (Clench & Abbott, 1941).-Aruba; S1. Kitts (Coomans, 1958).-Acarau, Ceara, Brazil (Matthews, 1967a).-Bahia, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communi- cation) .-Pacific Reef and Molasses Reef, Florida; North Bimini, Ba- hamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Southeast Florida and the Bahamas south through the Greater and Lesser Antilles and lower Caribbean islands to Bahia, Brazil. Strom bus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758 Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758:744. Remarks.-A single dead specimen of this species was found in the vicinity of Dos Mosquises, at locality 6. Records.-Bermuda, fossil (Peile, 1926) .-Great Inagua, Bahamas; Cayo Frances, Cuba; Ponce, P.R.; Tortola, V.L; Tobago; Cavech, Guatemala; Cartagena, Colombia; Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina, Brazil (Clench & Abbott, 1941) .-Cura<;ao (Coomans, 1958) .-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Gran Roque, Los Roques (Rehder, 1962).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Angra dos Reis, Brazil (B. Tursch, per- sonal communication) .-Riviera Beach and Tortugas, Fla. (R.C.W.). Range.-Southeast Florida and the Bahamas throughout the Caribbean and south to Santa Catarina, Brazil; fossil in Bermuda. The closely related S. alatus Gmelin (1791 :3513) is found throughout the Gulf of Mexico and from North Carolina southward around the entire state of Florida. In Lake Worth in Palm Beach County, Florida, hybrid examples occur.

ERATOIDAE Genus Trivia Broderip, 1837 Trivia pediculus (Linnaeus, ] 758) Trivia pediculus Linnaeus, 1758:724. Remarks.- This species was taken uncommonly at Dos Mosquises and Cayo Sal. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 655 Records.-Pine Island Sound, Lee County, Fla. (Perry, 1940).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Ceani, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).- Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Grenada; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).- Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et ai., 1963 ).-St. Martin (Coomans, 1963).-Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Cerame-Vivas & Gray, 1966).-Off Onslow Bay, North Carolina, at about 73 to 99 meters (Menzies et ai., 1966).-Fortaleza, Brazil (Matthews, 1967a).-Palm Beach Inlet, Miami, and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-Off North Carolina; and from the southern half of Florida, the Bahamas, and Yucatan southward throughout the Caribbean and to north- east Brazil. CYPRAEIDAE Genus Cypraea Linnaeus, 1758 Cypraea cinerea Gmelin, 1791 Cypraea cinerea Gmelin, 1791: 3404. Remarks.- This species was found uncommonly at several localities in Los Roques. In all of the rock and coral habitats visited, this was the only species of Cypraea found. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Coral bank off Galveston, Texas (Pulley, 1952).-Grand Cay- man (Abbott, 1958).-St. Martin; Antigua; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).- Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963) .-Barbados (Lewis, 1965) .-Fortaleza, Brazil (Mat- thews, 1967a).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Bahia, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication).-Palm Beach Inlet, Biscayne Bay, Molasses Reef, and Pelican Shoals, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-From offshore banks in the northwest Gulf of Mexico, southeast Florida, and the Bahamas southward through the entire Caribbean region and to Bahia, Brazil. OLVULIDAE Genus Neosimnia Fischer, 1884 N eosimnia acicularis (Lamarck, 1811) Ovula acicuiaris Lamarck, 1811: 112. Remarks.- This species was found living on the a1cyonarian Pseudo- pterogorgia at Gran Roque. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cura<;ao (Coomans, 1958).-St. Martin (Coomans, 1963).-Palm Beach Inlet and Miami, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-Surprisingly few records can be found for this species. Warmke & Abbott (1961) gave as its range the "Southeastern U. S. to the West 656 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Indies." This would indicate that it occurs farther north than the Palm Beach record above. It is probably common throughout the Caribbean. Genus Cyphoma Roding, 1798 Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758) B ul/a gibbosa Linnaeus, 1758: 726. Remarks.-This species was uncommon at Los Roques, where it was found at only two localities. It appears to have its center of distribution in the West Indies, but it extends into southern Mexico and southeast Florida, where it is very common. C. mcgintyi Pilsbry apparently does not occur in the Caribbean, but it extends farther north than gibbosum, to North Carolina and to southern Texas and Panama City, Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico. On the other hand, C. signatum Pilsbry & McGinty is rare in Florida and the Caribbean, but it extends farther south into Brazil, where it is common (B. Tursch, personal communication). Records.-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (J aume, 1946) .-Bahia, Brazil, ques- tionable (Morretes, 1949).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Eu- statius; Bonaire; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Palm Beach, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Florida; North Bimini and Andros, Bahamas; St. John, V.L (R.C.W.). Range.-See remarks. Morretes' Brazilian record is probably based on specimens of C. signatum.

CASSIDIDAE Genus Morum Roding, 1798 Morum oniscus (Linnaeus, 1767) Strombus oniscus Linnaeus, 1767:1210. Remarks.-A single dead specimen was found at Cayo Sal. The feeding habits of this species are quite extraordinary for a cassidid, if my observa- tions on captive specimens at the Institute of Marine Sciences are indicative of their behaviour in their natural environment. All echinoids were refused, including juveniles of the genera Eucidaris, Diadema, Arbacia, Tripneustes, Echinometra, Clypeaster, Encope, Mellita, Echinoneus, Moira, and Plagio- brissus. Five other species of cassidids in captivity were voracious eaters of echinoids. M. oniscus also refused a large selection of small ophiuroids, asteroids, and holothurians, which were offered on the assumption that some type of echinoderm must constitute its food. It cannot be stated con- clusively, but M. oniscus appears to be a scavenger; for on four occasions, individuals were seen with the entire anterior portions of their bodies in- serted into the apertures of small gastropod shells which contained small, 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 657

c

FIGURE 2. Marum aniscus (Linnaeus): A, egg capsule, X 4.4; B, egg capsules, x 3.9; C, juvenile shell, X 7.8. dead pagurids. It is difficult to believe that Morum could overcome an active pagurid; hence one must assume that the pagurids had died from other causes. However, it is emphasized that it was not possible to ascertain that the captive specimens were actually eating the dead pagurids. The egg capsules of this species (Fig. 2) are also unusual for cassidids. They are quite large for such a small species and resemble the egg capsules of Conus. The species does not have planktonic larvae. A shell of a freshly hatched juvenile is also shown in Figure 2. Records.-Boynton Beach and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas; Cienfuegos, Cuba; Tortola, V.l.; Antigua (Clench & Abbott, 1943a).- Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958). 658 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

-St. Martin; Cura~ao (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963).- Acarau, Ceara, Brazil (Matthews, 1967a).-Cabo Frio, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication).-Key Biscayne and Key Largo, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-From southeast Florida, the Bahamas and Yucatan southward throughout the entire Caribbean region to Cabo Frio, Brazil. Genus Pha/ium Link, 1807 Pha/ium cicatricosum (Meuschen, 1787) Cassis cicatricosa Meuschen, 1787: 392. Remarks.-A single fragment of this species was taken from the beach at Dos Mosquises. Colonies of Mellita and unidentified spatangoids in the area probably are a food source for this species. Records.-Peanut Island in Lake Worth, Florida; Bermuda; North Bimini, Bahamas; Guantanamo, Cuba; Tortola, V.L; Barbados (Clench, 1944).- Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Kitts; Tobago; Bonaire; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et aT., 1963).- Beberibe, Ceara, Brazil (Matthews, 1967b) .-Long Reef off Elliott Key and Conch Reef off Key Largo, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-Southeast Florida, Bermuda, and the Bahamas throughout the Greater and Lesser Antilles and other Caribbean islands and to northeast Brazil. Genus Cassis Scopoli, 1777 Cassis tuberosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Cassis luberosa Linnaeus, 1758:735. Remarks.-A single, very large specimen of this species was found at Gran Roque. Captive specimens of this species at the Institute of Marine Sciences accepted and ate all of the genera of echinoids mentioned above under Morum oniscus, with the exception of Eucidaris and Encope. They would accept Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray) but not Clypeaster rosaceus (Lin- naeus). Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck) was also eaten. The writer has seen numerous specimens of Cassis madagascarensis spinella Clench from northwest Florida, but never C. tuberosa. The record below from off Fort Walton, Florida, is questionable. Records.-Boynton and off Fort Walton, Fla.; Eleuthera, Bahamas; Guan- tanamo Bay, Cuba (Clench, 1944).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Guaruga, Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Martin; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et aT., 1963 ).-La Tortuga; Las Aves; La Orchilla (Flores, 1966).-Bahia, 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 659 Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication).-Palm Beach Inlet, Long Reef off Key Largo, Pelican Shoals off Key West, Fla.; St. John, v.I. (R.C.W.). Range.-From southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and Yucatan southward throughout the Caribbean region and south to Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil. Northwest Florida? (See remarks.)

Cassis flammea (Linnaeus, 1758) Buccinum f/ammeum Linnaeus, 1758:786. Remarks.-One freshly dead specimen and one old, Cliona-riddled speci- men were taken from the western tip of Cayo Sal. Feeding habits similar to C. tuberosa. Although this species is generally assumed not to occur in Florida waters, it is encountered occasionally living on shallow reefs in the Florida Keys. Records.-North Bimini, Bahamas; Guantanamo, Cuba; Isla de Gonave, Haiti (Clench, 1944 ).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Eustatius; Klein Bonaire; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Off Palm Beach, Fla., in 18 meters (Lee, 1965).-La Tortuga; La Orchilla (Flores, 1966).-Long Reef and Pacific Reef off Elliott Key, and Key Largo Dry Rocks off Key Largo, Fla. (R.C.W.). Range.-Southeast Florida, Bermuda, and the Bahamas throughout the Greater and Lesser Antilles and other Caribbean islands and to northeast from Mexico, Central America, or South America. Genus Cypraecassis Stutchbury, 1837 Cypraecassis testiculus (Linnaeus, 1758) Buccinum testiculus Linnaeus, 1758:736. Remarks.-A single dead example was taken at Sta. 5 on Gran Roque. Specimens of this species have been kept for long periods at the Institute of Marine Sciences. They accepted a wide variety of echinoids, but appeared to have a special liking for Echinometra. Whereas Cassis in captivity re- fused Eucidaris altogether, Cypraecassis often bored holes in the tests of this echinoid but then ate little of the contents. The egg capsules of this species have been erroneously described by Abbott (1954: 194). Captive specimens mated and produced the egg capsules shown in Figure 3. The capsules were tannish in color when first produced, but soon turned purple. The young hatch out as free-swimming veligers. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Tortugas, Fla.; Governor's Harbor, Eleuthera, Bahamas; Montego Bay, Jamaica; Vera Cruz, Mexico; Belize, British Honduras; La Guaira, Venezuela; Cape St. John, Spanish Guinea, Africa (Clench & Abbott, 1943a).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 660 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) ...... •...... ' ",' .' .. '." (". i),- A

B

FIGURE 3. Cypraecassis testiculus (Linnaeus): A, larval shell, X 56; B, egg capsules, X 4.5.

1946).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Barbuda; Islote Aves; Cura~ao (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963).-La Tortuga and Bahia de Mochima, Venezuela (Flores, 1966).-Off Onslow Bay, North Carolina, in about 73 to 99 meters (Porter & Jenner, 1967).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Bahia, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication). -Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, Molasses Reef off Key Largo, Fla.; St. John, V.I. (R.C.W.). In Panama City, Florida, the author has seen specimens in the possession of a local commercial fisherman, who said he obtained them from the stomachs of bottom fish caught offshore at about 75 meters. Range.-Bermuda and off North Carolina; southeast Florida and the Ba- hamas southward throughout the entire Caribbean region and to Bahia, Brazil. It extends into the Gulf of Mexico as far north as Vera Cruz on the Mexican coast and possibly to Panama City in northwest Florida. Also found in West Africa. CYMATIIDAE Genus Charonia Gistel, 1848 Charonia variegata (Lamarck, 1816) Triton variegatum Lamarck, 1816:5. Remarks.-A single fragment of this species was found on the beach at Dos Mosquises. Captive specimens at the Institute of Marine Sciences fed on 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 661 echinoids, asteroids, and holothurians. The species seems to have a pref- erence for Eucidaris and Echinometra among the echinoids, and I have seen Charonia feeding on Eucidaris on the Florida reefs. Instead of boring as cassidids do, Charonia gains access to the interior of the echinoid through the buccal membrane or the periproct. The asteroids and holothurians are completely ingested. A fairly large specimen of Charonia ate an individual of Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus) almost as large as itself in a period of about 30 hours. Fecal matter containing much of the calcareous skeleton of Oreaster was produced in large quantity while the snail was still devour- ing the asteroid. Charonia also ate the asteroid Echinaster sentus (Say) and the holothurian Ludwigothuria {loridana (Pourtales). Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Nassau, Bahamas; Guantanamo, Cuba; St. Thomas, V.I.; Cypril Bay, Trinidad; Tampico and Vera Cruz, Mexico; near Cartagena, Colombia; Santos, Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil; off old Limassol, Cyprus; Beirut, Lebanon (Clench & Turner, 1957).-St. Martin; Tobago; Cura<;ao (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958) .-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b) .-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et aZ., 1963).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Boca Raton, Key Biscayne, Molasses Reef off Key Largo, and in 37 meters off Panama City, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda, southeast Florida, and the Bahamas southward through- out the Caribbean region and to Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil. It ranges in the Gulf of Mexico as far north as Tampico, Mexico, and Panama City, Florida. Also in the Mediterranean Sea.

Genus Cymatium Roding, 1798 Cymatium Zabiosum (Wood, 1828) Murex labiosus Wood, 1828: 15. Remarks.-This species was taken only at Dos Mosquises, where it was rare. Records.-Tortugas, Florida; Nassau, Bahamas; Varadero, Cuba; St. Thomas, v.I.; St. Kitts (Clench & Turner, 1957).-Grand Cayman (Ab- bott, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963).-Off Cape Romain, South Carolina, dredged and from ocean buoy (Merrill & Petit, 1965) .-Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil (Matthews, 1967a) .-Off Onslow Bay, North Carolina, at about 73 to 99 meters (Porter & Jenner, 1967).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Florida (RC.W.). Range.-From off North and South Carolina; southeast Florida and the Bahamas southward through the Greater and Lesser Antilles to northeast Brazil. 662 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Cymatium nicobaricum (Roding, 1798) Tritonium nicobaricum Roding, ]798: ]26. Triton chlorostomum Lamarck, ]822: ]85. Remarks.-This species was found at localities I, 5, and 6; but it was rare at all three places. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946) .-Bahia, Brazil (Morretes, 1949) .-J upiter Inlet and Tortugas, Fla.; Eleuthera, Bahamas; Havana, Cuba; Tortola, V.I.; Barbados; Vera Cruz, Mexico; Belfate, Honduras; Hawaiian Islands; Tokyo Bay, Japan; Mauritius; Queensland, Australia (Clench & Turner, 1957).-St. Martin; Trinidad; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Colon, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).- Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et at., 1963 ).-Macei6, Alagoas, Brazil (Matthews, 1967b) .-Palm Beach Inlet and Key Biscayne, Fla. (RC. W.). Range.-Bermuda, southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico southward throughout the entire Caribbean region and to Bahia, Brazil. Also in the Indo-Pacific.

Cymatium piteare (Linnaeus, 1758) Murex pileare Linnaeus, 1758:749. Remarks.-This species was found only at Dos Mosquises and Gran Roque, where it was uncommon to rare. Captive specimens have eaten a fairly wide variety of pelecypods, but the species appears to have a preference for pectenids. Records.-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Jupiter Inlet and Tortugas, Fla.; southeast of Port Aransas, Texas, in 59 meters; Castle Harbor, Bermuda; Nassau, Bahamas; Varadero, Cuba; Tortola, V.I.; Barbados; Chaguaramas, Trinidad; Belfate, Honduras; Vera Cruz, Mexico; Hawaiian Islands; Ryukyu Islands, Japan; Queensland, Australia; Ceylon; Madagascar (Clench & Turner, 1957).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958). -Antigua; Grenada; Cura($ao (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et at., 1963 ).-Off Cape Romain, South Carolina, in 66 to 88 meters (Merrill & Petit, 1965). -Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Bahia, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication).-St. Lucie Inlet and Key Largo, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda; and from offshore at Cape Romain, South Carolina, and offshore at Port Aransas, Texas, southward to southeast Florida and the Bahamas and throughout the entire Caribbean region to Bahia, Brazil. Also occurs in the Indo-Pacific. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 663 Cymatium muricinum (Roding, 1798) Distorsio muricina Roding, 1798: 133. Triton tuberosum Lamarck, 1822:185. Remarks.-A single dead specimen was taken at Dos Mosquises. The illustration of Warmke & Abbott (1961 :pl. 18, fig. f) of Cymatium parthenopeum (von Salis) is actually a young specimen of C. muricinum. Records.-Off Rio de la Plata, Argentina, in 19 meters (Dall, 1890).- I1ha do Mel, Estado do Parana, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).-Jupiter Inlet and Tortugas, F]a.; Castle Harbor, Bermuda; New Providence, Bahamas; Varadero, Cuba; Tortola, V.I.; Guade]oupe; Barbados; Vera Cruz, Mexico; Japan; Hawaiian Is]ands (Clench & Turner, 1957).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Martin; Barbuda; Cura~ao (Coomans, 1958).- Colon, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-La Orchilla; Gran Roque, Los Roques (Rehder, 1962).-P]aya de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et aZ., 1963) .-Pa]m Beach In]et, Boca Raton, Key Biscayne, and Key Largo, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda, southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and Vera Cruz, Mex- ico, southward through the Caribbean region and to I1ha do Mel, Estado do Parana, Brazil. Dall's record off Rio de ]a Plata is questionable. Also the Indo- Pacific. BURSIDAE Genus Bursa Roding, 1798 Bursa cubaniana (Orbigny, 1842) Ranella cubaniana Orbigny, 1842: 165. Bursa granularis Abbott, 1954:198. Remarks.-Fragments of this species were found on the beach at Dos Mosquises. Abbott (1958) gives an excellent account of this species, and the genus in the Caribbean is reviewed by McGinty (1962). Records.-Bahia, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).-Grand Cayman; Vera Cruz, Mexico; St. Croix, V.I.; St. Kitts; Barbados (Abbott, 1958).-Cura~ao (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et at., 1963) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Hou- brick, 1968).-Pa]m Beach Inlet, Long Reef off Elliott Key, and Molasses Reef off Key Largo, Florida; North Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-From southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and Vera Cruz, Mexico, southward throughout the Caribbean region and to Bahia, Brazil.

TONNIDAE Genus Tonna Brtinnich, 1772 Tonna macuZosa (Dillwyn, 1817) Buccinum maculosum Dillwyn, 1817:583. Remarks.-Two dead juveniles of this species were taken from the beach at Dos Mosquises. 664 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Records.-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Tortugas, Fla.; Nas- sau, Bahamas; Caibarien, Cuba; Tortola, V.I.; Barbados; Vera Cruz, Mexico; Belize, British Honduras; La Guaira, Venezuela (Turner, 1948).- Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Grenada; Tobago; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et at., 1963) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Bahia, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key Largo, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda; and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas and south- ern Mexico southward throughout the entire Caribbean and to Bahia, Brazil.

MURICIDAE Genus Murex Linnaeus, 1758 Murex recurvirostris rubidus F. C. Baker, 1897 Murex messoriusvar. rubidum F. C. Baker, 1897:377. Remarks.-A single living specimen of this species was taken by the author from locality 11 on Espenqui. Another living example was collected in the same general area by Mr. Mago Leccia at another time. There is no question that this is the same species so common in Florida waters. The color pattern differs somewhat, but there is great color variation in the species in Florida. The basic color of the Los Roques specimens is white with light brownish mottlings and darker brown spiral threads. It is these dark spiral threads which set the general color pattern apart from the color pattern of Floridian and Bahamian specimens. Specimens of M. recurvi- rostris sallasi Rehder & Abbott sometimes have these spiral lines. Three specimens of M. recurvirostris rubidus collected by the author and Mr. Herman Kumpf near Lameshur, St. John, Virgin Islands, exhibited this same pattern of dark spiral lines. One of the St. John specimens was overall dark chocolate in color; but even in this specimen, the darker spiral lines could be detected. Warmke & Abbott (1961) reported that two specimens of this species had been collected in Puerto Rico. Vokes (1963, 1967) has done much to untangle some of the problems concerning the genus Murex s.s. in the Western Atlantic. However, I am not yet convinced, as she is, that M. woodringi Clench & Perez Farfante is a synonym of M. messorius Sowerby; and, if they are indeed the same, there still remains a strong possibility that she has applied the name messorius to several species or subspecies. She stated (1963) that M. messorius ranges over the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean, exclusive of Florida. Undoubtedly it is not found in Florida; but its ranging over the Gulf of Mexico is very doubtful. There are in Florida, however, several 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 665 forms of Murex 5.5. which apparently have been left out of her treatment of the genus altogether. These new records of M. recurvirostris rubidus from the Caribbean are contradictory to her statement: "messorius and rubidus are mutually exclusive, perhaps the result of differing temperature requi rements." There appears to be more confusion concerning the geographic ranges in the Muricidae than in any other family of mollusks in the Western Atlantic, and this adds further burden to delimiting species. Records for M. brevifrons and M. antillarum Hinds from southeast Florida are highly questionable. Vokes (1965) refers to Chicoreus Denys de Montfort as a subgenus of Murex, but then gives it, in fact, full generic standing. In addi- tion to the brevifrons-{iorifer type of shell, she has expanded Chicoreus to include M. antillarum and certain other Western Atlantic species which were formerly placed in Murex S.S. These latter she assigns to the sub- genus Siratus Jousseaume. Vokes has pointed out that the name M. floriter arenarius Clench & Perez Farfante is preoccupied, and she has assigned to that form the name Chicoreus dilectus A. Adams. However, dilectus should be employed as a varietal name for M. florifer Reeve, for the differences are not sufficient for assigning specific status to dilectus. The pale form M. florifer var. dilectus is most common along the west coast of Florida. In northwest Florida, specimens of M. {iorifer are often as darkly colored as those from southeast Florida and the Bahamas. In addition, the ex- tremely dark forms from southeast Florida usually have spines similar to those of the pale forms from southwest Florida. However, specimens collected off Fort Lauderdale, Florida, at a depth of about 30 meters possess the long shoulder spines typical of the common form found in the Bahamas. Vokes (1965) was not certain of her rejection of M. pudoricolor Reeve (from St. Thomas, V.I.) and M. sallaneus A. Adams (from Santo Do- mingo) as earlier names for M. {iorifer var. dilectus. However, if the localities cited above are accurate, she quite safely eliminated these two names. M. fiorifer var. dilectus is a continental form; and, although typical M. floriter has been reported from the north coasts of Santo Domingo and Cuba (Clench & Perez Farfante, 1945), it has not been reported from localities farther eastward. It is highly doubtful that M. florifer occurs in the Caribbean proper; and the locality of Honduras for M. florifer, as given by Reeve and subsequently designated as the type locality by Clench & Perez Farfante, is probably in error. Abbott (1958) refers to M. floriter as a common West Indian species, but this reference must be based on the frequent occurrence of the species in the Bahamas and Florida. Vokes (1965:193) stated that M. pudoricolor "is not the same as C. brevifrons as the juveniles of this species are not pink." On the contrary, the juvenile whorls of M. brevitrons are often pink. 666 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Records.-Cedar Keys and off Fort Walton, Fla.; Governor's Harbor, Eleuthera, Bahamas (Clench & Perez Farfante, 1945) .-La Parguera, P.R. (Warmke & Abbott, 1961).-Off Cape Sable, Fla. (Tabb & Man- ning, 1961).-Off Cape Romain, South Carolina, in about 55 meters (Merrill & Petit, 1965).-Singer Island, Riviera Beach, Fla. (F. M. Bayer, personal communication) .-Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, south of St. Marks, off Panama City, Fla.; St. John, V.l. (R.C.W.). Range.-The records for this species of both B. Tursch (personal com- munication) and Morretes (1949) for Bahia, Brazil, have not been in- cluded above, for it is reasonably doubtful that they are for the species in question. Hence, the range is from off South Carolina, through the Ba- hamas and southeast Florida and along the Gulf coast of Florida as far north as Fort Walton. It is known in the Caribbean only from Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Los Rogues. M. recurvirostris sallasi is found in the Gulf of Mexico off the Mexican coast.

Murex chrysostoma Sowerby, 1834 Murex chrysostoma Sowerby, 1834:pl. 58, fig. 1. Remarks.-Two examples of this species, one alive, were taken at Dos Mosquises. The living example was found crawling high upon a branch of living Acropora pa/mata. Records.-Tobago; Chaguaramas, Trinidad; Cumami, Venezuela (Clench & Perez Farfante, 1945).-Antigua; Bonaire; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).- Barbados; Gran Roque, Los Rogues (Rehder, 1962). Range.-This species appears to have a very limited range from Trinidad and Tobago westward across the lower Caribbean islands to Aruba and along the northern coast of South America. It is also reported from Bar- bados and as far north as Antigua in the Lesser Antilles. Murex pomum Gmelin, 1791 Murex pomum Gmelin, 1791 :3527. Remarks.-This usually common West Indian species was taken only at Dos Mosguises. Records.-Pawley Island, South Carolina; Nassau, Bahamas; Guantanamo Bay, Cuba; St. Thomas, V.l.; Barbados; Magueripe Bay, Trinidad; Car- tagena, Colombia (Clench & Perez Farfante, 1945) .-Bahia, Brazil (Mor- retes, 1949) .-Off Campeche, Mexico, in 18 meters (Hildebrand, 1954). -Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Barbuda; Margarita; Aruba (Coo- mans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Port Aran- sas and Port Isabel, Texas, dead at both localities (Pulley, 1952).- Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 667 Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963).-Off the mouth of the Amazon, Brazil, at 101 to 110 meters (Bullis, 1964).-Offshore at Cape Hatteras (Cerame-Vivas & Gray, 1966).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, St. Petersburg, Alligator Harbor, and Panama City, Fla. (RC. W.). In addition to the above records, Parker (1960) states that the species is common along the entire coast of the northwest Gulf of Mexico at 22 to 64 meters. Range.-From Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, southward through the Bahamas and southeast Florida and throughout the entire Caribbean region, then along the Atlantic coast of South America as far south as Bahia, Brazil. In the Gulf of Mexico the species occurs offshore in the northwest portion and both offshore and inshore in the southwest portion. It occurs commonly along the Florida west coast as far north as Panama City.

Genus Muricopsis Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882 Muricopsisoxytatus (M. Smith, 1938) Murex hexagon us oxytata M. Smith, 1938:89. Murex hexagonus Lamarck, 1816:5 (not Gmelin, 1791). Remarks.-Several living examples of this species were taken at Dos Mosquises. Abbott (1958) stated that this species had not been recorded from the lower half of the Caribbean; but, at about the same time, Olsson & McGinty (1958) reported it from Panama. Records.-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Dead in the northwest Gulf of Mexico at 73 to 119 meters (Parker, 1960).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963) .-Off Campeche, Mexico, at 60 meters (Rice & Kornicker, 1965). -Boca Raton, Key Biscayne, Molasses Reef off Key Largo, off Panama City, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, V.I. (RC.W.). Range.-Southeast Florida and the Bahamas through the Greater Antilles to at least the Virgin Islands. In the Gulf of Mexico it occurs in both the northwest and southwest portions and off northwest Florida. Panama and Los Roques are apparently the only records for the lower Caribbean, but the species is probably much more widespread than records indicate.

Genus Morula Schumacher, 1817 Morula nodulosa (C. B. Adams, 1845) Purpura nodulosa C. B. Adams, 1845: 2. Drupa nodulosa, Warmke & Abbott, 1961: 106, pI. 19, fig. 6. Remarks.-This common Caribbean species was taken only at Dos Mosquises and Cayo Sal. 668 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Records.-Jamaica (Adams, 1845).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Ilha Sao Sebastiao Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-81. Martin; Antigua; Grenada; Tobago; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Port Aransas, Texas (Moore, 1958a).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).- North coast of La Orchilla; Vera Cruz, Mexico (Rehder, 1962).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et at., 1963) .-Off McClellanville, South Carolina, in about 46 meters (Merrill & Petit, 1965).-Fortaleza, Brazil (Matthews, 1967a). -Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini and Andros Island, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-From Bermuda and off South Carolina to the Bahamas and southeast Florida and throughout the entire Caribbean region, then along the Atlantic coast of South America to Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil. It occurs in the western Gulf of Mexico from Port Aransas, Texas, to Yucatan. Genus Purpura Bruguiere, 1789 Purpura patula (Linnaeus, 1758) Buccinum patuta Linnaeus, 1758:739. Remarks.-This species was found only at Gran Roque, where it was common. Records.-Tortugas, Fla.; Watlings Island, Bahamas; Havana, Cuba; Virgin Gorda, V.l.; Martinique; Taco, Trinidad; Utilla, Honduras; Vera Cruz, Mexico; Cartagena, Colombia; La Guaira, Venezuela (Clench, 1947).- Antigua; Anguilla; Grenada; Trinidad; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Colon, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959).- Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-North Bimini, Bahamas (Voss & Voss, 1960). -Gran Roque, Los Roques (Rehder, 1962).-Portete, Costa Rica (Hou- brick, 1968).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-From southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico south- ward throughout the entire Caribbean region. No records for the Atlantic coast of South America.

- - Genus Thais Roding, 1798 Thais deltoidea (Lamarck, 1822) Purpura deltoidea Lamarck, 1822:247. Remarks.- This species was collected at Dos Mosquises, where it was common, and at the western tip of Cayo Sal, where it was uncommon. Records.-Abrolhos Islands, Brazil (Dall, 1890; and B. Tursch, personal communication).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 669

FIGURE 4. Egg capsules of Aspella paupercula (c. B. Adams): Top, X 5.5; Bottom, X 4.5.

(Jaume, 1946).-S1. Lucie Inlet and Tortugas, Fla.; Fortune Island, Ba- hamas; Havana, Cuba; Tortola, V.L; Ilha de Itaparica, Estado de Bahia, Brazil (Clench, 1947).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-S1. Martin; Islote Aves; Cura<;ao (Coomans, 1958).-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et ai., 1963).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla. (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico southward throughout the entire Caribbean and to Estado de Bahia, Brazil. Genus Aspella Morch, 1877 Aspella paupercuia (c. B. Adams, 1850) Murex pauperculus C. B. Adams, 1850: 60. Aspella scalaroides, Dall & Simpson, 1901 :410 (not Blainville, 1826). Remarks.-A single, dead specimen was found at the western tip of Cayo Sal. Captive specimens of this species ate the pelecypods Arcopsis and Barbatia, both of which are found in the natural habitat of Aspella. How- ever, they showed a preference for Donax, a genus never found in associa- tion with Aspella normally. The egg capsules of this species are shown in Figure 4. The larvae are non pelagic. 670 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Records.-Jamaica (c. B. Adams, 1850).-Puerto Real, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-St. Croix, V.I. (Usticke, 1959).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1965, addendum).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key Largo, Fla.; Turtle Rocks, Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda and from southeast Florida and the Bahamas through the Greater Antilles to the Virgin Islands. Also from southern Mexico to Panama. This is apparently a new record for the islands of the lower Caribbean. Genus Ocenebra C. B. Adams, 1850 Ocenebra intermedia (C. B. Adams, 1850) Murex intermedius C. B. Adams, 1850:60. Remarks.-One living specimen was taken at Gran Roque, and one dead specimen was found at Cayo Sal. Records.-Jamaica (Adams, 1850).-MayagUez, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-St. Croix, Virgin Islands (Usticke, 1959).-St. Martin (Coomans, 1963 ).-Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil (Matthews, 1967b) .-Long Reef off Elliott Key, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-Southeast Florida, Greater and Lesser Antilles, lower Caribbean islands, Panama, and northeast Brazil. A much wider distribution is probable. MAGILIDAE Genus Coralliophila H. & A. Adams, 1853 Coralliophila abbreviata (Lamarck, 1816) Pyrula abbreviataLamarck, 1816:8. Remarks.-This species was taken at Dos Mosquises and Isla Pelon a from the bases of colonies of Acropora. Records.-Abrolhos, Brazil (DaH, 1890).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).- Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Grenada; Bonaire; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963).-Boca Raton, Key Biscayne, and off Key West, Fla.; Turtle Rocks, Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, V.I. (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda, southeast Florida, and the Bahamas through the Greater and Lesser Antilles southward to Abrolhos, Brazil. Also the islands of the lower Caribbean. Although no records can be found, it undoubtedly occurs on the Central American and Mexican coasts. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 671 Coralliophila caribaea Abbott, 1958 Coralliophila caribaea Abbott, 1958:66. Remarks.-This species was taken at Dos Mosquises, Isla Pelona, and Gran Roque. Individuals were probably very common at locality 5 at Gran Roque, where alcyonarians were common; but, since very few speci- mens were actually observed, it has been listed as rare in the locality list. Records.-Off Palm Beach at 55 meters, and Key West, Fla.; Port An- tonio, Jamaica; St. Thomas, V.I.; Buccoo Bay, Tobago; Nassau, Bahamas (Abbott, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et aZ., 1963).-Off McClellanville, South Carolina, at about 46 meters (Merrill & Petit, 1965). -Fortaleza, Brazil (Matthews, 1967a). Range.-South Carolina and from southeast Florida and the Bahamas throughout the Caribbean to northeast Brazil.

COLUMBELLIDAE Genus CoZumbella Lamarck, 1799 CoZumbella mercatoria (Linnaeus, 1758) Voluta mercatoria Linnaeus, 1758:730. Remarks.-This species was found at more localities than any other mollusk coIlected in Los Roques. It was especiaIly common at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Grenada; Antigua; Anguilla; Trinidad; Aruba (Coomans, ]958) .-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Barbados (Lewis, 1960) .-Florida Bay off Flamingo, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 1961).- Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et aZ., ] 963) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Cabo Frio, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication) .-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, V.I. (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and south- ern Mexico throughout the entire Caribbean and to Cabo Frio, Brazil. Genus Mitrella Risso, 1826 Mitrella ocellata (Gmelin, 1791) VoZuta ocellata Gmelin, 1791:3455. Nitidella ocellata, Warmke & Abbott, 1961:]] 2, pI. 20, fig. j. Mitrella ocellata, Rehder, 1962: 130. Remarks.- This species was found at Gran Roque and Dos Mosquises. A single specimen was taken at each locality. 672 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Records.-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-St. Martin; An- guilla; Tobago; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Barbados (Lewis, 1960).-La Orchilla (Rehder, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et at., 1963) .-Fortaleza, Brazil (Matthews, 1967b).- Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, V.I. (RC.W.). Range.-From southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico throughout the Caribbean and to northeast Brazil. This species is also re- ported from Magdalena Bay, Lower California, to Ecuador (Keen, 1958).

BUCCINIDAE Genus Engoniophos Woodring, 1928 Engoniophos unicinctus (Say, 1825) Nassa unicincta Say, 1825:211. Remarks.-A single, dead specimen of this species was found on the beach at Gran Roque by Mr. Mago Leccia. Records.-Surprisingly few records can be found for this species in pub- lished literature.-Gran Roque, Los Rogues (Rehder, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et oZ., 1963). Range.-The records above are insufficient. Rehder (1962) gives the dis- tribution as Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Cura~ao, and Los Roques. Genus Pisania Bivona-Bernardi, 1832 Pisania pusio (Linnaeus, 1758) Murex pusio Linnaeus, 1758:754. Remarks.-This species was common at the south island of Dos Mosquises, and dead specimens were taken at Cayo Sal. Records.-Abrolhos, Brazil (Dall, 1890).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Grenada; Tobago; Cura~ao (Coomans, 1958).-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b). -Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et oZ., 1963) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Angra dos Reis, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication) .-Fowey Rocks near Miami, Long Reef off Elliott Key, Molasses Reef off Key Largo, Pelican Shoals off Key West, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, v.I. (R.C.W.). Range.-From southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico throughout the entire Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of South America as far south as Angra dos Reis, Brazil. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 673 Pisaniaaurituia (Link, 1807) Nassaria auritula Link, 1807: 124. Cantharus auritulus, Warmke & Abbott, 1961: 117, pI. 21, fig. L. Pisania auritula, Rehder, 1962: 131. Remarks.-This species was found only at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Martin; Trinidad; Cur a- «ao (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).- Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et ai., 1963) .-Sao Goncala do Amarante, Ceara, Brazil (Matthews, 1967b).- Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Cabo Frio, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication) .-Fowey Rocks near Miami, Long Reef off Elliott Key, Pelican Shoals off Key West, Fla.; Turtle Rocks, Bimini, Ba- hamas (R.C.W.). Range.-From southeast Florida and the Bahamas through the Greater and Lesser Antilles southward to Cabo Frio, Brazil. Also in the lower Caribbean islands and lower Central America. Probable along the entire east coast of Central America and in southern Mexico.

NASSARIIDAE Genus Nassarius Dumeril, ] 806 Nassarius aibus (Say, 1825) Nassa alba Say, 1825:212. Nassarius ambiguus, Abbott, 1954: 238, fig. 53a. Remarks.-A single, dead specimen was taken at Gran Roque. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Baker Bank in the northwest Gulf of Mexico in 57 meters (Parker & Curray, 1956).-Grand Cayman (Ab- bott, 1958).-St. Martin; Grenada; Trinidad; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).- Port Aransas, Texas (Moore, 1958a).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & Mc- Ginty, 1958).-Off Mississippi Delta in the Gulf of Mexico in 22 to 64 meters (Parker, 1960) .-Florida Bay off Flamingo, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 1961).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).- Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et ai., 1963).-Off Barbados (Lewis, 1965 ).-Campeche Banks in 46 to 97 meters (Rice & Kornicker, 1965).- Off North Carolina (Menzies et ai., 1966) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Hou- brick, 1968) .-Cabo Frio, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication).- Palm Beach Inlet, Biscayne Bay near Miami, Sanibel Island, and Panama City, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-From Bermuda and off North Carolina through the Bahamas and southeast Florida southward throughout the entire Caribbean and to Cabo Frio, Brazil. Also throughout the entire Gulf of Mexico, but mostly offshore in the northern portion. 674 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) MELONGENIDAE Genus Melongena Schumacher, 1817 Melongena melongena (Linnaeus, 1758) Murex melongena Linnaeus, 1758:751. Remarks.-One small, dead specimen was found at Isla Larga. A fairly large, living specimen was collected by Mr. Mago Leccia at Espenqui. Records.-Mariel, Cuba; Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Kingston, Jamaica; Caren- age, Trinidad; Tobago; Curac;ao; Livingston, Guatemala; Cartagena, Colom- bia; Corentyne River, Surinam (Clench & Turner, 1956).-Tortuga; Margarita; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & Mc- Ginty, 1958).-Gran Roque, Los Roques (Rehder, 1962). Range.-Along the continent from Tampico, Mexico, to Surinam in South America. The islands off the north coast of Venezuela and the Greater Antilles exclusive of Puerto Rico.

F ASCIOLARIIDAE Genus Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799 Fasciolaria tulipa (Linnaeus, 1758) M urex tulipa Linnaeus, 1758:754. Remarks.-Fragments of tills species were found on the beach at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Padre Island, Texas (Pulley, 1952).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Martin; Antigua; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Florida Bay off Flamingo, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 1961).-AIacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963).-Cape Lookout, North Carolina (ll. J. Porter, personal communication).-New Smyrna Beach, St. Lucie Inlet, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, and Panama City, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, V.I.; off Surinam in 73 meters, OREGONSta. 4190 (R.C.W.). Range.-North Carolina, northwest Florida, and Padre Island, Texas, southward throughout the Bahamas, entire Caribbean region and south to Surinam. Genus Leucozonia Gray, 1847 Leucozonia nassa (Gmelin, 1791) Murex nassa Gmelin, 1791:3551. Turbonilla cingulifera Lamarck, 1822:107. Remarks.-This species was common at Dos Mosquises, but uncommon to rare at Cayo Sal. The author has not seen other specimens as large as those from Los Roques. 1969J Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 675 Records.-Abrolhos, Brazil (DalJ, 1890) .-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).- Chenkan, Mexico (Weisbord, 1926).-Anguilla; Tobago; Aruba (Coo- mans, 1958).-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b).-Bocas, Pan- ama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Cabo Frio, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication) .-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, off Clearwater, and south of St. Marks, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, V.I. (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda, southeast Florida, and the Bahamas, and from the northeast and extreme southwest Gulf of Mexico throughout the Caribbean and south to Cabo Frio, Brazil. Abbott (1958) reported only the subspecies L. nassa leucozonalis (Lamarck) from Grand Cayman.

Leucozonia ocellata (Gmelin, 1791) Buccinum ocellata Gmelin, 1791:3488. Remarks.- This species was colJected at Sarqui, Cayo Sal, and Isla Larga. It was rare at all localities. Records.-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Saba; Grenada; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958). -Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Tres I1hos at Espirito Santo, Brazil (B. Tursch, per- sonal communication).-Boca Raton and Key Biscayne, Fla.; North Bim- ini, Bahamas; St. Johu, V.I. eR.e. W.). Range.-Southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and Yucatan southward through- out the Caribbean and to Espirito Santo, Brazil.

XANCIDAE Genus Vasum Roding, 1798 Vasum capitellum (Linnaeus, 1758) Murex capitellum Linnaeus, 1758:750. Remarks.-This species was collected at Dos Mosquises, Cayo Sal, and Isla Larga; however, it was only common at the south island of Dos Mosquises. Records.-Mayagiiez, P.R.; St. Thomas, v.I.; Barbados; Cartagena, Colom- bia; Cura<;ao (Abbott, 1950).-Grenada; Bonaire; Aruba (Coomans, 1958). Range.-From Puerto Rico through the Lesser Antilles and the islands of the lower Caribbean. Also the northern coast of South America. 676 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

OLlVlDAE Genus Oliva Bruguiere, 1789 Oliva reticularis Lamarck, 1811 Oliva reticularis Lamarck, 1811:314. Remarks.-This species was found only at Dos Mosquises and Isla Pelona. It was rather common at both places in areas of open sand. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-St. Martin; Antigua; Tobago; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et al., 1963) .-Portete and del Colorado, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal com- munication).-North Bimini and Andros, Bahamas; St. John, v.l. (RC.W.). Range.-There is no evidence that this species does occur in Florida. Plockelman (1967) has already questioned this. Various records for this species in Florida waters are probably based on specimens of O. caribaeensis Dall & Simpson. The range is Bermuda (Peile, 1926); and from the Ba- hamas and Yucatan southward throughout the Caribbean and to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Genus Olivella Swainson, 1831 Olivella dealbata (Reeve, 1850) Oliva dealbata Reeve, 1850:pI. 25, fig. 71. Remarks.- This species was found at localities 1 and 2 at Dos Mosquises. It was moderately common at the former, but only a few dead specimens were found at the latter. Records.-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Croix, V.l. (Usticke, 1959).-West coast of Puerto Rico (Warmke & Abbott, 1961). Range.-Records for this species are rare, due in all probability to the fact that it is easily overlooked because of its small size and that species of this genus are difficult to determine. Warmke & Abbott (1961) gave as its range Florida and the West Indies.

Genus Jaspidella Olsson, 1956 Jaspidella jaspidea (Gmelin, 1791) Voluta jaspidea Gmelin, 1791:3442. Remarks.-A single, dead specimen was taken at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Aguadilla, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901) .-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Grenada; Tobago; Cura<;ao (Coomans, 1958).-Rio da Prata, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).- 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 677 S1. Lucie Inlet, Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla. (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and from southeast Florida and Yucatan southward through the Greater and Lesser Antilles and the islands of the lower Carib- bean. Brazil? MITRlDAE Genus Mitra Lamarck, 1799 Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791) Voluta harhadensis Gmelin, 1791: 3455. Remarks.-A single, dead specimen was taken at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926) .-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946) .-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958) .-St. Martin; Anguilla; Bonaire; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Colon, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).- Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et ai., 1963) .-Off North Carolina (Menzies et ai., 1966) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Bahia, Brazil (8. Tursch, personal communication) .-Palm Beach Inlet, Boca Raton, Long Reef off Elliott Key, and Pelican Shoals off Key West, Fla.; North Bimini and Andros, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and off North Carolina; and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and Yucatan southward throughout the Caribbean and to Bahia, Brazil. VOLUTIDAE Genus Vo/uta Linnaeus, 1758 Voiuta musica Linnaeus, 1758 Vo/uta l11usica Linnaeus, 1758:733. Remarks.-This species was taken alive only at locality 1 on Dos Mosqui- ses, where six living specimens were taken from beneath the bases of colonies of Acropora pa/mata. A single, dead specimen was taken at locality 2 on Dos Mosquises. Records.-Grenada; Bonaire; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Margarita (Rod- riguez, 1959).-Guanica, P.R. (Warmke & Abbott, 1961 ).-Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic; S1. Thomas, V.I.; S1. Vincent; Dominica; Tucacas Bay and La Guaira, Venezuela; Corentyne River, British Guiana (Clench & Turner, 1964).-Chaguaramas, Trinidad (R.C.W.). Range.-From the Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles westward and southward through the Lesser Antilles and to British Guiana. Also the islands of the lower Caribbean and the north coast of South America. This author agrees with Abbott (1958) that Salisbury's (1953) record for Grand Cayman is in error. 678 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

CONIDAE Genus Conus Linnaeus, 1758 Conus regius Gmelin, 1791 Conus regius Gmelin, 1791:3379. Conus nebulosus Hwass, 1792:606 (not nebulosus Gmelin). Remarks.-It is incredible that, with so many areas of rocky rubble and slabs of dead coral lying on sand, individuals of reef-dwelling cones were so rare in Los Roques. A single, dead specimen of this species was found on the beach at Gran Roque by Mr. Mago Leccia. Records.-Tortugas, Fla.; Havana, Cuba; St. Vincent; Paria Peninsula, Venezuela (Clench, 1942).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Martin; Anguilla; Cura~ao (Coomans, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & Mc- Ginty, 1958) .-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et aI., 1963) .-Itapoan, Bahia, Brazil (Van Mol et aI., 1967).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Palm Beach Inlet, Boca Raton, Long Reef off Elliott Key, and Pelican Shoals off Key West, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, V.1. (R.C.W.). Range.-Southeast Florida and the Bahamas throughout the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and south to Bahia, Brazil. Also the islands of the lower Caribbean, the north coast of South America, and lower Central America. Clench (1942, 1953) included in its range southern Mexico, which is highly probable; however, he gave no records.

Conus mus Hwass, 1792 Conus mus Hwass, 1792:630. Remarks.-Severalliving specimens were taken at Dos Mosquises, and one dead specimen was taken at Isla Pelona. The author has observed this species feeding on small amphinomid polychaetes on Florida reefs. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Tortugas, Fla.; Nassau, Bahamas; Caibarien, Cuba; Tortola, V.I.; Toco, Trinidad; Corentyne River, British Guiana; Cartagena, Colombia; Vera Cruz, Mexico (Clench, 1942).- Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Anguilla; Tobago; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963).- Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla. (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico throughout the entire Caribbean. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 679

TURRIDAE Genus Crassispira Swainson, 1840 Crassispira nigrescens (c. B. Adams, 1845) Pleurotoma nigrescens C. B. Adams, 1845:3. Remarks.-A single specimen was found in the vicinity of Dos Mosquises at locality 2. Records.-Jamaica (C. B. Adams, 1845).-Mayagtiez Harbor, P.R. (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-St. Croix, V.1. (Usticke,1959). Range.-The records are so few for this species that establishment of range is difficult, but the range includes the Greater Antilles, the Virgin Islands, and Los Roques. It probably has a distribution throughout most of the West Indies. Subclass OPlSTHOBRANCHIA BULLIDAE Genus Bulla Linnaeus, 1753 Bulla umbilicata R6ding, 1798 Bulla umbilicata Roding, 1798:15.-Rehder, 1962:132. Bulla amygdala Dillwyn, 1817:480. Bulla striata, Abbott, 1954:pI. 13,fig. P (not striata Bruguiere). Bulla occidentalis, Abbott, J 954:pl. 26, fig.p. Remarks.-This species was found only at Espenqui. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Galveston, Aransas Bay, Mustang Island, and Padre Island, Texas (Pulley, 1952).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-S1:. Martin; Antigua; Grenada; Trinidad; Aruba (Coomans, 1958; all listed as Bulla sp. but almost certainly referable to this species) .-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Florida Bay off Flamingo, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 1961).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Rio de Janeiro (B. Tursch, personal communication).-Riviera Beach, Bis- cayne Bay, Key West, Sanibel Island, St. Petersburg, and Panama City, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and the Bahamas, and from both coasts of Florida and the coast of Texas southward throughout the entire Caribbean and to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ELYSIIDAE Genus Tridachia Deshayes, 1857 Tridachia crispata M6rch, 1863 Tridachia crispata Moreh, 1863:40.-Mareus & Marcus, 1967:33-34, pI. 1, figs.7-8, text-fig.38. Remarks.-This species was very common in the vicinity of Dos Mosquises. 680 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Records.-Bermuda; Grassy Key and Tortugas, Fla.; British Honduras; St. Marc Bay, Haiti; Wilkes Cove, Jamaica; St. Croix, V.l.; Tobago; Aruba; coast of Venezuela; and "west coast of Florida" (Marcus & Marcus, 1967). -Margot Fish Shoal off Elliott Key, and Mosquito Bank off Key Largo, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda, and from southern Florida and the Bahamas through- out the Caribbean. APLYSIIDAE Genus Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767 Aplysia dactylomela Rang, ] 828 Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828:56.-Marcus & Marcus, 1967:38. Remarks.-A single specimen was collected at Isla Larga. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926) .-Bahia, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).- Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958a).-Pacific side of Panama (Marcus & Marcus, 1967).-Biscayne Bay, Fla. (R.C.W.). Range.-According to Marcus & Marcus (1967), in all warm seas with the exception of the Mediterranean. Genus Dolabrifera Gray, 1847 Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828) Aplysia dolabrifera Rang, 1828: 51. Dolabrifera dolabrifera, Marcus & Marcus, 1967:38-39. Remarks.-A single specimen was collected at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Rabbit Key, Bahamas; Palm Beach Inlet, Bear Cut, and Plantation Key, Fla.; Bermuda; Cabo Frio, Brazil (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) . Range.-Given as circumtropical and circumsubtropical by Marcus & Marcus (1967), but they state that it is not recorded from the American Pacific coast. PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Genus Berthellina Gardiner, 1936 Berthellina quadridens (March, ] 863) Berthella quadridens March, 1863: 29. Berthellina quadridens, Marcus & Marcus, 1967 :43, fig. 53. Remarks.-Three specimens were collected at Isla Larga. Records.-St. Marc Bay, Haiti; St. Thomas, V.I.; Guadeloupe; Perico Island on the Pacific side of Panama (Marcus & Marcus, ]967). Range.-See records. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 681 Genus Pleurobranchus Cuvier, 1804 Pleurobranchus areolatus March, 1863 Pleurobranchus areolatus March, 1863:28.-Marcus & Marcus, 1967:44. Pleurobranchus atlanticus Abbott, 1949:73. Remark.~.-A single specimen was collected at Isla Larga. Records.-Alligator Reef, Fla.; St. Thomas, V.I.; Islote Aves; Barbados; Cura<;ao; Deale Beach on the Pacific side of Panama (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) .-Key Biscayne and Margot Fish Shoal off Elliott Key, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.--Southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and the Caribbean generally. Also the Pacific side of Panama.

DORIDIDAE Genus Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855 Hypselodoris acriba Marcus & Marcus, 1967 Hypselodoris acriba Marcus & Marcus, 1967:60, figs.72-75. Remarks.-Four individuals were collected living on Acropora palmata at Dos Mosquises. Records.-The specimens from Dos Mosquises are the only known ex- amples at this time. Range.-See records. DENDRODORIDIDAE Genus Dendrodoris Ehrenberg, 1831 Dendrodoris krebsii (March, 1863) Doris krehsii March, 1863:34. Dendrodoris krebsii, Marcus & Marcus, 1967:95-96. Remarks.-This species was found only at locality 1 on Dos Mosquises. Records.-Virginia Key, Fla.; Joe Cay, Bahamas; St. Croix, V.I.; St. Kitts; Rio de Janeiro and Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil; Gulf of California (Marcus & Marcus, 1967).-MacArthur Causeway at Miami Beach, Key Biscayne, and Panama City, Fla. (R.C.W.). Range.-Southeast and northwest Florida, the Bahamas, the Lesser Antilles, the islands of the lower Caribbean, and as far south as Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil. Also in the Gulf of California. Subclass PULMONATA ELLOBIIDAE Genus Melampus Montfort, 1810 Melampus cofleus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bulla cofJea Linnaeus, 1758:729. Remarks.-Dead specimens of this species were found on the beach at Gran Roque. 682 Bulletin ot Marine Science [19(3) Records.-Catona, P.R. (Dall & Simpson, 1901 ).-Cabo Catoche, Yuca- tan (J aume, 1946).-Paranagua, Estado do Parana, Brazil (Morretes, 1949). -Galveston Bay and Lavaca Bay, Texas (Pulley, 1952).-St. Martin; Tobago; Aruba (Coomans, 1958).-Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959).-Bar- bados (Lewis, 1960).-Flamingo and Shark River, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 1961) .-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Virginia Key, Key Largo, and Sanibel Island, Fla. (RC.W.). Range.-Southem Florida and Galveston Bay, Texas, southward through- out the Caribbean and to Estado do Parana, Brazil. This species probably occurs much farther north on both coasts of Florida than the above records indicate. Class PELECYPODA GLYCYMERIDAE Genus Glyeymeris da Costa, 1778 Glyeymeris deeussata (Linnaeus, 1758) A rca decussata Linnaeus, 1758:694. Remarks.-A single, dead specimen was found at locality 6 on Dos Mosqui- ses. Records.-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Pulley, 1953).-Grand Cayman (Ab- bott, 1958).-St. Croix, V.I. (Usticke, 1959).-Puerto Rico (Warmke & Abbott, 1961 ).-Boca Raton, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-See records. There are very few published records for this spe- cies, although it probably occurs throughout the Caribbean generally.

ARCIDAE Genus Area Linnaeus, 1758 Area zebra (Swainson, 1833) Byssoarca zebra Swainson, 1833:pI. lI8. Remarks.- This species was found only at Dos Mosquises and Isla Pelona. It was not common at either locality. Records.-Southeast of Cabo de Sao Roque, Brazil, in 37 meters (Dall, 1890).-Mayaguez, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Bermuda (PeiIe, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Virgin Gorda, V.I. (McLean, 1951).-Bank 161 kilometers off Galveston, and dead at Port Isabel, Texas (Pulley, 1952).-Tampa, Fla.; Brownsville, Texas (Pulley, 1953).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Off North Carolina (Menzies et al., 1966).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, south of St. Marks, and Panama City, Fla.; Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 683 Range.-Bermuda and offshore North Carolina; and from the Bahamas, southeast and northwest Florida, and the northwest Gulf of Mexico south- ward throughout the entire Caribbean region and to Cabo Sao Roque, Brazil. Arca imbricata Bruguiere, 1789 Area imbricata Bruguiere, 1789:98. Area umbonata Lamarck, 1819:37. Remarks.- This species was found only at Dos Mosquises, where it was common at locality 1 and uncommon at locality 2. Records.-Abrolhos, Brazil (DaIl, 1890).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).- Virgin Gorda, v.I. (McLean, 1951).-Galveston, $1. Joseph Island, and Mustang Island, Texas, dead at all localities (Pulley, 1952) .-On Baker Bank in 57 meters in northwest Gulf of Mexico, dead (Parker & Curray, 1956) .-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958) .-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Cal- careous banks in the northwest Gulf of Mexico in 18 to 110 meters (Parker, 1960).-Newport River, North Carolina (Wells, 1961).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963).-Off Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 4 meters (Testud, 1967) .-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, and Panama City, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and North Carolina; and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and the entire Gulf of Mexico southward throughout the entire Caribbean and to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Genus Barbatia Gray, 1847 Barbatia cancellaria (Lamarck, 1819) Area cancellaria Lamarck, 1819:41. Area barba/a, McLean, ]95]: 14, pI. 2, fig. 3. Remarks.-This species was found at only three localities. It was common at Dos Mosquises, uncommon at the western tip of Cayo Sal, and rare at Isla Pelona. Records.-Abrolhos, Brazil (Dall, 1890).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Virgin Gorda, V.I. (McLean, 1951).-80.5 kilometers off Port Arthur, Texas, and 169 kilometers off Galveston, Texas, in 18 to 37 meters (Pulley, 1953) .-East Flower Garden Bank in 55 meters in the northwest Gulf of Mexico (Parker & Curray, 1956).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-La Orchilla (Rehder, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et at., 1963) .-Campeche Banks, Mexico, in 27 meters (Rice & Kornicker, 1965). 684 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3 ) -Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-Southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and the northwest Gulf of Mex- ico southward throughout the entire Caribbean and to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Barbatia candida (Helbling, 1779) Arca candida Helbling, 1779:pl. 4, figs. 39-40.

Remarks.-This species was found only at Dos Mosquises. Records.-"Southwest Florida" (Perry, 1940).-Guaratuba, Estado do Parana, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).-Virgin Gorda, V.l. (McLean, 1951). -Off Port Isabel, Texas, in 91 meters and Padre Island, Texas, dead; Tampico, Mexico (Pulley, 1953) .-Baker Bank in northwest Gulf of Mex- ico in 57 meters, dead (Parker & Curray, 1956) .-Grand Cayman (Ab- bott, 1958).-Port Aransas, Texas (Moore, 1958a).-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b) .-Banks in northwest Gulf of Mexico in 18 to 110 meters (Parker, 1960).-Newport River, North Carolina (WelIs, 1961).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).- Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et ai., 1963) .-Submerged reef off North Carolina (Menzies et al., 1966).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, Key West, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-North Carolina, southern Florida, the Bahamas, and throughout the Caribbean and southward to Estado do Parana, Brazil. Offshore in the entire western Gulf of Mexico and inshore from southern Texas south- ward. PINNIDAE Genus Pinna Linnaeus, 1758 Pinna carnea Gmelin, 1791 Pinna carnea Gmelin, 1791: 3365.

Remarks.- This species was found only at Dos Mosquises, where it was rare. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Tortola, V.I. (McLean, 1951 ).- Vera Cruz, Mexico (Pulley, 1953).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).- South Inlet of Lake Worth and Tortugas, Fla.; Nassau, Bahamas; Guan- tanamo Bay, Cuba; Barbados; Tobago; Cartagena, Colombia (Turner & Rosewater, 1958).-East Cape Sable, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 1961).- Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et ai., 1963) .-Key Biscayne and Key West, Fla. (RC.W.). 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 685 Range.-Bermuda; and from southern Florida, the Bahamas, and south- ern Mexico southward through the Greater and Lesser Antilles to northern South America. No records found for Central America, but it undoubtedly occurs there. PTERIIDAE Genus Pteria Scopoli, 1777 Pteria eoiymbus (Roding, 1798) Pinetada eolymbus Reding, 1798:166. Remarks.-This species was found only at locality 5 on Gran Roque, where it was attached to colonies of the alcyonarian Pseudo{Jterogorgia. Reeords.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-l1ha do Mel, Estado do Parana, Brazil (Morretes, 1949) .-Ponce, P.R.; Virgin Gorda, V.I. (McLean, 1951 ).-St. Joseph Island and Padre Island, Texas, all dead (Pulley, 1952) .-Port Aransas, Texas, dead, and 48 kilometers east of Port Aransas, Texas, living; Tuxpan and Tecolutla, Mexico (Pulley, 1953).- Off Padre Island, Texas, in 31 meters (Hildebrand, 1954) .-Baker Bank in the northwest Gulf of Mexico in 57 meters, dead (Parker & Curray, 1956) .-Florida Bay off Flamingo, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 196] ) .-New- port River, North Carolina (Wells, ] 961) .-Submerged reef off North Carolina (Menzies et ai., 1966) .-Angra dos Reis, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication).-Daytona Beach, Palm Beach, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, south of St. Marks, and jetties at Panama City, Fla.; Turtle Rocks, Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-From Bermuda and North Carolina southward through the Ba- hamas and around Florida into the Gulf of Mexico to northwest Florida and offshore on the Texas coast. The entire Caribbean region and southward along the Atlantic coast of South America to Angra dos Reis, Brazil.

Genus Pinetada Roding, 1798 Pinetada imbrieata Roding, 1798 Pinetada imbrieata ROding,1798:] 67.-Rehder, 1962:133. A vieula radiata Leach, 1814:98. Pinetada radiata, Warmke & Abbott, 1961:166, pI. 32, fig. b. Remarks.- This species was found to be uncommon to rare at Dos Mosquises, Espenqui, and Isla Larga. Reeords.-MayagUez Harbor, P.R. (Dall & Simpson, 1901) .-Bermuda (Peile, 1926) .-Ilha do Sao Sebastiao, Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil (Mor- retes, 1949).-Mustang Island and Padre Island, Texas (Pulley, 1952).- Offshore from Cape Romain, South Carolina; St. Marks Light, Fla., in the northeast Gulf of Mexico; Barataria and Cameron, Louisiana; Galveston 686 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) on floating seaweed, Pass Cavello, and Port Aransas, Texas; Vera Cruz, Mexico (Pulley, 1953).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Bocas, Pan- ama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Isla Cubagua, Venezuela (Rehder, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963 ).-Daytona Beach, Palm Beach, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, and Panama City, Fla.; North Bimini and Andros, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda; and from South Carolina, the Bahamas, all of Florida, and the northwest Gulf of Mexico southward throughout the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of South America to Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil.

ISOGNOMONIDAE Genus lsognomon Solander, 1786 lsognomon alatus (Gmelin, 1791) Ostrea alata Gmelin, 1791:3339. Remarks.-This species was taken only at Isla Larga. Records.-Culebra, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901 ).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926) .-St. Thomas, v.I. (McLean, 1951) .-Rockport, Port Aransas, and Port Isabel, Texas, all immature (Pulley, 1953) .-Grand Cayman (Salisbury, 1953 ).-Port Aransas, Texas (Moore, 1958a).-Bocas, Pan- ama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Palm Beach Inlet, Boca Raton, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda; and from southeast Florida and southern Texas through- out the Caribbean. 1sognomon radiatus (Anton, 1839) PernaradiataAnton,1839:17. Remarks.- This species was found fairly commonly at Dos Mosquises and uncommonly at Cayo Sal. Records.-Ponce, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901}.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926). -S1. Thomas, V.I. (McLean, 1951) .-Rockport and Port Isabel, Texas (Pulley, 1952).-Off Cape San BIas, Fla., in 48 meters; Vera Cruz and Alvarado, Mexico (Pulley, 1953).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).- Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b) .-Barbados (Lewis, 1960).- Gran Roque, Los Roques (Rehder, 1962).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et aI., 1963) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda; and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and south- ern Texas throughout the Caribbean region. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 687

PECTINIDAE Genus Chiamys Roding, 1798 Chiamys ornata (Lamarck, 1819) Pecten ornatus Lamarck, 1819: 176. Remarks.-This species was taken only at locality 1 at Dos Mosquises, where it was moderately common. Records.-Mayagiiez, P.R. (Dall & Simpson, 1901) .-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Bahia, Brazil (Mor- retes, 1949).-St. Thomas, v.I. (McLean, 1951).-Vera Cruz and Al- varado, Mexico (Pulley, 1953).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).- Abrolhos, Brazil (Fischer-Piette & Testud, 1967a) .-Palm Beach Inlet, Fla. (F. M. Bayer, personal communication).-Long Reef off Elliott Key and Molasses Reef off Key Largo, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas; reef off Belize, British Honduras (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda; and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico throughout the Caribbean to Abrolhos, Brazil. Chiamys imbricata (Gmelin, 1791) Ostrea imbricatus Gmelin, 1791:3318. Remarks.-A single valve of this species was collected at the north island of Dos Mosquises. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-San Juan, P.R.; St. Thomas, V.I. (McLean, 1951).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Colon, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Boca Raton, Miami Beach, Key Biscayne, Long Reef off Elliott Key, Molasses Reef off Key Largo, and Pelican Shoals off Key West, Fla.; Turtle Rocks, Bimini, Bahamas; reef off Belize, British Hon- duras CR.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda; and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico through the Greater Antilles to the Virgin Islands. Also along the Central American Caribbean coast and in the islands of the lower Carib- bean. Probable in all the Lesser Antilles to Trinidad and along the northern coast of South America. Genus Aequipecten P. Fischer, 1886 Aequipecten acanthodes Dall, 1925 Aequipecten acanthodes Dall, 1925: 120. Remarks.-A single, living specimen was taken on the north side of the south island of Dos Mosquises. This species may be distinguished from Aequipecten muscosus (Wood) by its much more compressed valves, rela- 688 Bulletin ot Marine Science [19(3) tively greater width, and the more shallow incurvation below the left anterior ear. Records.-No records can be found in the literature. It has probably been confused with A. muscosus in many instances. Dall gave no specific locality for the species. However, he stated that it ranged from southern Florida to the Antilles. Range.-See records. SPONDYLIDAE Genus Spondylus Linnaeus, 1785 Spondylus ictericus Reeve, 1856 Spondylus multilamellatus Chenu, 1845: 3, pI. 11, figs. 1-2 (not Lamarck, 1819). Spondylus digitatus Sowerby, 1847:pl. 89, figs. 58-59.-Reeve, 1856:pl. 18, fig. 68 (not G. Perry, 1811). Spondylus spathuliferus Sowerby, 1847:pl. 89, fig. 61 (not Lamarck, 1819). Spondylus ictericus Reeve, 1856:p1. 11, fig. 40.-Adams & Adams, 1858:560. -Fulton, 1915:336; 1937:30.-Benthem Jutting, 1927: 24.-Lamy, 1938: 285.-L. Perry, 1940:38, pI. 5, fig. 38.-Jaume, 1946: 99.-Metivier, 1967a:203. Spondylus ramosus Reeve, 1856:pl. 14, fig. 51 (not Meuschen, 1787). ?Spondylus electrum Reeve, 1856:pl. 15, fig. 54. ?Spondylus cuneus Reeve, 1856:pl. 15, fig. 56. Spondylus ustulatus Reeve, 1856: pI. 16, fig. 58. Spondylus vexillum Reeve, 1856:pl. 16, fig. 59. Spondylus spathuliferus (in part) KUster, 1888: 20, pI. 8a, figs. 1-3 (not Lamarck, 1819). Spondylus americanus, Rice & Kornicker, 1962:8, figs. 9a, 9b (not Hermann, 1781) . Remarks.-This species was found only at Dos Mosquises, where it was rare. Most recent workers have confused this species with Spondylus americanus Hermann. Anyone, having concluded that only one species of Spondylus occurs in the West Indian region, must have also concluded that, through some genetic linkage, all of the brick-red forms are inflicted with a lethal factor that manifests itself at the time the individuals are about half grown. Spondylus americanus usually occurs in white or pastel shades or combinations of these; and a fully mature, brick-red specimen of this species has never been seen among the hundreds of examples examined by the author. S. ictericus, which attains only half the size of S. americanus, often has a small area of mottled red and white at the umbos; but, other than this, the shell is usually brick-red or dull red-purple in color. How- ever, S. ictericus does occur in other colors and mixtures of colors ranging from shades of peach to very dark purple, and it is not too uncommon for shades of yellow and orange to occur. When these latter two colors are present, some difficulty may be encountered in separating S. ictericus from similarly colored, young individuals of S. americanus. 1969J Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 689 Although the spines of young specimens of S. ictericus may be almost needle-like, they often have digitate spines, which may be very elaborately developed in protected localities. This character apparently does not occur in S. americanus. Both species, however, are exceedingly variable regard- ing the number, length, width, and shape of spines. One of the most convincing indications that two species do, indeed, exist in the western Atlantic is that of depth preferences. S. ictericus is found in water so shallow on the southeast coast of Florida that it is sometimes exposed at spring low tides. S. americanus may rarely occur in water as shallow as 3 meters on the reefs of the Keys, but these specimens are hidden in the shadows of ledges or under the hollows of coral heads. Specimens of S. american us have also been taken in the turning basin of the Port of Palm Beach in relatively shallow water. However, the greater population of S. americanus is in much deeper water than this. The west coast of Florida presents a more positive demonstration of these depth preferences; for here S. ictericus may be found as shallow as 10 to 12 meters (at Panama City, Florida, as shallow as 1 meter), but S. americanus is not found in less than 20 to 22 meters. It should be emphasized that both species occur commonly together at the greater depths and that neither species appears to range ultimately deeper than the other. Both species may be found in navigational buoys and on other floating objects. How- ever, it is not uncommon for the larvae of normally deeper dwelling marine invertebrates to settle in more shallow habitats, if these habitats are deeply shaded as are certain areas of navigational buoys. Records.-It is exceedingly difficult to compile records of occurrence for this species, since many workers have included it with S. americanus. How- ever, the species appears to occur throughout the same range as S. americanus: Bermuda (Sowerby, 1847).-Cura«ao (Benthem Jutting, 1927).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Alacran Reef, Cam- peche, Mexico, as S. american us (Rice & Kornicker, 1962) .-Coast of Brazil at 18°S (Metivier, 1967b) .-Palm Beach Inlet, Boca Raton, Mac- Arthur and Venetian Causeways in Biscayne Bay, Crandon Marina on Key Biscayne, Margot Fish Shoal off Elliott Key, Molasses Reef off Key Largo, Pelican Shoals off Key West, Sanibel Island, off Clearwater, off Cedar Keys, south of St. Marks, and jetties at Panama City, Fla.; North Bimini and Andros, Bahamas; north of Port-au-Prince, Haiti; San Juan, P.R.; St. John, V.I.; Chaguaramas, Trinidad; reef off Belize, British Hon- duras (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda, the Bahamas, the southeast and entire west coast of Florida, and southern Mexico. Also throughout the Caribbean and south to near Mucuri, Brazil. 690 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

LIMIDAE Genus Lima Bruguiere, 1797 Lima lima (Linnaeus, 1758) Ostrea lima Linnaeus, 1758:699. Remarks.-This species was taken at Dos Mosquises and Gran Roque. Records.-Mayagtiez, P.R. (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Virgin Gorda, V.1. (McLean, 1951 ).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (O]sson & McGinty, 1958).-A]acran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-P]aya de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963).- Barbados (Lewis, 1965) .-Off North Carolina, identity questioned (Men- zies et ai., 1966) .-Rio de Janeiro, Brazi] (8. Tursch, personal communi- cation).-Pa]m Beach In]et, Key Biscayne, and Key West, F]a.; North Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and questionably from off North Carolina; and from southeast F]orida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico throughout the Caribbean and to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Lima scabra (Born, 1780) Ostrea seabra Born, 1780: 110. Remarks.-This species was collected at Gran Roque and Cayo Carenero. Records.-Cu]ebra, P.R. (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Cabo Catoche, Yuca- tan (Jaume, 1946).-Virgin Gorda, V.I. (McLean, 1951).-Off Tarpon Springs, Fla. (Pulley, 1953 ).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-BIan- quilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b).-Bocas, Panama (O]sson & Mc- Ginty, 1958).-A]acran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968) .-Palm Beach Inlet, Boca Raton, Key Biscayne, and Key West, F]a.; North Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Southeast F]orida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico southward throughout the Caribbean. One record for the F]orida west coast.

Lima scabra form tenera Sowerby, 1843 Lima tenera Sowerby, 1843: 84. Remarks.-This form was taken only at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Mayagtiez, P.R. (DaB & Simpson, 1901).-Tortola, V.I. (Mc- Lean, 1951).-172 kilometers southeast of Galveston, Texas, in 37 meters and off Port Isabe], Texas, in 91 meters (Pulley, 1953).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Baker Bank in 57 meters and West Flower Garden Bank in 44 meters in the 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 691 northwest Gulf of Mexico, specimens dead at both localities (Parker & Curray, 1956).-Common on calcareous banks in the northwest Gulf of Mexico in 55 and 119 meters (Parker, 1960) .-Submerged reef offshore from Onslow Bay, North Carolina (Menzies et at., 1966; Porter & Jenner, 1967).-Palm Beach Inlet, Boca Raton, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla.; Andros Island, Bahamas; Chaguaramas, Trinidad (RC.W.). Range.-Off North Carolina; and from the Bahamas, southeast Florida, and the northwest Gulf of Mexico southward throughout the Caribbean. Lima pellucida C. B. Adams, 1846 Lima pellucida C. B. Adams, 1846:102. Remarks.- This species was found only at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Jamaica (Adams, 1846).-Culebra, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Cedar Keys, Fla. (Pulley, 1953) .-Baker Bank in 57 meters in the northwest Gulf of Mexico (Parker & Curray, 1956).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).- Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Whitewater Bay, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 1961).-Newport River, North Carolina (Wells, 1961 ).- Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962) .-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R (Arnow et at., 1963).-St. Martin (Coomans, 1963).- Campeche Banks, Mexico, in 46 meters (Rice & Kornicker, 1965).- Submerged reef off North Carolina (Menzies et at., 1966).-Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, Wakulla Beach, and Panama City, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-North Carolina; and from southeast Florida and the Bahamas southward throughout the Caribbean. It occurs in the eastern Gulf of Mexico as far north as Panama City, Florida, and in the western Gulf of Mexico as far north as Baker Bank off the Texas coast.

ANOMIIDAE Genus Pododesmus Philippi, 1837 Pododesmus rudis (Broderip, 1834) ptacunanomia rudis Broderip, 1834:2. Remarks.- This species was found only at Gran Roque. Records.-Aguadilla, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926) .-Sao Sebastiao, Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil (Morretes, 1949) .-St. Thomas, V.I. (McLean, 1951).-Baker Bank in 57 meters in the north- west Gulf of Mexico, dead (Parker & Curray, 1956).-Buoy 9.7 kilometers off Amelia Island, Georgia (Merrill, 1963) .-Key Biscayne and Sanibel Island, Fla. (RC.W.). 692 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3 ) Range.-From off Amelia Island, Georgia; southern Florida and the north- west Gulf of Mexico southward through the Caribbean and to Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil. MYTlLlDAE Genus Modiolus Lamarck, 1799 Modiolus americanus Leach, 1815 Modiola americana Leach, 1815:32. M odiola tulipa Lamarck, 1819:I I I. Remarks.-This species was found living only at Dos Mosquises. A dead specimen was found on the beach at Gran Roque. Records.-Mayagtiez, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926) .-Coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).- Tortola, V.L (McLean, 1951).-Beaufort, North Carolina; Port St. Joe, Fla.; Port Isabel, Texas (Pulley, 1953).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-"From Magdalena Bay, Lower California, to Ecuador" (Keen, 1958) .-Newport River, North Carolina (Wells, 1961).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Buoy 9.7 kilometers off of Amelia Island, Georgia (Merrill, 1963) .-Offshore from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Cerame-Vivas & Gray, 1966).-Near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Metivier, 1967a).-St. Lucie Inlet, Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, and Panama City, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (RC.W.). Range.-Bermuda; and from North Carolina southward through the Ba- hamas and around southern Florida, then northward as far as Panama City, Florida, in the eastern Gulf of Mexico and as far north as Port Isabel, Texas, in the western Gulf of Mexico. Also the Greater and Lesser Antilles, the islands of the lower Caribbean, and along the Atlantic coast of South America as far south as Estado Sao Paulo. No records can be found for the east coast of Central America, but the species almost certainly occurs there. This species also occurs from Lower California to Ecuador on the American Pacific coast. Genus Brachidontes Swainson, 1840 Brachidontes exustus (Linnaeus, 1758) Mytilus exustus Linnaeus, 1758:705. Remarks.- This species was found only at locality 1 on Dos Mosquises. Records.-Ponce, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901) .-Cabo Catoche, Yuca- tan (Jaume, 1946).-Bahia, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).-St. Thomas, V.l. (McLean, 1951).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-White- water Bay, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 1961).-Buoy 9.7 kilometers off Amelia Island, Georgia (Merrill, 1963) .-Palm Beach Inlet, Lower Mate- cumbe Key, and Sanibel Island, Fla. (RC.W.). 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 693 Range.-Although no records could be found, most references for this species state that it ranges to North Carolina and Texas. However, based only on the above records, the range is from Yucatan and off Amelia Island, Georgia, southward throughout the Caribbean and to Bahia, Brazil.

LUC1NlDAE Genus Codakia Scopoli, 1777 Codakia orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Venus orbicularis Linnaeus, 1758:688. Remarks.-A single valve of this species was found at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).-Virgin Gorda, V.I. (McLean, 1951).-Aransas Pass, Texas, probably fossil (Pulley, ]952).-Tampico, Lobos Island, and Vera Cruz, Mexico (Pul1ey, 1953 ).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Bocas, Pan- ama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963) .-Santa Barbara, Abrolhos, Brazil (Klein, 1967) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, ]968) .-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication) .-In Lake Worth at Singer Island, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini and Andros, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico southward throughout the Caribbean and to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

CHAMIDAE Genus Chama Linnaeus, 1758 Chama macerophylla Gmelin, 1791 Chama macerophylla Gmelin, 1791:3304. Remarks.-This species was taken only at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, ]926).-St. Thomas, V.L (McLean, 1951). -Tampa, Fla.; buoy 48.3 kilometers east of Port Aransas, Texas, and off Port Isabel, Texas, in 91 meters (Pul1ey, 1953) .-Baker Bank in 57 meters and West Flower Garden Bank in 44 meters in the northwest Gulf of Mexico, both records for dead specimens (Parker & Curray, 1956).- Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Margarita (Rodriguez, 1959).· -Newport River, North Carolina (Wells, 1961).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963).-Buoy 9.7 kilometers off Amelia Island, Geor- gia (Merrill, 1963) .-Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Cerame- Vivas & Gray, 1966).-Off Onslow Bay, North Carolina (Menzies et al., 1966). -Baie de Tous-Ies-Saints, Brazil (Metivier, I967b) .-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Jupiter Inlet, Palm Beach Inlet, Boca Raton, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, Bradenton Beach, south of St. 694 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) Marks, and Panama City, Fla.; Bimini and Andros Island, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda, North Carolina, and off Amelia Island, Georgia; and from the Bahamas, southeast and northwest Florida, and banks offshore from Texas southward throughout the Caribbean and to Baie de Tous- les-Saints, Brazil. Chama congregata Conrad, 1833 Chama congregata Conrad, 1833:341. Remarks.-A single, dead example of this species was found on the beach at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Ilha dos Porcos, Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil (Morretes, 1949). -Pass-a-grille, Fla.; Port Isabel and 81 kilometers off Port Arthur, Texas; Tuxpan, Mexico (Pulley, 1953).-Baker Bank in 57 meters in the north- west Gulf of Mexico (Parker & Curray, 1956).-Port Aransas, Texas (Moore, 1958a) .-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958) .-St. Croix, v.I. (Usticke, 1959).-Dog Pass Keys, Mississippi (Moore, 1961).- Submerged reef off North Carolina (Menzies et al., 1966).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Palm Beach Inlet, Boca Raton, Key Biscayne, Key West, Sanibel Island, off Tarpon Springs, south of St. Marks, and in St. Andrews Bay at Panama City, Fla.; Bimini, Bahamas; St. John, V.I.; reef off Belize, British Honduras (R.C.W.). Range.-Off North Carolina; and from the Bahamas, southeast Florida, and the entire Gulf of Mexico southward throughout the Caribbean and to Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil.

CARDIIDAE Genus Americardia Stewart, 1930 Americardia media (Linnaeus, 1758) Cardium medium Linnaeus, 1758:678. Remarks.-This species was found only at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Chenkan and Campeche, Mexico (Weisbord, 1926).-Ber- muda; Eleuthera, Bahamas; Carenage, Trinidad; Cartagena, Colombia (Clench & Smith, 1944) .-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946).- Virgin Gorda, V.I. (McLean, 1951 ).-Off Sanibel Island, Fla., in 29 meters and off Cape San BIas, Fla., in 46 meters; off Port Isabel, Texas, in 91 meters, dead (Pulley, 1953).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).- Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962) .-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963) .-Barbados (Lewis, 1965) .-Submerged reef off North Caro- lina (Menzies et al., 1966) .-Fortaleza, Brazil (Matthews, 1967b) .-Palm 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 695 Beach Inlet, Boca Raton, Key Biscayne, and Key West, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and off North Carolina; and from the Bahamas, south- east and northwest Florida, and offshore in southern Texas southward throughout the Caribbean. Genus Laevicardium Swainson, 1840 Laevicardium laevigatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Cardium laevigatum Linnaeus, 1758:680. Cardium citrinum Wood, 1815:pl. 223, pI. 54, fig. 3. Cardium serratum, Reeve, 1843:pl. 1, fig. 1.-Dall & Simpson, 1901:489. Laevicardium laevigatum, Clench & Smith, 1944:pI. 12, figs. 1-2. Remarks.-A single, freshly dead specimen was collected at the western tip of Cayo Sal. The author uses the name laevigatum of Linnaeus with hesitancy. In the western Atlantic, there are certainly two, if not more, closely related species of Laevicardium which have been considered as a single, highly variable species by many workers. The species collected in Los Roques is the easily identifiable, strongly oblique, highly glossy, fre- quently brightly colored form that is common in shallow sandy areas of the southeast coast of Florida, the Bahamas, and the Caribbean. The species also occurs in the northeast Gulf of Mexico from near Anclote Key north- ward to off the mouth of the AuciIla River, Florida, in water as shallow as 3 meters. Indications are that the most brilliantly colored examples in the entire western Atlantic occur within this isolated population in the north- east Gulf. This species does not occur along the coast of southwest Florida, along the panhandle of northwest Florida, nor along the coastline of any of the remaining Gulf States; nor does it occur much farther north than Palm Beach County along the Atlantic seaboard. This pattern of dis- tribution in the United States very strongly supports its standing as a spe- cies distinctive from the form called by various authors Laevicardium glabratum (Romer, 1869) or Laevicardium multilineatum (Dall & Simp- son, 1901). This latter form ranges along the Atlantic coast to North Carolina, along all the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and throughout the Caribbean. It excludes the presently considered Los Roques species from its range from near Stuart, Florida, to North Carolina in the Atlantic Ocean; from Cape Sable to just north of Clearwater, Florida, in the south- east Gulf of Mexico; and from near S1. Marks, Florida, to Texas in the remainder of the Gulf of Mexico. Olsson & Harbison (1953: 107) have called the present species L. vitel- linum (Reeve, 1843); however, the accompanying figure in Reeve (pI. 7, fig. 37) does not fit their description of the species. Abbott (1958) has already indicated that a transposition of names occurred here. All examined specimens of the species here referred to as L. laevigatum have possessed 696 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3 ) escutcheon threads on the left valve and have had very poorly developed calcareous bars above the anterior half of the hinge. Records.-MayagUez, P.R, as Cardium serratum Linnaeus (Dall & Simp- son, J901).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-In Lake Worth near Palm Beach Inlet, Key Biscayne, and Key West on the Florida east coast; off Hudson, Fla., and off the mouth of the Aucilla River, Fla., in the north- east Gulf of Mexico; Bimini and Andros, Bahamas; St. John, V.1. (RC.W.). Range.-From Anc10te Key northward to the vicinity of the mouth of the Aucilla River, Florida, in the northeast Gulf of Mexico; and from south- east Florida and the Bahamas to Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Grand Cayman, and Los Rogues. The species probably occurs in all of the islands of the Caribbean and in southern Mexico.

VENERIDAE Genus Chione Mi.ihlfeld, 1811 Chione paphia (Linnaeus, 1767) Venus paphia Linnaells, 1767:lJ 29. Remarks.-A single valve of this species was taken at Dos Mosguises. Records.-Vieques, P.R (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Virgin Gorda, V.1. (McLean, 1951).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Fernando Noronha, Brazil (Fischer-Piette & Testud, 1967b).-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication).- St. John, V.I. (RC.W.). Range.-The above records are so scattered that establishment of the range is difficult. There are no records for the Bahamas, Florida, Mexico, the Lesser Antilles below the Virgin Islands, or any of the Central American countries north of Panama. However, with the present Los Rogues record and the above, a range may be projected for Bermuda and the entire Caribbean southward to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It possibly occurs in south- ern Mexico and the Bahamas.

Genus Pitar Romer, 1857 Pitar albida (Gmelin, 1791) Venus albida Gmelin, 1791:3287. Remarks.-A single, dead example was found at Espengui. Records.-East of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 108 meters (Dall, 1890).- MayagUez, P.R. (Dall & Simpson, 1901 ).-51. Thomas, V.1. (McLean, 1951 ).-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication). Range.-Apparently it is restricted to the Caribbean and the Atlantic coast of South America from Rio de Janeiro northward. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 697

TELLINIDAE Genus Tellina Linnaeus, 1758 Tellina radiata Linnaeus, 1758 Tellina radiata Linnaeus, 1758:675. Remarks.-A single, dead specimen was taken at locality 6 on Dos Mosqui- ses. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946 ) ,-Virgin Gorda, V.I. (McLean, 1951).- Tecolut!a, Mexico (Pulley, 1953).-Dead on Big Southern Bank in 55 meters about 64.4 kilometers off the south Texas coast (Parker & Curray, 1956).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958) .-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et at., 1963 ).-Lake Worth and Tortugas, Fla.; Utilla Island, Honduras; Havana, Cuba; Barbados; Cura<;ao; La Guaira, Venezuela; southeast coast of British Guiana (Boss, 1966) .-Virginia Key and off Plantation Key, Fla.; North Bimini and Andros, Bahamas; reef of Belize, British Honduras (R.C.W.). Range.- The records of Boss (1966) for Sanibel, Boca Grande, and Cedar Keys, Florida, are unquestionably erroneOllS. He also gave a Florida record for Paradise Beach, Hog Island. This is almost certainly intended for Hog Island in the Bahamas and not for the island of the same name just north of Clearwater, Florida. Apparently some of Boss's specimens with locality data for Sanibel and Cedar Keys are the same specimens in the United States National Museum on which Pulley (1953) based his Sanibel and Cedar Keys records. Pulley quite safely expressed doubt con- cerning these records. This species does not occur on the west coast of Florida. The species does occur in Bermuda and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico southward throughout the Caribbean and to the southeast coast of British Guiana. There is a single record for a dead specimen 64.4 kilometers off the south Texas coast.

Tellina taevigata Linnaeus, 1758 Tellina laevigata Linnaeus, 1758:675. Remarks.-A single, freshly dead specimen was found on Isla Pelona. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-St. Thomas, V.I. (McLean, 1951). -Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963) .-Beaufort Harbor and in 27 meters southeast of Beaufort Harbor, North Carolina; Grand Bahama Island, Bahamas; Tobago; La Guaira, Venezuela (Boss, 1966).-In Lake Worth near Palm Beach Inlet, Fla.; North Bimini, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-As with T. radiata above, Boss's (1966) records for this species for the west coast of Florida have not been used. He cited Charlotte Harbor 698 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) and Tampa Bay on the basis of specimens in the United States National Museum. These records are certainly in error. This species occurs in Bermuda and in the vicinity of Beaufort, North Carolina; and from southeast Florida and the Bahamas southward throughout the Caribbean to the north coast of South America. There are no records, however, for Mexico or the Caribbean coast of Central America. In Florida the species is not rare in Palm Beach County and possibly extends northward to St. Lucie Inlet; but from southern Palm Beach County southward through the Keys it is either absent or exceedingly rare. Tellina listeri Roding, 1798 Tellina listeri Roding, 1798:18. Tellina interrupta Wood, ]815: 146. Remarks.-A single dead specimen was found at Isla Pelona. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-Pereque, Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil (Morretes, 1949).-Virgin Gorda, Virgin Islands (McLean, 1951).-Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina; Treasure Island near Tampa Bay, Fla. (Pulley, 1953).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963 ).- East of Cape Lookout, North Carolina, in 33 meters; off Fort Walton, Fla.; Vera Cruz and Isla Mujeres, Mexico; Belize, British Honduras; Cartagena, Colombia; Aruba; Tobago; 242 kilometers northeast of Bahia, Brazil (Boss, 1966).-Submerged reef off Onslow Bay, North Carolina (Menzies et aZ., 1966).-ln Lake Worth near Palm Beach Inlet, Virginia Key, Key West, Sanibel Island, and off Panama City, Fla.; North Bimini and Andros, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, southward through the Bahamas and around southern Florida into the Gulf of Mexico as far north as Fort Walton, Florida. The species also occurs in southern Mexico and ranges throughout the entire Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of South America as far south as Estado Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Tellina fausta Pulteney, 1799 Tellina fausta Pulteney, 1799:92.-Boss, 1966:251. Acropagia fausta, Warmke & Abbott, ]961: 197, pI. 4, fig. 1. Remarks.-Several living specimens were found at locality 1 on Dos Mosquises, and one dead example was found at locality 17 on Dos Mosqui- ses. Records.-Mayagi.iez, P.R. (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Tortola, V.I. (Mc- Lean, 1951).-Off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, immature; Vera Cruz, J 969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 699 Mexico (Pulley, 1953).-Grand Cayman (Abbott, 1958).-Blanquilla Reef, Mexico (Moore, 1958b) .-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, 1962).- Castle Harbor, Bermuda, subfossil; Cape Lookout, North Carolina; Lake Worth and Tortugas, Fla.; Aruba; Pigeon Point, Tobago; La Guaira, Venezuela; Cartagena, Colombia (Boss, 1966).-Portete, Costa Rica (Houbrick, 1968).-Key Biscayne, Fla., and southwest of the mouth of Shark River, Fla., in about 10 meters; North Bimini and Andros Island, Bahamas; reef off Belize, British Honduras (R.C.W.). Range.-Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout, North Carolina; and from southeast F]orida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico southward through- out the entire Caribbean. One record for extreme southwest F]orida. Possibly still living in Bermuda. Genus Apolymetis Salisbury, 1929 Apolymetis intastriata (Say, 1825) Tellina intastriata Say, 1825: 218. Remarks.-A single, freshly dead specimen of this species was found on Is]a Pelona. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926).-St. Thomas, V.I. (McLean, 1951).- Mitchell's Beach near St. Petersburg, Fla., and Panama City, F]a.; Vera Cruz, Tuxpan, Nauta], and Tecolutla, Mexico (Pulley, 1953) .-Cabo Rojo, P.R. (Warmke & Abbott, 1961) .-Alacran Reef, Campeche, Mexico (Rice & Kornicker, ]962).-ln Lake Worth near Palm Beach In]et, F]a., and on the north end of Virginia Key, F]a. (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and from southeast F]orida and southern Mexico to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. This present record for Los Roques indicates that the species is rather widespread in the Caribbean, although there appear to be no other records for the lower Caribbean or the Caribbean coast of Central America. The species also occurs on the F]orida coast in the northeast Gulf of Mexico, but apparently it does not occur on the southwest F]orida coast. Perry (1940) did not report it for southwest F]orida. SEMELIDAE Genus Semele Schumacher, 1817 Semele proficua (Pulteney, 1799) Tellina proficua Pulteney, 1799:29. Remarks.-A single, freshly dead specimen was found on Is]a Pelona. Records.-Bermuda (Peile, 1926) .-1.6 kilometers northeast of Grand Terre, Louisiana (Harry, 1942 ).-Cabo Catoche, Yucatan (Jaume, 1946). 700 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3) -Guaratube, Estado do Parana, Brazil (Morretes, 1949) .-St. John, V.l. (McLean, 1951).-Aransas Bay, Texas (Pulley, 1952).-Panama City, Fla.; Grand Isle, Louisiana; Matagorda Bay, Texas; Tuxpan, Vera Cruz, and Alvarado, Mexico (Pulley, 1953) .-Off the East Mississippi Delta (Parker, 1956).-Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Ship Island, Mississippi (Moore, 1961).-Oyster Bay, Fla. (Tabb & Manning, 1961).-Playa de Vega Baja, P.R. (Arnow et al., 1963).-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (B. Tursch, personal communication) .-St. Lucie Inlet, Key Bis- cayne, and Sanibel Island, Fla. (R.C.W.). Range.-Although no specific records for North Carolina are cited above, most authors give this species a range to that state. In view of its occurrence in the colder waters of Louisiana and Mississippi, there is little doubt that it also ranges to North Carolina; and, for this reason, North Carolina is included in the range. The species occurs in Bermuda, and from North Carolina and the extreme northern Gulf of Mexico southward throughout the Caribbean and along the Atlantic coast of South America to Estado do Parana, Brazil. It is to be expected in the Bahamas.

SANGUINOLARIIDAE Genus Asaphis Modeer, 1793 Asaphis deflorata (Linnaeus, 1758) Venus def/orata Linnaeus, 1758:687. Remarks.-A single, freshly dead specimen was found on Isla Pelona. Records.-Ponce, P.R. (Dall & Simpson, 1901).-Bermuda (Peile, 1926). -St. John, V.l. (McLean, 1951).-Vera Cruz, Mexico (Pulley, 1953).- Bocas, Panama (Olsson & McGinty, 1958).-Virginia Key and Key Bis- cayne, Fla.; Andros, Bahamas (R.C.W.). Range.-Bermuda and from southeast Florida, the Bahamas, and southern Mexico southward throughout the Caribbean.

Class CEPHALOPODA OCTOPODIDAE Genus Octopus Lamarck, 1798 Octopus briareus Robson, 1929 Octopus briareus Robson, 1929:610. Remarks.-A single specimen was collected at locality 3 on the north island of Dos Mosquises, and two small specimens were collected at locality 16 on the south island at Dos Mosquises. Records.-Soldier Key, Fla. (Voss & Voss, 1955).-Florida Keys, Tor- tugas, and "west Florida"; Cura<;ao (Voss, 1956).-Off Cape Hatteras, 1969J Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 701 North Carolina (Cerame-Vivas & Gray, 1966).-Submerged reef off On- slow Bay, North Carolina (Menzies et ai., 1966). Range.-See Remarks and Records.

SUMARIO SISTEMATICA, ECOLOGIA Y DISTRlBucr6N DE LOS MOLUSCOS DE Los ROQUES, VENEZUELA Este estudio comprende ciento veinticinco especies de moluscos del Archipielago de Los Roques. Se discuten el habitat y la fauna asociados con cad a conjunto de moluscos. Se hace un intento para establecer distri- buciones geograficas precisas para cada especie. Son reportados por primera vez, siete especies de prosobranquios en las islas frente a la costa noroeste de Venezuela. Se incluyen notas concernientes a los h:ibitos alimenticios de diez especies de prosobranquios y se ilustran las capsulas de los huevos de tres especies. LlTERATURE CITED ABBOTT, R. T. 1950. The genera Xancus and Vasum in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 2(28): 201-219, pis. 89-95. 1954. American sea shells. Van Nostrand Co., N. Y., 541 pp., 40 pIs., 100 text-figs. 1958. The marine mollusks of Grand Cayman Island, British West Indies. Monogr. Acad. nat. Sci. Philad., No. II: 138 pp., 5 pIs. ADAM, W. 1957. Notes sur les cephalopodes. XXIII. Quelques especes des Antilles. Bull.lnst. roy. Sci. nat. Belg., 33(7): 1-10, I pI. ADAMS, C. B. 1845. Specierum novarum conchyliorum, in Jamaica repertorum, synopsis. Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 2: 1-17. 1846. Descriptions of undescribed species of shells from the island of Jamaica. Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 2: 102-103. ] 850. Descriptions of supposed new species of marine shells which inhabit Jamaica. Contr. to Conch., No.4: 56-68. ADAMS, H. AND A. ADAMS 1858. The genera of recent Mollusca arranged according to their organisa- tion. Vol. 2. London, pp. 541-661. AGUAYO, C. G. AND M. L. JAUME 1947- 1952. Catlilogo moluscos de Cuba. Habana, 725 pp. ANTON, H. E. 1839. Verzeichniss der Conchylien welche sich in der Sammlung von Her- mann Eduard Anton befinden. Halle, xvi + 110 pp. ARNOW, L., F. ST. CLAIR, AND TED ARNOW 1963. The Mollusca of a lagoonal area at Playa de Vega Baja, Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Sci., 3(2 & 3): 163-172. BAKER, F. C. 1897. Critical notes on the Muricidae. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 7(16): 372-391. 702 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

BAYER, F. M. 1961. The shallow water OctocoralJia of the West [ndian region. Stud. Fauna Cura<;ao, 12: 1-371, 27 pis. BEAU, M. ] 858. Catalogue des coquilles recueillies a la Guadeloupe et ses dependences, precede d'une introduction par M. P. Fischer. PauL Dupont, Paris, 27 pp. BENTHEM JUTTING, T. VAN 1927. Marine mollusks of the Island of Cural;ao. Bidjr. Dierk., 25: 1-36. BEQUAERT, J. C. L943. The genus Littorina in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 1(7): 1-27, 5 pIs. BORN, l. VON 1780. Testacea Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis. Vienna, xxxvi + 442 + 17 pp., 18 pIs. Boss, K. J. 1966. The subfamiLy Tellininae in the western Atlantic. The genus Tellina (Part 1). Johnsonia, 4(45): 217-272, pIs. ]27-142. BRODERJP, W. J. 1834. Characters of new species of Mollusca and Conchifera collected by Mr. Cuming. Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 2( I3): 25-35, 50-61, 104-108, 124-]26,173-202. BRUGUIERE, J. G. 1789. Encyclopedie methodique ou par ordre de matieres. Histoire naturelle de Verso Vol. 1, Pt. ]. Paris, 344 pp. BULLIS, HARVEY R., JR. 1964. Muricidae (Gastropoda) from the northeast coast of South America, with descriptions of four new species. Tulane Stud. Zool., 11 (4) : 99-107, 1 pI. CERAME-VIVAS, M. J. AND l. E. GRAY 1966. The distributional pattern of the benthic invertebrates of the con- tinental shelf off North Carolina. Ecology, 47(2): 260-270,6 text-figs. CHENU, J. G. 1845. Spondylus. 1n 1I1ustrations conchyliologiques et figures de toutes les coquil1es connues, vivants et fossiles. Paris, 3: 1-9, pis. 1-32. CLENCH, W. J. 1942. The genus Conus in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 1(6): 1-40, 15 pis. 1944. The genera Casmaria, Galeodea, Pha!ium and Cassis in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 1(16): 1-16,8 pis. 1947. The genera Purpura and Thais in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 2(23): 61-91, pis. 32-40. L953. The genus Conus in the western Atlantic. Review Number. Johnsonia, 2(32): 363-376, pis. 181-185. 1959. The genus Murex in the western Atlantic. Review Number. Johnsonia, 3(30): 331-334, pIs. 174-175. CLENCH, W. J. AND R. T. ABBOTT 1941. The genus Strombus in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 1 (l): 1-15, LOpIs. 1942. The genera Tectarius and Echininus in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 1 (4): 1-4, 3 pis. 1943a. The genera Cypraecassis, Marum, Sconsia, and Dalium in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 1 (9): 1-8,4 pIs. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 703 1943b. The genera Livona and Gaza in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 1(12): 1-9,4pls. CLENCH, W. J., C. G. AGUAYO, AND R. D. TURNER 1947. The West Indian marine shells with some remarks. A manuscript printed for circulation among collectors by H. Krebs. 1864. A republication, with remarks and a brief account of the life of H. Krebs. Revta. Soc. malac. Carlos de la Torre, 5: 23-40,59-80,91-116. 1948. Ibid., 6: 11-48. CLENCH, W. J. AND 1. PEREZ FARFANTE 1945. The genus Murex in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 1(17): 1-58, 29 pIs. CLENCH, W. J. AND L. C. SMITH 1944. The family Cardiidae in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 1(13) : 1-32, 13 pIs. CLENCH, W. J. AND RUTH D. TURNER 1950. The western Atlantic mollusks described by C. B. Adams. ace. Pap. Mollusks Harv., 1(15): 233-403,20 pIs. 1951. The genus Epitonium in the western Atlantic. Part I. Johnsonia, 2(30): 249-288, pIs. 108-130. 1956. The family Melongenidae in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 3(35): 161-188, pis. 94-109. 1957. The family Cymatiidae in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 3(36): 189-244, pIs. 110-135. 1960. The genus Calliostoma in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 4(40): 1-80,56 pIs. 1964. The subfamilies Volutinae, Odontocymbiolinae, and Calliotectinae in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia, 4(43): 129-180, pIs. 80-114. COl\'RAD, T. A. 1833. On some new fossil and Recent shells of the United States. Am. 1. Sci., 23(2): 339-346. COOMANS, H. E. 1958. A survey of the littoral Gastropoda of the Netherlands Antilles and other Caribbean islands. Stud. Fauna Cura

DALL, W. H. AND C. T. SIMPSON 1901. The Mollusca of Porto Rico. Bull. U. S. Fish Commn., 10: 351-516, pis. 53-58. DE SYLVA, D. P. 1964. Venezuelan Adventure. Sea Frontiers, 10(3): 180-187. DILLWYN, L. W. 1817. Descriptive catalogue of Recent shells, arranged according to the Linnaean method; with particular attention to the synonymy. London, vol. 1, pp. i-xii, 1-580; vol. 2, pp. 581-1092. EKMAN, S. 1953. Zoogeography of the sea. Sidgwick & Jackson Ltd., London, 417 pp., 121 text-figs. FISCHER-PIETTE, E. AND A. M. TESTUD 1967a. Mollusques lamellibranches: Pectinidae. Campagne de la "Calypso" au large des cotes Atlantiques de L' Amerique du Sud (1961 -1962) . Annis Jnst. oceanogr., Monaco, 45(2): 183-188. 1967b. Mollusques 1amellibranches: Veneridae. Campagne de la "Calypso" au large des cotes Atlantiques de L' Amerique du Sud (J 961-1962) . AnnIs Jnst. oceanogr., Monaco, 45(2): 205-220, pis. 1-4. FLORES, C. 1966. La familia Cassididae (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda) en las costas nororientales de Venezuela. Bol. Inst. Oceanogr., Univ. Oriente, 5(1-2): 7-37. FLUCK, W. H. 1900. Shell collecting on the Mosquito Coast. Nautilus, 14(8): 94. 1901. Correspondence. Nautilus, 15 (4) : 48. 1905. Shell collecting on the Mosquito Coast. Nautilus, 19: 8-12; 16-19; 32-34; 55-57; 78-80. 1906. Shell collecting on the Mosquito Coast. Nautilus, 20(1): 1-4. FULTON, H. C. 1915. A list of the Recent species of Spondylus Linne with some notes and descriptions of six new forms. J. Conch., 14(11): 331-338. 1937. Notes on the Recent SpondyJus of Florida. Nautilus, 51 (2): 38-39. GMELIN, J. F. 1791. Caroli a Linne system a naturae per regna tria naturae .... Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. Vol. 1, Pt. 6: 3021-3910. GRAY, J. E. 1828. Original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and un- figured animals. Specilegia Zoologica, Pt. 1, 8 pp., pIs. 1-6. HARRY, H. W. 1942. List of Mollusca of Grand Isle, Louisiana, recorded from the Louisiana State University Marine Laboratory. Occ. Pap. mar. Lab. La. St. Univ., No.1, 12 pp. HEDGPETH, J. W. 1953. An introduction to the zoogeography of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico with reference to the invertebrate fauna. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 3( 1): 107-224. HELBLING, G. S. 1779. Beitrage zur Kenntnis neur und seltener Konchylien. Abhandl. Privatges. Bohem., 4: 102-131. 1969] Work: Mollusks of Los Roques 705

HILDEBRAND, H. H. 1954. A study of the fauna of the brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus lves) grounds of the western Gulf of Mexico. Publ. lnst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Texas, 3(2): 231-366. HOUBRICK, J. R. 1968. A survey of the littoral marine mollusks of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Vetiger, 11 (l): 4-23. HWASS, C. H. 1792. Conus. In Bruguiere, Encyclopedie Methodique Histoire Naturelle des Verso Vol. I, Pt. 2, pp. 602-757. JAUME, M. L. 1946. Moluscos marinos ]itorales del Cabo Catoche, Yucatan, Mexico. Revta. Soc. malac. Carlos de ]a Torre, 4 (3): 95-110. JOHNSON, C. W. 1934. List of marine mollusks of the At]antic coast from Labrador to Texas. Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist., 40( I): 1-204. KEEN, M. A. 1958. Sea shells of tropical west America. Stanford University Press, 624 pp., 10 pIs., 1715 text-figs. KLEIN, J. C. 1967. Mollusques lamellibranches: Lucinacea. Campagne de la "Calypso" au large des cotes Atlantiques de L'Amerique du Sud (1961-1962). Annis Inst. oceanogr. Monaco, 45(2): 193-198. KREBS, H. 1864. The West Indian marine shells with some remarks. A manuscript printed for circulation between collectors. Nykjobing, Falster, 137 pp. KUSTER, C. H. 1888. Die Gattungen Spondylus und Pecten. Pp. 1-28 in Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Vol. 7, 2nd Ed. LAMARCK, J. B. P. A. DE M. DE 1811. Determination des especes de mollusques testaces. Continuation du genre porcelaine et des genres ovule, tarriere, ancillaire, et olive. AnnIs Mus. Hist. nat., 16: 89-114, 300-328. 1816. Tableau encyclopedique et methodique des trois regnes de la nature. Paris, pis. 391-488. ("Liste des objects representes," 16 pp.) 1819. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Vol. 6, Pt. I. Paris, vi + 343 pp. 1822. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Vol. 7. Paris, 711 pp. LAMY, E. 1938. Revision des Spondylus vivants du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. J. Conch., Paris, 82: 177-214,265-306. LEACH, W. E. 1814. The zoological miscellany. Vol. I. London, 144 pp., 60 pis. 1815. The zoologica] miscellany. Vol. 2. London, 154 pp., pis. 61-120. LEE, V. 1965. Shells of Palm Beach County #8, additions and corrections. Seafari, Palm Beach County Shell Club, 7( 12) : 7. LEWIS, J. B. 1960. The fauna of the rocky shores of Barbados. Can. 1. Zoo!., 38: 391-435. 1965. A preliminary description of some benthic marine communities from Barbados, West Indies. Can. J. Zoo!., 43: 1049-1074. 706 Bulletin of Marine Science [19(3)

LINK, H. F. 1807. Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Rostock. Vol. 1, Pt. 6. LINNAEUS, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna triae naturae. Ed. 10. Stockholm, 1: 824 pp. 1766. Systema naturae per regna triae naturae. Ed. 12. Stockholm, 1 (1) : 1-532. 1767. Systema naturae per regna triae naturae. Ed. 12. Stockholm, 1 (2) : 533-1327. MARCUS, EVELINE AND ERNST MARCUS 1967. American opisthobranch mollusks. Stud. trop. Oceanogr. Miami, 6: viii + 256 pp., 1 pI., 250 figs. MATTHEWS, H. R. 1967a. Prime ira contribuicao ao inventario dos moluscos marinhos do nordeste Brasileiro. Arq. Estac. BioI. Mar. Univ. Ceara, 7(1): 67-77. 1967b. Segunda contribuicao ao inventario dos moluscos marinhos do nordeste Brasileiro. Arq. Estac. BioI. Mar. Univ. Ceara, 7(2): 1] 3-121. MCGINTY, T. L. 1962. Caribbean marine shells. Nautilus, 76(2): 39-44, pI. 3. McLEAN, RICHARD A. 1951. The pelecypods or bivalve mollusks of Porto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Scient. Surv. P. Rico, N. Y. Acad. 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