Hunlall Ethology Newsletter
Editor: Glenn Weisfeld Depm1ment of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Ml48202 USA 1-313-577-2835 (office) 577-8596 (lab), 577-2801 (messages), 577-7636 (Fax), 393-2403 (home)
VOLUME 8, ISSUE I ISSN 0739-2036 MARCH 1993
Published by the InternatirmCl! Societ)' .for Human Ethology
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Please ask your university 1ibrarJ' to entcr L1 CALL FOR NOMINATIONS subscription to the Human Ethology Newsletter. The institutionnl rate is given on the last page. Once you have done thal, please show the newsletter to Nominations are still open for President, Vicc- colleagues (students and faculty) who might be PresidentlPrcsidcnt-Elect. and Treasurer of ISHE. interested in joining lSI-IE. If we cun get some new Plc[lse scnd them to Nancy Segal, Membership Chair, members, we may be able to increase the length of Dept. of Psychology, California State University, the newsletter, since 1110rc articles nnd book reviews Fullerton, CA 92634 USA, CDX 1-714-773-2209. nre being received than previously. Remember that Self-nominations arc encoumgcd. Include nominee's this (Ivlarch) isstu: is the first of Lhe year, so this is a nddress nnd telephone number if possible. Terms good time to begin onc's subscription. Members also begin 1993-94. [f'ccivc a copy of the Mcmbcrship Director).
------_.------This photo of some of the participants in the ISHE convention in Amsterdam last July Was kindly provided by HermDn Dienske. Page 2
of infonnntion systems in socinl eonlliet were also (lnalyzcd. REPORT OF VISIT TO The second report was "Tomalnla Mnlubona
ANDECHS BY CRIMEAN [IS a rvlirror of the Trobriand Islands Culture." This ETI-IOLOGISTS Trobriander, called "Tom," graciously consented to be interviewed nnd observed repeatedly,
After surmounting numerous bureaucratic barriers wc came to Andcchs . thc henrt of hUn1nn \Ve fonnal political, econ omic and legal systems that our Membership Renewals for fellow primates do not share. Nevertheless, valence toward particular targets may still be condoned 1993 (Baenninger, 1991). Our understanding of the interaction of biology and culture is not as advanced It is time to renew your membership for 1993 as it might be for two reasons: the topic is if you have not 1l1ready done so. Membership enormously complex, and we lend to persist in the is by calendar year, so dues llrc to be paid by the kind of "either/or" thinking that a casual reader of the first of the year. If the date on your mailing Seville Statement on Violence might be left with. label is earlier than the current year, it is time to Readers trying to grasp theoretical subtleties renew your membership. For economic reasons, underlying the roles of biology and culture in human renewal notices arc not sent. No morc than two vio"lence would be well advised to read another warnings afC given on the mailing label; anthropologist, Robin Fox (1989). thereafter you arc removed from the membership list. Please report any errors, change of address, References etc. to the editor. Current dues and directions for payment arc given on the last page. Baenninger, R. (1991) Violence, aggression, and targets: An overview. In Baenninger, R. (Ed.) Targets of Violence and Aggression. Amsterdam: ElsevierlNorth Holland. societies are reported by the Robarcheks. The Fox, R (1989) The Search Jor Society.· Quest Jor a Waorani of Ecuador have the highest homicide rate Biosocial Science and Morality, New known (60%, although what that means exactly is not Brunswick and London: Rutgers University described) and are renowned for their unbridled Press. ferocity among thcmselves and toward outsiders. By contrast the Semai of Melanesia, whose ecological context is similar, show almost no agonistic behavior, and even disagreements appear to be a rarity. At least to this psychologist this is fascinating material, Rcyicwed by Johan M.G. van IIcr Dl'nnen, and the Robarcheks convinced me of the Polemologieal Institute, University of Groningcn, overwhelming importance ofcultural differences (e.g., Parklaan 12, 9724AN Groningcn, The in the form of differing world views and perceptions of individuality) between a society that lives in a The volume contains II chapters with state of chronic warfare, and one that is almost references, an appendix, and nn index. In its oUlline, incredibly peaceable. A remarkable lengthy list of the book follows the more or less cstnbJished and references brings this chapter to a close. 'logical' structure of studies of nonhuman primates, preschool children, and preindustrial societies (exactly The final chapter by Ross examines the role thosc domains of which a non-biologically-minded of psychocultural dispositions and structure in sociologist would claim total irrclcvnllce for the producing variations between modem, mainly explanation of the behavior of humans III industrial cultures in their levels of violence. contemporary societies), Most oCthe contributions are Comparisons between Northern Ireland and Norway competent and rendable summaries of the state of are highly instructive in understanding how violence affairs within the respective disciplincs. may be persistent in the former and lower and manageable in the laller. It scems to be the inexorable, gloomy fate (or the self-imposed torment of the edilors) of every Where does this well-chosen collection leave book on aggression and violence to struggle with us, both in general and with regard to the Seville basic concepts and definitional hodgepodge, adding Statement on Violence? By implication, the abolutely new varianLs to the hundreds or definitions alrendy critical importance of culture as a determinant of extant, or slightly bending, subtly distorting the aggression and violence in primate societies is clear. concepts in order to better fit the book's contents. Modem industrial cultures have obviously devoted a Such exercises ortcn make tedious r«.;ading. They great deal of effort to managing violence through almost invariably begin with the assertion thllt "the Page 5 definition of aggression is n muddle" nod almost University of Seville, Spain, in lYIay 19SG, with invariably end with i1 still greater mess. ft has, for support from the Spanish Commission for UNESCO. instnnce, been shown time llnd again that the concept lLs purpose was to counteract the "biological of intention - however subjective, elusive und pessimism" that its authors/signatories believed (0 arbitrary - is nevertheless indispensable in any affliet discussion on the possibility of eliminating, or comprehensive definition of human nggression. For nt lenst controlling, wnr, by means of refuting - or, comparative purposes such a concept is ndmittedly more appropriately, by condemning as "scientifically ll unsuitable. The editor;;;' proposed definition is incorrect - the notion thnt war and violence in "Aggression might be easier to observe if we define gcneral cnn be blamed on n "genetically driven it as the asscl'tivenr:ss (or forcefulness) indicated by precultural human nature". Unfortunately, only one one actors initiating toward some other(s) of em act author in the present volume nddresses the SSV, but that is higher on the violence scale than the previous that One aspect of the SSV that is particularly Karen Strier discusses the constraints on disturbing is its intolerant language. The aggreSSIOn In the spider monkey (muriqui), nn document opens each of its statements with evolutionarily very odd species. The unique the dictum: nIT IS combination of low sexual monomorphism and large SCIENTIFICALLY INCORRECT to say... " testis size observed in muriquis appears to reOeel an In view of the elusive chuffictcr of scientific extreme condition in which sexual selection pressures truth, this lnngunge is basically unscientific. favoring overt ngonistil; compctition bclween males Lack of appreciation of the scientific are fully replaced by more subtle, nonaggressive c!1dcllvor is furlher indicated by aUcmpts to competitive strategies. The benefits of agonistic obtain endorsement of the document by intermale competition may, in this species, be majorUy votes from professional reduced both by the costs of aggression and by the organizations. Not surprisingly, some overriding effects of female choice. commentators have seen hints in the whole affair of the darkest periods in the history of Michael Pereira's chapter focuses on the science (Fox, 1988; Zenner, 1988; Somit, substnutial sex. differences involved in the acquisition 1990). of dominance status in cercopithccinc societies No one would even think of writing a (macaques, baboons, vervcts), species in which stable manifesto similar to the SSV with the agonistic dominance relations typically exist. purpose of questioning a genetic substrate Cercopithecine females appear to follow a simple for patterns of aUnchmcnt, sex, language, or behavioral algorithm when intervening in fights cooperation. Most people readily accept between female nonkin: "Support the highborn these behavioral universals as core elements participant". Page 7 F. Strayer's chupter reports on ethological Robert Dcntan's chapter focuses on the research conducted with groups ofpreschool children. (ecological) roots of peace, which may be even more The findings indicate that social dominance is complex than the roots of violence and war. There developmentally the earliest stable dimension of peer may be many reasons for pcaceability: a response to group social organization and that cohesive activities overwhelming isolation and xenophobia; or il are increasingly coordinated with dominance rank voluntary decision to abstain from violence. As toward the cnd of the preschool years. Dentan reminds us: 01 ••• peaceability is not disability, not a cultural essence unrelated to a people's actual Carol Lauer's chapter discusses the circumstances. It should not be surprising that variability in male and female participation in nonviolent peoples can become violent or vice versa. agonistic encounters, and variability in the formation Nor does violence in a particular time and place of dominance hierarchies, of day care children. necessarily indicate that peaceability in a different Dominance matrices constructed for each of the 12 time or place is illusory" (p. 215). Violent people are groups show that while on the average boys rank quite capable ofpeacefulness, while peaceable people above girls, both sexes can and do hold high, low or are quite capable of violence under altered intermediate ranks. Frequent teacher interference and circumstances. inconsistent group membership can make the outcome of agonistic encounters unpredictable, in which case 'Peace', as used by Dentan and by Anglo- children do not learn dominant or subordinate roles. Saxon authors in geneml, refers to the absence of physical violence generally, while in most other Clayton and Carole Robarehek's chapter languages 'peace' refers preferentially or exclusively ("Cultures of War and Peace: A Comparative Study to the absence of war (as collective, organized, ll of Waorani and Semai ) contrasts the (formerly) violent intergroup or interstate conDict). Whether extremely warlike Waorani (or Auea) of the such a semantic technicality has any impact on the Ecuadorian Amazon with the nonviolent Semai ofthe analysis remains nn open question. The analysis may Malay Peninsula. This might well be the most be confounded, for instance, if one assumes that the important chapter in the book for students of war and cnuses, conditions and dynamics of interpersonal peace in 'preindustrial societies for its clarity of violence (e.g., murder) are different [rom those of insights and surprising results. Both societies are intergroup or interstate violence (i.e., warfare and interriverine swidden gardeners, gatherers and feuding). Arguably, war is not just aggression on a hunters, with virtually identical technologies. Social lnrge scale, while aggression is not just war on a and political organization, descent, and residence small scale. There may be a level-of-analysis problem pallerns are virtually similar. Both societies are highly involved. Dentan seems to be aware of it by egalitarian without highly differentiated gender roles distinguishing external (intergroup) and internal and strong sex dichotomies. Both societies practice (intragroup) (non)violence, but subsequently he docs infrequent polygyny. In both societies socialization of not actually apply the distinction. children is indulgent and affectionate. Yet, they arc worlds apart in their world views, their cultural Peaceability should not be confused with constructions of reality. Surprisingly, the Waorani pacifism, which is, only one genre of peaceability. case shows that, whatever the origins of warfare, Many peoples who value peace positively neither ecological adaptation (as emphasized by nevertheless have relatively high rates of violence. ecological-functional theories) nor inclusive fitness Furthermore, many peaceable communities discipline maximization (as emphasized by sociobiological children harshly, so that encullurating nonaggression theories) -is, in itself, sufficient to account for the may be a relatively minor factor in the creation of persistence ofwarfare in Waorani society since, in the peaceability. Dentan rightly concludes that "The absence ofchanges in these areas, individual bands of discussion of human violence and nonviolence has Waorani abandoned warfare consciously and suffered from historical essentialism, treating voluntarily - in a matter of months after contact, and particular historical moments as if they represented virtually the entire society changed, in little more universal evolutionary trends or deep-rooted than a decade, from the most warlike yet described, manifestations of quasi-national characters... A to one that is essentially peaceful. This may serve to Darwinian approach, which takes nonviolence as an remind one that human action is not primarily the adaptation to particular ecological circumstances, determined product of external forces and factors, but seems more viable" (p. 251). rather the result of people striving to realize their objectives within the context of realities that they Marc Ross reports on his ongoing cross- themselves arc constructing and reconstructing. cultural investigation of political life in preindustrial Page 8 societies. He tests structural and psychoculturat Kin Recognition, by Peter G. Hepper (Ed.). hypotheses using datu from n worldwide sample or90 Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, £60 preindustrial societies. His argument is that (hdbk.) psychoculturnl dispositions, rooled in early learning experiences (e.g., socialization practices, male gender Reviewed b)' Jennifer Vernon, Department of identity conflict, etc.) and crucial in crenting Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford OX 1 3P5, commonly held images of the self and others, England. determine a society's overall level of conflict, while the structural fealures of the social, economic and The field of kin recognition has come a long political system arc crucial in determining the people way since the publica lion of Fletcher and Michener's with whom one cooperates and with whom one edited volume Kin Recognition in Animals in 1987, fights, either within one's society. in cmother society. and this new, updated text on the subject is long or both. In other words. psychocultural factors urc overdue. Hepper has managed to get a huge range of crucial in shaping the level of conflict and violence, ideas nnd information into one book by virtue of the while structural determinants arc crucial in the specialised opinions and knowledge of the separate selection of social targets, This is a refreshingly authors. (The book contains 14 chapters, plus a nonparochial and integrative approach to conflict concise introduction by Hepper himself). However, analysis. there is considerable overlap between chapters, each having its own introductory section that deals with All in all, this volume is, despite some minor the theoretical issues and oft-cited empirical examples bones of contention, a must for primatologists, of kin recognition. Reading the book from cover to psychologists, anthropologists, students of war and cover becomes extremely tiring because you get the peace nnd in general anyone interested in the same story, 14 times over, of the potential importance comparative andlor evolutionary study of behavior. of kin recognition for the evolution of altruism Finally, though this is a nonscientific argument, and (Hamilton 1964) and mate choice (Bateson 1983) in meant for bibliomaniacs only, the book looks, feels animals. Consequently, the book is best used as a and smells good. source of reference, with each chapter being a paper in 11 specific aspect of the topic, rather than as a References geneml, unifying textbook. Each chapter has extensive citations, allowing the reader to follow up Fox, R. (1987) Letter. The Hcmy Frallk Guggenheim the topic in more detail. This, together with the News[eller,4 (I). disparate nature of the separate chapters, makes the book more useful for specialists that for those, such Fox, R. (1988) The Seville Declaration: as students, with a general interest in kin recognition. Anthropology's auto-da-fe. Academic Regrettably there is still no book aimed at a more Questions, 1:35-47. general audience, despite the eentml position of the topic in evolutionary biology. Somit, A. (1990) Humans, chimps and bonobos: The biological bases of aggression, war, and This book is an advance on Fletcher and peacemaking. Journal ofConflictResolution, Michener's because it incorporates some of the last 34:553-582. five years' research in the field. Much of this has been in terms of broadening the theory, refining Tiger, L. (1990) The Cerebral Bridge from Family to definitions, providing more rigorous interpretation of Foe. In: 1. van der Dennen & V. Folger experimental results (see, e.g., Waldman 1987, Grafen (Eds.) Sociobiology and Conflict. London: 1990, Barnard 1990), and also accumulating empirical Chapman & Hall, pp. 99-106. data from previously unstudied species. Unfortunately many of the proposed cbanges or Zenner, W.P. (1988) Making scholarly decisions. elaborations ofthe topic are confusing and unhelpful, A nthrop%gy News/etter, February: 2. rather than being useful clarifications. This is particularly true ofdefinitions and categorisations. In this book, all the authors have tbeir own ideas about what does and what does not qualify as kin recognition. Some (e.g., Halpin) insists that animals musl discriminate between classes of strictly unfamiliar kin out of their normal context, whilst others (e.g., Bernstein and Hepper) maintain that so Page 9 long as there is a high probability that under natural misleading, discrimination can be mediated by some circumstances kin arc treated differently from nOf!kin, independent assessment of genotype. A fascinating regardless of the mechanisms involved, functionally chapter by Boysc el af. describes experiments using at lellst kin recognition is occurring. Unfortunately· strains of coogenic mice (genetically identical, but the book does not help, or even try. to bring the issue differing at specific loci of the MI-IC complex) "vhich to consensus. clearly demonstrate that both mate choice and The first hillf of the hook denls with pregnancy blocking are influenced by co-possession functional aspects of kin recognition in animals, with of single g,enes within the tv1HC set. Discrimination chnptcrs focusing on non-human primates. birds, is based on odour differences, which can result from hymenopterans, rodents and amphibians. The second dissimilarity at a single lvlliC locus. Females prefer half is concerned with the mechanisms of kin mates with different MHC genes from their own, and recognition, discussing the neurophysiological aspects abortions are more common when females are of recognition cues, developmental processes, exposed to n male whose lv1}[C genes differ from motivational states and learning processes. these of the stud male. However, knowledge of 'own' genotype is based on learning from mother and nest Bcrnstein1s chapter, IIKinship nnd behaviour mates, and across-strain fostered mice show in non·human primates", gives many examples of kin preferences in accordance with their learned genotype, recognition which human ethologists would find rather than their actual genotype. The major short particularly interesting. However, in most cases, fallings of this work are that the mice used are kinship is confounded with familiarity due to past artificially severely inbred, and the results obtained association and/or group structure: individuals being may have little bearing on behaviours of wild mice in recognised as individuals, rather than as members of natural populations. Also, experiments need to be kin classes. How a eonspecific is treated seems, in done wjth congenic strains differing in other small most coses, to depend upon knowledge of matrilineal areas of the genome, to see if it is solely the w-IC relationships, rather than any independent assessment genes thClt arc important, or whether single gene of relatedness. However, If cross-fostering is rare in differences in other $ites of the genome can have an nature, matrilineal genealogy provides a good cue to effect. These two problems are also apparent in work relatedness for females to use. It is less useful to described by Barnard and Aldhous. When two strains males, who may be unsure of paternity. Interestingly, of inbred mice differing in MHC characteristics are in mony species of primate studied, matrilineal crossed, the Fl hybrids clear infection faster than genealogy does correlate with preferential behaviour, inbred FI offspring however, but it is not known but patrilineal genealogy does not. Also, females, whether this is due to the increased heterozygosity at who usually can be more sure of assessing genclic the lv1HC loci in particular or over the genome as a relatedness correctly, show more altruistic behaviours whole. Clearly it is extremely difficult to separate in general than males. these two effects. The confusion between individual Perhaps most rewarding, in terms of drawing recognition and kin recognition is also apparent in together results and ideas from many different Halpin's chapter "Kin recognition cues of studies, is Waldman1s chapter on kin recognition in vertebrates". He discusses mother-child recognition amphibians (see also Blaustein and Waldman 1992). in humans. and citics evidence that visual, auditory Considering results from 21 separate experiments and olfactory cues can enable a mother lo identify her investigating kin recognition in tadpoles of 12 child from a group. In my opinion this is a different different species, Waldman suggests that the presence issue from how individuals discriminate between of sibling recognition correlates with ecology and life novel conspecifics and assign them to different kin history of the species. For example. tadpoles that classes based on genetic relatedness. It is the latter. form schools are more likely to recognise kin in not the fonner, that is the topic of this book. The laboratory experiments than those that afe 3social. lack of a consensual definition of kin recognition Further, tadpoles that share habitats with tadpoles of means that a whole host of subjects nre clustered other species tend to show sibling recognition, under this one huge, topic. whereas those that are likely to have a small pond to themselves do not. Waldman also highlights the Chapters discussing kin recognition in other problem that we still do nol know why tadpoles mammals, mainly rodents, rcveal similar trends. should be able to recognise kin. His comparative Where possible, kin recognition seems to be based on approach is a novel attempt to find an unswer. The familiarity and past association, but in cases where most popular explanation seems to be that kin these causes are likely to be unavailable or recognition is selected primarily to allow tadpole Page 10 schooling, but the precise benefits of schooling arc few excellent chapters, a few ruther dull ones and the yet to be established. Hypotheses include: benefits majorily being modcmlely interesting und readable. from kin selection when aposcmatism is involved, Presentation is good. But, price is high. At £60 a reduced predation, and enhanced feeding success due copy it is probably not a book individuals will want to food location and tadpole movement to stir up the to buy. Hopefully reference libraries will. substrate. My only criticism of Vlaldmun's chapter is thn! it had too much infonnation to cope with. A schematic dingram would be helpful. but good luck to References whoever tries to design one! Barnard, C.l 1990. Kin recognition: problems, . Hepper's book is a very mixed bag, wilh [I prospects nnd the evolution ofdiscrimination systems. Ad". Stud. Bella". 19: 29-81. Officers of the Society Bateson, P.P.G. 1983. Optimaloutbreeding. InMate Choice, cd. P.P.G. Bateson, pp. 257-77. President Cambridge: Cilmbridge University Press. Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt Forschungsstelle fur Hwnanethologie Blaustein, A.R. and Waldman, B. 1992. Kin i.d Max-Planek- Gesellschaft recognition in anuran amphibians. Anim. Von der Tann-Strasse 3-5 Behav. 44: 207-22. D-8138 Andeehs, Germany Grafen, A. 1990. Do animals really recognise kin? Anim. Be/un'. 39: 42-54. VIce-President William R. Charlesworth Hamilton, W.D. 1964. The genetical evolution of Institute of Child Development social behaviour. J TheOl·. Bioi. 7: I-51. 51 East River Rood University of Waldman, B. 1987. lvlechanisms of kin recognition. Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA J Theor. Bioi. 128: 159-85. Vice-President for Information Glenn Weisfeld Department of Psychology Wayne State University Primate Politics, edited by Glendon Schubert & Detroit, MI 48202 USA Roger D. Masters. Southern Illinois University Press, 1991. Carbondale, IL 62901 USA ($40.00 Secretary cloth) Karl Grammer Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Reviewed by Marcel Roele, Meeuwenlaan lIla, Urban EtbologylHumanhiology 1021 HX Amsterdam, Netherlands. Althanstrasse 14 A-1090 Vienna, Austria This volume is the result of a sympo- sium at the Tenth Congress of the International Treasurer Primatologicnl Society in Nairobi in 1984 and Herman Dienske contains papers first presented there as well as Sehelpenkade 35 additional contributions. The editors nre political 2313 ZW Leiden scientists, but have a considerable knowledge of The Netherlands ethology, and played a central role in forming the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences Membership Chair (another founding father, Albert Somit. wrote the Nancy L. Segal foreword to this volume). Department of Psychology California State University The book is divided in three parts. The Fullerton, CA 92634 USA first part deals with the theories employed in the study of primates and the comparisons of animals and humans. It contains chapters on primate poli- Page 11 lics (by Glendon Schubert), on the applicabdtly concepts. Since humans exhibit fucinl displays of the harem concept to the study of animals (by which are similar to those of monkeys and apes, Thelma Rowell) and on tbe social link from ba- Masters and Sullivan initially decided to base boons to humans (by Shirley Strum and Bruno their research on a hypothesis derived from Latour). All three papers were originally pub- primatology, namely Chance's view that domi- lished in Social Science /n[o17l1otiol/ (1986 & nance is associated with the capacity to focus the 1987). attention of subordinntes. Masters and Sullivan gathered evidence that the displays of successful The second part contuins two chapters on lenders arc more effective thon those of rivals In manls closest genetic relative, the chimpanzee. eliciting attention and emotional response. The first is a compilation of excerpts from Jane Goodall's The Chimpanzees oj Gombe (1986), Their research shows that Americans are selected and introduced by Glendon Schubert. similar to Chance's macaques in the sense that The second chapter is a prtper by Fnms de Wanl dominance is primarily signalled in terms of on sex differences in the [annalion of coalitions donic behaviour. However, as is demonstrated in among the chimpanzees in the colony living In Part I and II, there are several models of prlmatc Amhern Zoo. It was originally published in society to choose from when annlogizing to 11U- Ethology and Sociobiology (1984). man political behaviour. The proliferation of primate field studies in the 1960s and 1970s has The third and final part dcnls with etho- provided evidence that there is enormous varia- logical studies of human behaviour. It contains a tion, both interspecific and intraspecific, in social chapter by Nicholas Blurton Jones on tolerated organization and kinship- and mating systems theft, a study of facial displays of polilicalleaders throughout the primate order. For data from (by Roger Masters and Denis Sullivan) and a primate ethology to be a valuable source of hy- study of human vocalization in agonistic political potheses about human social behaviour, one encounters (by James Schubert). Blurton Jones' necds to find the principle which governs this and Schubert's paper were originally published in variability and a plausible scenario for the Social Science Information (1986 & 1987). lion of modern humans. .. As Glendon Schubert rightly points out, According to Slrum and Latour (p.77) questions of leadership and followcrship within sociobiology has provided the solution to the small kinship groups are generally not regarded question of the variability of primate societies. as politics by political scientists. In this sense, "Stable properties were not in the social structure Pn'mate Politics is about primate social behaviour itself but rather in individual genotypes. Groups and human politics. Schubert (p.5I): "Clearly were not selected, as carlier evolutionary fonnula- what Reagan does in both his verbal and nonver- tions had implied; instead, individuals were. The bal communication in a virtually worldwide tele- society itself was a stable but 'accidental' result of vised lnews conference' functions at a different individual decisions - an Evolutionary Stable level, for their respective populations, from Luit's Strategy (ESS) - and ESSs varied with circum- [alpha male from 1976 to 1980J gtimacing from stances." an electrified tree top in the Arnhern Zoo. ever the analogical similarities in the appearance The views of Glendon Schubert, who of the two subject primates, it is naive to assume wrote almost one half (72) of the 160 pages of homology between events of such different Part I and II and edited the remainder, are the scale." complete opposite. He credits female primatolo- gists with challenging lithe ideology of male dom- However, Masters' and Sullivan1s inance theory as the nature of primate social search into the facial displays that accompany structure" (p.l8). Their discovery that cooperation Reagan's speech and their effect on the emotional plays an important role in primate societies has. responses and judgments of the contemporary according to Schubert, struck a blow to socio- television viewer shows that human politics is not biology (which is mentioned in one breath with exempt from the preverbal forms of social com- Social Darwinism, the ideology of free enterprise, munication found among nonhuman primates. Adam Smith and Ronald Reagan), because Their work is not just an example of the appli- sociobiology considers altruism "to be an cation by political scientists of research methods 'unnatural' alternative, only chosen in "trade-offs associated with ethology, but also of ethological for even greater ultimate self-aggrandizement" Page 12 (p.21). Schubert subscribes to "new feminist par- When the chimpanzee community at adigms of primatology and paleoanthropology Gombc split in two, the smaller Kahama commu- [lhal] strongly support cooperative altitudes in nity was, over a period of fOUf years, completely several strands of contemporary feminist thinking, annihilated by the larger Kasakela community. in which nurlurance, environmentalism, well-fare- Patrols of Kasake!a males systematically hunted ism, and the valuing and protection of life define down, nttacked, and wounded individuals of the female nature, while technocracy. militarism, and Kahama community until all hnd been killed or the desecration of the biosphere generally arc the had disappeared. Goodall asserts that the sense of opposite attributes of male nature" (p.21). This group identity in chimpanzees ttis far more so- view seems to suggest he supports a scenario of phisticated than mere xenophobia. The members human evolution in which competition among of the Kahama community had, before the split, females is minimal and among males very high. enjoyed close and friendly relations with their However, elsewhere (p.SS), Schubert seems to aggressors. By separating themselves, it is as advocate a model of human nature which regards though they forfeited their 'right' to be treated as both sexes as non-competitive by nature, when he group members - instead, they were treated as argues that Paleolithic hunter-gatherer bands were strangers. tl The patterns of attack on nongroup unlike the chimps, in the sense that members "differ from those utilized in typical they had no dominant, aggressive male bosses of intracommunity aggression. The victims are treat- status hierarchies but, instead, were egalitarian ed more as though they were prey animals; they and apolitical. are 'dechimpized' (p.136)." While Schubert declares himself (p.33) a Pdmale Politics contains interesting, proponent of group selection and rejects individu- opposing vicws on the subject of the genesis of al selection and models based on fselfish genes', human political behaviour, but lacks discussion of Blurton .Jones employs those very models to this subject. Instead, questions of tenninology explain the evolution of cooperation. He asserts often take centre stage, especially the misapplica- that individuals following their selfish cost-bene- tion of human tenus to animal behaviour. Rowell fit calculations will avoid contests over portions provides evidence that in guenons the analogy (0 of food when there is an asymmetry in resource human harem polygyny is misleading. Although value. This will often be the case when catch- the females slay in groups accompanied by a es/finds are large but rare. If different individuals single male who fights incoming males in the on different occasions acquire large food items, mating season, the resident male cannot control the effect will be a form of passive reciprocal the sexual activities of the females in the group exchange of food: tolerated theft. According to and docs not seem to copulate more often than Blurton Jones, his model implies that the gather- incoming males. Rowell believes that in ing of plant food would be a highly unlikely hamadryas baboons the harem system seems origin of sharing. somewhat more comparable to its human name- Tolerated theft is a mechanism that cnn sake, in the sense that males directly control fe- account for the beginning of the evolution of males and that the stability of the harem ultima- reciprocal altruism in bands of hunter/gatherers. tely depends on a transaction between males. A more elaborate system of indirect reciprocal Schubert discusses the sociopolitical implications altruism is needed to enable a switch to agricul- of applying the concept of harem to nonhuman ture. An individual who begins to farm in a popu- primates nnd suggests that male primatologists do lation of theft-tolerating foragers will lose his that Itunconsciously in attempts to glorify harvest. Many leading sociobiologists believe that machoistic male patriarchal power over primate the principal evolutionary pressure forcing an females (and thereby, by implication), with regard increase of intragroup altruism has been warfare. to the human females" (p.23). Some of the basic preadaptations required for organized intergroup conflict are cooperative As I am II political scientist with lIn group living, group territoriality, cooperative interest in the life sciences it is hardly surprising hunting skills, and especially an inherent fear of, that I found Part III appealing but also quite fa- or aversion to, strangers, expressed by aggressive miliar. Many prospective readers will already £Ittack. In the chapter selected from The Chim- know the contributions by Goodall and Dc Waal panzees oj Gam be Goodall states that these basic tlla t make up Part II. Their work reaches such a preadaptations seem to be already present in large audience that one can wonder why it had to chimpanzees. be reprinted in this volume. I found Part I partic- Page 13 ularly disappointing. It is chaotic, crnmmed with MEN HAVE complaints over anthropomorphic find alleged sexism, nnd fails to achieve what II PROPORTIONATELY set out to do: to introduce the reader to the theo- reticlll aspects of the study of primate politics. All LARGER BRAINS JUAN in all this is 1] rather mediocre book on a fascinat· \VOMEN jog subject. Editorial Staff By J. Philippe Rushton, Department of Psychology, University ofWeslern Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A Associate Editor 5C2 Canada Laurence J. Stettner, Department of Psychology, Two large datn sets support a startling conclusion: Men's brains are about lOO grams (8%) Wayne State University, heavier than are women's brains, even after correcting Detroit, MI 48202 USA is mode for their difference in body size. Although 1-313-577-2866 it has long been known lhnt men have, on average, heavier brains than do women, it was widely believed Current Contents Editor thal this difference disappears when correction is Robert M. Adams, made for their difference in body size. Department of Psychology, Eastern Kentucky University, C. Davison Ankney (1992) of the University Richmond, KY 40475-0937 USA of Western Ontario's Zoology Department made the initial discovery using wel brain weights gathered at American Book Review Editor autopsy. He reanalyzed published data on 1,261 William T. Bailey, American aged 25 to 80 and found that whereas 168 Department of Psychology, em (5 ft 7 in) tall white men had an average brain Easlern Illinois University. wcight of 1370 gffJms, of while women of the Charleston, IL 61920 USA same height weighed only 1270 grams. British Book Review Editor Rushton (1992) confirmed Ankney's resulls ) A. Stuart Laws in another large-scale study. Cranial capacities were Department of Psychology, calculated for a stratified random sample of 6,325 The University U.S. Army personnel rnensured in 1988. Men New Castle upon Tyne averaged 1442 -em) ond women 1332 em) after NE17RU England adjustments were mude for the effects of stature, weight, rank and ethnieity. French Book Review Editor Peter LaFreniere Note that Ankney analyzed wel brain Universite de Montreal, weights gathered at autopsy but Rushton used C. P. 6128, succursale A, external head measurements gathered by the military Montreal H3 C 317 Canada to guide the manufacture of helmets and clothing. Despite these different procedures, virtually identical German Book Review Editor patterns were found. As shown below, the sex Karl Grammer difference in brain size is replicated across samples of Ludwig-Boltzmann·Institute for Black and Whites by Ankney, and across Asians, Urban Etho logy/'Human-biology Whites and Blucks by Rushton. Althanstrasse 14 A-I090 Vienna, Austria Although not shown in the table, Rushton (1992) also found military rank differences with Spanish and Portugue3e Book Review Editor officers averaging 1393 em) and enlisted personnel Eduardo Gudynas, 1375 em) after covariance adjustments for stature, c/o ASMER Regional Office, weight, race and sex. Casilla Correo 13125, Montevideo, Uruguay Ankney suggestcd that the large scx. difference in bmin size went unnoticed [or so long 14 Ankney's (1991) Rushton's (1992) autopsy data (grams) military data (em') Men Women Men \Varnen Asian-Americans 1475 em' 1372 em' White-Americans 1370 gm 1270 gm 1436 em' 1323 cm' African-Americans 1285 gm 1175 gm 1419 em) 1306 em) because earlier studies used the wrong statistical intelligence test scores. Ankney resolved the problem techniques to correct for sex differences in body size by proposing that the six difference in bmin size and, thus, incorrectly made a large difference relates to those intellectual abilities at which men 'disappear'. Human brain-size research is also excel. Men do beuer on various spatiat tests and on controversial and thus hus not received the attention lests of mathematical reasoning (Kimura, 1991). it deserves. A recent editorial in Nature referred to Ankney suggested that the sex difference may be best the work on brain size as "politically incorrect" and understood wilhin the context of evolutionary "unpalatable." However, the subsequent pressures [or sexual dimorphism in the huntcr- correspondence in that journal shows thot many gathering society in which human brains evolved. scientists arc very interested in this topic (Nature, Men roamed from the home base to hunt, a scenario July 16, 1992 August 13,1992; September 17, 1992, thal hns been suggested that it may require more October 29, 1992; November 26, 1992). brain tissue to process spatial information. Alternatively, Ankney proposed, women's brains may It is worth nothing the enormous overlap in operate more efficiently than men's. There might also most distributions of brain size. Only an 8% be an unknown effect related to sex differences In difference separated the men and women and a 4% mncrophysiology, for in"tnnce, metnbo1ic rotc. difference separated the Asian-American from the African-American averages in the US Anny. Clearly Regardless, recently initiated Magnetic it is problematic to generalize from a group average Resonance Imaging studies of brain size, in to any particular individual. However, because there conjunction with lests of various mental abilities, arc is about a .35 correlation between brain size and certnin to illuminatI? furlher lhese.fascinating aspects intelligence test scores (Johnson, 1991; Willerman et of human biology. '. . aI., 1991), these systemuUc and possible casual relationships may be of great scientific interest. The social class and racial group differences in brain size parallel those found using measures of References intelligenee. Lynn (199Ia) reviewed mueh of this literature from a global perspective. Intelligence (cs!s Ankney, C.D. (1992). Sex differences in relative indicated that Caucasoids of North America. Europe brain size: The mismeasurc of women, too? and Australia generally obtain mean IQs of around Intelligence, 16,329-336. 100. Mongoloids from both North America and North-East Asia typical1y obtain slightly higher Johnson, F.W. (1991). Biological factors and means, in the range of 100-106. Africans from south psychometric intelligence: A review. of the Sahora and Afro-Americans and Afro- Genetic, Social and General Psychological Caribbenn, obtain mean 1Qs from 70-90. Lynn Monographs, 117,313-357. (1991a) also reviewed international studies of mental decision times which provide measure of brain Kimura, D. (1992). Sex differences in the brain. efficiency. These studies show that Mongoloids have Scientific American, 267 (No.3), t 19-12.\ the fastest reaction times, followed by Caucasoids and then by Negroids. Lynn (1991b) and Ruston (1991) Lynn, R. (1991a). Race differences in intelligence: have proposed evolutinnary hypotheses for why A global perspective. Mankind Quarterly, Mongoloid populations have evolved the greatest 31, 255-296. intelligence and largest brains. With the sex difference in brain size, Ankney Lynn, R. (1991 b). The evolution of racial differences (1992) hns pointed to a pnradox. Women have in intelligence. /llankind Quarterly, 32, 99- smoller brains than men but apparently have the same 121. Page IS Rushton, J.P. (1991). Do r-K stmtegies underlie New Anthropology Joul1Ial human mec differences? Canadian Psychology, 32, 29-42. El'ollilionmy A nlhropology begall publication 111 [992. Edited by John Fleagle, it covers I.lreas such:ls Rushton, J.P. (1991). Cranial capacity reIn ted to sex, biological anthropology, paleoanthropology, rank, and race in a stratified random sample nrchcology, functional morphology, socibiology, bone of 6,325 U.S. military personnel. biology (including dentition nnd osteology), human Intelligence, 16,401-413. biology, genetics, HBES Annual Meeting CURRENT LITERATURE The fifth annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society will be held at Binghamton University. The society promotes scientific discourse March 1993 in all disciplines by researchers who usc the theory methods of evolutionary biology to study humans. Ifyou arc interested in possibly reviewing one of the Research on nonhuman species is also welcome when books below or some other bool{, please contact the it addresses general issues that arc important to nppropriatc Bool{ Review Editor (sec Editorial Staff humnn evolution. Invited speakers include George C. box). Williams (keynote), 1 Michael Bailey, Leda Cosmides & John Tooby, Martin Daly & Margo Baenninger, R. (Ed.) (1991). Targets oJ Violence and Wilson, William Durham, Harry Harpcnding, and Aggression. Elsevier Science, P. O. Box Elliott Sober. Symposia include "Evolutionary 882, Madison Sq. Sta., New York, NY approaches to cognition," l'Evolutionnry approaches 10159 USA. to morality." and "Evolution and culture." Deadline for submission of abstracts is May I, 1993. Send Barrett, 1., Dunbar, R.I.M., & Dunbar, P. (1992). correspondence to David Sloan Wilson, Dept. of Environmental influences on pIny behaviour Biological Sciences, Binghnmton University, in immature gelada baboons. Animal Binghamton, NY 13902-6000 USA, tel. 1-607-777- Behaviour, 44, 111-116. (Dept. of 4393, fax 1-607-777-6521, e-mail Anthropology, Univ. College London, [email protected]. Gower Street, London we I E6BT, U.K.) Intemational Ethological Barton, R.A. & Simpson, A.l (1992). Does the Conference number of males innucnce the relationship between dominance and mating success in primates? AnimalBehm1iour, 44, 1159-1161, The General Secretary of this year's lEe has infonned (Dept. of Psy., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield Karl Grammer that if there are enough abstracts to S10 2TN, U.K.) warrnnl one, a human ethology session will be included in the official program. Therefore, if you Bateson, P. (Ed.) (1991). Development and have such a paper to present, send your abstract as Integration oJBehaviour: Essays in Honour soon as possible to Dr. Anna Omedes, General oj Rober' Hinde. Cambridge Univ. Press, Secretary International Ethological Conference, xxm Pitt Bldg., Trumpington Street, CB2 IRP, Ap. 98033, Barcelona 08080, Spain. The conference U.K.; 40 W. 20th St., New York, NY 10011 will be held Sept. 1-9, 1993 at Torremolinos, Spain. USA. Page 16 Brown, D. E. (1991). Human Universals. McGraw- Bekoff, M. & Byers, 1 (1992). Time, energy and Hill, Inc., 1221 Ave. of Americas, New play. A /limal Echaviollr, 44, 981-982. York, NY 10020 USA), $34.95 (hdbk.; also (Dept. of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA). in ppr.). Needs Reviewer Bruce, K. E., & Estrep, D. Q. (1992). Interruption of Bcrcovitch, F.B. (1992). Re-examining the and harassment during copulation by relationship betweon rank and reproduction sturnptail macaques (Alacaca arc/oides). in male primates. A nimal Behaviour, 44, 1168-1170. (Caribbean Primate Res. Ctr., Animal Behaviour, 44,1029-1044. (Dept. of Psych., Univ. of North Carolina, Voiv. of Puerto Rico, Medical Sci. Campus., P.O. Box 1053, Sabana Seca, PR 00952, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA). USA). Burgoon, lK., LePoire, B.A., Beutler, L.E., Bergan, 1 & Engle, D. (1993). Nonverbal behaviors (1992). Dominance rank, reproductive success nnd reproductive tactics in male primates: A as indices of arousal: Extension to the psychotherapy context. Journal oj reply to Dunbar & Cowlishaw. Animal Nonverbal BeluI"ior, 16, 159-178. (Dept. of Behaviour, 44, 1174-1175. (supra) Comm., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA). Berenbaum, H. & Rotter, A. (1993). The relationship between spontaneous facial expressions ofemation and voluntary control of facial muscles. JOU171a! oJ Nonverbal Behavior, 16, 179-190. (Dept. of Psyeb., Burling, R. (1993). Primate calls, human language, Univ. of lllinois, 603 E. Daniel St., and nonverbal communication. Cunwlt Champaign, IL 61820). A nrhropology, 34, 25-54. (Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, Be, Canada V6T Betzig, L. (1992). A little history of Darwinian lW5). history. Ethology ondSociobiology, 13, 303- 308. (Univ. Michigan, Evolut. & Human Bush, lP., & Ciocca, lE. (1992). Behavioral coding Behav. Program, 100H Rackham Bldg., Ann and sequential analysis: The portable Arbor, MI 48109, USA). computer systems for observational usc. Behavioral Assessment, 14, 191-198. (1992). Roman polygyny. Ethology and (REPRINT: Ciocca, lE. Virginia Sociobiology, 13, 309-350. (supra) Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23284, USA). (1992). Roman monogamy. Ethology and Sociobiology, 13, 351-384. (supra) Cemavsky, Z.Z., & Litman, L.C. (1992). Re- analyses of J.P. Rushton crime data. Box, H. O. (Ed.) (1991). Primate Responses to Canadian Journal ofCrim inology, 35, 31-36. Environmental Change. Chapman & Hall, 2- (St. Thomas Psychiat. Hasp., Forens. Serv., 6 Boundary Row, London SE I 8HN, U.K.; St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada N5P 3V9). 29 W. 35th St., New York, NY 10001 USA. .' Chisholm, J.S. (1993). Death, hope, and sex: Life- Boysen, S. T., & Capaldi, E. J. (Eds.) (1993). history theory and the development of Development oj Numerical Competence: reproductive strategies. Current Animal and Human A1oda/s. L. Erlbaum Anthropology, 34, 1-24. (Univ. Calif. Assocs., 365 Broadway, Hillsdale, NJ 07642 Davis, Dept. Appl. Behav. Sci., Davis, CA, USA. 95616, USA). Bronlow, S. (1992). Seeing is believing: Facial Cords, M. (1992). Post-conOict reunions and appearance. Journal oJ Nonverbal Behavior, reconciliation in long-tailed macaques. 16,85-100. (Catawba Call., Salisburg, NC A nima/ Behaviour, 44, 57-62. (Dept. 28144, USA). Anthro., Columbia Univ., New York, NY 10027, USA). Page 17 Costnbite, A., Gcntn, Ivl. L., Zucchini, E., Smith, P. Fedigan, L. M., & Asquith, P. 1. (Eds.) (t991). The K., & Harker, R. (1992). Atlitudes of parenls Alonke\'s of Aras!IIJ'tllna: 35 Years oj toward war play in young children. Early ill Japan and the West. Slille Univ. oC New York Press, Albany, NY, USA. Educafion & Dcv" 3, 356-369. (Dip. Scienzc dell-Educ3zione, Univcrsita della Calabria, Needs Reviewer Via Brodolini 30, 87030 Rages di Rende Cosenza, Italy) Frank, M.G. (1993). Behavioral markers & recognizability of the smile of enjoyment. Costabile, A., Smith, P. K., MUlheson, L., Aston, J., JOllmal ojPersonality and Social Psych., 64, Hunler, T., & Boulton, M. (1991). A eross- 83-93. (Univ. New S. Wales, Sch. Psycho\., national comparison of how children POB 1, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia.) distinguish serious and playful fighting. Fridlund, A.J., Kenworth, K.G.. & Jaffery, AX. Developmental Psych., 27, 881-887. (supra) (1993). Audience effects in affective imagery: Replication and extension to Cnwlishaw, G. & Dunbar, R.I.M. (1992). dysphoric imagery. Joumal oJ Nonverbal Dominance and mating success: A reply to Behm'ior, 16, 191. (Dept. Psych., Univ. oC Barton & Simpson. A ,limal Behaviour, 44, California, Sanla Barbara, CA 93106 USA). 1162-1163. (Dept. Anthrop., Uni, College London, Gower Street, London we 1 E6BT. Gandclman, R. (\ 992). Psychobiology of B ehaviora{ U.K.) Development. Oxford Univ. Press, 200 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10157 USA. Cronin, H. (1991). The A fit afld the Peacock: A ltmism and Sexual Selection/rom Dan"in Gibson, K. R., & lngold, T. (Eds.). (1993). Tools, to Today. Cambridge Univ. Press, Pitt Language and Cognition in Hum all Building, Trumpington Street. Cambridge Evolution, Cambridge Univ. Press, Pitt CB2 lRP, U.K.; 40 W. 20th St., New York, Building, Trumpinglon Street, Cambridge NY 10011 USA, $39.50 (11dbk.). Need, CB2 lRP, U.K.; 40 W. 20th St., New York, Reviewer NY 10011-42 tI USA. Needs Re"iewer Dawkins, M. S., Halliday, T. R., & Dawkins, R. Groves, C. P. (1991). A The01Y of Human and (Eds.). (1991). The Tinbergen Legacy. Primate Evolulion. Oxford Univ. Press, Chapman & Halt, 2-6 Boundary Row, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6DP, U.K. 19.50 London SEI 8HN, U.K.; 29 W. 35th St., pounds (hdbk.). Needs Reviewer New York, NY 1000 I USA. Needs Reviewer Hager, B.]. (1992). Get thee to a nunnery: Female religious clnustration in medieval Europe. Dunbar, R.I.M. & Cowti,haw, G. (1992). Incest and Ethology and Sociobiology, 13, 385-408. other artefacts: A reply to Simpson & (SUNY Syracuse, CESF, Dept. Environm. & Barton. A nimal Bchaviollr, 44, 1166-1167. Forest BioI., 133 lIlick Hall, 1 Forestry Dr., (supra) Syracuse, NY 13210, USA). Dunbar, R.LM. & Cowlishaw, G. (1992). Mating Hoyenga, K. B., and Hoycnga, K.T. (1993). success in male primates: Dominance rank, Psychobiology: The Neuron and Behavior. sperm, competition and alternative strategies. Wadsworth, 7625 Empire Dr., Florence, KY Anima/Behaviour,4.:!, 1171-1173. (sllpm) 41042 USA. $65 (hdbk.) Dusenberry, D. B. (1992). SensaJ)' Ecology. W. H. Hrdy, S.B. (1992). Filness tradeoffs in the history Freeman, 4419 W. 1980 S., Salt Lake City, nnd evolution of delegated mothering v.lith UT 84104-9988 USA. $28 (hdbk., special reference to wet-nursing, di,counted). abandonment, and infanticide. Ethology and Sociobiology, 13, 409-442. (Univ. Calif., Ellis, L. (1993). Social Stra/Jficatioll and Davis, Dept. AnlhropoI., Davis, CA 95616, Socioeconomic Inequality. Vol. J: A TJSA).· Comparative B iasocial Analysis. Greenwood Publishing, 88 Post Road Volest, Izard, CE., (1993) 4 systems for emotion Westport, CT 06881-5007 USA. $55 (hdbk.). activation: Cognitive and noncognitive Necds Rc\'iewer processes. P''lychological Review, 100,68- Page I8 90. (Univ. Delaware, Dcpt Psycho!., 220 Lore, R.K. & Schultz, L.A. (1993). Conlrol of wole Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA), humnn aggression: A comparative perspective. A mcrican Psychologist, 48, lG- Judge, D,S., & Hrdy, S.B. (1992). Allocation of 25. (Rutgers State Univ., Dept. Psycho!., uccumulntcd resources among close kin: Busch Campus, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, Inheritance in Sacramento, California, 1890- USA). 1984. Ethology & Sociobiology, 13,495- 522. (Univ. Calif., Davis, Dept Anthropo!., Lott, D. F. (1991). Int1'Dspecijic Varialion in lire Davis, CA 95616, USA). Social Syslems of TV ild Valebrates. Kaiscr, S. & Wehrle, T, (1992), Automated coding Cambridge Univ. Press, Pitt Bldg., of facial behavior in human-computer Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 lRP, interactions with FACS. Journal oj U.K.: 40 W. 20th St., New York, NY 10011 Nonverbal Behavior, 16, (Univ. USA. Zurich, Dept. Psycho!., CH-8044 Zurich, Switzerland). Low, B.S" & Clarke, A.L. (1992). Resources and the course: Po Herns through IllC Kowalski, R.M. (1992), Nonverbal behaviors and demographic transition. Ethology and perceptions of sexual intentions: Effects of Sociobiology, 13, 463-494. (Univ. sexual conatativencss, verbal response, and Michigan, Sch. Nat. Resources, Ann Arbor, rape outcome. Basic and Applied Social MI, 48109, USA). Psychology, 13, 427-446. (Western Carolina Univ" Dept. Psycho!., Cullowhee, NC, MacDonald, K. (1992), A lime and place for 28723, USA). everything: a discrete systems perspective on the role of chidrcn's rough-and-tumble play Koyama, T., & Smith, P. K. (1991). Showing off in educational settings. Early Education & behaviour of nursery Aggressive De"., 3, 334-355_ [Dept. Psych., California Behavior, 17, 1-10. (Smith, Dept. Psych., Slote Univ" Long Beach, CA 90840-0901 Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield S 10 2TN, U.K.) USA) Kramer, M. & Schmidhammer, l (1992). The chi- IVfaestripieri, D., Schino. G., Aureli, F. & Troisi, A. squared statistic in ethology: Use and (1992). A modest proposal: Displacement misuse. Animal Behaviour, 44, 833-841. activities as an indicator of emotions in (Dept. of Statistics, Univ. of Tennessee, primates. A Ilimnl BehaViour, 44,967-979. KnoxvilIe, TN 37996, USA). (Dipartimcnto di Gcnetica c Biologjn Molecolare, Univcrsitn' La Sapienzu, 00185 Kreb', J. R., & Davies, N. B. (1991). Behoviollral Rome, Italy). Ecology, 3rd ed. Blaekwell Scientific, P. O. Box 87, Oxford OX2 DDT, U.K.; 3 Martin, R. D. (1990), Primale Odgins and Evolulioll. Cambridge Center., Cambridge, MA 02142 Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, USA. London SEl 8HN, U.K.; 29 W. 35th St., New York, NY 1000 I USA, Leavitt, G.C. (1992). Sociobiology and incest avoidance: A critical look at a critical review Matsumoto, D. & Assar, M, (1992). The effects of critique. Amelican Anthropologist, 94, language on judgments of universal facial 933. (Gustavus Adolphus Coli., Dept. expressions of emotion. Journal of Soeiol. & Anthro., St. Peter, MN, 56082, NOl1ve"bol Behavior, 16, 85-100. (1600 USA). Holloway Ave., San Francisco, CI\ 94132, USA) Lieberman, P., Laitman, IT., Reidenberg, lS. & Gannon, P.J. (1992). The anatomy, Monoy, J. (1988). Goy, Straight, Qlld In-betweell: The physiology, acoustics and perception of Sexology of Erolic Orientalion. Oxford speech: Essential elements in analysis of the Univ. Press, 200 Madison Ave., New York, evolution of human speech. Journal of NY 10016 USA. $9.95 (ppr.) Human Evolution, 23, 447-468. (Brown Univ., Dept. Cognit. & Linguist. Sci., Box Moore, 1. (1992). Sociobiology and incest 1978, Providence, R1 02912, USA). <1voidance: A critical look at a critical Page 19_ review. A mel1'can A nthrop%gist, 94, 929- Human Relations, 46, 23-4'1. (Rollins Coli, 931. (Univ. C,lif. San Diego, Dept. Dept. Psycho!., Org. Bchav., Program, Anthropo!., San Diego, CA 92103, USA). Winter Pk., FL, 32789, USA). Roskaft, E., Wara, A., & Viken, A. (1992). Smuts, R.W. (1992). Fat, sex, class, adaptive Reproductive success in relation to reSQurce- flexibility, and cultural change. Ethology access and parental age in n small and Sociobiology, 13, 523. (4011 Norwegian farming parish during the period Thornoaks, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA). 1700-1900. Erhology and Saciobiology, 13, 443-462. (Univ. Trondheim, Dept. Zoo!., N- Stein, B. E., & Meredith, M. A. (1993). The Merging 7055 Dragvoll, Norway). of the Senses. MIT Press, 55 Hayward St., Cambridge, MA 02142 USA. $42.50 Segal, N. L. (1993). Grief intensity following the loss (hdbk.). Needs Reviewer of a twin and other relatives: lest of kinship genetic hypotheses. Human Biology, 65, 87- Tagaby. Z. (1992). Eastern Europe confronts 105. (Dept. Psych., Univ. of California, sociobiology: Contemporary east European Fullerton, CA 92634 USA). reaction to western social science. Aiankinrl Quarterly, 33, 109-\20. (Hungarian Acad. (1993). Implications of twin research for legal Sci., H-1361 Budapest 5, Hungary). issues involving young twins. & Human Behav., 17,43-58. (supra) Tanaka, I. (I 992). Three phases of lactation in frce- ranging Japanese macaques. Animal Sherman, P. W., Jarvis, I. U. M., & Alexander, R. D. Behaviaur, 44, 129-140. (Dept. of Anthro., (Eds.). (1991). B iolagy of rhe Naked M ole- Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo 113 Japan). Rat. Princeton Univ. Press, 41 William Sl., Princeton, NJ USA. Needs Reviewer Tardy, C.H. (1993). Biological perspectives on language and social interaction. American Siegel, S.M., Friedlander, M.L., & Heatherington, L. Behavioral Scientist, 36, 339-358. (Univ. (1992). Nonverbal relational control in So. Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, family communication. Journal oJ USA). Nonverbal Behavior, 16, 117. (Atlanta Area Psycho!., Associates, 2520 Windy Hill Rd., Tesser, A. (1993). The importance of heritability in Suite 203, Marietta, GA 30067, USA). psychological research: The case of attitUdes. Psychological Review, 100, 129- Simpson, A.I. & Barton, R.A. (1992). Dominance 142. (Univ. Georgia, lnst. Belwv. Res., and mating success: Avoiding incest and Athens, GA, 30602, USA). artefact. Animal Bellm'lollr, 44,1164-1165. (Dept. of Psy., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield Toth, N., Schick, K.D., Savage-Rumbaugh, F.S., S10 2TN, U.K.) Sevcik, RA. & Rumbaugh, D.M. (1993). Pan the tool-maker: Investigations into the Smith, P.K. (1991). The silent nightmare: bullying stone tool-making and loaI-using capabilities and victimisation in school peer groups. The of a bonabo (Pan paniscus). Journal oJ Psychologist, 4, 243-248.(Dept. Psych., A rchaeological Science, 20, 81-92. (Indinna Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield SI0 2TN, U.K.) Univ., Ctr. Res., Anthropo!. Fdn. Techno!., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA). Hostile aggression as social skills deficit, or evolutionary strategy? Behavioral & Brain Vila, B.J., & Cohen, L.E. (1993). Crime as strategy: Sciences, 14,315-316. (supra) Testing an evolutionary ecological theory of expropriative crime. A n!(!I1can Joul71al of Smith, P. K., Hunter, T., Carvalho, A., & Costabile, Sociology, 98, 873-912. (Univ. Calif. A. (1992). Children's perceptions of Irvine, Seh. Social Eeo1.. Irvine. CA 82717, playfighting, playchasing and real fighting: USA). a cross-national interview story. Social Dev., Zebrowitz, L.A., Brownlow, S. & Olson, K. (1993). I, 211-229. (supra) Baby talk tothe baby faced. JOlJl11al of Smither, R.D. (1993). Authoritarianism, dominance, Nonverbal Behavior, 16, 143-158. (Dept. of and social behavior: A perspective from Psychology, Brandeis Univ., Waltham, MA evolutionary personality psychology. 02254).