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A Miniature from the 15Th Century That Narrates Shoulder Reduction

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A Miniature from the 15Th Century That Narrates Shoulder Reduction DOI: 10.14744/ejmo.2017.46855 EJMO 2017;1(3):179-182 Letter to the Editor A Miniature From the 15th Century That Narrates Shoulder Reduction Engin Kesgin Private Antalya Medical Center, Antalya, Turkey Cite This Article: Kesgin E. A Miniature From 15th Century That Narrates Shoulder Reduction. EJMO. 2017; 1(3): 179-182 erefeddin Sabuncuoglu (1385–1470 A.D.) was a sur- gical textbook in Anatolian medicine.[2] Sgeon who lived in Amasya, which is in the northern part Sabuncuoglu was a master of Turkish, his mother lan- of middle Anatolia, in the 15th century during the period of guage. Although he knew Arabic, Greek, and Persian, he the Ottoman Empire. During his lifetime, he wrote detailed consciously wrote his book in Turkish because most phy- explanations of surgical methods and used miniatures to sicians and majority of the Anatolian public spoke Turkish demonstrate these methods. He made a significant con- at that time. The other reason was that medical books were tribution to the field of medical sciences, which included commonly written in other languages; thus, the public of the fields of obstetrics, gynecology, vascular surgery, nerve Anatolia was deprived of this knowledge in his era.[2] surgery, ophthalmology, oncology, dentistry, and plastic surgery.[1, 2] The 3rd volume of Sabuncuoglu’s manuscript’s, which deals with fractures and dislocations, includes a very de- His main book, Cerrahiyyet’ul Haniyye (Imperial Surgery), has tailed classification, definition, and treatment methods for three volumes: treatment by cauterization, surgical inter- shoulder dislocation with the inclusion of individual minia- ventions, and fractures and dislocations. This manuscript ture illustrations.[1] As already observed, he wrote the man- consists of 193 chapters and 412 pages. In addition, it con- uscript in Turkish; during that time, the commonly used tains pictures of 134 surgical interventions and 156 surgical scientific language was Arabic. Further, it was written in the instruments. The book was written in 1465, and the main period for public works. Therefore, Sabuncuoglu was suffi- point making this book unique is the inclusion of miniature ciently unrecognized. Our main objective in this study is to illustrations that explain these treatment methods in detail examine, detail, and interpret the miniatures found in this in Turkish in the Anatolian medical literature [3, 4]. There are three original handwritten copies: two in Istanbul in the Fa- 550-year-old book. tih Millet Library and the Library of Medical History at the Discussion Department of Istanbul University and one in the Biblio- theque Nationale in Paris.[2] Descriptions from Ancient Egypt (3000 B.C. to 2500 B.C.) to Cerrahiyyet’ul Haniyye was written by Sabuncuoglu and Sabuncuoglu’s time (1465): was translated from Albucasis’s Textbook of Surgery as a Shoulder dislocation was first described in Edwin Smith resource book. Moreover, surgical techniques and colored papyrus rolls from 3000 B.C. to 2500 B.C. which is one of pictures or miniatures containing the position of patients the oldest written documents.[7] These papyrus rolls gave and physicians were added by Sabuncuoglu himself.[5] Fur- descriptions of surgical interventions and treatments and ther, his book was the first illustrated, Turkish-written, sur- prognosis of those cases.[7] They constitute a written source Address for correspondence: Engin Kesgin, MD. Attending Orthopaedic Surgeon, Private Antalya Medical Center, Antalya, Turkey Phone: +90 532 500 65 71 E-mail: [email protected] Submitted Date: August 22, 2017 Accepted Date: September 21, 2017 Available Online Date: September 29, 2017 ©Copyright 2017 by Eurasian Journal of Medicine and Oncology - Available online at www.ejmo.org 180 Kesgin et al., A Miniature From 15th Century / doi: 10.14744/ejmo.2017.46855 for the time period in which they were written; however, a knob that is inserted into the axillary region of the patient they did not include any illustrations or pictures that explain in the middle and 2 ears on both sides of the knob.[9] The that information in detail. “ears” act as supports for the shoulder to not slip from the A tomb from 1200 B.C. found on the eastern side of the Nile knob. The dislocated shoulder is positioned over that knob in the city of Thebes contains murals with human figures. and two people raise the stick. After that, the surgeon pulls [9] One of the murals shows a patient lying and a physician down the patient to reduce the shoulder. A similar method holding the patient’s elbow and wrist with both hands.[6,7] is described in Sabuncuoglu’s manuscript. Another similar This is thought to describe shoulder reduction using later- method described by Sabuncuoglu is the three-person in- al rotation in the treatment of shoulder dislocations.In this tervention. In this description, two people should be taller technique, dislocated shoulder is reduced into the joint than the patient and one should be of a similar build. A cloth space directly by lateral rotation.[7] is tied to the shoulder head and the wrist of the patient on the affected side. A stick is passed under the tied cloth, and Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine who lived be- the patient’s armpit is positioned on a wooden stick be- tween 460 B.C. and 377 B.C., also described shoulder dis- tween the two knobs. Then, the stick is raised by two people location and suggested some techniques for treating the above the patient to reduction the shoulder.[2] It is not in- condition. In those techniques, he used either a wooden cluding to this processing illustration.[2] stick supported by a pillow or his heel, which was placed in the axillary region of the patient.[9] In the first technique, a Interpretation of the Miniature strong person holds the other side of the dislocated part of the shoulder. The elbow of the patient on the dislocated side In this report subjected to our title, the miniature shows the is held and tied above to detect the dislocated spot, and the cloth to be placed on the arm and forearm region to stabilize doctor begins to pull upward. After this, the doctor reduces the upper extremity. Even though the wooden stick is shown the dislocated shoulder using either a towel or a hanger to to be located on the elbow, it is probably used to keep the pull an upward motion toward him.[9] shoulder in the abduction position (Fig. 1). Sabuncuoglu stated that this technique could also be used in patients Another classical method since the times of Hippocratic is to who do not respond to other shoulder reduction techniques reduce the shoulder by placing the heel in the axillary region or where reduction failed.[2] The patient is elevated from the of the patient while the patient lies supine and is supported ground with a wooden stick inserted into the axillary region [9] by pad or cotton. Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu also described of the upper extremity with cloth bandage and longitudi- similar techniques for shoulder dislocation in the 26th chap- nal traction until it is reduced. This technique can seem bru- ter of the 3rd volume of his manuscript Cerrahiyyet’ul Hani- tal and hard in reduction to difficult dislocation. However, yye with or without using tools. One of the techniques he the procedure used to intractable ones. Because a general described was to pull the hand of the patient in a downward anesthesia procedure was unavailable, Sabuncuoglu used motion while the surgeon pushes toward the joint by plac- some oil and herbal oil as a fenugreek and Althaea officina- [2] ing both thumbs in the axillary region of the patient. lis, mandrake, and almond oil based on conventional herbal Another technique described by Hippocrates is using the medicine therapies in Anatolia. The necessity for a wooden body weight of the patient to reduce the shoulder. In this stick and the need for more than one person appear to be technique, the dislocated part is relocated by piggybacking the disadvantages of this technique. Moreover, it has risks of a tall and strong person using the patient’s body weight. De- fracture or breakdown of the wooden stick or wooden stick spite the apparent simplicity of this technique, its usage is mechanism, causing additional trauma and injury. The main difficult in a person who might carry taller and heavier pa- advantage is using the body weight of the patient to reduce tients. In Sabuncuoglu’s manuscript, there are also attempts the shoulder. Further, by placing the wooden stick in the to reduce the shoulder using plants with known muscle re- armpit, the reduction of the joint is facilitated by keeping laxant properties and the muscle relaxant effect of heat. In the shoulder in abduction. The action of raising the wooden one of these techniques, a knob or ball is placed in the axil- stick by two people reduces the risk of additional trauma, lary region of the patient while the patient lies in the supine even when the patient falls from the wooden stick or the position. Then, as an assistant pulls down the hand of the breakdown of wooden support because of the short dis- dislocated side, the surgeon pushes the ball upward using tance to the floor. Even though similar methods have been the palm. This has been reported to be successful in reduc- previously described, Sabuncuoglu’s manuscript is one of ing the dislocated shoulder.[2] the first to show this in an illustration (Fig. 1). Hippocrates also described tools to facilitate reduction. One Galen described general body injuries seen in gymnasiums of the tools is a 2-inch thick and 6-foot tall wooden stick with and wrestling matches.
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