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Tonal Association, Prominence and Prosodic Structure in Southsouth----Easterneastern Nochixtlán Mixtec

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Tonal Association, Prominence and Prosodic Structure in Southsouth----Easterneastern Nochixtlán Mixtec Tonal Association, Prominence and Prosodic Structure in SouthSouth----easterneastern Nochixtlán Mixtec Inga McKendry Thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences University of Edinburgh 2020201320131313 © Copyright 2013 by Inga McKendry ii DeclarationDeclarationDeclaration I hereby declare that this thesis is my own composition, that the work is my own unless otherwise acknowledged, and that the work has not been submitted for any other degree or qualification. __________________________ Inga McKendry August 2013 iii In memory of Dr Kenneth L Pike ‘Linguist, colleague and friend’ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been completed without the help and encouragement of many people. First I would like to thank my supervisors, Prof Bob Ladd and Dr Bert Remijsen, for sharing their expertise to help with the analysis of MXY Mixtec presented in this thesis. I really appreciate Bob’s insights drawn from many years of experience in linguistics, and would also like to thank him for his patience in helping me improve my academic writing skills. My thanks also go to Bert for his help in understanding the statistical processes necessary to carry out research on the acoustic features of Mixtec. I thank both Bob and Bert for their invaluable input into this thesis, including their careful review of drafts of the chapters. I also really appreciate Bert and Michael Bennett’s help in the preparation of the Praat scripts. I also wish to thank Dr Catherine Dickie for taking the time to review my thesis and her help in formatting the entire document. I also wish to thank Dr James Kirby and Prof Carlos Gussenhoven who were the examiners for this thesis. This thesis would never have been finished without the help of my SIL colleague Sue Hugghins. Her knowledge of Mixtec and her editing skills are invaluable. Much of the MXY data has been provided by Rodolfo N. Miguel-López. Without his help, his native speaker intuitions about his language, and his patience in working with me, I would not have come up with the analysis presented in this thesis. I also appreciate the assistance of several Mixtec colleagues who patiently recorded hundreds of utterances. I would also like to thank Mirsa Sánchez-López, for her patience over more than twenty-five years in teaching me to speak Mixtec. I would like to thank the following people for providing data for the comparative study of Mixtec tone: Ruth Mary Alexander, Margaret Daly, Larry Harris, Mary Harris, Dr Barbara Hollenbach, Audrey Johnson, Evelyn G Pike, Marc Schwab and Sharon Stark. I would also like to thank Sue Hugghins for collecting data for me for my comparative Mixtec studies. Much of these data are unpublished, residing on my computer. In addition to these key people, there are many other people who have helped in various ways. First, I would also like to thank my SIL colleagues and other friends for all their help and encouragement. Special thanks go to Dr Cheryl Black for explanations of the theoretical syntactic issues. Susan Graham drew the map of the Mixtec region for me. My interaction with Dr Robert E Longacre was most beneficial in providing background information. I wish to thank Dr Michael Cahill for helping me understand Optimality Theory. I also want to thank SIL International for their help towards the cost of tuition fees and other expenses. The Mexican National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) also merit thanks for their support of my research. This list would not be complete without the mention of my parents, who although they did not have the opportunity for academic study, encouraged me to do so. Soli Deo Gloria. v Table of contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... v Table of contents ............................................................................................ vi Abstract.......................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................ 1 1.1 Overview ...................................................................................................1 1.2 Mixtec background....................................................................................2 1.3 Explanation of transcriptions ....................................................................4 1.4 Tonal alternations in context` ...................................................................7 Chapter 2 Mixtec basics……………………………. ............................. 9 2.1 Overview of published works ...................................................................9 2.2 Introduction to Mixtec phonology ..........................................................10 2.2.1 Proto-Mixtec consonants ..............................................................11 2.2.1.1 Proto-Mixtec plosives ...........................................................13 2.2.1.2 Proto-Mixtec fricatives .........................................................14 2.2.2 Nasalisation as a feature of the morpheme ..................................16 2.2.3 Mixtec Vowels .............................................................................18 2.2.4 The status of glottal stop in Mixtec .............................................20 2.2.5 The status of long vowels ............................................................21 2.2.6 Mixtec words ................................................................................23 2.3 Brief description of Mixtec syntax .........................................................27 2.3.1 Position of adverbs ......................................................................29 2.3.2 Position of quantifiers ..................................................................29 2.3.3 Enclitics ........................................................................................30 2.3.4 Lexical classes ..............................................................................30 2.4 Proposed analyses ...................................................................................31 2.4.1 Adjective or stative verb? ............................................................32 2.4.2 Proclitics or prefixes? ..................................................................34 2.4.3 Compounds or phrases? ...............................................................35 2.5 Concluding remarks ................................................................................40 vi Chapter 3 Review of Mixtec tone Analyses ...................................... 41 3.1 K Pike’s analysis of MIG tone ...............................................................41 3.1.1 Tones of nouns .............................................................................41 3.1.2 Tones of MIG verbs .....................................................................45 3.2 The contribution of Cornelia Mak ..........................................................46 3.3 Re-analyses of K Pike’s analysis ............................................................53 3. 4 Tone and Stress ......................................................................................60 3.4.1 Tone and stress in Ayutla Mixtec ................................................60 3.5 De Lacy’s re-analysis ..............................................................................63 3.6 Concluding remarks ................................................................................65 Chapter 4 Re-analysis of Mixtec tone ............................................... 67 4.1 CVV words – one syllable or two? ........................................................67 4.2 Floating tones ..........................................................................................76 4.2.1 Evidence for floating tones ..........................................................76 4.2.2 Processes which result in floating tones ......................................78 4.2.3 Contours .......................................................................................82 4.3 Floating High tones in MIG ....................................................................83 4.4 Domains in which tones spread in MIG .................................................89 4.4.1 MIG enclitics ................................................................................90 4.4.2 MIG verbal prefixes ...................................................................102 4.4.2.1 The perfective prefix ...........................................................102 4.4.2.2 The plural prefix .................................................................104 Chapter 5 Mixtec tone categories ................................................... 107 5.1 Previous synchronic comparisons ........................................................108 5.1.1 Previous comparative studies .....................................................108 5.1.2 Proto-Mixtec tone.......................................................................112 5.1.2.1 Longacre (1957) ..................................................................112 5.1.2.2 Dürr (1987) .........................................................................112 5.2 Synchronic comparison of Mixtec tones ..............................................115 5.3 Proposed Mixtec tone categories ..........................................................119 5.3.1 Category
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