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Édition Polonaise En France (L') 1989 ' M 3 DESS : DIRECTION DES PROJBTS CULTOMB MEDIATHEQUES PVBLIOUBS Halina Franchet-Guzal L'EDITION POLONAISE EN FRANCB Sous la direction de M. Alain MASSUAtD Ann6e universitaire 1988/1989 B.N.S.Bu DESS : DIRECTION DES PROJETS CULTURELS MEDIATHEQOES PUBLIQUES Halina Franchet-Guzal L'EDITION POLONAISE EN FRANCE Sous la direction de M. Alain MASSUARD Ann6e universitaire 1988/1989 E.N.S.B. SOMMAIRE Avant-propos p. 1 I. Livre polonais en France : historique. Introduction p. 3 1. Les Polonais dans le m6tier du livre p. 9 2. Librairies p. 12 3. Bibliothdque Polonaise k Paris p. 25 II. Litt6rature d16migration polonaise : pr6sentation p. 32 III. Maisons d'6dition polonaises en France depuis 1945 et leur production 6ditoriale. 1. "Institut Litt6raire" et sa revue "Kultura" p. 37 A/ Hier et aujourd' hui p. 40 B/ Caractdre - orientations - programme p. 55 C/ "Bibliothdque de "Kultura"" p. 69 D/ "Kultura" - Occident - France p. 77 2. "Editions du Dialogue" p. 82 3. "Libella" p. 87 IV. Litt6rature polonaise en France : traductions p. 90 V. Presse. Introduction p. 105 1. Presse d'6migration ouvri&re p. 109 A/ Presse d'ob6dience communiste et syndicale p. 111 B/ Presse des artisans et des commergants p. 114 C/ Quotidiens p. 117 2. Presse religieuse p. 120 3. Presse li6e au mouvement de "Solidarnosc" p. 135 Conclusion p. 149 Bibliographie p. 151 Annexe p. 159 AVAHT-PROPOS Le pr§sent travail est consacr6 & 1'6dition polonaise en France. Ph6nom&ne de longue date, elle constitue un sujet vaste, ouvert k la recherche. Si 11on peut trouver des travaux concernant 1'6dition polonaise du XlXe s. et de la premidre moiti6 du XXe s., on s'apergoit que la p6riode la plus r6cente n'a, en revanche, jamais fait 1'objet d1une 6tude pr6cise. C'est pourquoi ce m6moire traitera principalement des cinquante dernidres ann6es. Une fois le sujet cern6, il paraissait toutefois n6cessaire de le replacer dans son contexte historique, politique, culturel -d'oti une pr^sentation g6n6rale de la situation du livre polonais en France, y compris au 196me sidcle. Au cours de ce travail de recherche, il s1est av6r6 qu'un laps de temps beaucoup trop important aurait 6t6 n6cessaire pour analyser le sujet sous toutes ces facettes. Aussi ai-je fait le choix de privil6gier les aspects littferaire, culturel et militant de 1'6dition (dont la presse), au d6pend de ses c6t6s technique et professionnel. Cette option s1explique aussi en raison d'un certain nombre de difficult6s qui se sont pr6sent6es au cours de la d6marche m6thodologique ; en effet, la prise de contact direct avec les 6diteurs est parfois difficile, leur disponibilit6 6tant souvent limit6e. Le stage de 3 mois que j'ai effectu6 k la Biblioth&que Nationale & Paris, au sein du service polonais du secteur des entr^es 6trancj6res, a repir6sent6 une opportunit6. Dans ce cadre en effet, j'ai b6n6fici6 des larges possibilit6s de recherche bibliographique qu'offre son fichier informatis6 et son catalogue complet des 6ditions polonaises. Enfin, je tiens tout particuli&rement k remercier Madame Alina Obadia, responsable du service polonais, pour les contacts qu'elle m'a permis d1avoir avec le monde de 116dition polonaise en France, ainsi que pour ses conseils et pour 1'accueil vraiment tr£s chaleureux qu'elle m'a r6serv6 tout au long de mon stage. 2 I. LIVRE POLONAIS EN FRANCE : HISTORIQUE. Introduction. Au cours des si6cles, de nombreuses institutions et organisations polonaises ont 6t6 cr66es hors de Pologne. Parmi elles on compte un nombre consid6rable de bibliothdques, librairies, imprimeries, maisons d'6dition et ateliers de reliure. Les gens qui y travaillaient repr6sentaient presque toutes les couches ou milieux sociaux. Pour que le livre polonais puisse Stre 6dit6 et diffus6 k 1'6tranger, pour qu'il parvienne en Pologne et aux nombreux Polonais dispers&s dans le monde, il fut n6cessaire de cr6er une base mat6rielle et technique suffisamment efficace. Cette tSche a 6t6 entreprise par ces 6diteurs, ces libraires, ces imprimeurs qui s16taient install6s pour un certain temps ou d6finitivement k 1'6tranger. Ils fondaient leurs propres entreprises ou bien ils occupaient des postes dans des maisons d6j& existantes et ils consacraient leurs forces, et parfois leur vie enti^re, k renforcer le d6veloppement du livre polonais. II ne faut pas oublier que la production du livre polonais k 1'6tranger - entreprise souvent d6ficitaire -n6cessitait un m6c6nat institutionnel ou individuel, plus ou moins officiel, qui atteignait parfois une importance consid6rable (comme par exemple 1'arm6e pendant la 26me guerre mondiale, ou bien les nombreuses institutions sociales existant k l'6tranger). 3 C'est au XVIe s. que 1'on voit pour la premi^re fois les libraires polonais traverser les fronti^res de la Pologne, k 11occasion des Foires du Livre k Francfort. Ils y achetaient, pour le besoin du pays, des livres 6trangers et ils vendaient les imprim6s polonais. Le premier Polonais connu qui travaillait en partie k 1'6tranger (Russie, Hongrie), dans la premi&re moiti§ du XVIe s. s'appelait Rafal Malanczynski. En France, le contact avec la litt6rature polonaise a commenc6 au XVIe s. avec la traduction du po6me de Jan Dantyszek "Victoria Sereniss", publi6 k Paris en 1531. Mais 1'apparition des livres polonais 6dit6s en version originale dut attendre encore longtemps. Jusqu'aux ann6es 20 du XlXe s. on ne trouve & Paris qu1k peine quelques livres imprim6s en polonais, qui sont de surcrolt compos6s en caractdres ne comprenant pas les signes diacritiques, sp6cifiques de cette langue. L'ann6e 1828 est d6cisive pour 1'6volution du livre polonais en France, grSce aux 6nergiques d6marches de L6onard Chodzko. Install6 k Paris en 1826, il pr6pare un ambitieux et large projet de propagation en Europe de la culture polonaise. Afin de le r6aliser il pr6voit, entre autre, de publier en langue polonaise. Le r6sultat ne se fait pas attendre. GrSce au soutien mat6riel apport6 par la comtesse polonaise C16mentine Ostrowska, qui a financ6 1'ensemble des polices de caractdres polonais, et grSce au travail fourni par le typographe et 11imprimeur parisien J. Pinard, on voit naltre en 1828-1829 les trois premiers tomes des "Po6sie" de A. Mickiewicz. Chodzko s'acharnant pendant des ann6es k r6aliser son projet, la premi^re vague de la "Grande Emigration" put trouver sur les bords de la 4 RfiPUBLIQUE FBANCIAXSE Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite. /Les Cltoyens lui veulenl concourir a la mauifestation democ •alique du peuple feanyds en fttvetir de la Pologne, sonl prcvenus qu on se r6iI Dl!ira aujourd'kui Lwndi, 4 dix helres du matin, aulour du monument de Ia place 1Ee la Bastille. Les Dekgues lles departements qui se trouveiil & Paris, sont nvites fraternelle- ment a se r6uniiia ceux de Paris, alinque cette manifestalion purI SC Ctre consideree comme 1'expresskiu des sentiments de loute la France. • La marcne seta, comme loujours, grave el solennelle, car il sagit d'une uation •mie qu'on oppriiie. Polnt de tambnnrs, point de mosique, poinl d armes! point d'aulres cris que ceoi de : . I VIVE L* R6PUBLI0UE! VIVE LA POLOGNEI Affiche toujours d'actualite Affiche de XIX' (collection de ,,Lettres Slaves") Seine une imprimerie bien 6quip6e et prite k servir "la cause polonaise". (Aprdsla mort de J. Pinard, ses filles ont repris 1'entreprise, paraphant tout ce qui y 6tait imprim6 de la mention "imprimeur du Comit6 polonais"...). L'insurrection en Pologne de novembre 1831 a provoqu6 la mont6e des tendances polonophiles en France ; certains imprimeurs sont meme all6s jusqu'^ mettre gratuitement sous presse les 6ditions polonaises. L'imprimerie J. Pinard n'arrivait plus k r6pondre h une demande beaucoup trop importante. On assiste alors k la prolif6ration de petites imprimeries, souvent artisanales et 6ph6m6res, d'oCi sortaient divers imprim6s : tracts, appels, gazettes et m§me journaux et livres. Les d6buts des librairies polonaises en France (tout comme les d6buts de 1'imprimerie) sont 6troitement li6s k la vague de la "Grande Emigration" d'apr6s 1831. D'abord n6es en France, Belgique et Angleterre, elles apparurent ensuite dans d'autres pays. La p6riode la plus florissante en cr6ation de librairies date de 1880- 1890, ce qui correspond k l'arriv6e de l'6migration 6conomique polonaise. On observe aussi 1'apparition d'une presse. Les r6dactions mettaient souvent sur pied leur propre r6seau de distribution et, parfois, se m6tamorphosaient en maisons d'6dition il n'6tait pas rare d'assister k l'6mergeance de librairies li6es aux p6riodiques ou aux revues. Dans les ann6es 1894-1913, la production globale polonaise s'61evait k 129.328 livres (en langue originale) ; parmi ces livres, 7.753 (ce qui fait 6 %) ont 6t6 publi6s hors des fronti6res de la Pologne (sans compter les nombreux "polonica" 6dit6s en langues 6trang6res). 6 L1activit6 6ditoriale k 116tranger 6tait la seule k nepas etre soumise k la censure. En cons6querice, le contenu d'une grande partie de la production concernait la situation politique et 6conomique de la Pologne ainsi que les ouvrages interdits dans le pays. Les chiffres sont, dans ce contexte, des plus explicites : ANNEE PRODUCTION GLOBALE POLONAISE PRODUCTION POLONAISE (POLOGNE ET ETRANGER) A L'ETRANGER 1832 336 LIVRES 96 LIVRES 1833 484 II 106 1834 502 II 110 1863 830 II 131 1865 813 II 120 1867 885 II 123 " En ce qui concerne l'activit6 polonaise k l'6tranger, la France se trouve incontestablement en t§te : voir k ce sujet le tableau page 8. La production 6ditoriale toujours croissante, la demande de plus en plus pressante de livres polonais de la part des 6migr6s, 1'envoi (le plus souvent ill6gal) de livres en Pologne et surtout le manque de stabilit6 dans les d6marches 6ditoriales - tous ces facteurs pr6sentaient pour les 6migrants polonais une situation fort favorable k la cr6ation de leurs propres imprimeries et librairies.
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