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JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS

ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 07, 2020

VISUALIZATION AND IMPACTS OF SHORELINE CHANGE OF LAKE AND PORT OF TAMILNADU

Galirajkumarreddy*1,S. Needhidasan2

* 1UG Scholar,Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and technical sciences, , 2 Professor and Program director, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India *E-mail:[email protected] E-mail:[email protected]

ABSTRACT Shoreline shift it rated Two of the most popularcomplex processes that has been mapped along the Tiruvallur district's coast using 2000 topographic maps and multi-temporal satellite images. The satellite photos of2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2019 used to remove the shorelines.Mapping and Mapping is relevanttrack the HTL (high tide line) attimes dailyintervals as it was considered as a coastline, What was spread outusing satellite images and topographic maps using visual interpretation technique. Following this, theoverlayingprocesswas performed toquantify Erosion and Accretion areawithin the study area.The findings showed that the shores of the pullicat lake and the port of Ennore in the Tiruvallur district had lost 164.58 hectares and had lost 201 hectares, respectively, owing to erosion and accretion. This was verified following a ground-level reality survey performed in the research area. Strong accretion of 28,379 hectares was seen near the port of Ennore and a small accretion of 12,578 hectares was reported near Lake Pulicat.High erosion areas have been reported along the Pulicat River, kattupali and ennore port, and the mouth and south of Ennore, such as periyakuppam, chinnakuppam, kasikoilkuppam, and thyagarajapuram. The key triggers of coastal Erosion and Accretion in the research region may be inferred to be Anthropogenic and natural forces that change the coastal climate. Keywords:Erosion;Accretion; Shoreline; Multi-temporal; Overlayanalysis; Coastal zone

INTRODUCTION: India has a long coastline extending over a length of 7,517 km in which5,423 km is part of the mainland, which covers 9 states and 2,094 km is composed of the islands territories, which Features 2 regions of the Union (IndiaState of Forestry Survey, 2015).Tamil Naduconstitutes a length of coastline 1,075 km, of which 27.9 km occupy byTiruvallur district. It is straight and also twelfth largest coast in and falls on the . The main coastal features of the Tiruvallur coast include Rivers, Beaches, Coastal Dunes, Mudflats, backwaters, mangroves, salt marshes, aquaculture, spits and beach features (Jayakumar and Malarvannan, 2016).The coastline was One of the bestcomplex marine landscape features in the coastal zone, and various geological activities affect and change the coastline, including deposition, erosion, sedimentation, tsunami, cyclone, storm surge, flooding, waves, winds, tides, currents, and a sea level raise. In the other side, the man-made disturbance likeBuilding of piers, docks, seawalls, groins, mining of the beach sand, breakwaters, urbanization, garbage dump, industrialization, discharge of domestic wastages, industrial effluent, recreational activities and reduction in sediment supply from the rivers. These Two reasons are the major triggers of shifts in the shoreline that contribute to Erosion &Accretion Both the near and longer term.(To and Thao, 2008; Saranathan et al., 2011; Manik Mahapatra et al., 2014; Jayakumar, 2014; Jayakumar and Malarvannan, 2016). There are two reasons playing a crucial role, which impact the surrounding habitats and shorelines

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 07, 2020 as well. Remote sensing techniques were employed, since 1980, throughtout the world to understand the shoreline changes and explain their causes and quantaum (Marfai et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2007; FaikAhmetSesli, 2010; Doug Ramsay,2011). The usage of Remote Sensing &qGIS is a new research methodand offers lots of benefits and being used Chart and track the shoreline changes for long time periods and to evaluate erosion and accretion (FaikAhmetSesli, 2010; Saranathan et al., 2011; Manik Mahapatra et al., 2014; Jayakumar, 2014).A research by Manik Mahapatra et al. (2014) used the Automated Coastal Analysis System for exploration Around the shoresouth gujarat, india. Saranathan et al. (2011)had used qGIS&remote sensing toolto explain about shoreline changes inTarangampadi village, District of , Tamil Nadu, India. Anil Cherian et al. (2012) studied an Coastal Pollution RiskAlong the southern coast of Tamil Nadu and carried out a risk assessment by setting of coastal erosion indicators. Jayakumar and Malarvannan (2016) have developed WebGIS for managing coastline change in North of Tamil Nadu coast.A study from FaikAhmetSesli (2010) used aerial Photos and Virtual Photogram data and monitored the coast from 1935 -2006 in Samsun, Turkey. Another study by Eleonora Bertacchini and Alessandrop Capra (2010) used Quite large definition aerial pictures for two places in Italy and felt useful For updating maps and monitoring of the environment.The goal of the present study is to use multi-temporal satellite images and record the impact from Natural as well as human on the coast Tiruvallur district and also analyze morphological differences, variations in shoreline changes, erosions and accretion. There were no details of shoreline changes study conducted on the Shore of Tiruvallur district. It is the need of hour to address adds to theshore of Tiruvallur and frequently publish the reports for formulating policies which lead to better planning and management of coastal resources. The purpose of the present thesis is to analyze the shoreline changes for the coast ofPulicat lake and Ennore port of Tiruvallur districtto evaluate the degradation to deposition over the periods of 20 years from 2000-2019.

STUDY AREA: Tiruvallur district is located in the Northern most district inTamil Nadu, India. There are two taluks consists by the shore of tiruvallurdistrict, namely and Thiruvottriyur(Figure 1). As per census 2011 India, the entireTiruvallur District population is about 37,28,104 of which the total population of the Ponneri Taluk is about 3,89,862, and the Thiruvottriyur Taluk is about 5,96,156. The population statistics showed that these two taluks are highly populated and all people live in marine regionsitself, which made these taluks economic centre of district and state as well. The major economic activities of these two taluks includes fishing, shipping, tourism, agriculture, aquaculture, saltpans and industrial activities. Because of these activities these taluks support the overall economy of the district and state. The total number of Fishing Communities in district is about 54,420, which comprises of 58 fishing villages, 17 revenue villages and 28 Fish landing centre. The scope of the present study lies between 13°26’41” and 12°23’25” N latitudes and 80°19’31” and 80°6’9E longitudes. shoreregion ofTiruvallur district It's really small with a few areas where there's a wide mud field. because of Ennor creek and . The coastline length of Tiruvallur district covers 27.9 kmWith a height of 5 meters. In the recent past, reports and articles have highlighting the vulnerability the shore of Tiruvallur district. The major impact includes shoreline changes and erosion due to human and anthropogenic causes which affect the study area because it is located close to road, residency and Enterprises right over theshoreline. Additionally, Ecological Sensitive Areas of Pulicat lake, Ennore creek, Ports of Kattupali and Ennoreare also presented along this coastline within 100 meters distance. If there are any natural calamities occurred, the impact would be very high for an example land submerged in the sea due to coastal erosion. The coast indicates that overt or indirect relations with improvements

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 07, 2020 to the coastline have been identified and investigated in the details with respect with present shoreline. The key objective of the analysis is to analyse the shoreline changes for the coast ofPulucat lake and Ennore port Tiruvallurto evaluate the deposition and degradation tofrom 2000-2019.

Figure1.StudyareamapofTaluksofTiruvallurcoast

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY: Data Collection: In this study, the type of data has been used which includes topographical maps and satellite data. the satellite data of Landsat-7 ETM + (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) data of 2000,2005, 2010, 2015 and 2019 were downloaded from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) website (http://glovis.usgs.gov)and scanned them and georeferenced. The satellite images of study were imported to ERDAS IMAGINE 2011 software and performed layer stacking followed by gap filling for the image of 2010 of Landsat-7 ETM+. All these images were corrected with reference to topographic maps for distortion and adjusted to the correct scale Usage of land monitoring points and rectified by using UTM projection with WGS 84 datum. Finally, visual interpretation technique was adopted to digitize the shorelines of Tiruvallur for all the different years (line of the high-water level). The different shorelines were compared and calculated the erosion and accretion for the shore of tiruvallur as shown in the Figure 2 of a flow chart of methodology. Digital datasets of changes in shoreline werefinalized aftergroundtruth verificationandGoogle earth images.

Figure2.Aflowchartofmethodology

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 07, 2020

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In the current research, remote sensing&qGIS methods have been used, which is the most effective scientific tools for mapping, monitoring and analyzing of shoreline changes and evaluating erosion and accretion on the Coast of Pulicat lake and Ennore port of tiruvallurDistrict for the period of two decades from 2000 to 2019.The coast of Tiruvallur is diminishing and shifting, it is becoming increasingly prone to hurricanes, flooding and other natural hazards that cause coastal erosion and the degradation of the coastline. Apart from this, the man-made coastal erosion has reached alarming proportions in Tiruvallur, which is threatening the furture of two taluks such as Ponneri and Tiruvattriyour as well as the fishing villages with in them. Coastal erosion, in which waves, is Destroying a half meter to one meters of coastline peryear. In some locations, up to two meters has disappeared over the same period. There is a chance to submerge of land area, when sea level rises that impact infrastructures like roads, buildings, vegetation and ground water sources, coastal and terrestrial environment. A similar study by Gnanappazham (2007) used remote sensing on the care of shoreline changes in the Pichavaram mangrove wetland over the 76 years, in that study, the author had highlighted that the natural& Anthropogenic Influences were the primary causes for thisshrinking coastline. Another study was also confirmed by Jayakumar (2014) using remote sensing technique for administration of godavariwetland from 1938 to 2012, in which author had highlighted about changes in coastline, Erosion and deposition were occurring mainly due to anthropogenic causes which would impact the coastal environment in the near future. The shoreline for 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2019 were generated (Figure 3). These shorelines were overlaidone over the other in order to find out area of Erosion & deposition between 2000-2005, 2005-2010, 2010-2015 and 2015-2019 (Figure 4 and 5). A similar study from Jayakumar and Malarvannan (2016) on shoreline change was carried out to find the changed and unchanged part of the shoreline with overlay analysis. For an example the(figure 4 and 5) showed that the shoreline of 2000 asused asa reference line followedbyan inner line and an outer line of 2019 as called Erosion and depositionas well. It is easy to find the amount of Erosion &Accretion from 2000 to 2019 which help users to predict the amount of Erosion & Accretion in future as well. This analysis can be deemed to be a judgmentsupport system with regard to Pulicat lake and Ennore port of Tiruvallur coast, as it shows spatial and temporal changes in Study areas, which is priceless for the users who isworkingonthe coastalzonemanagements.

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ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 07, 2020

Figure3.Shorelinechanges mapsofTiruvallurfrom 2000 to2019

Figure4.The mapsdisplayederosionandaccretionvariationbetween 2000 and2019 TIRUVALLURE COAST: Maximum length of coastaline of Tiruvallur coast is 27.9 km and covers two taluks, namely Ponneri and Thiruvottiyur taluks and it has a total of 53,007 fishing communities; 58 fishing villages; 17 revenue villages; 28 fish landing centres.With into the field of research, it was identified that the most hazardous zones include , Ennore Creek and from Ennore to Thygarajapuram. The main coastal villages of Pulicat, , Ennore and Thiruvottiyur are dominated by fishermen community and their primary occupation is also fishing. The results revealed through remote sensing about 164.58 ha of accretion and 201 ha of erosion were observed in Study areasfor the duration of 20 years as shown in Table 1,2 and figure 6,7. NEAR ENNORE PORT: year Erosion(ha) Accretion(ha) 2000-2005 38.235 0 2005-2010 44.776 15.065 2010-2015 59.65 20.21 2015-2019 16.361 28.379

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2000-2010 28.565 47.391 2010-2019 23.055 40.728 2000-2019 91.358 73.466 Table1.Erosionand accretionmappedusing multi-temporalremotesensing(ha)

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:

FIGURE 6.Changes in the area of Erosion &Accretion from 2000 to 2019

NEAR PULICAT LAKE: year Erosion(ha) Accretion(ha) 2000-2005 0 12.578 2005-2010 0 22.433 2010-2015 0 22.483 2015-2019 5.486 14.837 2000-2010 0 25.302 2010-2019 0 19.558 2000-2019 0 59.388

Table2.Erosionand accretionmappedusing multi-temporalremotesensing(ha) GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:

FIGURE 7.Changes in the area of Erosion &Accretion from 2000 to 2019 The following satellite images of 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2019 had been used to Delineate the shoreline positions for above mentioned years and overlaid them one by one and calculated erosion and accretion during this two decades from 2000 to 2019. The coast of

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Pulicat lake and Ennore port of Tiruvallur shoreline changes was mapped and then calculated area of Erosion &Accretion as showninTable1,2 andFigure 6,7.

CONCLUTION: The marine region of Tiruvallur coast is highly vulnerable due to anthropogenic and natural causes. In this Study, remote sensing technology and GIS technique applied over the Tiruvallur district coast for two decades from 2000 to 2019. It is necessary to assume that construction of artificial structures coupled with natural events and the presence of dense population were the key explanations for this is the impact of coastal environment. This kind of the study would give a lot of benefits to different stakeholders for developing policies and decision making for the better management. It is the need of hours to address and have a regular update on the coastal area environment, which help the decision makers to immediately view scientific findings and address and to speed up the evaluation process during the disaster periods.

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